urKh wNshi

fkdie,S ys|k
s g

iïmdol

fla fca î chfialr

^Ydia;%fõoS wOHd ämaf,daud&

O¾uodkh msKsihs'
1
 m%:u uqøKh ( 2018

 mß.Kl msgq ieliqu (

 ljr ks¾udKh (ksuka; ms%ho¾Yk

 fuu .%k:
a h O¾u odkh i|yd kej; uqøKh lr fnod yeÍug
Tng wejeiskï" l;=jßhf.a wjirh ,sÅ;j ,nd.; hq;=h'

 l;Df.a fjk;a ks¾udK ( mqoìul wisßh

2
 msÿu

wfma ysre iª fj,d

wfma fmr .=re fj,d
ysre kef.k os. fj,d
i;r nUúyrKu
yo .eìka úiqrejd
osú .uk t<s l<d

is.d,l .eyeú mq;=

weiQ nK mo f,iu
múka wm j<lajd
hymf;ys msyg
s qjd
isma i;r W.kajd
osú .uk yev l<d

b;sßhg bv yir
ure fj;ska fkdu ,nd
wmg wejeisu úfha
iodgu úfhda jQ
fifkanr uEKshks"
fifkanr mshdKks"

fuf;la ud l< mska o"

fï msko w;am;aj "
iómu w;a nfjl
iir yeu ÿlska f;dr
W;=ï jQ ksjka iqj
mila fõjd æ m;ñ

3
 fmr jok

—urKh wNshi fkdie,S ys|k s g˜ kï jQ fuu .%k: a fhys

iïmdoljßh fla' fca' î' chfialr kue;s úY%dñl .=reuy;añhhs'
.=rejD;a;sfha oS¾>ld,Sk fiajdjlska miq oekg úY%dñl cSú;hla .;
lrk weh fj;ska " oefha ¥orejka Wfoid uyÕ= fiajdjla bgqù we;'
;u úY%dñl cSú;h mqrkaj hdfkdoS jvd;a w¾:j;aj .; lrkq jia oyï
mdi,a .=rejßhl jYfhka wk.s fiajdjla bgq lrk w;r" úúO iudc
lghq;= flfryso ;u ld,h fhdojñka Wmka ìug oehg iuhg o
isÿlrkqfha m%YxikSh fiajdjls' yels yeu wjia:djlu wd.ñl fmd;
m; lshjñka ;udf.a wOHd;añl cSú;h ksjerosj yev .id .ekSu i|yd
lghq;= lrkakh S ' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ;u oekqu yd w;aoelSï
wkHhkago ,nd oSu i|yd fuu ud yeÕs O¾u .%k: a h msßkeóu i|yd
lghq;= lrkq oelau w;sYh i;=gqodhl lreKls'

—urKh wNshi fkdie,S ys|k s g˜hk ueh b;d .eUqreh' th

f;dard .ekSu i|yd weh fm<Uqk fya;= idOl ljf¾o hkak wef.a
cSú;dkqN; + shla jYfhka fy<s olajd we;' fndfyda O¾u .%k:
a lshjd ;ud
,nd .;a oekqu oyu ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla olajk ck;djg fnod oSu i|yd
fuu .%k: a fhys iïmdol jßh w;sYh lemùulska hqla;j lghq;= l<
wdldrh fuu .%k: a h lshùfuka wjfndAO lr .; yelsh' ud;Dldjg
wod< lreKq imhd .ekSu i|yd .%k: a 22 la muK fhdod f.k we;'
;s%msgl .; ksldh .%k: a o cd;l fmd; " Oñumoh wdoS .%k: a o fjk;a
.%k: a rdYshlao fï i|yd mdol lr f.k we;' ta ksidu fuu .%k: a fhys
wka:¾.;h ms<sn|j mQ¾jdfndaOhla mdGlhdg ,nd .; yel'

O¾u odkh oyï fmd; ,sùfuys wkqiia fjka lr olajd ,Su

;=<ska ta i|yd ck;dj fhduq lsÍug l;=jßh oelajQ l=Y,;djh w.h
fldg oelaúh yelsh'

fmd; .ek l;=jrsh olajd we;s lreKq wkqj —mqoìul wisßh˜

kï ;udf.a l=¿ÿ,a lD;sh ;=<ska mdGlhdf.ka ,enqKq hym;a m%;spdr
ksid fujeks ;j;a .%k:
a hla iïmdokh lsÍu i|yd ;ud ;=< we;sjQ
W;af;ackh wks;udkSj olajd we;'

4
 wk;=rej urKh ms<sn| nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a fnÿïkh úè
yd iQ;% O¾uhkays olajd we;s lreKq uekúka olajd we;' lreKq úia;r
lsÍfïoS wjYH mßos lreKq we;=<;a lsÍu;a "ta i|yd ieug f;areï .;
yels mßos ;u rpkd ffY,sh ukdj yiqrejd ;sîu;a " fjfyilska
f;drj mdGlhdg reÑl;ajhlska hq;=j .%k: a h mßYS,kh lsÍug
bvyir i,id,Su;a w;sYhska m%Yia;h'

fuu .%k:
a fhys msúiqu ;=<ska ish¿ i;a;ajhka flfrys n,mdk
cd;s - crd - jHdê - urK wdoS ikd;ksl O¾uhka ms<sn| oS¾>
úia;rhla ksldh .%k: a yd iQ;% O¾uhka weiqfrka meheos,s fldg
p;=rd¾h i;H O¾uh yd máÉp iuqmamdo O¾uhka ms<sn|j m%dudKsl
úia;rhla bosßm;a lr we;'

urKh ms<sn|j fjku mßÉfÉohla fuys fjka lr we;s w;r

tu.ska urKh hkq l=ulao hkak;a O¾ufhys olajd we;s urKfhys
m%fNao;a " u<ñKshla wi, oe,afjk myk Wmfhda.S lrf.k urKh
isÿjk i;rdldrh ms<sn|j jyfrys mj;akd losu ixfla; Ndú;h;a
is;a.kakd iq¿ wqhqßka olajd we;' urKh i|yd fya;=jk nqÿrcdKka
jykafia olajd we;s fya;=o urKh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla we;s lr .ekSug
Wkkaoqjk fldhsldg;a w;sYhskau m%fhdackj;ah'

urKh ms<sn| ñksidf.a Ñka;dj,sfha wdrïNh ksYÑ a ; jYfhka

oelaúh fkdyelsh' ta ms<sn| is;Su udkj b;sydifha wdrïNh olajdu
úysoS úisÍ mj;sk nj wkqudk l< yelsh'ffjosl hq.hg fmr tkï
mQ¾j ffjosl iufhys cSj;a jQ udkjhdf.a is;=ï me;=ï cSjk p¾hdjka
wd.ñl úYajdi yd wNspdr me;=ï ms<sn| tu hq.hkag wh;a idOl
Tiafia is;d .; yel' .ia .,a m¾j; wdosh foaj;ajfhka i,ld Tjqka
ls%hd l< wdldrh;a urKska u;= mrud;audka yd foajiyjHd;djhg mqo
mQcd yd hd. - fydau wdosh Wmfhda.S lr.;a wdldrh ffjosl idys;H
u.ska uekúka úYo fõ' Wm; yd urKh ms<sn| mej;s Ñka;djka
WmksYoa hq.h jk úg od¾Yksl uqyK q qjrlg m;ajQ wdldrh;a ffjosl
idys;Hfhka wkdjrKh lr.; yelsh'WmksIoa hq.fha by<u od¾Yksl
wjia:dfõ N.j;a f.D;uhka jykafiaf.a my<ùu isÿfjk whqß;a "
urKh ms<sn| h;d¾:h nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a my<ùu;a iuÕ m%lg
Ndjhg m;ajk whqre;a ls%(mQ( 6 jk ishjfiysoS olakg we;'

5
 urKh nqÿ weiska kï mßÑfPaoh ;=<ska l;=jßh fy<slr
olajkafka nqÿrcdKka jykafia urKh ms<sn| oelajQ ú.%yhkah' lreKq
idOkh i|yd ksjeros f,i wjia:dfjdaÑ;j .d:d yd foaYkd mdG
bosßm;a lr we;s w;r tu .d:d yd foaYkd mdGhkays ir, iq.u
w¾:ho uekúka olajd we;' bosßm;a lr we;s cd;l mqj;a lreKq
f;areï .ekSug;a myiqfjka u;l ;nd .ekSug;a m%fhdackj;ah'

ish¿u ukqIHhka ;=< mj;akd urK Nh ms<sn| flá úia;rh

;=<sku
a urKhg ìh we;sùug fya;= yd urKhg ìh fkdù uqyK q oSug
wjYH lreKqo nqoaO foaYkd weiqßka uekúka olajd we;' urK ìh ksid
mqoa.,hd ;=< we;sjk ndysr iajrEmh fukau udkisl ;e;s .ekSu;a fuu
mßÑfPoh ;=<ska olajd we;' YÍrfhys jyd we;sjk úkdYh ms<sn|j
olajd we;s Wmud .d:do urKfha fukau ish,af,ys we;s wksh; nj
wjfndaO lr .ekSugo bjy,a jkfia lreKq uekúka ix.%y lr we;'

fuys olajd we;s h<s bmoSu kue;s mßÑfPaoh jákd lreKq

ix.%y lr we;s fldgila jYfhka oelaaúh hq;=uh' l¾uh yd
mqkremam;a;sh hk folu tlg ne|S mj;S' fuh lshjk mdGlhd ;=<
my<jk ixl,amkd ;=<ska iif¾ we;s ìhckl iajNdjh yd ish¨
wl=i,hkaf.ka fjkaù iqpß;fhys fhoSu i|yd mdGlhd fhduq lr we;'
by; i|yka ueh hgf;a foaYh S yd úfoaYh
S jd¾;d Wmqgd olajd we;s
w;r " fjfyilska f;drj mdGl ukfiys lreKq ;ekam;a jk whqßka
lreKq f.dkqlr ,Suo is;a .kakd iq¿h'

—udrmdYfhka ñfokak˜ hk mßÑfPaofha l;=jßh úia;r lr

olajd we;af;a iifrys .uka lsÍu ksid tkï ;DIaKdj ksid i;;aajhd
iifrys ne|S mj;akd nj;a tu neïfuka ñoSug kï ;DIaKdj laIh l<
hq;= nj;a "tA i|yd Wmfhda.S jk O¾u ud¾.hkah' lreKq ;yjqre
lr,Su i|yd nqoaO pß;h yd udrhdf.a meñKSfï wjia:do olajd ;sfí'

wk;=rej —urK i;sh jvkak˜ mßÑfPaoh fjkalr we;af;a

isysfhka hq;=j wkqiai;s Ndjkdjla jYfhka .;a úg " urK ìh ÿrelr
.ekSu i|yd fukau cSú;fha h:d¾;h f;areï f.k iißka wE;aùu
i|yd lghq;= lsÍfuys we;s jeo.;aku jgyd.; yels jkfia lreKq
ix.%y lr we;'

6
 —fï fudfydf;ys wisßh ú|skk a ˜ hk ueh hgf;a bosßm;a lr
we;s lreKq foaYh S úfoaYh
S f,aLlhkaf.a .%k: a m,sY,s kfhkaa ,o
w;aoelSï yd is;=ï me;=ï mokï lrf.k we;=<;a lr we;' iykYS,S
iekis,s iys; cSú;hlg wjYH ux i<l=Kq iúia;r lr olajd we;' tA
i|yd fhdod.;a md,s .d:d yd lreKq uekúkaa ix.%y lr we;'

—w;yßkak˜ —wlïms;j ñhefokak˜ hk mßÑfPao ;=<ska

;DIaKdlaIh lsÍu i|yd nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l< yd wkq.;
O¾u oelafjhs' mqyÿ
q ka mqoa.,hd wIaGf,dal O¾u yuqfõ
lïmdfjhs';eùug fm<Sug m;afõ' fï ;;ajh mqoa., úuqla;shg
ndOdjls' tfia fkdùug kï fkdief,k .=Kh wm yoj;a ;=< we;s lr
.; hq;=h'

fufia mßÑfPao jYfhka fuys lreKq f.dkq lr we;s w;r "

l;=jrsh —miqjok˜ ;=<ska iifrys iajNdjh ms<sn| lreKq f.kyer
olajd we;s w;r f,dje;s ÿ¾,N lreKq foaYkdkq.;j uekúka olajd
;sîuo úfYaI;ajhls'

iuia;hla jYfhka .;a l< úYd, jYfhka m%fhdackj;a fohla

i|yd ieuf.a hym; Wfoid O¾u .%k:a /ila mßYS,kh lsÍfuka
iuHla fÉ;kdfjka lrk ,o fuu lD;sh oyï msmdifhka fmf<k
ck;djg oyï wud oyrls' weh fï fjkqfjka oerE W;aidyh w;sYhskau
iM,hhs is;ñ'

Ydia;%m;s " mQcH ´u;af;a fyaudrdu ysñ

.re f,aLldêldÍ "
m%dfoAYSh YdikdrlaIl n,uKav,h" ñ,a,ksh'

7
 oyï fmd;a ,sùfuys wkqiia

 ;=km
a sglfha tla tla wlaIrhka tl tl nqÿms<su
jykafia kula yd iudkh'

 ;s%msglfha tl tl wl=rla ,sùu tl tl nqÿms<su

jykafia kula lsÍu jeks wdksYxi we;af;ah'

 ;=km
a sglh mj;akd ld,h wiQydroyila nqÿjrhka
jykafia,d jev isák fial'

 wl=re .Kkska ;s%msglh ydrish fldaá foie;a;Ejls'

 hï wfhla ;s%msglh ,sh;ao Tjqyq ydrish fldaá

foie;a;Ejla nqÿ ms<su lrkakdjQ wh fj;s'

 ;s%msglfha tla wl=rla ,shjkakdjQ hï flfkla fj;ao@

Tjqyq nqÿms<suhla lrkakdyQ yd iudk fj;s'

 ;=km
a sglfha tla wl=rl=ÿ ,shjk ;eke;af;a " ksr;=re
iqfjka jefv;a' Okfhka - fNda.fhka - iemiïm;ska -
hiiska hk ish,af,ka wdvHfj;s'

 hï wfhla O¾uh ,sh;ao " wkHhka ,jd ,shj;ao" tu

i;amqreI W;=fuda leue;sjQ m;kakdjQ ish¨ iem iïm;a
u;= iirg ,nkafkdah'

nqoaO rYañ nq(j( 2547 jma l,dmh

t,a ' fla ' tia ' rdcmlaI ue;s;=udf.a ;s%msglh ,sùfï wkqiia ,smsh
weiqfrks'

8
 mqKHdkqfudaokdj

;s%msgl .%k:
a weiqre fldg ohï fmd;a ,sùfï wkqiia oek ye|sk
"fuu i;ald¾hh i|yd kka whqßka osßh iúh ÿka Tn ieu fokg
fufia mqKHdkqfudaokd lrñ'

 lshùug wejeis ;s%msgl fmd; - m; o ,ndoS " ud yeÕs

fmrjoklska fuu lD;sh ieriQ "fodUf.dv" YS%
úfõlj¾Okdrdu úydrdêm;s " ñ,a,ksh m%dfoAYSh YdikdrlaIl
n,uKav,fha " .re f,aLldêldÍ" Ydia;%m;s mQcH ´u;af;a
fyaudrdu iajdóka jykafiago"

 wod< ;s%msgl .%k: a ,nd foñka ldreKsl wkq.%yh oelajQ

ngf.dv fndaê u¿ úydrdêm;s" mQcH ngf.dv pkaoúu,
iajdóka jykafiago"

 wod< ;s%msgl lD;shla o ,nd oS lreKdfjka wdYsxikh l<

"my<lSôh ffY,d,hdrdu mqrdK úydrdêm;s " noafoa.u
wurjxY msßfjfkys wdpd¾h " mQcH lSôfha ØdKr;k iajdóka
jykafiago"

wmf.a Nla;s mQ¾jl m%Kduh mqo lrk w;r" f,daiiqka

fufyjfrys fndfydal,a ksr; jkakg " ksÿla ksfrda.S Ñr
cSjkho m;ñ'

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

 úY%du,;a úÿy,am;skS " wd¾'mS'ví' fmf¾rd"

 úY%du,;a mdGYd,dpdßkSS " lreKd chfldä"

 úY%du,;a mdGYd,dpdßkSS " ohd tAlkdhl"

 bkaødks fiakdër"

9
  tia'tka' ,S,dj;S"

 cS'ã' lreKdj;S"

 cS'ã' .=Kj;S"

 ud,skS " ux.,sld fhfy,shkago"

 ukyr f,i msgljrh is;=jï l< " ksuka; ms%ho¾Yk mq;dgo

 mß>Kl msgm;a ilia l< " fldyqj," whs'à'tia' wdh;khgo

 uqøK lghq;= l< හ ොරණ සිකුරු ප්රිwන්ටර්ස් wdh;khgo

 .=Kmd, chfialr u,a,Sgo"

 fiamd, chfialr u,a,Sgo

 fla'fca'cS chfialr ke.Kshgo"

 i|ud,s ,shkf.a oshKshgo"

 msáhf.a ysud,s ÈhKshgo"

 yels yeu f,iskau Wmldr l<" wdorKSh iajdñ mqreIhd

chfiak fiakdër uy;dgo"

 wm%udK iyfhda.hla oelajQ .ñÿ Wohx. mq;dgo"

f;rejfkys wkka; .=K n,fhka ksÿla ksfrda.S iqj yd Ñr cSjkh m;ñ'

iïuq;s urKh yuqfõ wlïms;jk wosgko " osßho ,efíjd æ m;ñ'

10
 wdYs%;

1. uca¯u ksldh - uQ, mKaKdilh ^ nqoaO chka;s uqøKh&

2. uca¯u ksldh - Wmß mKaKdilh ^ nqoaO chka;s uqøKh&

3. wx.=;a;r ksldh - mGul Nd.h ^ nqoaO chka;s uqøKh&

4. wx.=;a;r ksldh - oaú;Sh Nd.h ^ nqoaO chka;s uqøKh&

5. wx.=;a;r ksldh - p;=¾: Nd.h ^ nqoaO chka;s uqøKh&

6. wx.=;a;r ksldh - mඤpu Nd.h ^ nqoaO chka;s uqøKh&

7. ixhq;a; ksldh - mGul Nd.h ^ nqoaO chka;s uqøKh&

8. ixhqla; ksldh - oaú;Sh Nd.h ^ nqoaO chka;s uqøKh&

9. Oïu moh

10. mkaish mkia cd;l fmd;'

11. msrejdKd fmd;a jykafia

12. úiqoaê ud¾.h - mQcH mKaä; ngqúg kkaodrdu ysñ

13. ñ,sko
a m%Yk
a h

14. ixidr ukaosr - lka;s uyr iqux., ysñ

15. urKhg fmr wNdjh - wcdka iqfïfOda ysñ

11
16. õrduhlauh urKh - fn,a,k {dKõu, uykdysñ

17. wcrdur f,dalh - fn,a,k {dKõu, uykdysñ

18. nqÿka jod< O¾uh - j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ

19. wNsO¾ufha uQ,sl lreKq - f¾reldfka pkaoúu, kdysñ

20. O¾u úksYp

a h - f¾reldfka pkaoúu, kdysñ

21. Lqqoaol ksldh NslaLqKS j.a.h wmodk md,s

22. iir meje;au yd cSjk rgdj - w;=, uxpkdhl

12
 fmd; .ek

ud ,shQ m%:u lD;sh ˜mqoìul wisßh— lshjd th w.h l<

iyDohska fj;ska ,enqKq Y=NjdoS m%;spdro " mQcH ´u;af;a fyaudrdu "
mQcH lSôfha ØdKr;k f.!rjKSh iajdóka jykafia,df.a ldreKsl
wdYsxiko ksid fojk ks¾udKhla lrkakg we;akï uekejehs is;=k's ud
tku mq;= .ñÿ Wohx. fj;ska ,enqkq osß.ekaùuo thg wkqn,hla úh'

fojk ks¾udKh i|yd urKh f;audj lr.;a ud;Dldjla fhdod

.kakg uu woyia lf<ñ' wdorKshhkaf.a úfhdaùï ksid l=vdúfha isgu
urKfha fYdald,dmh ug oi;sku a wefiñka ;snqKs' wfma osú uxfm;
jeà we;af;a urKfha w÷re fijKe,s w;ßkau o @ ug fndfydajr
is;sk's ms%hhkaf.ka fjkaùfï ÿl udyo fnfyúka ii< l< w;aoelSula
ù ;snqKs'tA ksidu úh;a iajdókajykafia,d urKh ms<sn|j ,shk ,o ,sms
f,aLk lsheúñ' wod< O¾u foaYkd Y%jKh lf,ñ' iïud iïnqÿ
mshdKka jykafia urKh ms<sn|j l< ienE ú.%yh jgyd .kakg uu
fjfyiqfkñ' —urKh wNshi fkdie,S ys|k s g— tys m%;sM,hls'

wx.=;a;r ksldh" ixhqla; ksldh" oS> ksldh " uca¯u ksldh"

Lqqoaol ksldh wdoS iQ;% msglfha;a "wNsO¾u msglfha;a" ;s%msgl .%k:
a .;
fjk;a fndfyda foaYkd j,;a urKh yd iïnkaO lreKq idlÉPd ù
we;' nqÿ oyfï uQ,sl b.ekaùï jk ;S%,laIKh "p;=rd¾h i;H O¾uh
"mÜÉp iuqmamdo kHdh "l¾uh" mqk¾Njh wdoS ish,a,lu urKh yd
iïnkaO lreKq ú.%y lr we;' ish¨ iïnqoaO foaYkd b;d .eUqre;u
ud;Dldjla jk urKh flakø a lr f.k bosßm;alr we;ehs isf;k
;rug" urKh iqúfYaI ù we;'

nqÿ mshdKka jykafiaf.a ú.%yh wkqj urKh ;s%úOdldrh

1. L;sl urKh

2. iïuq;s urKh

3. iuqÉfPao urKh

uõl=i ;=< l<,hla f,i yg.;a od isgu laIKhla laIKhla

mdid bmoSu - fjkiaùu - urKh ^W;amdo - Às;s - Nx. & isÿfõ' th
13
Lksl urKhhs' tfy;a tA ms<sn|j y~d je,fmkakg is;kakg wm
fhduqù ke;'

oi;sku a wmg wefikafka iïuq;s urKfha fYdald,dmhhs' úiqoaê

u.a.hg wkqj cSúf;akø a Sh WmÉfPaoh urKhhs'tA wkqj iïuq;s urKh
f,i y÷kajkafka fN!;sl YÍrh ;=<ska osú mj;ajk Yla;sh jk
cSúf;akø
a Sh is|S hduh' cSúflakøa Sh l¾uh yd wdhqIh iuÕ ne|S mj;S'
fmr l< l¾u wkqj fuf,dj Wm; ,nk i;ajhdg wh;a kshñ; wdhqIla
we;' wdhqI mj;sk f;la cSúf;akø a Sh mj;S' wdhqI;a WKqiqu;a ^f;afcda
Od;=j& ú{dKh;a bj;a ù cSúf;akø a Sh is|h
S du iïuq;s urKhs'

nqÿ-mfianqÿ-uyry;ka wdoS lAISKdi%jhka jykafia,df.a ialkaO

mßks¾jdKh iuqÉfPao urKhhs' kej; kdu rEm ilia fkdjk
wdldrhg Nj .uk ksud lr oeóuhs' lfhka úØaØdKh bj;a ù is;o
wfydais fõ' th ksrEmfoAY ks¾jdKhhs' iir .ufkaa ksudjhs'

Lksl urK " iïuq;s urK wf;drla ke;sj w;a ú|sñka os.= iir
.ukl wm fhoS isáuq' h<s h<s;a bmfoñka uefrñka wm lrkafka h<s
h<s;a cd;s-crd-urK i|yd l=i,dl=i, l¾u /ia lsÍuh' wúoHdfjka
uq<dù ;Kaydfjka fj<S isák ;dla tu ixidßl meje;afuka ksoyia ùug
wm lsisfjl=g;a fkdyelsh' bka ñoSu wm wruqK lr .; hq;=h' tA i|yd
nqoaêu;a úh hq;=h' wm%udoS úh hq;=h'

iïuq;s urKh yuqfõ y~d je,fmkq fjkqjg h<s lsisodl Lksl

urKhlg fyda iïuq;s urKhlg m;a fkdjk wdldrhg iuqÉfPao
urKhlska ksù hdug wm mßY%u oeßh hq;=h'

iïuq;s urK wjia:djla ms<sn|j meyeos,s u;lhla ug ,enqfKa

ud oi yeúosß úfha isáhoSh' uf.a mshdKkaf.a ióm {d;s jrshlf.a
urKh iïnkaOfhks' wm wehj weu;=fha f,dl= kekaod kñkah' tjlg
mkia yeúßos úfha muK isá wújdyl ldka;djl jq f,dl= kekaod
w;sYh ffO¾Hh iïmkak ;eke;a;shl jqjdh' weh ta ld,fha yeáhg
iqúi,a kj ksjila ;kd .;a;dh' ug u;l wldrhg i;s msß;la fyda
i;ajre mssß;la lshjd ix>.; olaIsKdjlao isÿ l<dh' weiqre l<
ieug wdrdOkd fldg f,dl= f.joSfï W;aijhlao meje;ajqjdh'

14
 weh kj ksjfia iqkaor osúhlg wr wekaod muKs' f.g f.joS
osk lsyms hlg miq ÿrneyer isá nd, ifydoßhla n,kakg kE.ï .sh
f,dl= kekaod wdmiq wdfõ uD;foayhla f,isks' b;d ksfrda.Ss ;eke;a;shl
jq kekaodf.a urKh yeugu m%fya<sldjlaj ;snqkq nj ugo oekqk's
uydfidakd .y,d˜ iuyr wi,ajeishka m%ldY lrkqo ug weiqk's
u<isrere l,a ;nd .eksug wofuka oshqKq l%ufõohla tod fkd;snK q q
ksidfoda fkdoksñ" wjika lghq;= isÿ lrk oskh jk úg wef.a
foayfhka úYd, ÿ¾.kaOhla yuñka ;snqKs' f.hska msg; wE;go th
oefkñka ;snqKs' iïnqÿ mshdKka jykafia jod< wY=N lugfkys kj
isjÓl wjia:djkays WoaOqud;l-úks,l-úmqínl-úÉcasoaol ;;ajhka bka
m%o¾Ykh fjñka ;sìKs' foayh iys; fokg háka f,dl= nÿka folla
;nd ;sfnkqo olakg yels úh' ta tu Yßrfhka .,k ´cdj ;ekam;a
úugh' csú;h ms<sn|j úYd, l,lsßula l=vd ud ;=<o we;s l< tu
isÿúu ug wofuka u;lh' f,dl= kekaodf.a úfhdaj mjqf,a {d;skg a
úYd, fYdalhla Wreu l< isÿúula úh'

iïuq;s urK wjia:djla ms<sn| b;d fõokdldÍ w;aoelsula ud

,enqfõ fodf<dia yeúßos úfhaoSh' ta wfma mjqf,a jeäu,d jQ f,dl=
whshdf.a wl,a urKh ksidfjks' l=i,d;djka /ila fukau W;=ï ñksia
.=K iuqodhlao ysiska yoska ord f.k fuf,djg meñKs whshd wm yer
.sfha úis foyeúosß úfha isáhoS h' b;d ksfrda.S iqkaor ;reKfh;= jQ
Tyqf.a wl,a urKh uf.a udmshka we;=¿ mjqf.a ieug o" wfma {d;Skg a
o" wi,a jeishkgo f.k wdfõ úYd, ÿlls'

bf.kSug úfYaI olaI;d oelajq whahdg tod .eñ orejka ;=<

;snq msysku
s -Tremeosu-.ia ke.Su jeks ish¨ ndysr ls%hdldrlï j,
olaI;d o ;snqKs' lú,shkak"Ñ;% woskk
a "iqúfYaI yelshdjka Tyq i;= úh'
mdi,a wOHdmkh yudr lr isá wjosfha Tyq wm .fï f,dl= yduqÿrejka
jykafia fj;ska fcaHd;sIh o W.;af;ah' b;d olaI f,i Tyq tu úIhh
o yodrk nj ;d;a;d iu. iajdóka jykafia m%ldY lr ;snqKs'

fjila iufhaoS w,xldr fjila myka ilid oe,aúu o whahdf.a

ks¾udKYS,s yelshdj m%lg l< wjia:d w;r tlls' lerflk l=vq ilia
lr ish;ska u w|sk ,o Ñ;% w,jd tajd lerflkakg i,iajd l=vd wm
uú; l< wjia:d ug wofuka u;lh' Tyq lshjq isxy," bx.s%is <ud
l:dj, iqúfYaI isÿùï Ñ;%hg k.d rEmrduq ilialr " ish;sku
a ;ekq
15
m%lafIamhla yd úÿ,s mkaoula wdOdr lr f.k Ñ;%mg fmkajd wmf.a
l=;=y,h wjqiaikakg o whahd iu;a úh' ? ksko a g jefgk ;=re Tyq
lshjq isxy, bx.s%is <ud l;kaor wmg lshd ÿkafkah' tjlg m%lg pß;
jQ ã' tia' fiakdkdhl " vâ,s fiakdkdhl "relaukSfoAù "t<sifn;a /cSk
jeks whf.a Wvqlh msx;+r f,dl=lr we| wm ksjfia ì;a;s irid whahd
f,dl= i;=gla úkafoah'Tyqg úfõlS wjia:d j, wïud l< ueyqï f.;=ï
lghq;= j,go iydh oelaùh' wïud wm i|yd ueiQ .jqï j, ish;sku a
w|sk ,o u,a fmdl=re uid tAjd ;j;a yev lrkakg Tyqg yelshdj
;sìKs'

wfma foudmshkag úYd, Yla;shla jQ nd, ifydaaor ifydaorshkag

wmßñ; f,i wdorh l< "whahdf.a urKh wmf.a cSú; yryd yud .sh
pKav udre;hlafuka úh'cSú;fhka yß wvla u wysñ jQ flfkl=f.a
jeks ÿla uqiq mrdcs; iajrEmhla ;d;a;d fj;ska fndfydal,a olakg
,enqKs' fmr Njh lshk orejl= f,i Wm; ,nd " whahd wm fidhd
tk;=re wïud n,d isáhdh'

Tyq ;rï wdorKSh ifydaorfhl= .ek fï Njfha ug yuqjQ

lsisjl= fj;ska wikakg olakg ,eî ke;' iir u;=jg yuqfõo hkako
iel iys;h'bf.kSug Wkkaÿjla " ,shkakg lshkakg lsishï yelshdjla
wm ;=< j¾Okh jQjdkï tA f,dl= whahdf.ka ,enqKq hym;a mQ¾jdo¾Yh
ksid hehs ug isf;a' wïud - ;d;a;d úfhdaù jir mkylg wdikak
ld,hla f.ù we;;a wfma mjqf,a ifydaor ifydaoßhka oeâ idydaor
fifkyilska ne|S isÜkafka " f,dl= whahd wfma cSú; j, mrudo¾YS
pß;h jQ ksid hehs is;ñ' whahd .ek is;k úg wog;a oeä ixfõ.hla
oefkkafka m%udKj;a wdhq ld,hla cSj;a jkakg mska ;snqkdkï"ÿ¾,Nj
,nd .;a fï W;=ï ñksi;a núka úmq, M, ,nkakg Tyq jeks nqoaêu;a
.=Knr flfkl=g yelsjkq we;ehs yeÕS hk neúks'

whahdf.a wNdjfhka jir ;=klg muK miq isÿjQ wdÉÑ wïudf.a

urKho wmg Wreu lf<a oeä ÿlls' ¥ orejka kj fofkl= f,dl= uy;a
kr .kakg weh wfma wïudg fnfyúka wem Wmldr l< b;d ldreKsl
ñ;a;Kshls'

bka jir oyhlg muK miq wfma ;d;a;df.a urKh isÿjQfha

ksfjig jeÿKq wl=Kq ierhla ksidh' th wfma cSú; j,g t,a,jQ wl=Kq

16
ierhlau úh' ;d;a;df.a wNdjfhka yßhgu jir ;=klg miq wïudo
fuf,dj yer .shdh'

1991 jif¾ oS isÿjQ fmdä whahdf.a urKho wl,a ur

Khls' whahdf.a wejEfuka jir follg muK miq orejka ;sfofkl=
iuÕ fuf,dj ;ksjQ wfma {d;s fidhqßho ms<sld frda.hla ksid
cSú;fhka iuq .;a;dh' wfma tla {d;s fidhqrl= ñh .sfhaa fmr osk
Wm; ,o l=¿ÿ,a mq;= ksjig le|jdf.k tAu i|yd frday,g hñka
isáhoS je<÷Kq yDohdndOhla ksidh'

tA w;rg iyf,a {d;Skf a .a " ióm;uhkaf.a iïuq;s urK

wjia:d /ila oel .kakg isÿ úh' wïud-;d;a;d-whah,d we;=¿
{d;Skfa .a urK wjia:d j,oS uu fnfyúka y~d je,mqfkñ' wïudf.a
urKfhka miqj i;shla muK frday,a .;j m%;sldr ,nkakg o ug isÿ
úh'tfy;a ñka jir y;rlg muK fmr isÿjQ uf.a jeäuy,a
fidfydhqßhf.a urKh <Õ uu fnfyúka WfmalaId iy.; ùñ' wïud
ñh .sh miqj wmg wïud fuka fifkyi mE weh urKdikak wjêfha
ú|sk ,o oeä ldhsl fõokd .ekh wm ÿlajQfha' weiQ ÿgq nqÿ nK mo
j,ska mejfik cSú;fha h:d iajNdjh wo ug oefkñka ;sfnk ksid
wlaldf.a urKh WfmalaIdfjka ord .kakg yels úkehs isf;a'

mjqf,a {d;Ska ;rug u wmg wdorh l< ióm;u wi,ajeishka

fndfyda fofkl= o wo wm yer f.disk's ta w;r uõmshka fuka iq;fmñka
isma i;r fnod ÿka .=re udmshka" fidhqre fmñka tlg tla ù wl=re l<
ñ;=re-ñ;=ßhka"fndfyda fofkl= wo fuf,dj yer f.disks' tlu weÿre
uvq¨ ;=< /foñka"osjd wyr m; iu. ÿl iem o fnod yod .;a" .=re
fidhqre fidhqßfhda o fjkj f.disks' fiajh w.hñka- miiñka osßh ÿka
úÿy,am;sjre fndfyda fofkl= o wo ke;' fifkyiska <Õ oejfgñka
iqr;,a jQ isiq ore oeßfhda o úfhdajQjka w;r fj;s'

cd;shla mqnqÿ l<"cd;shla iqj| l<"cd;shu w.h l<"

rdcHkdhlhska-mQcH mqcl W;=uka " ùfrdaodr fikaam;sjreka-rKúrejka-
uym~sjreka úoHd¾:sk"a l,dlrejka fldmuKla kï wmf.a fï flá
cSú; ld,h ;=< oefhka iuq f.k we;s o@ bka fndfyda fofkl= kslau
.sfha lsisod mshúh fkdyels f,dl= ysveila cd;shg b;sß lr ;nñks'fï

17
ish,a, fufkys lrk úg is;g uy;a ldkaishla"ixfõ.hka oekqk;a" th
csú;fha h:d iajNdjh nj f;reï .kakg wo uu Yla;su;a ù isáñ'

iïuq;s urKh ms<sn|j ud ,o ÿlaLodhl w;aoelsï lsym s hla

yels;dla ixlaIsma;j fuys igyka lf<ñ' th Tng kSri fjfyilr
jQjla ù kï iudj whosñ' fuu ks¾udKh i|yd ud fhduq l< m%Odk
fya;= ldrlh jQfha tu ixfõos w;aoelsï iuqodh neúka tys wod< nj
is;=fjñ'

ffoksl lghq;= j,ska iq¿ úrduhla ,efnk ksfïIfha oS

urKfha t,sm;a; wi< isg urKh foi úmrñka n,kakg uu
fjfyiqfkñ'

fn!oaO o¾Ykh w;sYh .eUqrejQ o"w;sYh mq¿,ajq o" úIh

flaI;%hls' iïnqÿ mshdKka foiq oyu uy ihqrla kï tys fjr< bfï
isg foda;g .;a osh iaj,amhla ;rug j;a" fï W;a;Í;r oyu ;ju;a
wmg iam¾Y lrkakg ,eî ke;s njhs ud is;kafka' tjka w,amud;%
oekqula we;s flfkl= urKh jeks b;d ishqï O¾u;djla .ek lreKq
oelaúfïos fndfyda ÿ¾j,;d wvqmdvq isÿúh yelsh'

f,dj iod;ksl ikd;ksl i;HhlajQ iïnqoaO NdIs;hg wnu,a

f¾Kqjl ;rïj;a w,amud;% jQ fyda jrola fkdlrñ' fkdfõjd æ hk
wêIaGdkh we;sjhs ud fuh igyka ;nkafka" tfy;a jeros we;s' úh;a
mejos-.sys W;=uka ud flfrys idkqlïms;j" tu ÿn,;d fmkajd
fokafkys kï"lD;{;d mQ¾jlj mska oSfuka" tajd ksjeros lr .ksï'

tla Nj .ukla ksud lr" w¿;a Nj .uklg iïfma%IKh ùfï

ixl%dka;sl wjia:djla f,i iïuq;s urKh ye|skú a h yel' th
we;af;kau iir .ufka w;sYh ;SrKd;aul wjia:djls' W;=ï ñksi;a
nfjl isg kj Wm;la lrd hk fï ;SrKd;aul wjia:djg uqyKq oSug
wmg hym;a mq¾j iqodkula ;sìh hq;=h'

fï Nj .ufka wjika ksfïIh fid÷re jQjla u lr .kakg wm

mßY%u oeßh hq;=h' m%{djka; úh hq;=h' urKh wNshi fkdie,s
bkakg" wlïms;j ñhefokakg"iuqÉfPao urKhlska Nj .uk ksud lr

18
,k wosgk Tn ;=< my< fõjd æ taa i|yd Tng osßh-iúh ,efíjdæ tfia
jqjfyd;a fuu O¾u odkuh l=i,fhka ud ,nk ksrdñI iqjh thhs æ

f;rejka irKhs æ

fla'fca'î chfialr
215
fodUf.dv, fydrK'
ÿrl:k wxlh 0342251225

19
 we;=¿ msgq ;=<

1. msúiqu

2. urKh

3. urKh nqÿ weiska

4. h<s bmoSu

5. udr mdYfhka ñfokak

6. urK i;sh jvkak

7. fï fudfydf;ys wisßh ú|skk

a

8. w;yßkak

9. wlïms;j ñhfokak

10. miq igyk

20
 msúiqu

iïud iïnqÿ jreka f,dj my< jkafka iudch ;=< wdOHd;añl

bosß .ukla ms,sn| Woafhda.h we;s jQ hq.hlh' wdOHd;aul wxYhg
keUqreùfï m%;st,h jkafka ixidrh l¾uh jeks .eUqre O¾u;d f;areï
.eksfï Wkkaÿj we;súuhs¡

cd;s-crd-urK f,dj iod;kslj mj;akd O¾u;d ;=kls¡ fï

O¾u;d fkdfõ kï nqÿjrekaf.a f,dj my, úula o fkdfõ¡

ZZl=odiaiq kdu buiai ÿlaLiai ksiairK mØaØhS;iai crd

urKiaiZZ ljod kï fï crd urK ÿflys ixis|sula mkjkafkao@
ix( ks( f.da;ñ iq;%h

bmosu- osßu-urKh-pq;ùu-kej; bmosu ksid f,dalhd uy;a

wiSre;djhlg m;aj isá;s' tfia jqj;a bka ksoyiaùula fmfkkakg ke;¡
fuys ksiairKhla mkjkafka ljfrlao @
ix: ks( f.d;ñ iq;%h

wkjrd.% iir .ufkys os fï cd;s -crd-urK .eg¨j osjH-

ukqIH ish¨ f,dal i;a;ajhkagu fmdÿ jqjls¡ ixhq;a; ksldfha foaj;d
ixhq;a;fha cgd iq;%fhaoS tla;rd foú flfkl=o" ixhq;a; ksldfha
n%dyauK ixhq;a;fhaoS cgdOr n%dyauKhdo "fï tlu .eg¨j Nd.Hj;=ka
jykafia fj; bosßm;a lr ;sfí'

—wkaf;da cgd nyscgd - cgdh cá;d mcd

;x ;x f.da;u mqÉPdó - flda bux úcgfha cgx ˜

we;=<;;a .egh' msg;;a .egh' m%cdj .eg¨ j,ska fj,S isá;s'

f.!;uhka jykai uu Tn hykafia f.ka wiñ' fï .eg¨j úi|kafka
ljfrlao@˜

—iSf,a m;sÜGdh kfrda imØaØq

21
 Ñ;a; mØaØxp Ndjhx
wd;dms ksmflda-yslaLq-fida bux úcgfha cgx˜

˜iir ìh olsk iq¨"flf<ia ;jk ù¾hh we;s" iS,h-iudêh-

m%{dj jvk" m%{djka; NslaIqj fï wjq, ksrjq,a krkafkah'˜ fï
.eg¨jg nqÿ rcdKka jykafia fok ,o ms<s;=r úh'
ix(ks( cgd iQ;%h nq(c(uq(ms 26-27

fï cd;s-crd-urK .eg¨j,g úioSï fiùu i|yd wixLH l,am

,laI .Kkska fndai;ajre mdróoï mqr;s' mdró mqrd wjik
i;HdjfndaOh ,n;s' ;:d.;jre Wla; .eg¨j, iajNdjho-úiÿïo"
úiÿï u.o f,djg bosßm;a lr;s'

cd;s-crd urK-i;a;aj csú;hl fkdje<elaúh yels ixisoaëkah'

tjd je<elaúug yels l%ufõohla fuf;la fidhd f.k ke;' fï ÿla
j,ska ksoyia jk u. f,djg meyeos,s lrk iïud iïnqÿjre o fï
ikd;ksl O¾u;d j,g uqyK q fo;s'

uca¯u ksldfha Wmß mKaKdilfha iÉp úNx. iq;%hg wkqj —

l;udjqfida cd;s hd f;aix f;aix i;a;dkx˜;uys ;uys i;ak ksldfha
cd;s ixcd;s wNskslL
a k;s nkaOdkx md;=Ndfjd wdh;kdkx má,dfNd whx
jqÉp;djqfid cd;s˜ ta ta i;a;ajhkaf.a ta ta i;a;j ksldhkys hï
bmsosula fõo"hï yg.ekSula fõo"hï nei.ekSula fõo "úfYaIfhka
bmoSula fõo" hï ialkaOhkaf.a my<ùula fõ o bmoSu hkq thhs'

— hdf;aix f;aix i;a;dkx ;uys ;uys i;a; ksldfha crd csarK;d

nKaäÉpPx md,sÉpx p,s;a;j;d wdhq fkd ixydks bkaøs%hdkx
mßmdfld whx jqÉp;djq fida crd ˜

ta ta i;a;jhkaf.a ta ta i;a;aj ksldhkays hï osßula fõo" osrk

.;shla fõ o" o;a wiaÓ leãula fõ o" ysiflia meiSula fõ o"wdhqI
f.ùula fõo"bkaøh
s kaf.a fïÍula fõ o" uyfKks crdj hkq fuhhs'

—l;udjqfid urKx hdf;aix-f;aix-i;a;dkx ;uy ;uyd

i;akksldhd pq;s jÉ;;d fNafoda wka;rOd;x uÉPq urKx

22
 ld,lsßhd nkaOdkx fNfoda lf,nriai ksflaLfmda box jqÉj;s
NslaLfõ urKx—

ta ta i;a;aj ksldhkaf.a hï jq;ùula fõo" pq;jk njla fõo"

Yßrhdf.a ì|shdula fõo" w;=reoykaúula fõ o" uD;Hq kï urKhla
fõo" ld,ls%hdj;a fõo" ialkaOhkaf.a ì|sula fõo" Yßrhdf.a nyd
;eîula fõo th urKh kï fjhs'
u( ks iïud osÜÀ iQ;%h nq( c( uq( ms( 111

bmfoñka-osrñka-uefrñka h<s h<sÿ Wmosñka uefrñka i;a;ajhka

hk fï os.= iir .ufkys ÿl ioyg u wjika lr " ksjkg fhduq
lsÍug"fYaI fkdjk ú{dkhka iys;j" msßksjka mEug ie,eiaùu i|yd
ish¨ iïud iïnqÿ jre foaYkd lrkafka iod;ksl ikd;ksl i;HH jQ
p;=rd¾H i;Hh O¾uhhs'

1 ÿlaL wd¾H i;Hh'

2 ÿlaL iuqoh wd¾h i;Hh
3 ÿlaL ksfrdaO wd¾h i;Hh
4 ÿlaL ksfrdaO .dñKs mámod wd¾H i;Hh

i;a;aj-mqoa.,-wd;au jYfhka y÷kajk mxp Wmdok ialkaOhu

ÿlla nj" ish¨ ÿla j, fya;=j bmoSu nj " ÿlaL wd¾h i;Hfhka
úia;r fõ' —Nj mÉphd cd;s- cd;s mÉphd crd urK- fidal mßfoaj
ÿlaL fodaukiai Wmdhdid iïNjka;S — máÉp iuqmamdo iq;%h wúcacd
iq;%h wdosfhka meyeos,s lr we;af;a thhs'

ÿlg fya;=j jk ;DIaKdj ms<sn|j fojk wd¾h i;Hh jk

ÿlaL iuqoh i;Hfhka meyeos,s lr we;'

ldu ;Kayd-Nj ;Kayd-úNj ;Kayd f;jeoEreï ;Kaydjka

ksid iif¾ úúO Nj ;,j, Wm; isÿ fõ' oajdoix. máÉp iuqmamdo
kHdfha wkqf,dau iïnkaO;dfjka ÿlaL iuqoh i;Hh ú.%y fõ'

wúcacd mÉphd ixLdrd

ixLdr mÉphd ú{dkx
ú{dk mÉphd kdurEmx
23
kdurEm mÉphd i<dh;kx
i<dh;k mÉphd Miai
tiai mÉphd fõokd
fõokd mÉphd ;Kayd
;Kayd mÉphd Wmdodk
Wmdodk mÉphd Nfjd
Nj mÉphd cd;s
cd;s mÉphd crd-urK-fidal-mßfoaj-ÿlaL fodïkiai Wmdhdid'''''

wdos jYfhka ÿlaL iuqoh ú.%y flf¾' f;jk wd¾H i;Hh jk

ÿlaL ksfrdaOh" máf,dau máÉp iuqmmdo iïnkaO;dfjka o"i;r jk
wd¾h i;Hh jk ÿl ke;s lsßfï u." wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud¾.fhkao
fmkajd os we; '

cd;s-crd-urK j,ska ñoSfï taldhk ud¾.h wd¾h wIaGdx.sl

ud¾.hhs' ÿ¾,N jQ ñksi;a njla ,o yeu flfkl=u jeäh hq;= u. wÍ
wge.s u.hs'i;a;ajhskf
a .a ixidr pdßldjg ;=vq fok l¾u ixialrKhg
fya;=jk uyd n, Yla;sh wkql%ufhka m%ydKh lr iuqÉfPao jYfhkau
wlS%h;djhg m;a lr ,Sfï m%;smodj wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud¾.hhs'th YS,-
iudê-m%{d hk mshjr ;=k Tiafia jH;sl%u-mßhqÜGdk-iuqÉfPo hk
wjia:d ;=kloS l< yelsh'

wÍ wgeÕs u.

1. ksjeros jpk
2. ksjeros ls%hd iS,
3. ksjeros osúmeje;au

4. ksjeros W;aidyh
5. ksjeros isysh iudê
6. ksjeros is;a tlÕlu
7. ksjeros oelau
8. ksjeros ixl,amkd m%{d

24
 lfhka jpkfhka fjk jeros j,ska je,lS ksjeros ms<sfj;g msúiS
ixjrùfuka l¾u /ialsÍfï n,Yla;sh jH;%sl%u jYfhka iso oeóu
m%:u mshjrhs' th iS,hhs'

i;r iuHlam%Odk ù¾Hfhka hq;=j iu:Ndjkd m%.K

= lssßu u.ska
l¾u ixialrK n,Yla;sh mßhqÜGdk jYfhka is|oeñu isÿfõ' th
iudêhhs'

l¾u ixialrKhg fya;=jk ish¨ O¾u;dj, h:d iajNdjh

;s%,laIK jYfhka oelSfuka o "máÉp iuqmamdo kHdh ^fya;= M, oyu &
wkqf,dau m%;sf,dau jYfhka oelSfuka o "my<jk úmiaikd {dkh ;=<ska
iir .ukg fya;=jk l¾u ixialrK n,Yla;sh iuqÉfPao f,i
m%ydkh l< yelsh'th m%{djhs'fï wd¾h wIaGdx.sl m%;smodj
fn!oaOhdf.a taldhk ud¾.hhs'

uca¯u ksldfha w,.oa¥mu iQ;%fha foAYkd lr we;s mßos

;:d.;jre f,dj my< jkafka ñksiqka iS,doS .=K O¾u j, msygqùug
muKla fkdfõ' i;ajhd mqoa.,hd jYfhka jHjydr jk ialkaO
mxplfha wl=re wglska yd wks;H-ÿlaL-wkd;au hk mo ;=klska hq;=
,laIK;%h f,djg fy<s lsÍughs'

—k yS iS,j;x fyda;=
Wmamcacka;s ;:d.;d
wÜGlaLrd ;Sks mod
iïnqoafO mldis;d ˜

fya;= m%;Hhka ksid yg .;a lsisjla iodl,a fkdmj;akd nj

ixidßl jYfhka f.dv k.d .kqq ,nkakd jQ l=i,d l==i, Yla;Skf a .a
m%;sM,hla jYfhka ieliqKq rEm-fõokd-ix{d-ixldr-ú{dk ialkaO
mxplh fudfyd;ska fudfyd; fjkia jk iq¿h' th wks;H;djhhs'
ñksid muKla fkdj bkaøshhkag f.dÿrejk fuf,dj we;s iú{dksl
wú{dksl ish¨ ixialdr O¾u j,g fï wks;H;dj fmdÿh' W;amdo-À;s-
Nx. tu ixialdr O¾uhkaf.a ,laIK ;=kls' yg .ekSu ^W;amdo& "
úkdYh^jfhd& " yg.ekSu;a úkdYh;a w;r fjkiaùu ^Á;iai
wØa×:;a;h& ñksid kue;s ixialdr mqxchg wh;a yeu ialkaOhlu
wiaÓrnj wks;Hnj nqoaO foAYkd j, iqúfYaI wjOdkhg fhduqù we;'
25
 —rEmx wksÉpx - fõokd wksÉpx - ix{d wksÉpx
ixLdrd wksÉpx - úØaØdKx wksÉpk;s ˜

iífí ixLdrd wksÉpd " wksÉpdj; ixLdrd hk fhÿï j,ska fmkajd

fokafkao fï wks;H;djhhs' nqÿ mshdKka jykafia fmK msKavQmu iQ;%h
weiqßka ialkaO mxplfha wks;H;dj fufia Wmudlr we;'

 rEmh fmK msvls

 fõokdj osh nqnq,ls
 ix×dj ñß.=jls
 ixialdr flfi,a l|ls
 ú×dKh udhdjls

ish¨ ixialdr tAldka; jYfhka wks;Hh' Wmosk ish,a, keiSug

m;ajkafkah' fïjd Wmiuh lsÍu fyj;a bmoSu ke;s lsÍu iqjhhs'

fï wks;H;dj wiaÓrnj lgqljQ fõokdjls 'ÿlls ';DIaKdfõ

m%;sM, jYfhka yg.kakdjQ w;Dma;slr jQ wiykldÍ jQ wi;=gqodhl jQ
;;ajh ÿflys iajNdjhhs' w.%Yd% jl idßmq;a; uy ry;ka jykafia
ÿflys iajNdjh wdldr ;=klska y÷kd.; yels nj iÉp úNx. iQ;%fha
oS meyeos,s lr we;'

1. ÿqlaL ÿlaL
2. ixLdr ÿlaL
3. úmßKdu ÿlaL

ÿqlaL ÿlaL hkq idudkH cSú;fhaoS ,nk ÿlaLodhl w;aoelSïh' cd;s-

crd-jHdê-urK-fidal-mßfoaj-ms%h-õm%fhda.-wms%h iïm%fhda.-bÑPs;
w,dN wdoshhs' ixLdr ÿlaL hkq rd.-foaY-fuday-wúcacd hk
udkisl;ajhg wkqj we,Su .eàu yd wkjfndaOh ksid mqKH mdm l¾u
/ialsÍu ksid l¾u jYfhka yd M, jYfhka h<s h<s;a ÿlg m;aùuhs'
crd-jHdê wdoS fjkia jk හෙන ෙන ෙභාෙය මුහේ ඇති ෙන ÿl
úmßKdu ÿlhs'

26
 fï ish¨ ÿla j,g fya;=j mxp WmdodkialkaOh uf.ah-uuh-udf.a
wd;auh hehs Wmdodkh lr .ekSfï ilaldh osÜÀhhs' th úis jeoEreï
jk wdldrh idßmq;a; uy ry;ka jykafia iïud osÜÀ iQ;%fha oS
meyeos,s lr we;'

1. rEmh wd;auh f,i is;Su

2. wd;auh rEmh f,i is;Su
3. rEmh ;=< wd;auh ;sfí hehs is;Su
4. wd;auh ;=< rEmh ;sfí hehs is;uS

rEmh ms<sn|j is;k fï i;r wdldrh fõokd-ix×d-ixLdr-

úØaØdK ms<n
s |j o is;Su ksid ilaldh osÜÀh úis jeoEreïfõ'

mxp WmdodkialkaOhu ÿlla nj nqÿ mshdKka jykafiaf.a m%:u

O¾u foaYkh jk Oïuplal mj;a;k iQ;%fhaoS o meyeos,s kr we;'
mxpialkaOh mxpialkaOhla jYfhka fkdis;d tAjdg we¨ï lsÍu
wNskkaokh lsÍu ksid ÿl we;sfõ' ÿl hkq õYaj idOdrK O¾u;djhls'
th iuia; i;aj ixh;shgu fmdÿ ;;ajhls'ÿl hkq mß[af[ahi
^msßis|& m%;HlaI jYfhka wjfndaO lr .; hq;= O¾uhls¡

fya;= m%;Hhkaf.ka yg.;a wLKavj .,d hk ixialdr m%jdyhla ñi

i;aj mqoa., wd;au jYfhka .; yels lsisjla ke;¡ wdh;khkaf.a
fkdis|S meje;au ixidrh fjhs¡

— LkaOdkx mámdà - Od;= wdh;kd;sp wnfydaÉPskakx

j;a;udkx - ixidfrda;s mpqÉp;s¡ —

ialkaO mi ;=< fyda wdh;k fod<i ;=< fyda Od;= wgf<di ;=<
හ ෝks;H iqL wd;au jYfhka .; yels lsisjla ke;¡

— ho ksÉpx ;x ÿlaLx
hx ÿlaLx ;ok;a;d —

hula wks;H kï th ÿlls¡ hula ÿlla kï tys wd;au jYfhka

.; hq;= fohla ke;¡

27
 i;a;ajhd wkjrd.% ixidr pdßldjl fhfokafka wks;H-ÿlaL-
wkd;au jQ mxp WmdodkialkaOh ks;H iqL wd;au jYfhka f.k thg
we¨ï lsÍu ksidh¡ tys we;s h:d iajNdjh fkdoekSu wdOHd;añl bosß
.ukg wys;lrh¡ ta ksid wl=re wglska mo ;=klska hq;= ;s%,laIK
foaYkdfjys oS nqÿ mshdKka jykafiaf.a wNsu;d¾:h jQfha mxp
WmdodkialkaOh ms<sn| wd;au oDIaáfhka Y%djlhka uqod .ekSuhs¡
iïudosÜÀhg fhduqlr ks¾jdKdfndaOhg u. i,id oSuhs¡

iir .ukg uQ,slu fya;=j p;=rd¾h i;Hh ms<sn|

wkjfndaOhhs¡ tA ksid p;=rd¾h i;Hh wjfndaO lr .ekSu wd¾h
Y%djlhdf.a m%Odk ld¾hh úh hq;=h¡ p;=rd¾h i;Hh;a" ;s%,laIKh;a
iajNdj O¾uhg wh;a O¾u;d fjhs¡ nqoAO O¾uh hkq iajNdj O¾uhhs¡
iajNdj O¾uh hkq nqoAO O¾uhhs¡

f,dj my< jk ish¨ iïud iïnqÿjrekaf.a wkqYdikh jkafka "

— iín mdmiai wlrKx

l=i,iai Wmiïmod
iÉ;a; mßfhdaomkx
ta;x nqoaOdkYdikx —

ish¨ múka je<lSu" l=i, oyï /ia lsÍu" is; msßisÿj ;nd
.ekSu ms<sn|jhs¡ nqÿ oyfï iuia; yrh fuys wka;¾.;j we;¡ ksjk
wfmalaId lrkakka úiska imqrd,sh hq;= iuia; ld¾h moaO;shu tys
we;=<;ah¡

cd;s-crd-urK fkdje<elaúh yels O¾u;djhkaf.a wjqf,ka ñoS

iir ÿlska f;dr W;=ï ksjka iqj m;k wm l< hq;= jkafka p;=rd¾h
i;H ;=<ska ÿl mßis| oeóuhs¡ ÿlaL iuqoh m%ydKh lsÍuhs¡ ÿlaL
ksfrdaOh idlaId;a lsÍuhs¡ÿl ksjk u. ^wÍ wgeÕs u.& m%.K = lsÍuhs¡
wÍ wgeÕs u. ;=<ska jefvk ;s% YslaIdj ^iS,-iudê-m%{d& ks¾jdK
m%;smodjhs¡ fï m%;smodj u.ska is|,kafka i;a;ajhdf.a iir meje;aug
;=vq fok m%Odk fya;= ldrl jk ;DIaKd-wúoHd-ixLdr ^l=i,dl=i,
/ialsÍu& we;=<;a oajoidx. máÉp iuqmamkak ls%hdj,sh jQ ixidr
pl%hhs¡

28
 cSú;fha;a iifrys;a h:d iajNdjh ;s%,laIKh ;=<ska oel"
p;=rd¾h i;Hh wjfndaOhg fhduqù " wd¾h m%;smodjg msúi " cd;s-crd-
urK ÿlska msß iir .uk ksud lr .kakg Tng ug osß-iúh-úßh
,efíjdæ m%{dj my< fõjdæ

29
 urKh

—hd f;aix f;aix ;uyd ;uyd i;a; ksldhd pq;sjÉpkd fNafoda

wka;rOdkx uÉpqurKkx ld,lsßhd¡ LkaOdkx fNafoda lf,nriai
ksflaLfmd cSúflakaøshiaiqjÉfPfoda box pqÉp;s NslaLfõ urKx˜ tA tA
i;aj ksldhkaf.a hï pq;ùulafõo" pq; jk njlafõo" w;=reoyka
ùulafõo" ì|Shdulafõo" uD;Hq kï urKhlafõo" ld, ls%hdjlafõo"
ialkaOhkaf.a ì|Shdulafõo" YÍrhdf.a nyd;eîulafõo th urKhhs¡
uca¯u ksldh uQ,mßhdh j.a.h
iïud osÜÀ iq;%h

ñhhdu-pq;ùu-wNdjh-ì|Su-ksùu-mrùu-msßksùu-isrer
yeroeóu-úfhdaùu úmßKduh-úkdYh-fjkiaùu-cSúgf;akø a sh is|Shdu
wdoS jYfhka urKh y÷kajk m¾hdh mo rdYshls¡

fï f,dalfha cSù wcSù fõjd hula m%;Hhka ksidyg .;a;d kï tA

yeu fohlau urKhg m;aùu iajdNdúlh¡

iïnqoaO foaYkdjg wkqj urK wjia:d ;=kla oelafõ¡

1. iïuq;s urK
2. laIKsl urK
3. iuqÉfPo urK

iïuq;s urKh

weiska oelsh yels fN!;sl YÍrfhka ^rEm ldhfhka&"

woDYHudk jQ wøjHuh jQ ufkdAuh lh bj;aùu iïuq;s urKhhs¡ fuysoS
cSõ;h mj;ajdf.k .sh is; yd lfhys wdhq ld,h f.ù hhs¡ f;afcda
Od;=j bj;j hhs¡ cSúf;akøa sh is|h
S hs¡ cSúf;akø
a sh hkq YÍrh cSj;a
lrjk Yla;s iajNdjhhs¡ th fï Njfha Wmam;a;sh we;s l< mQßj
l¾uhkaf.a úmdlhls¡ l¾uh;a wdhqI;a iuÕ ne|S mj;S¡ i;ajhd
fuf,dj Wm; ,nkafka fmr l< l¾u úmdl wkqjh¡ Wm; ,nkakdg
kshñ; wdhq m%udKhla ,efnkafka l¾u úmdl fya;=fjks¡ wdhqI mj;sk
30
;dla mj;sk cSúf;akø a sh is|h
S du " f;afcda Od;=j ú[aØdKh bj;aùu
ksid urKh isÿfõ¡ j;auka Njfha lh weiqrefldg kej; is;a kQmok
;;ajhg m;afõ¡tfy;a th iir .ufka wjidkh fkdfõ¡ isÿjkfka
j;auka Njh w;yer w¿;a Njhlg iïfm%aIKh ùuhs¡ fuh foúhka
iys; uq¿ f,djgu fmdÿ O¾u;djhls¡ —iíniai f,daliai ifoajliai ˜
hkqfjka nqÿ ysñ foaYkd lr we;¡

—tla Njhl cSj;ajk i;ajhka tu Nj .ukska kslau hdu

urKhhs¡ th oekg isák Njh w;yer fjk;a Njhlg hdu;a " j;au;a
Njfha lh weiqrefldg kej; is;a kQmosk ;;ajhlg m;aùula ˜ f,i
wcdka n%yu
a jxfida ysñ m%ldY lr we;¡

i;ajfhl=f.a rEm ialkaOh we;sù meje;aug fya;=jk idOl i;rls¡

1. l¾uc rEm mrïmrdj

2. É;a;c rEm mrïmrdj
3. wdydrc rEm mrïmrdj
4. iD;=c rEm mrïmrdj

iïuq;s urKfhaoS WmdodkialkaO ixhq;sfhka fuu l¾uc"

É;a;c rEm mrïmrdj bj;aj .sh miq fYaI jkafka iD;=c rEm
mrïmrdj muKs¡ ú{dKh fjkaj .sh miq wdydrc rEm j,sk YÍrh
fmdaIKh ùula isÿ fkdfõ¡

—flfkl=f.a urK wjia:dfõoS wfkl=;a rEm mrïmrd bj;aj

.sh miq u<l| jYfhka fuf,dj b;sßjkafka iD;=c rEm mrïmrdj
muKla˜ nj n,xf.dv wdkkao ffu;S%h uy kdysñ m%ldY lr we;¡
õiqoaê u.a.hg wkqj iïuq;s urKh isÿjk wdldr 4 ls¡

1. wdhqlaLh
2. lïulLh
3. WNhlaLh
4. WmÉfPao

31
  iEu i;ajfhl=gu wdfõksk cdk ixhq;shg wkqrEmj ysñù we;s
ksYÑ
a ; wdhq mrdihla we;¡ tA wkqj ;ud Wmka i;aj fY%aKshg
wod< wdhq m%udKh f.ùhdfuka isÿjk urKh wdhqlaLh
urKhhs¡

 wdhqIh ;j bosßhg ;sìhoS fï Njfha Wm;g ;=vq ÿka ckl

l¾u Yla;sh ÿ¾j, l¾u Yla;shla ùu ksid tu l¾u Yla;sh
laIhù urKh isÿùu lïulLh urKhhs¡

 wdhqI;a Wm; ,ndÿka ckl l¾u Yla;sh;a folu tljr wjika

ùfuka isÿjk urKh WNhlaLh urKhhs¡

 wdhqI;a mQ¾j ckaufhka f.k wd l¾u Yla;sh;a folu b;sßj

;sìhoS isÿjk wl,a urK WmÉfPao urK kï fõ¡

iqkdñ jHihk" kshÕh" .x j;=r jeks iajdNdúl wdmodjka " hqO

flda,dy< "kHIaÀl wú mqmqrjd yeÍu " frda.d ndO WmÉfPao urKhg
fya;=fõ¡ ish osú ydkslr .ekSï " is;d u;d lrk ukqIH >d;ko tu
fldgig wh;afõ¡

uD; foayhla wi< o,ajd ;sfnk fmd,a f;,a myk ksù hdu ;=<ska
tu urKwjia:d i;ru ixfla;j;a jk njg u;hla we;¡

 ;srh wjika ù ksù hdfuka wdhqlaLh urKho "

 f;,a wjika ù ksù hdfuka lïulaLh urKho "
 ;srh;a f;¨;a tl jr wjika ù ksù hdfuka WNhlaLh
urKho"
 ;srh;a f;¨;a ;sìhoS iq<Õla jeks ndysr idOlhl n,mEfuka
ksùhdu WmÉfPao urKho ixfla;j;a jk nj tu woyihs¡

urKhg fya;= ldrl jk nj m%ldYs; wdndO fufia iïmsKavKh

lr oelaúh yelsh¡

32
 1. W;= mßKducd wdndO (} iD;= úm¾hdY ksid we;sjkfrda. j,ska
jd;h - ms; - fiu ñka folla fyda ish,a,u lsmSu ksid we;sjk
ikakm
s d;sl wdndO j,ska

2. úIu mßydrcd wdndO (} úIu jQ wej;=ï mej;=ï j,ska úIu jQ

wdydr mdk ksid we;sjk frda.dndO
3. ´mlalñl wdndO (} ;ukaf.au fyda wkqkaf.a Wml%u ksid urKh
isÿúh yel¡ ji- úI Ndú;h " ish osú ydkslr .ekSu" wú
wdhqO j,ska myr oSu "úI YÍr .; lsÍu" wdosh fukau iuQy
jYfhka >d;kh lsÍu i|yd fhdok ,o Wml%u rdYshla .ek
f,dal b;sydih mqj;a j,sko a wkdjrKh fõ¡ fojk f,dal
ix.%du wjêfha cmdkfha ysfrdaIsud - kd.idls k.rj, lrk ,o
fndaïn mqmqrjd yeÍï ksid ,laIH ixLHd; ckldhla ureuqjg
m;a jQy¡ reishdfõ p¾fkdì,a n,d.drfha msmsÍu ksido"
bkaoshdfõ fNdamd,ays msmsÍu ksido" ,laIH ixLHd; cSú; f,djg
wysñ úh¡ 2001 iema;eïn¾ 11 jk od weußldfõ ksõfhda¾la
kqjr f,dal fj<| uOHia:dkhg t,a, l< ;%ia; m%ydrfhka
úkdY jQ ñksia cSú; ixLHdj 2996 ls¡

4. l¾u úmdl cd wdndO (} fiiq frda. T!IO Ndú;fhka fndfyda

ÿrg iqjm;a l< yels jqj;a l¾u úmdl jYfhka yg .efkk
frda. iqj l< fkdyelsh¡ we;eï oo- l=IaO- ms<sld frda. - laIh
frda.h wdosh l¾u úmdl j, m%;sM,h¡

fmr l< wl=i, l¾u ksid wl,a urK isÿjk wdldr /ila ñ,sko
a
m%Yk
a fha fufia oelafõ¡

 wkqka l=i.skf
a ka ;enQ wh l=i.skfa kka mSsä;jo"
 wkqkg meka fkdÿka wh meka fmdola fkd,nd msmdis;jo"
 wka wh wdhqO j,ska myr oS uerE wh wdhqO myr ,ndo"
 wkqka c,fha .s,ajd uerE wh .xÕd - we< - fod< - jeõ -
fmdl=Kq j, jeà f.dv taug fkdyelsjo"
 wkqka .skf
a kys ,d uerE wh .skfa kka oeùo"
 wkqka i¾mhka ,jd oIaG lrjQ wh i¾mhka oIaG l<úg m%;sldr
fkd,ndo"
33
  wkqkg úI oS uerE wh wdydr õIùfukao wl,ays ñhefo;s¡

Lksl urKh

uõl=i ;=< l<,hla f,i ms<sis| .;aod isgu isÿjk kdurEm

O¾uhkaf.a ì|Shdu Lksl urKhhs¡ kdu O¾uhkaf.a wdhq ld,h
É;a;laIK tlls¡ yg .ekSu ^W;amdo&" meje;au ^Gs;s&" keiShdu ^Nx.&
fï ish,a,gu .; jkafka É;a;laIK tlls¡ rEm l,dmhl wdhq ld,h
É;a;laIK 17 ls¡ W;amdo" À;s" Nx. ish,a, tu ld,h ;=< isÿfõ¡
É;a;laIKhla hkq tfla b,lalu bosßfhka ;sria w;g ìxÿ 27 la ,shd
,efnk ms<s;=frka ;;amrh fn¥ úg ,efnk ms<s;=r yd iudk b;d
iQlaIu ld,hls¡ th rEm l,dmhl wdhq ld,hhs¡ tu ms<s;=r kej; 17 ka
fn¥ úg is;l wdhq ld,h ,efí¡ rd. - oafõY - fuday is;a" tlS is;a
fldaá ixLHd; mrïmrdjl tl;=fjka yg.kakd is;a fjhs¡ ms<sis| .;aod
isg urKh olajdo bka miqj t<fUk B<Õ Njfha o is;a mrïmrdj .,d
hhs¡

i;aj-mqoa., ialkaO iuqÉphka i|yd ne÷k fï ls%hdoduh ysre-

i÷-wõj-jeiai-iq<Õ-l÷-fy,a-.xÕd wdoS fidndoyfï ksuehqï j,g
fukau " mqoa., boslsÍï j,g wod<h¡ ^W;amdo" À;s" Nx.& tA ish,a,
fya;= m%;Hhkaf.ka yg .;a ixL; O¾ufhdah¡ cSù wcSù fï ish,a,
laIKhla laIKhla mdid we;sù úmßKduhg m;aù urKhg m;aùu
laIKsl urKhhs¡

B¡ ví¡ wosldrï uy;d mjid we;s wdldrhg —fudfyd;la mdid

isÿjk ta urKh" urKfhka w¨;aùfuka hqla;h¡ th kdu ud;% urKhla
fkdfõ¡ iïmQ¾K jQ urKhls¡ tA urKfhka u< foh kej; yg fkd.kS¡
tA urKh ìhúh hqla;lao fkdfõ¡ th b;d ,iaik fohls¡ w;ßka m;r
fyda iq¿ fõ,djla jqjo tA urKh olsk ;eke;a;d ;=< tA fõ,dfjys
we;sjkafka i;=fgka iy ÿflka f;drjQ mqÿu ieye,a¨jls ˜
kuialdr 2013 ckjdß ms ¡ 29-30

ch YS% uy fnda uevoS wm uy fndai;dKka jykafia iïud

iïnqoaO;ajhg m;ajk wjia:dfõ rd;S% mYaÑu hdufhaoS wdijlaLh
{dKh ;=<ska ,nd.;af;a fï laIKsl urKh ms<sn| wjfndaOhhs¡ nqÿ
34
mshdKka jykafia jod< msßos laIKhla mdid ix{dj mek ke.S bj;aùu
isÿfõ¡ th fudfyd;ska fudfyd; we;sjk Wm; yd urKh kï wLKav
ls%hd oduhhs¡ laIKsl urKhhs¡ ienE urKhhs

iuqÉfPao urKh

Wmam;a;sh i|yd fya;=jk ish¨u ;Kayd-oafõY-fuday is;sõ,s iy

uq,sku
a wjika l< laISKdi%jhka jykafia,df.a ialkaO mßks¾jdKh
iuqÉfPao urKhhs¡ lfhka õ{dkh bj;a jQ úg is;o ksù wfydais ù hhs¡
th iir .ufka ksudjhs¡ meje;afï ;, 31 ka tllgj;a ñfhk
fudfydf;a is; iïnkaO fkdfõ¡ p;=rd¾h i;H ms<sn| ukd
wjfndaOhlska hq;= kslaf,aYS Ñ;A; ika;dkhla iys; ry;ka jykafia
Wmudlr we;af;a oshuka;shlgh¡

— jcsrEmu Ñ;af;da mq.a.f,da

mGú ifuda fkd úreca®;S
bkaøÇf,damfuda ;doS mqínfkda
ryfoaj wfma; loaofuda
ixidrd k Njka;s ;dosfkd ˜
Oïumoh wry;a; j.a.h 96

—reÑ wreÑ folu bjik ksid uyfmdf<dj n÷jQ o" bkaøÇ,hla

f,iska fkdfi,afjk iq¿jQ o" uv ke;s ú,la fuka m%ikakjQ o" ry;ka
jykafiag iir .uka fkdfõ¡ ˜

— ÇKx mqrdKx kjx k;aÓ iïNjx

Ér;a; Ñ;a;d wdh;sfla Njiañx
f;a ÄK îcd wúre,ayÉ s Pkaod
ksínka;s ërd h:d hx m%oSfmda ˜
r;k iQ;%h-4 jk .d:dj

35
 —mqrdK l¾u ke;s lrk ,oS¡ w¿;a l¾u bmoSula ke;¡ Njfhys
we,Su ke;s is;a we;af;dah¡ h<s Njhl bmoSfï îc ke;s l<dyqh¡
bmoSfï leue;a; ke;a;dyqh¡ tA uyd kqjKe;af;da mykla ksù hkakdfia
ksù .shdyqh¡ ˜

— ÇKd cd;S pqis;x n%yaupßhx

l;=x lrKShx kdmrx b;a;;a:dh;S ˜

—kej; bmoSu ke;s lf<ñ¡ nUir jei ksu lf<ñ¡ kej; fuys
meñKSula fyj;a bmoSula ke;¡˜

wkjrd.% iir .ukl fhfok WmdodkialkaO ixhq;sfha ksudjla

isÿjkafka iuqÉfPao urKfhks¡ l¾u pl%fha ìysiqKq wkd.; ieleiau
O¾u pl%fha msyf s gka m%{djka; ñksiqka úiska fjkia l< wjia:dj
iuqÉfPao urKhhs¡

ljr fudfyd;l fyda urKh wfmalaIdfjka isàug isÿùu Wm;

iu.u wmg Wreu jQ odhdohla¡ laIKhla mdid wks;H;djhg ,laajk
mxpialkaOh tys j;auka Njfha meje;s iajrEmfhka ì|S úisÍ .sh
wjia:dj urKhhs¡ fuysoS isÿjkafka fõokd-ix{d-ixldr tlaj ieliqKq
is; ^kduialkaOh& mGú-wdfmda-f;afcda-jdfhda Od;= weiqfrka ieliqKq
fN!;sl isrer ^rEmialkaOh& w;yer oeóuh¡fï weiqßka fN!;sl isrer
yd ufkdauh isrer w;r mej;s iïnKaO;djh ì| jeàu Wm; ,o ish¿
i;a;ajhkagu fmdÿ O¾u;djls¡ fkdje<elaúh yels ixisoaêhls¡

— wksñ;a; uk[aØ;x uÉpdkx bO cSú;x

liSr[ap mß;a;[ap ;[ap ÿlafÄk i[a[q;x ˜

osk i;s jYfhk ld,h f.fjñka .,dhk cSú;h ;=< ljod

fld;ekl urKh w;jkdoehs lsisfjl=g lsj fkdyel¡ ÿla lror ueoska
iq¿ i;=gla ,nk fï cSú;h f.jd oeñh hq;af;a ÿlsku
a h¡˜

— kysfida Wmlalfuda w;aÓ - fhacd;d k óhf¾

crïms m;ajd urKx - tjx Oïudys mdKsfkda —
36
 bmÿkq i;ajfhl=g hïlsis Wml%uhla fhdod fkdueÍ isákakg
fkdyelsh¡ iEu fokdu crdjg m;afj;s¡ urKhg m;afj;s¡ bmÿkq
i;ajhkg th fmdÿ O¾u;djhls¡

— t,dkïj mla;dkx - mdf;da mla;fka Nhx

tjx cd;dkuÉpdkx - lsÉpx urKflda Nhx —

ysñosß WoEik .s,syS ìu jefgj bÿKq rela M,hg mj;skf a ka

ìhuh¡ tf,iskau fuys bmoS isájk yeu fokdu urK ìfhka fmf<ñka
isá;ss¡

— odrdp uyka;dj - fha nd,d fhap mKaä;d

iífí uÉpqix hka;s - iífí uÉpq mrdhkd —

orejka - jeäysáwh whym;a wh - hym;a wh .;s.K = krl

Woúh yd yeufokdu urKh keue;s wk;=rg ksn|j jiÕhg h;s¡
urKh ;=<ska yeufohu ksuù hhss¡
nqoaol ksldh iq;a; ksmd;h i,a, iQ;%h

urKh wks;H jQ ixidßl meje;afï ;djld,sl ì|Sula muKs¡ th

i;ajhdf.a wjidkh fkdfõ¡˜bmoSu hkq o urKh hkq o fn!oaOhl=g
cSú;fha we;s ;;= we;s ieáfhka oel .ekSug we;s wjia:d folls¡ tfia
olskk
a d ;u cSú;hgo wkH cSú; j,go tu.ska f,dalhgo ;u
ñksialfï uysufhka hula ,nd fohs¡ hï osfkl fyf;u cSú;fhka
iuq.ekSfï fodrgqj jid kslauqko Tyq f,dalhg imeñKs nj;a " ñksfil=
f,i cSj;a jQ nj;a" f,dalfha fkdueflk fia igyka fõ—
úfYaI{ ffjoH ,,s;a ùfcaisxy

cSú;fha tla ixisoaêhla jQ urK wjia:dfõ wm l< hq;= jkafka

fYdal ùu fkdfõ¡ fï cSú;fhaoSu urKh ch .ekSug urKhg ;s;

37
;eîug wm W;aidy l< hq;=h¡ wcd;-wN+; wall wixL; jQ ksßjdKh
wjfndaO lr .ekSug W;aidy oeßh hq;=h¡ mrf,dj iq.;s.dó ùug
hym;a cSú;hla ,nd.ekSug fyda W;aidy l< hq;=h¡

—urKh kue;s wk;=rk s a ñoSug wm%udoSj ilaldh ossÜÀh m%ydKh

fldg fida;dmkak ùug j;a W;aidy k< hq;= nj — nqÿ mshdKka jykafia
ixhqla; ksldfha foaj;d ixhqla;fhaoS foaYkd fldg we;¡

nqÿ iiqkla yuqù-i;amqreI l,HdK ñ;% weiqr o ,o yels-

ks¾u, YS% ioaO¾uh Y%jKhg o wjldY ie,fik-ÿ¾,NjQ ñksi;a njla
,enQ wjia:djl-fï cSú;h ksuùug fmr fhdakf s idaukisldrfhka-
O¾udkq Oïu m%;smodfjys fhoS urKh ch .ekSug m%{djka; úh hq;=h¡

38
 urKh nqÿ weiska

iuia; iïnqoaO foaYkdju urKh flakø a lrf.k foaYkd fldg

we;ehs isf;k ;rug ;s%msglfha fndfyda iQ;% O¾u j," urKh ms<sn|
woyia olajd we;¡

urKh hkq ljrla o " urKh fkdje<elaúh yels O¾u;djhla

nj " urKh ms<sn|j ìh ;e;s.ekqu we;s fkdlr .; hq;= nj "{d;s
ys;ñ;%doSkf
a .A urKh yuqfõ yeãu je<mSu ksr¾:l nj"Nd.Hj;=ka
jykafia meyeos,s lr we;' nqÿ mshdKka jykafia fukau w.%Ydjl
idßmq;a; uy ry;ka jykafia o urK uxplfha je;sr isá fndfyda
fofkl=f.a wjika ksfïIh iekis,sodhS jQjla lrkakg lghq;= lr
we;' fid÷re urKhlska ñhefokakg yels u. meyeos,s lr we;'

— l;uxpdjqfida urKx hdf;aix f;aix i;a;dkx

;uyd ;uyd i;a; ksldhd jq;j s Ék;x fNafoda
wka;rOdkx uÉpq urKx ld,lsßhd nkaOdkx fNafoda
lf,anriai kslafÄfmd cSú;skø
a shiaiqmÉfPafoda
box jqÉp;s NslaLfõ urKx ˜

ta ta i;ajhkaf.a i;aj ksldhkays hï pq; ùula fõo@ pq; jk

njla fõo@ YÍrhdf.a ì|S heula fõo@ w;=reoyka ùula fõo@ ud;Hq
kï urKhla fõo@ ld,ls%hdjla fõo@ ialkaOhkaf.a n|Sula fõo@
YÍrfha nyd ;eîula fõo@ th urKhhs' urKh fkdje<elaúh yels
iod;ksl O¾u;djhla nj nqÿ mshdKka jykafia fndfyda wjia:dj,
meyeos,s lr we;'

— w;u;.af.dhx NslaLfõ ixidfrda

mqíndfldaÜ k m[aØhs;S
wúcacd kSjrKdkx i;a;dkx
;Kayd ixfhdackdkx
ikaOd ú;x ixirkx ˜

39
 wúoHdfjka jeiqKq ;Kaydfjka ne÷Kq i;ajhd ksula ke;sj
bmfoñka uefrñka .uka lrñka meñfK .ufka mQ¾j wka;h mkjkakg
neye'osiajkafka keye'
ixhqla; ksldh wku;.a. ixhq;a;h

— k;aÓ cd;iai wurKx ˜

Wmka lsisfjl=g fkdueÍ isáh fkdyel'

— cd;shd i;s crd urKx fyda;S

cd;shd wi;s k;aÓ crd urKx ˜

bmoSu hï;dla mj;So crd urKho tA;dla mj;S' bmoSu ke;s l,

crd urKo ke;'

— W;am;a;shd ifya fõox

urKx wd.;x iod
urK;a:dh ´ldix
jOflda úh tAi;S ˜
wx( ks( tAll ksmd;h

urKhg wjldYhla fidhñka lvqjla Tijdf.k tk jOlhl= fuka

Wm;;a iu.u urKho meñfKhs'

— wÜÁkx k.rx l;x

uxi f,day;s f,amkx
h;a: crdp uÉpqp
udfkda ulafLdap Tysf;da ˜
Oïu moh crd j.a.h

weg j,ska k.rh idod "uia f,a wdf,am lr ;sfí'th ;=<

we;af;a crdj-urKh-udkh yd .=Kul= nj muKs'

rc isgq ue;s weu;s jreka oyiska ne|s msh,s mqod myi me;+ isßud
k.r fYdaNkshf.a urKh nqÿ weiska ÿgqfõ fufiah'

40
 — mßcsKaK ñox rEmx
frda. ksඩ්ඩx mNx.=rx
Ncacd;s mQ;s ikafoafyda
urKka;x ys cSú;x ˜
fï rEmh w;sYhska osrd .sfhah' th frda.hkg leoe,a,la n÷h'
l=Kq je.sfrk fï lh jyd kefik iq¿h' cSú;h urKh fl<jr fldg
we;af;ah'
Oïu moh crd j.a.h
frda.jS widOHj ierjfhka msß" lhgu we,S .sh isjqrlska hq;=j"
urK uxplfha je;sr isá mQ;s.;a; ;siai f;reka jykafiaj fidaod
kyjd isjqre msßisÿ kr fmdrjd wjik Wkajykafia wu;d nqÿ mshdKka
jykafia cSú;fha h:d iajNdjh meyeos,s lf<a fufiah'
— wÉrxj; hx ldfhda
mOúx wê fiiai;s
cqoafOda wfm; ú[aØfKd
ksr;a:xj l,S>rx ˜

wks;H jQ widr jQ os.= l,la fkdmj;sjk fï YÍrh ú[aØKh

ksreèO ù .sh miq jevlg ke;s or lvla fuka fmdf<dj u;
je;sfrkafkah'
— mqmaMdks fyaj múkka;x
LHdm;a; ukix krx
iq;;a x .dux ufydaf>dap
uÉpq wdodh .ÉP;S ˜
Oïu moh
u,a lrejl= u,a fidhd /ia lrkakdla fuka" mxpldu .=K
kue;s u,a /ialrkakdjQ" tys w;sYhska we¨Kq ñksid urKh úiska
weof.k hkafka uy .xj;=rlska ksos.;a .ula weof.k hkakdla
fuks'iajlSh ud<s.fha okg jäk NslaIq msßi l%ufhka wvqùf.k hdu
ms<sn|j nqÿ ysñ fj;ska úuiQ fldfid,a rc;=udg ,enqKq ms<s;=rhs by;
i|yka jQfha'NslaIQka jykafia,d jevu lsÍu wvqj .sfha" wjeis ms<s.ekSu
yd j;dj;a " lduhkag we<S .e,S isá" rc ud<s.fha msßi fj;ska
fkd,enqKq neúks'

41
 ;j;a wjia:djl fldfid,a rcq wu;d fok ,o wjjdo lsysmhla
my; oelafõ'
— ;iaud lfrhH l,HdKx
kSphx iïmrdhslx
mq[aØks mrf,daliañx
m;sÜGd fydkaks mdKskka;S ˜
mrf,djg ys;jQ oE /ia lrk ;eke;a;d msx lrkafkah' msk
i;ajhkg mrf,djoS msygs jkafkah'

— hxp lfrda;s ldfhak jdpdh WofÉ;id

;xys liai ilx fyda;S ;Øap wdodh .ÉP;S
;[apiai wkqyx fyda;S Pdhdj wkmdhsksS ˜

cSj;aj isáhoS lhska-jpkfhka-is;ska hï l¾uhla flf¾o thu

Tyqg ;ud i;= jia;=j fõ' thu /f.k mrf,dj hhs' th w; fkdyer
hk fijKe,a, fuka Tyq wkqj hhs'

— O[a[x Okx rc;x cd; rEmx

mß.a.N[apdms ho;aÓ lsxÖ
odid lïu ldrd fmiaid fhpiai wkqcú
S fkd
iínx kdodh .k;ínx iínx kslaÅ mma.dñkx ˜

OdkHo" Okho" ßoSo" rkao ;ud i;= wfkla oEo odifhdao"

lïlrefjdao" fufylrefjdao hk Tyq ksid cSj;ajk hï flfkla
we;akï "tA ish,aa, yer oud hd hq;=h'
ixhqla; ksldh fldai, ixhqla;h-ÿ;sh wmq;a; j.a.h ms'170-171

iyf,a ×;Skf a .a urKh yuqfõ fYdal l< je<mqk Y%djl

Y%dúldjkg urKh fkdje<elaúh yels O¾u;djhla nj" fYdal lsÍu
je<mSu wre;a iqka fohla nj" wjfndaO lroS iekiSu ,ndÿka wjia:d
/ilau nqÿ isß; ;=<ska yuqfõ'

jir 120 la wdhq j<|d ñh.sh wdorKSh ñ;a;Kshf.a urKh

ms<sn|j ika;dmhg m;aj isá mfiakoS fldfid,a rc;=udg nqÿ mshdfKda
iekiSu <.d lr ÿkafka fufiah'

42
 — iífí i;a;d uydrdc" urK Oïud urK mßfhdiakd urKx
wk;S;dkS ˜

uyrc ish¨ i;ajfhda urKh iajNdj fldg we;a;dy' urKh fkd

blaujQfjdah'

— iífí i;a;d ußiaika;s urKx;kays cSú;x

h:d lïux .ñiaika;s mq[a[ mdm MÆm.d
ksrhx mdmlïuka;d mq[a[lïudp iq.. a ;sx ˜

ish¨ i;ajfhda uefrkakdy' cSú;h urKh fl<jr fl<jr

fldg we;af;ah'tfyhska mska mõm, wkqj .shdyq' mõlï we;af;a
ksrhgo" mskl
a ï we;af;da iq.;shgoehs fufia lïjQmßoafoka mrf,dj
hkakdyqh'
ixhqla; ksldh fldai, ixhqla;h-whild iQ;%h

mq;= u< fidúka úl,aj .sh wisysfhka fuka yeisreKq lsid f.da;ñh
fj; nqÿ lreKd wei fhduq jQfha fufiah'

— k .du Oïfuda fkd ks.uiai Oïfuda

k pdmhx tAl l=,iai Oïfuda
iíniai f,daliai ifoajliai
t fidp Oïfuda hÈaox wksÉp;d ˜

fuh tla .ulg WreujQ fohla fkdfõ' tla kshï.ulg fyda

tla l=,hlg fyda WreujQ iajNdjhla o fkdfõ' foúhka iys; ish¨
f,dalhdgu fï wks;H;d oyu Wreuh'
nqoaol ksldh wmodk md,sh lsidf.da;ó wmodkh

— ;x mq;a;x miqlïu u;a;x

Lidi;a; ukix krx
iq;a; .dux ufydaf>dap
uÉPq wdodh .ÉP;S ˜

43
 orejka yd .j uySIdkaoSka ksid u;aajQ" w;sYhska we¨Kq is;a we;s
ñksid uys iev j;=rla ksos.;a .ula .id f.k hkakdla fuka urKh
úiska .id f.k hhs' fï nqÿ jok lsidf.da;ñhkaf.a fYdald;=rjQ is;
ksjd,Sug fukau ixidr frda.fhka iqjm;a ùugo bjy,a úh'
Oïumoh u.a. j.a.h 287 .d:dj

nqÿ fk;ska ÿgq cSõ;fha wksh; nj yd iif¾ h:d iajNdjh"

tlu osfkl" iqr;,a ore fofokd-ieñhd-uõmshka-tlu fidfydhqrd ñh
hdu ksid Wu;= iajNdjhg m;aj isá mgdpdrdjg uy;a wiajeis,a,la úh'
— mgdpdrdfjks" Tn óg by; wd;au .Kka j,oS fujeks w;s Nhxlr
ÿlg m;aù we;' Tnf.a ñh.sh uj-mshd-¥ ore kEishka Wfoid j.=rejd
we;s l÷¿ uy ihwf¾ c,ho mrojk iq¿h ˜'

— k ika;s mq;a;d ;dKdh

k ms;d kms nkaOjd
w;a; fldaKdh mkakiai
k;aÓ [d;Siq ;dKa;d ˜
Oïumoh u.a. j.a.h 288 .d:dj

urKfhka uevqKq ;eke;a;dg /ljrKh msKsi orefjda;a ke;'

uõmsfhda;a ke;' kEoEfhda;a ke;' ×;Ska w;r msyg
s lao ke;'

mgdpdrdj ixis÷jd úuqla;s iqjh idod fokakg yelsjQfha fï nqÿ

jok ksidh'

mkaish mkia cd;l fmdf;a Wr. cd;lfha j¾;udk l:dfjka

úia;r jkafkaa ;u tlu mq;= u< fidúka osk .Kkla y~d je,fmñka
isá ieje;akjq r tla;rd flf<ô mqf;l= ms<sn|jhs' Tyq fj; jevu l<
nqÿ mshdKka jykaafia meyeos,s lf<a w;S;fha Kqjke;s ñksiqka orejka
u< fidúka lïmd fkdjQ wdldrhhs' foaYkdj wjidkfha tu isgq mq;=
fidajdka M,hg m;aúh'

ìß| u< fidúka isá ieje;akjq r tla;rd iajdñ mqreIfhl=go"

fidajdka M,hg m;aùfï fya;= iïm;a we;s nj oel" Tyq fj; jevu l<
nqÿ ysñ fYdalùfï wre;aiqka nj myod oS Tyqf.a is; fidajdka M,h

44
olajd by<g Tfidjd ;enQ whqre wkkqfidaÑh cd;lfha j¾:udk
l:dfjka lshefõ'

u;frdaok cd;lfha j¾;udk l:dj" fidfydhqrdf.a urKh

ksid fkdld fkdî fidfydkg hñka tñka y~ñka l,a f.jQ ieje;akj q r
tla mqreIfhl=g wod< fõ' fidajdka ùug fya;= jdikd ;snQ Tyq fj;o
jeä nqÿ ysñ fmr kqjKe;s wh wks;H jgydf.k fidfydhqrka u< miq
fYdal fkdl< nj olajñka w;S; l:d mqj; foaYkd l<y' Tyqf.a
cSú;ho iqjm;a úh'

iïnqoaO;ajh ,eîug fmr fndai;a wjêfhaoS mjd urKh yuqfõ

fYdal lsÍï je<mSï j, ksr¾:l nj lu cSú;hu wdo¾Yj;a fldg
meyeos<sl, wjia:d lsysmhla cd;l fmd; ;=< we;s nj by; l:d mqj;a
j, w;S; l:d j,ska wkdjrKh fõ'

wkkqfidaÑh cd;lfha w;S; l:djg wkqj ;uka jykafia iu.

tlg jkfha ;jqia oï mqrñka isá iuñ,a,jdyskS kue;s ishque,s iqrEmS
ìß| jkfha r¿ lgql nj oeßh fkdyelsj .s,kaù ñh .shdh' tu
wimqj wi<g /iajQ fndafyda ñksiqka y~d je,fmoaoS fndaêi;ajhka
jykafia mfilg ù wdydr j<|ñka isg we;'

˜fï iqkaor ldka;djf.a urKh wmg b;d ÿlla'˜ iajdóks"Tn

jykafia ksy~j bkafka wehs @ ueh Tnf.a ljqo @ weiQjkg ˜ fï
.syl
s , uf.a ìß|'weh lh yer oud .shd' ;ukag tk urKh .ek
yeãu ñi u<jqka .ek y~d je,mS m,la ke;'˜hs fndaêi;ajhka
jykafia Tjqkg cSú;fha wksh; iajNdjh myod oS we;'
wkakq fidaÖh cd;lh mkaish mkia cd;l fmd;

WrÕ cd;lfha w;S; l:djg wkqj fndai;dKka jykafia tjlg

f.dú;ekska cSj;a jQ flfkls' oskla mq;d iuÕ iS idkakg l=Ur q g .sh
wjia:fdõoS i¾mfhl= oIaG lsÍu ksid mq;=f.a urKh isÿúh' mjqf,a
ish¨ fokdu ks;r urK i;sh jevQ wh jQy' tksid tu urKh .ek
fYdaal fkdù b;d ikaiqkaj mjqf,a ieu tla ù wdodyk lghq;= isÿ l<y'
ñhf.dia ;õ;sid foõf,dj ilafoõrcj Wmka mq;d mshd we;=¿ ×;Ska
urK i;sh jvk wdldrh mÍlaId lsSÍug is;d foayh oefjk ia:dkhg

45
meñKsfhah' tla tla whf.ka fjka fjkaj fkdy~k fya;=j úuioaoS tA
yeuf.au ms<s;=r jQfha yeãu kSr¾:l fohla njhs'

kysreKaKxp fidafldap - hdp[a[ mrsfoaj;d

k;x fm;iai w;a:dh - tjx ;sgaGka;s [d;dfhda ˜

u<jqka i|yd yeãu"fYdalùu fyda wkH jQ ú,dmhlaa lsÍu

fkdl< hq;=h'l¿ßh l< whg tA yeãï wdosfhka m%fhdackhla fkdfõ'
rfia jqj;a kqjK uo kEfhda y~;s' fYdalfj;s'
Wr. cd;lh fm%;jia:q md,s

w;S;fha nrKei nUo;a rcqf.a isgqjefhl=j l,a f.joaoS

fndai;dKka jykafiaf.a fidfydhqfrl= ñh .sfhah' tA urKfhaoS fndfyda
wh y~ñka ú,dm ;shoaoS fndai;dKka jykafiaa muKla fkdy~d isáhy'
uyd ;o .;s we;s kmqre ñksil= hhs lshd o" fidfydhqrdf.a jia;=j wh;a
lrf.k cSj;aúh yels ksid o" fkdy~k nj lshd /iaj isá ñksiqka
ksko
a d lroaoS ˜Tn lsisfjl= wgf,da oyu .ek fkdoks;s' ks;H jQ lsisjla
f,dj ke;ehs˜ mjiñka O¾uh foaYkd l<y'Tjqkf a .a fYdal ÿre úh'

urKh yuqfõ mqoa.,hka ;=< we;sjk ìh miq;eú,a,

ixfõoS;dj .ek o nqÿ fk; fhduqù we;' cdkqiafidaks iQ;%fha i|yka
jk mßos cdkqiafidaks nuqKd nqÿ mshdKka wu;d ˜ iajdóks fï f,dalfha
ieu fokdu urKh bossfha ìh fj;s' urKh bossfha ;e;s .ks;s' tfy;a
urKdikak wjia:dfõoS ìh úh hq;=" ;e;s .;hq;="ika;%dihg m;aúh
hq;= lsisÿ fy;=jla ke; ˜ h m%ldY lr we;' cdkqiafidaks nuqKdf.a
u;hg tlÕ fkdjQ nqÿ ysñ m%ldY lf<a ˜ urK wjia:dj foõ ñksia
;sßika I;=ka muKla fkdj "ksrfha ;sßikqka mjd ";e;s .ekqug-ìhg-
f,duqoeye.ekqug m;ajk wjia:djla njhs'

˜iífí Ndhka;s uÉpqfkda ˜ ish¨ i;ajfhdau urKhg ìhfj;s'

urKhg ìhjk ;e;s.kakd mqoa.,hka isõfofkl= isák nj cdkqiafidaks
iQ;%fhaoS y÷kajd oS we;'

1. lduhka flfrys wiSñ; leue;a; we;s wh

2. YÍrh mskùug wiSñ; leue;a; we;s wh

46
3. mõ /ialr .;a mska fkdlrk wh
4. nqÿ rcdKka jykafia flfrys Y%oaOdj ke;sj úÑlsÉPdfjka isák wh

urKh wNshi lïmdjg m;a fkdjk mqoa.,hka isõfofkl= o isák

nj fuu iQ;%fhaoS nqÿ ysñ wjOdrKh lr we;'

1. lduhka flfrys we,au ÿre l< wh

2. ;u YÍrh flfrys we,au ÿre l< wh
3. oka oSu"is,a /lSu wdoS mska oyï lrk wh
4. nqÿ rcdKka jykafia flfrys iel-ixld ÿre l< Y%oaOdj oshqKq l<
wh

mqoa.,hd ;=< urKhg ìh we;sjk fya;= 5 la wkd: msKaäl isgq

;=udg nqÿ ysñ foaYkd lr we;'

1. mrmK keiSu-cSj;aùfï whs;sh wysñ lsÍu

2. kqÿka foh f.k wkqkf
a .a iem;g ndOd lsÍu
3. jeros ldu fiajkfha fhoSu
4. uqidnia ìkSu" wka wh /jàu"wka wh fNao lsÍu"wka whf.a iu.sh -
iudodkh ì|Su
5. uohg yd m%udohg fya;=jk ryfur mdkh

ixhqla; ksldfha uydkdu iQ;%fhaoS uydkdu YdlH rc;=ud nqÿysñ

wu;d m%ldY lf<a"˜iajdóks hqoaO l, flda,dy, ixisoùu jeks rdcH
lghq;a;l fhoS isák wjia:djl ud ñh.sh fyd;a krl ;ekl WmoSo
lshd ìhla oefkk njhs'˜

˜ ud Ndhs uydkdu" ud Ndhs uydkdu" uydkdu ìhfjkak tmdæ

uydkdu" ìhfjkak tmdæ Tn fndfyda l,a f;rejka irK .sh
flfkla'Tn ÿ.;s.dó jkafka keye'˜fufia uydkdu YdlH rcq wiajeiSu

47
l< nqÿ mshdKka jykafia" urKhg ìh we;s fkdjk lreKq 5 la
meyeos,s l< fial'

1. Y%oaOdj oS¾> ld,hla wLKavj wõÉPskk

a j mqreÿ mqyK
q q lr
;sîu'
2. iS,h oS¾> ld,hla wLKavj wõÉPskk
a j mqreÿ mqyK
q q lr ;sîu'
3. Y%e;j;a nj oS¾> ld,hla wLKavj wõÉPskk
a j mqreÿ mqyK
q q lr
;sîu'
4. pd.h oS¾> ld,hla wLKavj wõÉPskk
a j mqreÿ mqyK
q q lr ;sîu'
5. m%×j oS¾> ld,hla wLKavj wõÉPskk
a j mqreÿ mqyK
q q lr
;sîu'

uydkdu YdlH rcq o by; fiaL n, O¾u oS¾> ld,hla mqreÿ mqyK
q q
l< flfkl= ksid urKh ms<sn| ìh ;e;s.ekqu we;slr fkd.; hq;=
njhs nqÿ Tjok jQfha'
ixhqla; ksldh uydkdu iQ;%h

wx.=;a;r ksldfha p;=lal ksmd;fha ˜ wiaid cdkSh mf;dao˜ iQ;%fhka

wYajdfrdaylfhl= ;u lih u.ska fok ix×djg wcdkSh wYajhska i;r
fofkl= olajk m%;spdr j, õõO;ajh Wmudjg f.k f,dalfha úúO
mqoa.,hska urKh yuqfõ olajk ixfõoS;dfjys isjrEmh újrKh lr
olajhsa'

1. m<uqjk wcdkSh wYajhd wYajdfrdaylhd lih Tij;au tys

fiahdj ÿgq muKska lu iajdñhdf.a woyi oel ixfõ. Wmojd
f.k fõ.hg meñfKhs'

2. fojk wcdkSh wYajhdg ixfõ. Wmojd .ekSug" fõ.hg

meñfKSug" lih;a fiahdj m%udKj;a ke;'flúg f,dau w;ßka
heúh hq;=h' túg iajdñhdf.a woyi oek ls%hd;aul fjhs'

48
 3. f;jk wcdkSh wYajhdg ixfõoS ùug" fõ.j;a ùug" lifhka
iug josk myrla osh hq;=h'

4. isõjk wcdkSh wYajhdg weh-lgq ì|Shk ;rfï oeä myrla

,enqKq úg ixfõ.j;a fjhs" fõ.h Wmojd .kS'

fujeks wcdkSh mqoa.,hska i;r fofkl=o udkj iudch ;=<ska

huqjk nj nqÿ ysñ foaYkd lr we;' fï wcdkSh mqoa.,hska i;r
fokdf.ka iuia; udkj iudchu ksfhdackh jk wdldrhla yefÕa'
wcdkSh wiqka i;r fokdf.ka tA tA mqoa., lKavdhï ixfla;j;a fõ'
wYajdfrdaylhdf.a lih yeisrùug wiqka olajk m%%;spdr fuka urKh
yuqfõ fï wcdkSh mqoa.,hka ilajk ixfõoS;dj úúOh'

1. m<uqjk mqoa.,hd urKh lshk wdrxÑh weiQ muKska iir ìh

oel"ixfõ.h we;slr f.k" oyï u.g fhduqù njqka jvd'ksjka
wjfndaO lr.kSs'

2. fojk mqoa.,hd urKhg m;aù isák flfkl= olakg ,enqKq miq

ixfõ.j;a ù iir ìh we;sù oyï u.g nei njqka jvd ksjka
wjfndaO lr.kSs'

3. f;jk mqoa.,hd iyf,a ×;sfhl= fyda" ióm;u flfkl= fyda

urKhg m;aùu ksid ixfõ.h Wmojdf.k iir ìh we;sù
oyï u.g nei njqka jvd ksjka mila lr.kS's

4. i;rjk mqoa.,hd ;udu udrdka;sl frda.hlska fõokdjg m;aù

urKdikakj isák wjia:dfõ iir ìh oekS" ixfõ.
Wmojdf.k O¾u ud¾.hg msúi iißka ñfokakg W;aidy
lrhs'

49
 Ok-ks,-n,-l=, udk Wmojdf.k"wdfrda.H uoh-cSú; uoh-fh!jk
uoh wdosfhka u;aù fkduefrkakjqka f,i ls%hd lrk ñksiqkg fï Wmud
l:dj ;=<ska f.k tkafka udyeÕs mKsjqvhls'

urKh yuqfõ ixfõoS úh hq;= wdldrh ms<sn|j ixhq;a; ksldfha

foaj;d ixhq;a;fha WmkSh;S iQ;%fhaoS tla;rd foaj;djl= úuiQ meKhg
nqÿysñ fok ms<s;=frkao meyeos,sh'

 cSú;h urKh lrd muqKqjkq ,efí

 wdhqI ij,amh
 crdj úiska urKh lrd muqKqjk ,oaoyqg msyg
s msKsi
rlaIdia:dk ke;' fï ;s%úO Nh urKfhys ,d olskf
a ka iqj-
M,jkakdjQ mska lrkafkahhs foúhdf.a m%ldYh úh'

˜WmkSh;s cSú; umamudhq - crEmkS ;iai k ika;s ;dKd

ta;x Nhx urfK fmlaLudfkd - f,dldñix mcfk ika;sfmlaLdks ˜

 cSú;h urKh lrd muqKqjkq ,dfí'

 wdhqI ij,amh'
 crdj úiska urKh lrd muqKqjk ,oaoyqg rlaId ia:dk ke;'
fï ;s%úO Nh olakd ksjk m;k mqoa., f;fï f,daldñIh ÿre
lrkafkah'fuh nqÿ mshdKka jykafiaf.a ms<s;=r úh'
ixhqla; ksldh foj;d ixhq;a;h ms(4

Oïu mofha úúO .d:d mo ;=<skao"urKfha iajNdjh wjfndaO fldg

f.k cSú;h ksjk lrd fhduq lsÍfï j.lSu Y%djl msßi fj;
wjOdrKh lr we;'

˜M,d yïj m;a:dkx - mf;da m;akf;da Nhx

tajx cdkdk uÉpdkx- ksÉp urKf;da Nhx ˜

50
 ysñosß WoEik .ia je,a j,ska .s,syS ìu jefgk bÿKq M, fuka yeu
i;ajfhdau osfkak osk jhig hñka osrd hk úg fldhs fudfydf;a
urKh ;uka lrd meñfKaoehd ìfhka ;e;s.ekafuka miqjkafkdah'
Oïu moh

˜mKavq m,dfidap odkshs - hu mqßid msp; uqmÜÀ;d

WfhHd. uqfLdap ;sÜGis - mdf:hHïmsp f;ak úcac;s ˜

Tn oeka bÿKq m~qmeye fld<hla jeksh' hu ¥;hkao Tn fj;

meñK we;' Tn isákafka urK fodrgqfjysh' mrf,dj hk Tng l=i,a
keue;s u. úhoïo ke;'

Oïu moh u, j.a.h 235 .d:dj

˜iqNdkqmiaiS úyrka;x
bkaøsfhaiQ wixjq;x
fNdckïys wu;a;[a[qx
l=iS;x ySk ùßhx
;xfj miy;s udfrd
jdf;da relaLxp ÿín,x˜

rEmdoS wruqKq iqN f,i .ksñka" bkaøsh ixjrhla ke;sj" wdydrfhys

muK fkdokakd"lïue,s" ù¾hfhka ÿ¾j,j isák" mqoa.,hdg flf<ia
udrhd myr fokafka iq<Õ ÿq¾j, .ila Wÿrd ouk ú,isks'

˜wiqNdkqmiaiS úyrka;x
bkaøsfhaiQ iqixõ;x
fNdckïys u;a;[a[qx
ioaOx wdroaO ùßhx
;xfõ kmamiyS;s udfrd
jdf;a fia,xp mín;x˜
51
 rEmdoS wruqKq wY=N f,i .kakd bkaøsh ixjrfhka hq;= " wdydrfhys
m%udKh okakd" Y%oaOd-iïmkak-mßmQ¾K ù¾hh we;s mqoa.,hd iq<Õska
.,a m¾j:hla fkdfi,aúh yels f,i flf<ia udrhdg u¾okh l<
fkdyelsh'
Oïu moh hul j.a.h 7-8 .d:d

uyd ld,-pQ, ld, fofidfydhqrka ms<sn|j oïiNd uKavmfhys

we;sjQ l:dj wrNhd uydld, f;reKajykafiaf.a ù;rd.S" bkaøsh
ixjrfhka hq;=" iqis,aj;a cSú;ho" pQ,ld, f;reKaf.a Wmeúos ùug
fya;= jQ lduhg ,eos" bkaøsh wixjrfhka" wY%oaOdfjka " l=iS;lñka hq;=
cSús;h o ii|ñka nqÿ mshdKka jykafia jod< foiquhs fuh'

˜k w;a;,slafÄ-k iuqoao ucaf®

k mín;dkx újrx múiai
k úcac;s fid-c.;smam foafida
h;agdÀ;x kmam ifyak uÉpQ˜

wyfihs isáh;a" uy ihqr ueo isáh;a" m¾j; l=yrhl ieÕù

isáh;a"urKfhka ksoyiaa ùug yels lsisÿ ;ekla f,dj ke;'
Oïu moh mdm j.a.h 128 .d:dj

˜;=ïfyys lsÉpx wd;mamx

wlaL;dfrd ;:d.;d
mÜmkakd md fudlaLka;s
®dhsfkda udr nKaOkd ˜

Tn úiska flf<ia ;jk ùßhh l< hq;=h' ;:d.;jre ud¾.h

lshkafkdah' fï u.g nei OHdk jvk wh udr nKaOkfhka ñfokafkah'
Oïu moh
˜tA fidp u.af.da k;a: i[af[da
oiaikiai úiqoaêhd
tA ;ïys ;=ïfya mÜmcac:
udriafiakd mfuda.kx ˜

52
 kqjK msßisÿ lr .ekSug u. fuhhs' ta i|yd fjk u.la ke;' Tn
fï ms<sfj; mqrkak'

˜wmamudfoda wu; mox

mudfoda uÉpqfkda mox
wmamu;a;dk óhka;S
fha mu;a;d h:d u;x˜

wm%udoh ksjkg u.h' m%udoh urKhg u.h' wm%udo jQfjda

fkduefr;s' m%udo jQfjda u<jqka jeksh'
Oïu moh wmamudo j.a.h

˜fMKqmux ldhñux úos;ajd

ußÑOïux wNdiïnqOdfkda
fc;ajdk udriai mmqmaMldk
woiaikx uÉpqrdciai˜

fï lh fmK ms~la jeksh' ke;sj we;sfia fmfkk ñß.=jla jeksh'

fuh ukdfia wjfndaO flfg f.k flf<ia uref.a mej;=ï jQ flf<ia
is| oud udrhdg fkdfmfkk ksjkg hkak'
Oïu moh mqmam j.a.h 46

urKdikak fudfyd;g <xj isá meúos Y%djlhska muKla fkdj

.sys Y%djl-Y%dúldjkago" ñiosgq ;reK orejkago nqÿ lreKd wei fhduq
lr tA wh fj; jevu lr Tjqkf a .a wjika ksfïIh fid÷re lr .kakg
ie,iQ wjia:d /ilau nqÿ isß; ;=<ska yuqfõ¡ meúos Y%djl msßia
msßksùug m;a jQy¡ fiiq wh fidajdka wdoS u.-M, ,nd foõf,dj Wm;a
lrd o .shy¡

mQ;s.;a; ;siai f;reKa jykafiaf.a YÍrh mqrd fn,sf.ä ;rï

úYd, jQ ierj f.ä yg.ekS tAjd mqmqrd ierjfhka uq¿ .;u jeiS
isjqro weÕgu we,S ;snqKs¡ l=Kqù ÿ.o yuk isreßka hq;=j" lsisjl=f.a
ms<sirKla ke;sj b;d wirKj urK uxplfha je;sr isá tA ysñhka
fj; jevu l< nqÿ mshdKka jykafia wdkkao f;reka jykafiaf.ao
iydh we;sj WKq mekska kyjd msßisÿ lr" isjqreo fidaod fõ,d h<s
fmdrjd" .;g iqj myiqj ie,eiajQ fial¡ wk;=rej" wÑrxj; hx
53
ldfhda¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ .d:dfjka lfhys ksire njo" cSú;fha h:d iajNdjho"
meyeos,s lrïka foaYkd l, oyu Y%jKh l< f;reka jykafia ry;a
M,hg m;aù msßksúhy¡

frda.d;=rj widOHj isájlal,S f;reka jykafia fj; jevu l<

uyd ldreKslhka jykafia ierj ksr;=re je.sfrk lh ms<sn|j we,au
fkdl< hq;= nj" ialkaO O¾uhkaf.a wks;H;dj " wks;H jQ ialkaO O¾u
ÿlla nj" meyeos,s lrñka O¾uh foaYkd lr .scl q =¿ mõjg jevu
l<y¡ta w;r;=r mxpialkaOfha wks;H iajNdjh fufkys lrñka njqka
jevQ jlal,S ysñhkg fõokdj bjish fkdyelsj ie;lska f., is|
.kakg ieriqKs¡ f., is|Sh;au fõokdfjys wks;H iajNdjh wruqKq lr
.;a jlal,S ysñ iõ flf<iqka kid wry;a M,hg msúi msßksjka mE
fial¡ fï wdldrhg j.a.K = f;reka jykafiago ldhsl wdndOhkg ksis
m<sshïo " O¾u wjjdo oS ukig l< m%;sldro ksid wejeis ldhsl
udkisl iykh ,en wry;a M,fhka ksjka ÿgq Y%djlhka w;rg tlajQ
nj oyfuys i|yka fõ¡

P;a; udkjl .=re m~qre msKsi oyiska ne|s msh,a,lao w;e;sj

uy jkh ueoska yqfol,dju .uka lrñka isáfha urejd ;ud iu.u
mshjr ;nk nj fkdoekh¡w¿hu uyd lreKd iuj;ska f,dj n,k nqÿ
fk;g " Tyq m;ajk wk;=r .ek oel.; yelsúh¡ P;a; udkjl
meñfKk fmr u.gjevu l< nqÿq mshdfKda " ;sirK iys; mxpiS,fhys
msyg
s qjd —fhda jo ;x mjfrda ukqfcaiQ — .d:d W.kajd f;rejka .=K
ica®dhkd lrñka bosßhg hkakg ie,eiajQy¡ fidre lKavdhula myr
oSu ksid Tyq jk ueooS ñh .sh;a " fudfyd;lg fmr iudoka jQ
mxpiS,fha wkqyiska yd f;rejka .=K ica®dhkfha uysufhka ;õ;sid
foõ f,dj Wm;lg u. ie,isks¡

oeä uiqre núka hq;= Okj;a ñiosgq msfhl=g odj Wmka l¾u
úmdlh ksid ;reK uÜgl=Kav,S nuqKq mq;=g mdKavqfrda.h i|yd ksis
m%;sldr ,enqfKa ke;¡ urK uxplfha b;d wirKj je;sr isá Tyq fj;
jevu l< uyd ldreKslhka jykafia nqÿ /ia oyrla fmfkkakg
ie,eiaùh¡ wm%udK ieoeyefhka uÜgl=Kav,Sf.a is; msßKs¡
fudfyd;lska ñh .sh Tyqf.a pq;s is;g wruqKq jQfha Ydka; iqkaor
nqÿrejh¡ tu ieoeye is; ;õ;sid foõf,dj Wm; ,nkakg fya;= úh¡

54
 fmaIldr oshKsh l=vd úfhaoSu uj wysñjQ oeßhls' w,õ kqjr
w.a.d,d úydrfhaoS nqÿ rcdKka jykafia foiQ urK i;sh jeãu
ms<sn|j O¾u foaaYkh Y%jkh l< weh ksr;=rej urK i;sh jevqjdh'
nqÿ mshdKka jykafia yh uilg miqj w.a.d,dj úydrhgkej; jevu
lf<a tosk isÿjk wk;=rlska fuu oeßh ñhefok nj;a fidajdka M,hg
m;aù ksjka mila lr .kakg wehg fya;= iïm;a we;s nj;a nqÿ fk;ska
ÿgq ksidh' w.a.d,dj fjfyfrys oS tosk oï foiqu " fï wirK oeßh
wruqKq lr.;a foiqula úh'

˜wkaO N+f;da whx f,daflda

;kqfl;a; úmiai;s
il=kaf;da cd, uq;af;dap
wmfmd i.a.iai .ÉP;S ˜

wúOHdfjka jeiqKq fofk;a we;s f,dajeis ck;djf.ka jeä fofkl=

wkaO jQ msßila jeksh' ál fofkl= muKla we;s foh we;s ieáfhka
yßhdldrj ols;s' ;j;a iaj,am fofkl= oef,ka ñÿKq l=re,a,ka fuka
ksjk lrd h;s' foaYkdj wjik fidajdka u.-M, ,enQ fmaIldr oshKsh
ksjig .shdh' ksjfiaoS fros úhk ueIsfï fndìkh mmqfõ wekS isÿjQ
wk;=frka weh ñh .shdh' fidajdka M,hg m;aj isá wehf.a Nj.dó
cSú;h iqjm;a jQfha nqÿ lreKd wei weh fj; fhduq jQ ksidh'

uy Ok fjf<kaod nrKeia kqjr úiQ m%isoaO jHdmdßlfhls' jirla

mdid ieje;akjq r meje;aafjk ieKfl<s iufha oS wf,õ lr .ekSu
i|yd .e,a mkaiShl liS i¿ mqrjdf.k tñka isáhoS tosk weoye¨Kq
uyd jeis ksid wÑrj;S kosh W;=rd .,d .sh neúka ieje;a kqjrg
msúiSug fkdyels úh' osk lsym s hlau .Õska tf;r /÷Kq fj<| msßi
ieje;akjq rg tk úg ieKfl<h wjika ù ;sìKs' wdmiq nrKeig
hdug jvd B<Õ ieKfl<s iuh olajd iejf;ys /|S isàu jvd ,dNodhS
nj i<ld k.rhg ;rula wE;ska jirla /|S isàug l|jqre boslrf.k
msßi iu. /÷fkah' tla osfkl wk| ysñ iu. tu fmfofia ms~q isÕd
jeä nqÿ mshdKka jykafia wk| ysñ wu;d m%ldY lf<a uy Ok
fjf<kaodf.a wdhqI mj;skf a ka ;j i;shl muK ld,hla njhs'
fjf<kaod .ek wkqlïmd l< wdkkao f;reka jykafia cSú;h wksh;
nj" urKh ksh; nj" wm%ud§j lghq;= lsÍfï wjYH;djh wdosh .ek
Tyq iu. l:d nyl kshe¨Ks' wk| ysñhkaf.a m%ldYfhka miq mska oyï
55
flfrys is; fhduq l< fjf<kaaod i;shla mqrd nqÿ mshdKka jykafiag yd
wk| ysñhkg oka meka mQcd lf<ah' i;ajk osk oka j<|d wjidkfha
nqÿrÿka foiQ oyï wid fidajdka M, ,dNsfhl= úh' nqÿysñ yd wk| ysñ
wdmiq jevu l< miq l,la ;siafia mej;s ysiroh W;aikakù hyfkys
je;sreKs' ksko
a g jegqKq fjf<kaod wdmiq msìÿfka ;=is; Njfkys foõ
mqf;l= f,ih'

˜bO jiaix jisiaidó

bO fyauka; .sïysiQ
b;s ndf,d õÉkaf;;s
wka;rdhx k nqc®a ;sS ˜

˜jiaidk-fyauka;-.sïydk iD;= .; lrk ;ek .ek úfYaIfhka

is;k ñksid bosßfha we;s cSú; wka;rdh fkdolsk nj˜ hs wk| ysñ
wu;d nqÿ ysñ m%ldY lf<a'
Oïumoh u.a. j.a.h 14

ieje;akj
q r foõrï fjfyfrysoS uyd lreKd iudm;a;sfhka
w¿hu f,dj m,d jodrk nqÿ mshdKka jykafiaf.a uyd lreKd oe,g
yiqjQfha rc.y kqjr úiQ ;j;a wirK .eìKs ldka;djls' mQ¾j
l¾uhl úmdl jYfhka weh tosk rd;s%fhaoS ñhefok nj;a" u;= Njh
i|yd lsisÿ l=i, l¾uhla os<s÷lu ksid lr.kakg wehg wjia;dj
fkd,enqKq nj;a oek wef.a me,am; lrd jeäfha urKdikakj isá
wehg msygs ùugh' f;,a is| .ekSu msKsi ;, álla fidaod fõf,kakg
wõfõ oud isá weh" nqÿ ysñ oel" uy;a mS%;shg m;aj je|" ;, foda;la
mQcd l<dh'uy;a lreKdfjka nqÿ mshdKka jykafia wehg wdYs¾jdo
l<y' tosk rd;s%fhaoS l¾udkqrEmj ñh.sh weh Wm; ,enQfha ;õ;sid
foõf,dj foõ úuklh' uq.,ka f;reka jykafiaf.a foõf,dj
pdßldfõoS uqK .eiqKq wehf.ka tfia osjH iïm;a ,eîug fya;= úuiQ
úg m%ldY lr we;af;a weh l< tlu mskl a u nqÿysñhkg ;, foda;la
mQcd lsÍu njh'

urKh cSú;fha uQ,sl ixisoaêhla nj" fkdje<elaúh yels

O¾u;djla nqÿ mshdKka jykafia yeu úgu wjOdrKh lr we;s nj
úúO iQ;% foaYkd j,ska meyeos,sfõ'

56
 ˜ Wmam;a;shd ifNaafõox urKx wd.;x iod˜ ish¨ i;ajfhdau
Wm; iu.u urKho Wreu lr f.k Wmos;s'

˜ k;aÓ cd;iai wurKx˜ bmÿKq wh w;r fkduefrkakjqka

ke;'

˜ iífí i;a;d ursiaika;S-iífí Ndhk;s uÉpqfkda ˜ ish¨

i;ajfhdau urKhg m;afj;s' ish¨ i;ajfhdau urKhg ìh fj;s'

˜ urKx ;xys cSú;x˜ cSú;h urKfhka fl<jr jkafkah'

˜ WmkSh;s cSú; umam udhq ˜ cSú;h urKh lrd muqKqjkq

,efí' wdhqI iaj,amh'

˜ iíniai f,daliai ifojliaim ˜ fuh foúhka iys; iuia;

f,dalhgu fmdÿ O¾u;djhls'

˜ k yS fida Wmlalfuda w;aÓ fhak cd;d k óhf¾ crïms cs;ajd

urKx tAjx Oïudks mdKs fkda ˜ urKh lrd hk i;;aajhkau urKfhka
ksoyia ùug fld;rï Wml%u fhÿj;a " Wmka i;ajhdg fkdueÍ isàug
lsisÿ Wmdhla f,dj ke;af;ah' osfkka osk lh osrd hñka urKh fj;
<xjk fï iir .uk bmoqKq i;ajhdg Wreu jk f,dal O¾u;djhls'

˜ urK mßfhdaidfka fï cSú;x ˜ cSú;fha fl<jr urKh uh'

˜ cd;shd i;s crd urKx fyda;s cd;shd wi;s k;aÓ crd urKx ˜

bmoSu hï ;dla mj;So crd urKo tA ;dla mj;S' bmoSu ke;sl,

crd urKo ke;' urKh ks;r isys lghq;= O¾u;djhla nj nqÿ
mshdKka jykafia foaYkd lr we;'

˜ wNsKaKx mÉpfjlaÄ ;ínx urKx Oïfuduys urKx wk;sf;dauys ˜

uu urKh fkdblaujQ flfkl= nj ks;r isys lghq;=h'

mqrd mkaid<sia jirla f,dal i;ajhd Wfoid l< w;s W;alDIaGjQ

wkQmfïhjQ f,dald¾:p¾hdj ksud lrkakg iïnqÿ mshdKka jykafia
57
úYd,d uykqjr pdmd, fÉ;sfhaoS wdhqixialdrh y< fial't;eka isg
f;uila mqrdjg úYd,dfõ l+gd.dr Yd,dfjka wdrïNj l=iskdrdkqjr
Wmj;a;k i,a Whfka msßksjka u[aplh olajd úysÿfka iïnqoaO
cSú;fha wjika pdßldjh' oS>ksldfha uydmßksíndk iQ;%fha we;=<;a
lreKq úuik úg" mßks¾jdKhg fmr mßmQ¾K jYfhka iïnqÿ lsi
imqrd,kakg nqÿ mshdKka jykafia oerE mßY%uh w;sYh ixfõ. cklh'
úYd,d uykqjr l+gd.dr Yd,dfõoS f;uilska msßksjka mdk nj okajd
;u Y%djl msßig i;a;sia fndaê mdlaIsl O¾u ms<sn| foaYkd lrk
,oafoa urKh mrod iir oskkakg msßh hq;= ms<sfj;a u. th neúks'

fï oS¾>;u mdo pdßldfjysoS úYd,dfõ isg miqlr hdhq;= ish¨

.ï-kshï.ï ckmo j, osk lsym s h ne.ska /f|ïka O¾uh foaYkd
lrñka úvd yßñka ksjka wjfndaO lr.; yels ish¨ fokd Wfoid
ld,h lem lrk ,oS' ta w;r ;uka jykafia iu. jeä" Y%djl msßi
wu;d oshhq;= ish¨ wjjdo foñkao" Ydikfha meje;au Wfoid k.k
m%Yk
a j,g ms<s;=re foñkao" jevu l< nj uyd mßksíndk iQ;%fha
i|yka fõ' fï os.= .uk nqÿysñhkg w;sYh fjfyilr jQjlau úh'
mej;=Kq frda.S ;;ajh iuj;a iqjfhka hgm;a lrñka ;ek ;ek /|S"
ie;fmñka úvd ksjñka jevu lf<a f,dal i;ajhd flfrys jQ uyd
lreKdfjys ì|l=ÿ wvqjla fkdjQ neúks'

nqoaO mßks¾jdKh msún| yg.;a fYdalh ord .; fkdyelsj

y~k wk| ysñhka wu;d ˜ wdkkao fkdy~kak " fYdal fkdlrkak"
ish¨ ms%h ukdm fohska fjka jkakg isÿjk nj uu Tng l,ska
fkdlSfjïo@" yg .;a ish,a, ke;sj hk nj fkdlSfjïo@" Tn fndfyda
l,la ;:d.;hka jykafiag buy;a fifkyiska f.!rjfhka hq;=j
Wmia:dk lf<ysh' Tn fndfyda l=i,a l< flfkls'w¾y;a M,h i|yd
W;aidyj;a jkak˜ mejiQ fï Tjoka ;=<o /oS we;af;a cd;s-crd-urK
ÿlska Y%djlhka ksoyialr .ekSug ;snQ wdl,amhhs'

nqoaO mßks¾jdKh isÿjkakg hk nj oek fndfyda mD:.ack

NslaIQka jykafia,d y~kakg je,fmkakg jQy' nqoaO mßks¾jdKhg fmr
wry;a M,hg m;aùfï oeä wêIaGdkdhka hq;= O¾udrdu ysñ mfilg ù
njqka jevqfõh'˜ Ydia;Dka jykafiaf.a msßksùu .ek yeÕSula ke;ehs ˜
tA ysñhkg fpdaokd l< msßilao tA w;r jQy' nqÿ ysñhkago tA mqj; oeka
jQ wh o isáhy' O¾udrdu ysñ f.kajd lreKq úuiQ nqÿ mshdKka jykaia
58
O¾udrdu ysñhkg idÿldr ÿkay' ienE nqoaO Y%djlhl= Ydia;Djrhdg
olajk Wiiau f.!rjh jkafka Wkajykafia fy<s l< uf.ys .uka lsÍu
njhs nqÿ ysñ m%ldY lf<a'

mßks¾jdKhg b;d wdikakj isá fudfydf;a meñKs iqNø

msßjecshd nqÿ ysñ olakg wjir me;=j;a wdkkao ysñhka úiska Tyq
fo;=ka jrlau j,lajk ,oS' tA nj oek.;a nqÿ mshdfKda Tyq le|jd
wjia:dfõ yeáhg wjfndaO lr.; yels iqÿiq O¾u foaYkhla l< fial'
iqNø nqÿ iiqfkys meyeoS meúoj cSjudk nqÿ mshdKka jykafiaf.a
wjika Y%djlhd njg m;aúh' w¾y;a M,hg m;aù cd;s-crd-urKdoS
iir ÿlska ñfokaakg iqNø ysñhkago wjia:dj ie,isKs'

msßksùug fudfyd;lg fmro Y%djl msßi weu;+ nqÿ mshdKka

jykafia ˜ uyfKks nqoaO-Oïu-ix> hk f;rejk ms<sn| Tn ljr
flfkl=g fydaa oek.; hq;= hula we;akï oeka uf.ka wikak' uf.a
wjika wjia:dj hhs is;d ud flfrys f.!rjfhka wikakg Tng
fkdyelskï hy¿ NslaIq kula u.ska fyda wikak˜ hhs f;jrlau mejiQ
joka ;=< /|S we;af;a h<s lsisod yuq fkdjk f,i iodld,slju fjkaj
hk ohdnr msh;=ful= orejka weu;+ ú,dYh jeks ixfõoS njls' NslaIq
msßfiys ksy~;djfhka uf.a Y%djl msßi ;=< O¾uh .ek lsis÷ ielhla
ke;ehs iEySug m;a nqÿ mshdKka jykafiaf.a wjika nqoaO jpkh jQfha"
˜ykaoodks NslaLfj wduka;hdñ fjd jhOïud ixLdrd wmamudfoak
iïmdfoa:˜" uyfKks wjika jrg Tn wu;ñ' fya;= m%;Hhka f.ka
yg.;a ish¨ ixialdr O¾u ke;sjk iq¿h' tneúka wm%udoSj ksjka
wjfndaOh i|yd ish¨ lghq;= iïmdokh lrkak˜ hkakh' ˜jhOïud
ixLdrd-wmamudfoak iïmdfoa:˜" iuia; nqoaO foaYkd ;=<u /÷Kq uQ,sl
yrhhs'

nqoaO mßks¾jdKh oek meñKs ila foõ rc ish ixfõ.h m%ldY

lf<a fufiah'

˜ wksÉpdj; ixldrd-Wmamdo jh Oïñfkd

Wmamcac;
s ajd ksreca®ka;S-f;aix jQm ifuda iqfLda ˜

ixialdrfhda tAldka;fhkau wks;Hh' bmoSu yd keiSu iajNdj

fldg we;a;dy'bmso ksreoaO fj;s' ixialdrhkaf.a ixis|Su iqjhhs'
59
 h<s bm§u

ixidßl jYfhka /ia l< l=i,dl=i, lu_hkaf.a m%;sM,

jYfhka fya;=-M,jd§j ieliqKq mxp WmdodkiaLkaOh i;a;ajhd
mqoa.,hd f,i jHjydr flf¾' i;r uyd Od;+kf
a .ka ieÿKq fN!;sl
YÍrh;a " fõokd-ix{d-ixLdr is;sú,s iuqodh;a " ú{dkhka
WmdodkiaLkaO ixhq;shg wh;a fõ'

rd.-oafõY-fuday wli, uQ,hka uq,skmq qgd ouk f;la u

bmfoñka- uefrñka-h<s bmfoñka wfkal úO ÿlaL-fodaukiaihkag
uqyKq foñka w;s §¾> ixidr pdßldjl kshe,Su i;a;ajhdf.a
iajNdjhhs' ialkaO mxplfha yg.ekSu i;a;ajhdf.a Wm;hs' fya;=-
m%;H ksreoaOùu ksid ialkaO mxplh ì`§hdu ksid i;a;ajhd tu Njh
yer kslauhdu urKhhs' Wm; isg urKh olajd plaLq wd§ bkao%shka
Tiafia wruqKq .ksñka ú{dkh wúpcskk a j isÿlrk ldhsl-udkisl
l%shdj,sh cSj;aùu hs'

iir ießirk i;a;ajhdg is;-lh-jpk weiqßka fÉ;kd

uQ,slj lu_ reia lrk uyd n,Yla;shla we;' tu lu_ Yla;sh u`.ska
f.fkk fya;=- M, úmdl u; i;a;ajhdf.a iir .uk ;SrKh fõ'Wm;
iu.u urKh o ksula ke;s iir .ufka § meñfKk nj nqÿjok
h'Wm; iu`.u urKh fukau urKh iu`.u Wm; o isÿjk nj
iïnqoaO foaYkdj,ska m%ldYs;h' laf,aY m%ydKh lr msßksùula isÿ
fkdjqjfyd;a h<s Wm;la lrd hdu wksjd¾hh fõ'

fï ksid urKh ms<sn`oj lrk idlÉPdjl § urKhg miq h<s

bm§u .ek úuid ne,Sug o iqúfYaIS wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;=h'

f,dalfha meje;au iir mqrdjg isÿjkafka i;a;ajhkaf.a

mqk¾Njh ksidh' mqoa.,hd isÿlrk l¾u_ M, úmdl wkqj mqk¾Njh-
Njpl%h mj;sk nj úiqoaê u.a.fha i`oyka jkafka fufiah'

60
 ˜lïud úmdld j;a;ka;S
úmdflda lïu iïNfjd
lïud mqkíNfjd fyda;s
jx f,dafl mj;a;;s˜

lu_fhka úmdlh mj;akd w;r" úmdlfhka lu_h yg.kS' lu_

úmdl jYfhka mqk¾Njh isÿfõ' fï kHdhfhka f,dalh mj;afkah' nqÿ
oyug wkqj urKska u;= ,efnk ;;a;ajh fo wdldrh'

1' ksjk
2' mqk¾Njh

j;auka Njh yd urKska u;= Njh iïnkaO lrk ikaêia:dkh

urKhhs' j;auka Njh lu_h f,i o urKska u;= Njh mqk¾Njh f,i
o" oajdoidx. máÉp iuqmamdo kHdhhg wkqj meyeÈ,s h'

urKska u;= h<s Wm;la isÿùug ;=vq fok fya;= myla .ek Ou_fha
i`oyka fõ'

1. ñhefok wjia:dfõ § wm ;=< Njfha ;jÿrg;a cSj;aùfï wdYdj

;sîu" fyd| ;ekl bm§ cSj;aùfï leue;a; ;sîu'^;Kayd&

2. YÍrh yd is; keue;s kdu rEm w,a,df.k uf.a h"uuh"uf.a

wd;auhh hk ilaldh ÈgÀfhys neif.k isàu'^illdh ÈgÀ&
Nj
3. fï f,dalfha foaj,a" ;u YÍh-ndysr f,dalfha icSù wcSù
foaj,a" yeu ixialdr Ou_hla u Wmdodkh lrf.k isàu'
^Wmdodk&
4. wm l=i,-wl=i, lu_ /ia lr ;sîu" ta lu_ j, ksrdhdYfhka
mj;sk .,dhdfï Yla;sh urKdikak fudfydf;a§;a isÿùu
^ixLdrd&

61
 5. f,dj mj;akd iod;ksl i;H i;r ms<sn`oj ^ÿl-ÿlg fya;=j-
ÿl ke;s lsÍu-ÿl ke;s lrk u`.& ms<sn`oj wjfndaOh fkd;sîu
^wúoHdj&

fï lreKq j,ska mejfikafka urKh isÿfjk j;auka Njfhka

mqk¾Njhg fya;= ldrl f,i m%ldY jk wúcacd-ixLdrd-;Kayd-
Wmdodk-Nj hk oajdoidx. máÉp iuqmamdo kHdfha wx. ms<sn`oj h'

wúoHdj;a ilaldh ÈÜÀh;a ksid i;a;ajhd l=i, wl=i, lu_ /ia

lrhs' is; ;=< is;sú,s Wm§' is; iaÓrj ksi,j ke;' is; ish¨
laf,aYhkaf.ka ksoyia ù ke;s ksid iïuq;s urKfhka miq is;
iodld,slj ksreoaO ù fkdhhs' iïuq;s urKfha § ksreoaO jk is;
ñhefok fudfydf;a isys jQ l¾uhg wkqj"h<s iirg nei .kS' fjk;a
;ekl m%;sikaê ú{dkh my< fõ' wúoHd-ixialdr-;Kaydj Wmdodk
ilaldh ÈgÀ wd§ ish,a, iys;j urKhg m;ajQ ksid kej;
m%;sikaêhla isÿfõ' máÉp iuqmamdo kHdfhka lïu f,i y`ÿkajkafka o
wúcacd-ixLdrd-;Kayd-Wmdodk-Nj hk mih' tajd ixidr pl%fha
fya;+ka h'ú{dk-kdurEm-i<dh;k-Miai fõokd tu fya;+kaf.a M,hhs'
úmdlhhs' mqk¾Njhhs' fï i;a;ajhdf.a iir meje;au ú.%y jk fya;=-
M, kHdhhs' p;=rd¾h i;Hh kHdhg wkqj ú{dk-kdurEm-i<dh;k-
Miai-fõokd-ÿlaL wd¾h i;Hhhs' wúcacd-ixLdr-;Kayd-Wmdodk-Nj"
ÿlaL iuqoh i;Hhhs'

w;S; lu_fhka yg.;a jia;=rEm we;s ;dla i;a;aj YÍrhl ms;a

my< fõ' jia;=rEm ì`§ .sh miq is;a my<ùula isÿfkdfõ' urKhg
b;d wdikak jQ wjia:dfõ oS urKdikak mqoa.,hdf.a weia-lka-kdid
wd§ fiiq bkaøshka ÿj_, jk úg bkaøshka yhla i`oyd u jeh jQ Yla;sh
isf;a n,j;a fõ' bka w;S;h isys lsÍfï Yla;shla o" wdikaku wkd.;
Njh ±lSfï Yla;shla o is; ;=< u;=fõ'

urKdikak wjia:dj <x jQ úg my< jkafka tu Njfha we;sjk

wjika ú;a; ùÓhhs' th urKdikak ú;a; ùÓhhs' tu ú;a; ùÓfha
wjidkfha j;auka Njfha wjika is; jk jq;s is; my< fõ' urKhg
m;ajk wjia:dfõ§ pq;s is;g wruqK jk wdikak is;sú,s wdldr ;=kls'

62
 lu_"lu_kñ
s ;s".;skñ
s ;s" wd§ jYfhks' l¾uhla fyda lu_ ksñ;a;la
fyda .;s ksñ;a;la fyda jegfykafka ke;sj ljfrl=j;a urKhg m;a
fkdfõ'

i;a;ajhdf.a urKdikak fudfydf;a§ fï lu_-lu_kñ s ;s".;s ksñ;s

ukig tl;= ù ta fudfydf;a§ m%n,;ajh wkqj l=i,a is;=ú,s
mrïmdrdjla fyda wl=i,a is;sú,s mrïmrdjla fyda my< fõ' fï cSú;fha
§ l< lS oE is;=jï mghlska fuka ueù fmfkkag mgka .kshs' fï
wdldrhg pq;sis; lu_hla fyda lu_ ksñ;la fyda .;s ksñ;a;la wruqKq jQ
jydu t;ek k;r fõ' bka tydg fkdhhs'ta lu_h wkqj u;= WmÈk
Njfha isÿúh yelsfoa ±l.; yelsnj úNx. wgqjdfõ i`oyka fõ'
thg is; fhduq ù laIKhlska pq;s is; ksreoaO fõ' urKh isÿfõ'
meje;s Njfha wjika is; jk pq;s is; Nj hkafka o ye`Èkafõ'
wkd.; Njhlg Wmfhda.S jk fuf,dj § /ia l< lu_ iuqodh Nj kï
fõ' fï lu_ ksid rEm-fõokd wd§ ialkaO mi we;sfõ'Nj mÉphd cd;s'
Njh fya;= m%;H ù Wm; isÿfõ'

pq;s is; ksreoaO ù hdu;a iu`.u wNskj Njfha m<uq is; jk

m%;sikaê is; my< fõ'

˜Njfld Njiai máikaOdkx

máikaê lsÉpx
Njka;r máikaOdkx
mfiaak Wmam;a;s;a:d
máikaê ;x ú[a[dKx˜

ú[a[dKh Njfhka Njh .e,mSu máikaêhhs' fmr isá Njh

yd j;auka Njh iïnkaO lrk neúka o"j;auka Njh yd wkd.; Njh
.e,mSu isÿ lrk neúka o" tu is; máikaê is; kñka ye`Èkafõ' pq;s
is; wruqKq lr .;a lu_-lu_ ksñ;s-.;s ksñ;s wruqKq lrf.k máikaê
is; my< fõ' tu m;sikaê is; o"fuf;la meje;s Njfha is;a
mrïmrdjg u wh;a tlls' j;auka Njfhka wkd.; Njhg .sh tlla
fkdfõ' urKh isÿjQ jydu w`M;a isrerla ;=< w`M;a is;la f,i fï
Njfha fyda w;S; Njhl isÿl< l=i, wl=i, lu_ wkqj l%shd;aul ùu
wdrïN fõ' th mqk¾Njh h<s bm§u f,i ye`Èkafõ'

63
 is;l wdhq ld,h b;d flá neúka m%;sikaê is; o laIKhlska
ksreoaO ù hhs' m%;sikaê is; ì`§hdu;a iu`.u tu is; .;a wruqK u
f.k tu is; yd i¾jdldrfhka u iudk jQ is;la t;ekg meñfKhs'th
Njdx. is;hs' máikaê is;ska wdrïN jQ kdu-rEm Ou_ mrïmrdjkaf.a
fkdis`§ meje;aug w;sYhska Wmldr jk neúka thg Njdx. hk ku
jHjydr fõ' Njhdf.a meje;aug bjy,a jk Nj.dó jk is; Njdx.
is;hs'

pq;s-m%;sikaê-Njdx. hk is;a j,ska isÿflfrk lD;Hh

tlsfklg fjkia jqj;a ta ish¨ is;aj,ska .kakd wruqK tllau fõ' fmr
Njfha pq;s is;ska .;a wruqK u fõ' wNskj Njfha m<uq is; jk
m%;sikaê is; o" Njdx. is; o pq;s is; wruqKq lr .;a lu_-lu_ ksñ;s-
.;s ksñ;sj,ska tlla u wruqKq lr .kS'

wkjrd.% iir .ufkys § Njfhka Njh .uka lrk ksjka olsk

;=re l%shd;aul jk"kduOu_h ú{dkhhs' wúoHdfjka /ia lrk l=i,
wl=i, lu_ ksid wkka; iifrys ießieÍug isÿfõ'iif¾ mqreÿ l<
yeu foalu Yla;sfha ixl,kh máikaê ú{dkh ^is;&;=< .eí ù ;sfí'
ixidßl mqreÿ"lu_ n,fõ. ±kqu w;a±lSu yeu fohlau Njdx.
ú;a;fha .eí ù ;sfí' wfma ish¨ l%shdldrlï j,g uq,ajkafka Njdx.
ú;a;hhs' fuf,dj§ lrk l=i, wl=i, lu_ j,ska Njdx. ú;a;h
m%;sfYdaOkh fõ' l=i, lu_ j,ska wdhq-jKaK-iem-n,-m%{d
we;sfõ'wvqfõ' wl=i, lu_ j,ska wdhq-jKaK-iem-n,-m%{d wvqfõ'

uca¯u ksldfha pq,a,lïu õNx. iQ;%fhaoS iqN udkjl wu;d

nqÿysñhka foaYkd lf,a i;a;ajhd wkjrd.% iifrys ießirk m%Odk
fya;=j lu_h njhs'

˜lïuiaild udkj i;a;d lïu odhdo-lïufhdks-lïu nkaOq-

lïu máirKd-lïux i;af; úNc;s hosox ySkmamKS;;dh ˜udkjlh
i;a;ajfhda lu_h iajlSh fldg we;a;dy'lu_h odhdo fldg-lu_h Wmosk
ia:dkh fldg-lu_h {d;shd fldg-lu_h ms<sirK fldg we;a;dy'
i;a;ajhka Wiia my;a fldg fnod olajkafka o lu_hhs'

64
 ldudoS laf,aY Ou_ uq,a lrf.k is; m%Odkj Wmosk ffp;isl
^is;=ú,s&lïu kï fõ'wkd.; Njhg Wmfhda.S jk fuf,djoS;a by;
Njhkayo s S;a /ial< lïu iuqodh lïu kïfõ' iqN udkjlg nqÿysñhka
meyeos,s l< wdldrhg urKska u;= h<s bmoSu flfrys o i;a;ajhd fï
NjfhaoS;a fmr NjhkaysoS o l< lu_ iuqodh n,mdkq ,efí' mqk¾Njh
;SrKh jkafka lïu kshdufha n,mEu wkqjh' lïu kshdufhka Wm;
,o i;a;ajhdf.a meje;aug wdOdr jkafka îc-W;=-Ñ;a;-Oïu hk kshdu
O¾uhka h'

urKdikak fudfydf;a Wmosk oyia ixLHd; is;=ú,s w;ßka pq;s is;

Wmdodkh lr.kakd is;=ú,a,g wkqj wNskj Njfha Wm; isÿfõ'
˜Wmdodk mÉphd Nfjda máÉp iuqmamka;j Wm; isÿfõ' isoq l< l=i,
l%shdjla Wmdodkh jqfjd;a iq.;shl Wm; ,nhs' mdm l¾uhla Wmdodk
jqfjd;a ÿ.;shl Wm; ,nhs' i;a;ajhd ta ta Njhkays Wm; ,eîug
n,mdkafka mj;sk Njfha fyda w;S; Njhkays l< l=i, wl=i, lu_
ms<sn`o is;=ú,s pq;s is;g wruqK ùuhs' tu l=i, wl=i, is;=ú,s w;ßka
úmdl oSfï wkqms<sfj< wkqj

1. .rel
2. wdikak
3. wdÑKaK
4. lg;a;d lïu

urKska u;= Njfha máikaêh ,ndoSug Yla;sh we;s ckl lu_h

njg m;afõ'

j;auka Njhg miq t<fUk Njfha Wm; ;SrKh ùfïoS m%uqL jkafka
.rel l¾uhhs' .rel l=i, lïu yd .rel wl=i, lïu jYfhka th
fojeoEreï fõ' rEmdjpr OHdk i;r yd wrEmdjpr OHdk i;r hk
wIag iudm;a;s .rel l=i, lu_ fõ' wdkka;ßh mdm lu_ my;a" ksh;
ñ:Hd oDIáh;a .re wl=i, lu_ fjhs'

wdkka;ßh wl=i, lu_ yd uyoa.; l=i, lu_ hk foj¾.hu lr

;snq mqoa.,fhl=g m<uqj úmdl fokafka wdkka;ßh wl=i, lu_hs'
foõo;a f;reka jykafiag l¾u úmdl ÿka wdldrh WodyrK fõ' m%:u

65
OHdk wdoS OHdk jvd wIag iudm;a;s Wmojd f.k uyoa.; l=i, l¾u
l< wfhl= jqj;a"ta l=i, lu_ wNsNjd Wkajykafiag úmdl oSfïoS fmrg
wdfha" nqÿ isrefrys f,a fi,ùu ix>fNaoh jeks .rel wl=i, lu_ fõ'
ta ksid ksrfha Wm; ,eîu isÿúh'

.rel wl=i, lu_hla fyda .re l=i, lu_hla úmdl oSu i`oyd
fkdue;s wjia:dj, pq;s is;g wruqKq jkafka wdikak lu_hs' th urKh
isÿjkakg wdikak ld,fha isÿl< l=i, fyda wl=i, l%shdjls' Ou_ foaYkd
Y%jKh okaoSu-f;rejka .=K isyl s sÍu jeks l=i, lu_ o miamõ-oi
wl=i, l¾u j,g wh;a i;a;aj >d;khla fyda kqÿka foh meyer
.ekSula jeks wl=i, l%shdjla úh yelsh' uggl=Kav,S" P;a; udkjl
jeks ñiosgq orejkg nqÿ mshdKka jykafia flfrys Wmojd .;a Y%o aOdj
f;rejka .=K ica®dhkh jeks l=i, l¾u urKdikak fudfydf;aoS
foõf,dj Wm;a i`oyd uxfm;a újr lr we;' b;d os<s`ÿ wirK ˜jkaod˜
keue;s uy¨ ldka;dj wdkkao ysñf.a b,a,Su wkqj nqÿmshdKkag je`o
is; myojd f.k tosku ñhf.dia foõf,dj Wm; ,nd we;' uy Ok
fjf<kaod o" i;shla mqrd nqÿyssñhka we;=M i`. msßig okamqod nK wid
we;slr.;a ieoeyeis; ksid ;=is; foõf,dj foõ mqf;l= f,i Wm;
,enQfha wdikak lu_fha úmdl jYfhks' nqÿmshdKka fj;ska oyï wid
fidajdka ù tu m%S;sh is; ordf.k ksjig .sh fmaIldr oshKsh iq.;s
Wm;la ,enQfha o wdikak l=i, lu_hl m%;sM, jYfhks' jir mKia
myl muK ld,hla w`Mf.daiq jD;;sfha ksh¨Kq fpdar>d;lg foõf,dj
Wm;lg u. ie,iqfka ñhefokakg ij,am fõ,djlg fmr idßmq;a;
uy ry;ka jykafiag lsßn;a mQcdlr Wmojd.;a ieoeye is; ksidh'
˜,dcd˜ keue;s os<s`ÿ ;reKsh foõf,dj foj`.klaj Wm; ,enQfha
ksfrdaO iudm;a;sfhka ke.S isá uyd ldYHm uy ry;ka jykafiag ms¥
ú<`o odkfha wkqyisk's úudkj;a:q l:d mqj;a /ilsku a wkdjrKh
jkafka f;rejfkys is; myojd f.k l< b;d l=vd l=i, lu_ mjd
fndfyda fofkl=g foõf,dj Wm;a idod ÿka ckl lu_ njg m;aj we;s
wdldrhhs'

Ou_dfYdal uyrc;=ud ysud, wvúfha msUrq e fm%a;fhl= f,i Wm;

,enQfha pq;is;g wruqKq jQ wdikak wl=i, lu_fha úmdl jYfhks'
iqm%nqoaO rc;=ud"ÑxÑudkúldj ksrfha Wm; ,enqfõ nqÿmshdKka
jfykafiag kskoa d wmydi lr isoq lr.;a wdikak wl=i, l¾u ksidh'
w.%Yd% jl uy f;reka jykafia,dg l< ksko a d-wmydi fldald,sl
66
f;reKaf.a ksrfha Wm;g fya;=jQ wdikak wl=i, lu_h úh' uKsldr
l=¨m. ;siai ry;ka jykafiaf.a osú f;dr lsÍug ueKslalrejd oerE
m%h;akh Tyqf.a ksrfhys Wm;g wdikak fya;=j úh'

.re l=i, fyda wl=i, lu_hla bosßm;a fkdjqj fyd;a urKdikak

ld,fha lrk ,o hodikak lu_hl=;a fkdue;s lu i;a;ajhd ksrka;rj
lrk ,o wdÑKK l¾u ukig tl;= ù tajdfha m%n,;ajh wkqj l=i,
fyda wl=i, lu_hla isyshg ke.S ta wkqj .;s ksñ;s olshs' ta weiqfrka
urKdikak Ñ;a; ú:sh ielfihs' miajk cjka is;g miqj pq;s is;
my< fjhs'pq;s is; laIKhlska ksreoO ùu;a iu`. m%;sikaê is; iqÿiq
;ekl my< fõ'wfkams`vqisgq;=ud" Ñ;a; .Dym;s" Oòñl Wmdil;=ud
jeks W;=ï .sys Y%djlhkaf.a foõf,dj Wm;aj,g n,mEfõ fï wdÑKak
lu_ úh yelsh' cSú; ld,h mqrdjgu W!rka >d;kh lrñka uia
fj<odu cSjk jD;a;sh lr.;a pqko a iQlr ksrfha Wm; ,enQfha tu
wdÑKaK wl=i, lu_fha úmdl jYfhks' idudj;S ìij we;=`M mkaishhla
l=udßldjkg iq.;s Wm;lg uxfm; újr lf<a o wdÑKk l=i< lu_h
fõ'

.rel-wdikak-wdÑKak lu_ bosßm;a fkdjQ wjia:djl pq;s is;g

wruqKq jkafka wyUq f,i l,d;=rlska isÿl< l=i, fyda wl=i, lu_hs'
th lg;a;d lu_h kï fõ' iuyr úg l,am fldaá .Kka by; oS isÿl<
tlla úh yelsh' f.daml iSj,S l,amsg fjfyr lrjQ ffp;Hh Tyqf.a
pq;s is;g wruqKq ù urKska miq foõf,dj Wmka nj úNx. wgqjdfjys
oelafõ' Lqcc
a ;
q a;rdj f.!;u nqÿ iiqfka ;shqKq kqjKe;s Wmdisldj jQfha
o wyUq f,i isÿl< l=i, lu_hka ksidh' ms`vqis`.d jeä mfia nqÿjrhka
jykafia,dg ms¥ lsßn;a WKq jeäùu ksid md;% w;ska w; udrelrñka
ú`osk wmyiqj oel tjl tu ue`ÿf¾ fiaúldjl jQ weh ;ud i;= we;a
o;a j<¨ wg mQcdlr ia:dfkdaÑ;j l%shd lr mfia nqÿjrhka jykafia,dg
md;% ;nd.ekSfï myiqj ie,iqjdh' tu mskk s a weh ;shqKq kqjKe;a;shl
jQjdh'

Lqcc
a ;
q a;rdj fufyldßhl f,i wd;au .Kkdjla Wm; ,enqfõ o
wyUq f,i l< wl=i, lu_hl úmdl jYfhks' tl w;aNjhl isgq
oshKshlj Wm; ,nd isáhdh' isrer iriñka isá weh ksjig jeä
ry;a f;rKshlg ^ry;a nj fkdoek& ta wi< we;s wdNrK fmÜáh
f.k tk f,i mejrejdh' th bgqfkdlf<d;a oafõY iy.;j weh
67
n,j;a mdmlu_hla isÿlr.; yels nj;a bgqlroSfuka i;r wmd .;
fkdù úmdl ú`osk nj;a osjeiska ÿgq ry;a f;rKsh fj;ska wNrK
fmÜáh weh w;g m;aúh' tu wl=i,fha úmdl jYfhka Lqcc a q;a;rd
fndfyda wd;au Ndjj, rc isgq ueÿrej, fufyldßhla ù Wm; ,enqjdh'
ldYHm nqÿysñ oji jir úisoyila muK l,a is,a .=K oï msrE
f;reKa jykafia ;uka Trejl ke.S .`.lska tf;r fjoaoS .yl w;a;la
w,a,d .kakg hEfïoS tl m;%hla leã w;g wdfõh' Wmimka NslaIqjg
th wej;ls' wmj;ajk fudfyd; olajdu tu weje; ludlr .;
fkdyels úh' urKdikak fudfydf;ys pq;s is;g wruqK jQfha tu
miq;eú,a,hs' is;d u;d fkdl< wyUq f,i isÿjQ tu wl=i,h ksid tarl
m;% kñka kdrfcl=j bmso nqoOdka;rhla uq`M,af,ys ;sßika wmd.; ÿl
ú`oSug isÿúh'

urKdikak Ñ;a; ùÓhg wurqKq jk lu_ ksñ;s o flfkl=f.a

urKska u;= Njh iliaùug n,mdk wjia:d we;' l=i,-wl=i,
jYfhka lu_ ksñ;s fojeoEreï fõ' lu_ reialsÍu i`oyd wruqKq lr.;a
jia;=j lu_ ksñ;a;h' l=i, lu_hl oS kï oka ms¥ n`ÿk odk jia;= mQcd
l< u,a myka wg msßlr lÀk Öjr boslrjQ od.eí fm;s ms<su l=i,
lu_ ksñ; fõ' wl=i, lu_hla kï i;a;aj >d;khl oS >d;kh jQ
i;a;ajhka fhdod.;a wú-ÿk-B;,-o`vq-uq.r = e-.skswú o fidrlula kï
meyer .;a ñ, uqo,a-NdKav lu_ ksñ;s fõ' wfkl=;a wl=i, lu_ i`oyd o
fï wdldr fõ'

lu_hla fyda lu_ ksñ;a;la wruqKq fkdjQ úg pq;s is;g wruqK

jkafka .;s ksñ;a;ls' urKdikak fudfydf;a is;g .,dtk is;=ú,s wkqj
Wm; ,nk ia:dkh ;SrKh fõ' Wm; ,nk Njh ms<sn`o uQ,sl úia;r
fuf,djoS u fmfkkakg mgka .kS' urKdikak wjia:dfõ o¾Ykh jk
mxp úO ksñ;s .ek nqÿ oyfï i`oyka fõ'

ksrhx w.a.l
s LkaOxp
fm; f,dlxp wkaOlx
;srpPdk jk ixlKvx
úudk Èín f,dlïys
ksñ;;x mxp osiifr

68
 1. urKska u;= Wm; ,nkafka ksrfha kï .sksoe,a f,daosh ye,s
hum,a,ka fmfkkakg mgka .kS' urKdikak mqoa.,hd
oeú,a,hs-msÉfpkjhs-lE.eiSu fyda wNskfhka fyda .sks ksjd
oeóug c,h fiùug fjfyfihs'

2. Wm; ,nkafka fm%a; f,dalfha kï ik wkaOldrhla o¾Ykh fõ'

˜fudlj;a fmakfa k kE' yß l`Mjrhs' ,hsÜ odkak˜ hhs m%ldY
lrk wh isá;s'

3. jk .yK jk i;=ka o¾Ykh jQfjd;a Wm; ,nkafka ;sßika

f,dalfha h' w,s tkjd-yrla tkjd-ud fírd.kak hehs lE .ik
wh o ta w;r fj;s'

4. uia jeo,s-r;= lïì,s o¾Ykh jk ñh.sh {d;Ska ñksiqka

o¾Ykh jk wh h<s ñksia f,dj Wm; ,nk wh fj;s'

5. osjH úudk-osjH r:-u,aud,d-lmarela foú foaj;djqka o¾Ykh

jk nj mjik wh Wm; ,nkafka osjH f,dalj,h' b;d
m%ikak-Ydka; uqyK
q ska wyi foi n,df.k foõ foaj;djqka .ek
lreKq i`oyka lrk wh o ta w;r isáh yel' Oïñl Wmdil
;=ud ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud fujeks o¾Yk ÿgq wh f,i fn!oaO
idys;Hfha i`oyka fõ'

fujeks o¾Yk my<ùug .;jkafka Ñ;a;laIKhla jeks b;d iq`M

ld,hls' úY=oaê u.a.hg wkqj cSúfhl=f.a mru cSú; ld,h tla
fudfyd;ls' tla is;sú,a,la mj;akd ld,h muKs'

urKdikak fudfydf;a is;g .,d tk is;=ú,s wkqj m%;sikaêh ,nk

wdldrh ;SrKh fõ' tjeks m%;sikaê iajNdjhka ;=kls'

1. ;%sfya;=l m%;sikaêh
2. oaúfya;=l m%;sikaêh
3. wfya;l = m%;sikaêh

69
 wf,day-wfodai-wfuday is;=ú,s n,j;a jQ l=i, l¾uhlg wkqj
Wm; isÿùu ;%sfya;=l m%;sikaêhhs' th fmr lu_h wkqj isÿjkakls'
Tjqkga Wm;skua .eUqre kqjKla msygs d we;' Ñ;a; iudêh ,eìh yelsh'
u.M, wjfndaO lr.; yelsh' iSf, m;sgGdh kfrd im{a{q nqÿ ysñ
foiQ wdldrhg ;Kayd oe, ,syfS uys iu;a fú'

wf,day-wfodai-wfuday-li,a is;=ú,s j,ska folla n,j;a jQ l=i,a

is;lska m%;sikaêh ,eîu oaúfya;=l m%;sikaêhhs'iuyrúg Okfhka-
rEmfhka Wiia úh yelsh' tfy;a ud¾. M,hka Wmojd .ekSug ;rï
;shqKq kqjKla ke;' ;Kayd oe, is`o,sh fkdyel'

f,day-fodai-fuday n,j;a jQ o¾j, is;lska Wm; ,nk whf.a

Wm;a wfya;=l Wm;a fõ' fndfydúg Wm; ,nkafka ;sßika-fm%a;-wdoS
i;r wmdfhys h' ^;Kaydj&f,daNh uq,alr.;a is;la my< jQ úg fm%a;
f,dalj,o oafõYh uq,a lr.;a is;lska ñheÿkfyd;a hlaI wd;auj,o
Wm; ,nhs';sßika f,djo Wmos;s' fudayh uq,a jQ is;lska ñh.sfha kï
ksrfhys Wmos;'s ñksi;a njla ,enQj;a w`o-f.d`M-ìysß-ukaonqoêl-
kmqxil ,sx.sl Wm;a ,n;s' Tjqkg u.-M, ksjka wjfndaO lr.;
fkdyel' ;Kayd oe, is`o,sh fkdyel'

wf,day-wfodai-wfuday-;%sfya;=l l=i,hka wruqK ù urKh

isÿjqjfyd;a iq.;shl Wm; isÿfõ' foõf,dj fyda ñksia f,dj WmoS'
wf,day is;lska ñh.sh úg nUf,dj o wfodai is;lska ñh.sh úg
foõf,dj o wfuday is;lska ñh.sh úg ñksia f,dj o Wmosk nj o
oyfuys i`oyka fõ' fï m%;sikaê iajNdjhka flfrys n,mdk wdjrK
Orau ;=kla .ek o i`oyka fõ'

1. luudjrK-wdkka;ßh mdm lu_ lr ;sîu - ksrfha Wm;g fya;=

fõ'

2. úmdldjrK-ksh; ñ:HdoDIaáh-osgÀOuufõokSh lu_ isÿ ;sîu

o wfya;=l Wm;lg fya;= fõ '

3. laf,aYdjrK-f,daNh-oafõYh-udkh-B¾IHdj jeks flf<ia i;r

wmdfhys m%;sikaêh ,eîug wfya;=l Wm;aj,g fya;= fõ'

70
 lu_dkqrEmj i;a;ajhd Wm; ,nk f,dal 31 la .ek o oyfuys
i`oyka fõ'

1. ldu N+ñ-plaLq-f>da;->dK wdoS mxp bkaøshkag rEm Yío .kaO

wdosh wruqKq lrñka is;a my<ùu mskùu isÿfõ' ta wkqj Wm;
,nkafka ldu Nj ;=<h' ldu Nj ldu iq.;s-ldu ÿ.;s jYfhka
fowdldr fõ' osjHf,dal yhla ñksia f,dj;a ldu iq.;s fõ'
wNsOu_ fldaIhg wkqj ldu ÿ.;s isõ jeoEreï fõ' ;sßika-fm%a;-
wiqr-ksrh jYfhks'

2. rEm N+ñ-wei-lK-keyeh wdoS b`ÿrka mskjk iajNdjh we;s is;a

rEm f,dalhg wh;a fõ'rEmdjpr n%yu a f,dalfhys Wm;
,nkafka tn`ÿ is;a we;s úgh' tys Wm; ,nkafkda m%n, l=i,a
is;aj,ska Wm; ,enQ wh fj;s'

3. wrEm N+ñ-wei-lk wdoS bkaøshla isf;ka neyer lr uki

muKla Wmfhda.S lrf.k is;=ú,s we;s lr.;a wh wrEm
f,dalj, Wmos;s'

wrEm ;, 04 ls'

1. wdldidk{apdh;kh
2. ú{dk[apdh;kh
3. wdls[apdh;kh
4. fkaj i[a[d kdi[a[dh;kh

;Kaydj uq,skm
q qgd oeóug wiu;a jQ iEu kduldhla u máÉp
iuqmamkakj kej; m%;sikaêhla ,nk nj nqoaO jpkhhs'

.nNfïfla Wmamcacka;s
ksrhx mdmlïñfkd
i.a.x iq.;sfkda hka;s
mßksínka;s wkdijd
^Oïu moh&

71
 uKsldr l=¨m.;siai f;reKa jykafiaf.a msßksùu .ek NslaIQka
jykafia,d w;r we;sjq l:d nyg ms<s;=re jYfhka nqÿysñ by;
.d:dfjka meyeos,s lf<a iuyr i;a;ajfhda uõl=i Wmos;s' mjq lrkafka
ksrhg h;s' mska lrkafkda iq.;shg ^foõf,djg&h;s' flf<ia ixis`ojQ
wh msßksfj;a hkqfjks'

m%;sikaê ,nk wdldr 04 ls'

;DIaKdj uQ,sl fya;=j ù i;a;ajhd Wm; ,nk l%u 4 la Ou_fha

i`oyka fõ'

1. wKavc - ì;a;r u`.ska ìysjk i;=ka-mlaIs-Wr.-u;aiH wdoS

i;=ka Wl=Kq-ul=Kq-ul=`M wdoSka

2. c,dnqc - uõl=il oS osh ;r,hlg ueos ù fmdaIKh ,nd

cSúfhl= fia Wm; ,nk i;a;ajhska ñksiqka isjqmdjqk'a

3. ixfiaoc - l=Kq-frdvq-osh fij,-.,a;,d u; osrdm;ajk fld<

frdvq wdoS f;;a mßir weiqre fldg Wm; ,nk i;a;ajhska
mKqjka".evú¨k"l=vd lDñ i;=ka

4. ´mmd;sl - uõl=ila weiqre fkdlr iajNdúlju my<ùu' osjH

-n%yu
a -fm%a;-N+;-wiqr-hlaI wd;auNdj ,enQjka" ksrfha ksß
i;=k"a ´mmd;slj Wmos;s' ñksia f,dj o fujeks Wm;a ,o wh
isá nj fn!oaO fmd; mf;ys i`oyka fõ'

wïnmd,s k.r fYdaNksh wU .ila uq, o"fmdlaLrid;s nuqKd fkMï

u,lska o Wm; ,o nj i`oyka fõ' Wmam,jKakd f;rKsh o t;=ñhf.a
tla w;S; Njhl oS fk`Mï u,lska Wm; ,o nj Wmam,jKaKd
pß;dmodkfhys oelafõ'

72
 uõ .enl ms<sis`o .ekSu lreKq ;=kl tlaùfuka isÿjk nj
nqÿmshdKka jykafia uca¯su ksldfha uyd ;Kayd ixLH iQ;%fha oS foaYkd
lr we;af;a fufia h'

bO ud;d ms;frd ikakm

s d; fydk;s
ud;dp W;==kS fyd;s
.kaOífndap mppq mgÀf;d fyd;s
tajx ;sKKx ikaksmd;d
.nNiHd jllk;s fyd;s'

hï wjia:djl fouõmshkaf.a ldhsl tlaùu isÿfj;a o uõ .en

msßisÿ ù ;sfío .kaOínfhl=f.a meñKSu fõo fufia ;=ka fofkl=f.a
tla ùfuka ^.¾N pl%dka;sh& .eí .ekSu isÿfjhs'

.kaOfnn k mppqmgÀ;d fyd;s fkj ;dp .íNiaid plalk;s

fyd;s-.kaOínfhl=f.a wd.ukhla isÿ fkdjQ úg .eí .ekSula
isÿfkdfõ hhs oyfuys i`oyka fõ'

foõ f,dj-ñksia f,dj-;sßika f,dj-fm%a; f,dalh-ksrh hk ldu

Njj, Wm; ,nd isg pq;jk whf.a B<`. Njfha m%;sikaê isÿjk
ms<sfj, ms<sn`oj wx.=;a;r ksldfha m%:u Nd.fha pl=lal ksmd;fha oS
nqÿmshdKka jykafia meyeos,s lr we;'
^nq'c'uq'ms' 19-47&

1. ñksi;a neúka pq;j foúhka w;r Wmosk i;a;ajhka w,amh'

ñksi;a núka pq;j ñksiqka w;r Wmosk i;a;ajhska w,amh'
ñksi;a núka pq;j ksrfhys-fm%a; úIhfhys ;sßika fhdakf s ha
Wmosk i;a;ajhka nyq;r fj;s'

2. foúhka flfrka pq;j foúhka w;r Wmosk i;a;ajhska w,am

fj;s'
foúhka flfrka pq;j ñksiqka w;r Wmosk i;a;ajhska w,am
fj;s'
foúhka flfrka pq;j ksrfhys ;sßika fhdakf s hys fm%a;
úIhfhys Wmosk i;a;ajhka nyq;r fj;s'

73
 3. ksrfhka pq;j ñksiqka flfrka Wmoskk
a jqka w,amh'
ksrfhka pq;j foúhka flfrys Wmoskk a jqka w,amh'
ksrfhka pq;j fm%a; úIhfhys ;sßika fhdakf s hys Wmoskk
a jqka
nyq;rhls'

4. ;sßika fhdakfs hka pq;j foúhka flfrys Wmoskk a jqka w,amh'

;sßika fhdakf
s hka pq;j ñksiqka w;r Wmoskk
a jqka w,amh'
;sßika fhdakf s hka pq;j ksrfha-fm%a; úIfhys Wmoskk a jqka
nyq;rhls'

5. fm%a; úIfhka pq;j foúhka flfrys Wmosk wh w,amh'

fm%a; úIfhka pq;j ñksiqka flfrys Wmosk wh w,amh'
fm%a; úIfhka pq;j ;sßika fhdakf s hys ksrfhys Wmosk wh
nyq;r fj;s'

nqoaO foaYkdj ;=< ñksiqka jYfhka Wm; ,nk whf.a is;=ï-

me;=ï l%shd ms<sfj;a wkqj ukqIH j¾. myla y`ÿkajd we;'

1. ukqIH fkarhsl
2. ukqIH fm%a;
3. ukqIH ;srYapdk
4. ukqIH-ukqIH
5. ukqIH-foaj

1. ukqIH fkarhsl - wmdfha isák ;sßikqka fuka ksr;=reju is;ska-

lhska oefjñka lsisÿ iekiSula ke;s cSú; .; lr;s' mia mõ-
oi wl=i,a lrk whf.a udkisl iajNdjh tn`ÿh' ukqIH >d;k
i;a;aj >d;k- ia;%S ¥IK-fidr-uerlï-fndrej-fla,ï-iqrdj
wdosh ksid o`vqjï- wmydi ú`os;s' tfiau isf;ka oefjñka
;efjñka ìfhka ieflka cSj;afj;s' is; lh folskau ;sßikl=
fuka oefjk-;efjk fujeks ñksiqka fndfyda úg urKfhka
miqj h,s Wm; ,nkafka wmdh N+ñhlu h'

2. ukqIH fm%a; - b`oskak ysákak ;ekla ke;s-id msmdid foflka

fm<k"lEug b;d .scq jQ"lEu îu ñi fjk lsisjla fkdis;k"

74
 fï wh cSú;h f.jkafka fm%a;hka ú,isk's Wreufhka ysñjQ
foafmd< o úkdY lrf.k yeuod ÿlaÅ; cSú; .; lrk
uxudj;a j, is`.uka hosk fujeks wh f,dj fndfyda rgj,
isá;s'

3. ukqIH ;srpPdk - ;sßika i;=ka yd iudk .;s mej;=ï we;s wh

o ñksiqka w;r Wm; ,nd we;' ta whf.a .;s iajNdj wkqj j._
lsym
s hls'

ukqiai im_-fl%daOh nyq, oeä wdfõ.YS,S" bjiSula ke;s" r;ajQ

ùÿrejlg j;=r oeuQ úg mqmqrd hkakd fia fõ,djla ke;sj"
fldamhg m;ajk ñksiqka fï >khg wh;a h'

ukqiai kß-lmálu" fflrdállu nyq,j ;ukaf.a jdishg

ljr lmálulska fyda lghq;= lr .kakg n,k whhs'
ukqiai W!re-wmú;% oE N=la;sú`oSug leue;s wh fld;rï mú;%
lr ;enqj;a hykl-wiqkl ;enqj;a wmú;% foa u N=la;s ú`osk
wmú;% ;eka lrd u wefok wh'

ukqiai wiam l=,h-n,h-ks,h-Okh-rEmh-orejka wdosfhka

Woaodu ù wka wh my;a fldg i,lk wh fï j._hg wh;a h'

ukqiai lnr-fndre fí.,a-fla,ï wdosfhka fomsßila fNao

lrñka l%shd lrk whhs' jjq,d fom;a khd wdoS kïj,ska o
ñksiaiqkaf.a ms<sl=,g ksko
a djg ,lajk whhs'

4. ukqIH-ukqIH-m%{dj nqoaêh oshqKqlr .ekSug W;aidyj;a jk

f,daN-fodai-uo-udk-B¾IHd wdosfhka uki msßisÿj ;nd.ekSug
fjfyfik whhs' Tjqkaf.ka uõmshkag {d;s ñ;%doSkg a -
wUqorejkag-.ug-rgg-f,djg lror fkdfõ' l=ßrelï-
ieyeislï fkdfõ' hq;=lï j.lSï bgqlsÍug fjfyfi;s'
mdmfhka je<lS odk-iS,-Ndjkd wdoS mskg oyug fhduqjQ whhs'
wd;aud¾:ldó;ajfhka f;drj" mrys;ldój udkj ohdfjka
lghq;= lrk whhs'

75
 5. ukqIH foaj-isõ nU úyrK wkqj cSú;h yev.id.;a whhs'
ish¨ i;a;ajhkaf.a hym; Wfoid cSú; mß;Hd.fhka lemù
lghq;= lrk whhs' ñh.sh miqo ñksiqka fj;ska foaj;ajfhka
msÿï ,n;s' Tjqkf a .a fuf,dj cSú;h o meyenrh' nn<k
iq`Mh' nqÿmshdKka jykafia uydkdu YdlH rcqg foaYkd l< mßos
Y%oOd-YS,-iq;-pd.-m%{d fiaL n, mqreÿ l< whhs' oaú;Sh
ukdkdu iQ;%fhaoS jod< mßos nqoOdkqiai;s-Oïudkqiai;s-
ix>dkqiai;s-YS,dkqiai;s-pd.dkqiai;s-foaj;dkqiai;s m%.K
= lr
foõf,dj Wm;a i`oyd iqÿiafila fj;s' urKska u;= foõf,dj
Wm; ,n;s'

wx.=;a;r ksldfha ÿl ksmd;fha cdkqiafidaks iQ;%fha oS

cdkqiafidaks nuqKd hï i;a;aj flfkla lh ì`oS ñhf.dia iqjfhka myjQ
ÿ.;s ixLHd; ksrfha Wm; ,eîug fya;=-m%;H ljf¾ oehs úuid we;'
fï f,dalfha lsisjl= úiska ldh ÿYapß; jd.a ÿYapß; - ufkda ÿYapß;
fkdlrk ,oafoa o urKska u;= iqjfhka myjQ ÿ.;s jQ úksmd; jQ ksrhg
t<fUkakdy hs nqÿysñ meyeos,s lr we;' tfiau fuf,dj lsisjl= úiska
ldh iqpß;-jd.a iqpß;-ufkda iqpß; lrk ,oafoa o ldh ÿYapß;-jd.a
ÿYapß;-ufkda ÿYapß; fkdlr ,oafoa o" urKska u;= iq.;s ixLHd;
ij¾. f,dalhg t<fU;a hhs nqÿysñ foaYkd lr we;'

tla wjia:djl ;uka jykafiaf.a kshis, u;g mia iaj,amhla

;nd NslaIQka jykaf,aid weue;+ nqÿysñ m%ldY lr we;af;a urKhg miq
iq.;s.dó jkafka kshis, u; we;s mia yd iudk iaj,am fofkl= njhs'
uyfmdf<dfõ mia yd iudk nyq;r msßila i;r wmdfhys Wm; ,nk
nj-kLisLd iQ;%fha oS foaYkd lr we;' wm f,dj ljr ;eklg .sh;a
wdmiq tkafka wfma uy f.or n,df.kh' tfukau iir .uka lrk
i;a;ajhdg i;r wmdh uy f.or yd iudk njhs nqÿ ysñ mjid
we;af;a'

fï osú .uk ksud lrk fudfydf;aoS i;r wmdfhka ksoyia ù

iq.;s Wm;la lrd fyda fhduqùug pq;s is; ilialr .ekSug i;r wmdh
.ek oekqj;a ùu m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'

 ;sßika f,dj - fudayh-oafõYh n,j;a jQ wh Wm; ,nkafka

;sßika wmdfhys h' fuf,dj wl=i,a fldg ÿisßf;ys yeisreKq
76
 wh ;sßika f,dj Wmosk wdldr lsym s hla uca¯su ksldfha nd,
mKaä; iQ;%fhka meyeos,s lr we;'

;Kfld< wkqNj lrk wYaj-.j-t`M-neg`M-fldg`M wdoS i;=ka

f,i bmoSu'

wY+Ñ wkqNj lrk W!rka-n,a,ka-isj¨ka-l=l=<ka jeks my;a.;s

iajNdj we;s i;a;ajhskj
a bmoSu'

w`ÿfrys bmoS w`ÿfrysu yefok jefvk fmdf<dj hg cSj;ajk

mKqjka .evú¨ka jeks i;=ka j Wm; ,eîu'

c,fhys Wmosk-yefok-jevk-ñhhk u;aiHhka-leianEjka-

lsU,
q ka jeks i;=kj
a bmoSu

wY+Ñfhys Wmosk yefok jefvk ñhhk i;=ka

.jr j<j,aj,-l=Kq li, f.dvj,-l=Kq c,fha Wmosk yefok

jefvk ñhhk i;=ka

;sßika f,dj bmÿKq úg .j-t`M-neg`M-l=l=`M jeks i;=kg a

yeuúgu urK ìfhka cSj;aùug isÿfõ' fkdfhla jO ysxidj,g ,laù
ñhhdug isÿfõ' .jhska jeks i;=kg isiEu-nr weoSu jeks lghq;=j,oS
wfkalúO ÿla ú`oSug isÿfõ' n¨-n<,a-uqj-f.dak-W!re-isj,a-j.-j,ia
wdoS i;=ka o fkdfhla f,v frda.j,g Ndckh ù wm%udK ÿla ú`os;s'
fiiq I;a;ajhskf a .a f.dÿre njg m;afj;s' uv f.dfydrej, ,.sñka
l=i.skf
a kka msmdifhka oeú oeù mSvd ú`os;s' iS;f,ka WKqiqñka wõ-jeis
-iq<x wdoS fidndoyfï n,mEï j,ska o ÿla ú`os;s' ;sßika f,dj Wmosk
i;a;ajhkaf.a ÿl lSug wmyiq njhs nqÿ ysñhka foaYkd lr we;af;a'

 fm%a; f,dalh - uq`Muksku

a iemfhka f;dr jQ f,dalhls'
mshú weisk ;nd úÿ weiska j;a oelsh fkdyels ishqï YÍrj,ska
hqla;h' mQj_ wd;auj, l< lu_j,g wkqrEmj ´mmd;slj fm%a;
fda,lfhys Wmos;s' th w;sYh úiañ; woaN; + f,dalhls' nqoaol
ksldfha fm%a;j;gqfõ nqÿmshdKka jykafia fm%a; f,dalh ms<sn`o
lrk ,o meyeos,s újrKhla we;'
77
 f,!lsl iïm;a flfrys wdYdfjka-;Kaydfjka-;rydfjka-
ffjrfhka uereKq yeu flfkl=u Wmoskf a ka N+;d;auj, yd ksrfhys
nj fn,a,k {dkúu, u`. kdysñ o m%ldY lr we;' fN!;sl iïm;a yd
mqoa.,hka flfrys ne`ÿkq we,Sï-.eàï urK fudfydf;a oS pq;s is;g
wruqKùu fm%a; úIhfhys Wm;g fya;= fjhs'

iuia;j f.k fm%a; f,dalh tlla f,i ye`oskajqj;a ta ta

i;a;ajhka lrk ,o lu_j,g wkqrEmj tajdfha úmdl ú`oSug iqÿiq f,i
i;a;ajhka Wm; ,nk fm%a; ksldhka rdYshls'

kscca du;Kaysl
Lqmamsmdisl
mdxY=msYdpl
ld,l{csl
wgG ixl,sl
uximsKaäl
mro;a;+mcSú
.=:Ldol
uysoêl
w.aks cd, uqL
fõudksl
mnn; fm%a;

1. kscc
a du;Kaysl - ksr;=rej isrer ;=< oe,afjk .sko
s e,aj,ska hq;=
.,a mj_; u; je;sÍ l==i.skfa ka ú,dm foñka isák fm%a; ksldh
kscc
a du ;Kayls kï fõ' mskg .eryQ mska lrk whg wl=,a
fyÆ wh fuys Wmos;s'

2. Lqmamsmdisl - u, uq;%-fiï fidgq muKl=;a wdydrhg fkd,en

nqoOdka;r .Kka ÿla ú`osk fm%a; fldgGdYh ^l=Kqmsmdis;&
Lqmamsmdis;fhda h'

3. mdxY=msYdpl - mia f.dvj,a-l`ÿ nEjqï-l=Kq f.dvj,a-wY+Ñ

f.dvj,a wdoS wmsßisÿ ;ekaj, Wm; ,nk fï mdxY= msYdj
fm%a;fhda tu ia:dkj,ska yuk ÿ`.o wd>%dKh lrñka
78
 u<ñkSj,ska .,k ´cia .`o wd>%dKh lrñka ji;s' fuys Wm;
,nkafka fkdfhla wmpdr l%shdj, fhÿKq whhs'

4. ld,l{csl - ld,l[ac; s fm%a;fhda-i`o ysre t<sh fkdolsk ;o

w`ÿfrka jeiqKq ksrka;rj ;o iS;f,ka mSäd ú`osñka ;u isrer
ì`o iQrdlñka idÿlska fmf<k fldgils' b`oslgq isÿre jeks
uqLhlska yd úYd, Worhlska hq;=h'

5. wgG ixl,sl - wÜGixl,sl fhdÿka .Kka WiajQ YÍr we;s

ifuka isúfhka kyrfhka muKla jeiqKq f,a uia ke;s weg
iels,s orK fm%a;fhda fï fm%a; ksldhg wh;a h'

6. uximsKaäl - weg kyr jeiqKq l=Kq jQ uia f.dvj,a jeks isrere

we;s udxY msKäl fm%a;fhda tu ksldhg wh;a fj;s'

7. .=Gldol - jeisls<s j<j,a jeks wmsßisÿ ;ekaj, u< uq;%d

wkqNj lrñka cSj;ajkafkda .=: ldol fm%a;fhda h' is,aj;a-
.=Kj;a W;=ukg ksko a d lßSu-fndre fpdaokd lsÍu-wdoS mdmlu_
l< wh fuu fm%a; ksldfha Wmos;s' jir fldaá .Kka wfkal
úO ÿla ú`oSug isÿfõ'

8. mro;a;QmcSù - wkqka fok fohska hefmk fm%a; fldÜGdYhls'

{d;Ska wkqfudaoka lrk mska ,nd .; yelsh' cSj;aj isá ld,fha
lrk ,o nrm;, fkdjk mdm lu_hla ksid fyda urKdikakfha
pq;s is;g jeroSulska wruqKq jQ whym;a is;=ú,a,la ksid fyda
fuu fm%a; fd,alfha Wmos;s' msk-a mõ oek cSj;aj isá ñh.sh
flfkl= fuu fm%a; f,dj bmÿKq úg {d;Skf a .ka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka mska muKls' mska mõ fkdi,ld cSj;aj
isg ñh.sh flfkl= fuu fm%a; f,dfjys Wm; ,o úg mskg
wu;rj cSj;aj isáhoS wdYd l< lEu îu jia;% wdosh o
{d;Skf a .ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fj;s' ìïìidr rc;=udg nqÿ
ysñhka foaYkd l< ;sfrdal=vvs iQ;%fhka fuu fm%a; f,dalh .ek
meyeos<s lr we;' ksjfia bosßmi-W`Mjyq fodr-wi< ms<slKqj,
-{d;Skg a iómj fï wh ießir;s' mska ,nd.;a úg iqjm;a
wd;au Ndjj,g hdugo yelshdj mj;S'

79
9. uysoêl - fuu fm%a; f,dalfha bmÿKq whg Roaê n, ;sfí'
wyisk-a fmd<dj háka-c,fhka .uka l< yelsh' .,a mj_;
yryd tyd fuyd hdug o yelsh' wka whf.a is;a lshùug o
yelsh' {d;Skf a .a YÍrj,g we;=`M ù ta whg Woõ lrk
wjia:d o we;' Ydi;% lSug w`ÿka ne,Sug wdrEV jk wjia:d
.ek o i`oyka fõ'

10. w.aks cd, uqL - uqLfhka ksr;=rej .sko s e,a msgfõ' tu .sks ksid
ysi uqLh uq`Muksku a oeù w`Mù .sh;a urKh isÿfkdfõ' kej;
jrla msgqmiska .skak we;sù ysi olajd me;sÍ f.dia ms,siaiS w`Mù
kej; Wmos;s' h<s;a ñhh;s' Wmos;s' fï wdldrhg jir fldaá
.Kka .skf a kka oefjñka ms<siafiñka ÿla ú`os;s' mQckSh ia:dk
.sks ;eîï-uxfld,a, lEï-ieoeyej;=kf a .a foam< úkdY lr
oeóu wdosh fuu fm%a; ksldfha Wm; ,nk fya;=j fjhs' ldYHm
nqÿ mshdKkaf.a iq.kaO l=áhg .sks ;enQ mqoa.,hd o Wm;
,enQfha fuu w.akc s d, uqL fm%a;fhl= f,ih'

11. fõudksl fm%a; f,dalh - fuu fm%a; f,dj Wmka whg ojfia
osjd ld,fha oS foújrekag fuka b;d úis;=re w,xldr úudk
ueù tajdfha i;=áka ld,h f.úh yel' osjdl, f.ù rd;%sh
WodjQ úg foõ úuka w;=reoyka fõ' .õ .Kka os. m<< YÍr
ueù uy fmdf,dfõ je;sr isákakg isÿfõ' oreKq i;a;ajhka
YÍr fldgia lvdf.k lEu ksid fndfyda mSvd ú`os;s' kej;
WoEik úudk ueù iem ú`oskk a g;a rd;%sh t<ö úg ÿla mSvd
ú`oskk
a g;a isÿfõ' fuu wd;au Njj, jir fldaá .Kka f.jd
oeóug isÿfõ' osjd Nd.fha is,a /l-mQckSh ia:dkj, j;dj;a
lr rd;%S Nd.fha i;a;aj ovhu iqrdmdkh-fidrlu-jdros ldu
fiajkh wdosfha fhÿkq wh fï fm%a; f,dalfhys ÿla ú`os;s'

12. mnn; fm%a; - fï whf.a YÍr úYd, .,a m¾j; jeksh'

w;S;fha wNs{d,dNS NslaIQka jykafia,d njqka jeãu i`oyd .,a
mj_;hhs is;d jdäù isgsk úg mj_;h fi,fjk ksid osjeiska
ne,SfïoS ta fm%a;hska nj fmkS f.dia we;'

80
 fm%a; ksldhkays Wmosk i;a;ajhska w;ßka {d;Ska fok mska
wkqfudaoka úh yels mro;a;+mcSù fm%a; ksldfha whg muKls'
fndfyda jsg mska wkqfudaoka ù iqjm;a wd;au Ndjj,g .sh wh
ms<sn`o mqj;a fn!oaO idys;Hfhka yuqfõ' wkqka fok mska
wkqfudaoka ùug iqjm;aùug tfy;a wka ish¨ fm%a; ksldhj,
fm%a;hskga fkdyelsh' iifrys lrk ,o fndfyda li, lu_
;snqK o tajdfha úmdl ú`oSug o wjia:dj fkd,=efí' w`M;ska
mska /ialr.ekSug o fkdyelsh' mQj_ ckau j,oS lrk ,o mõ
f.jd wjika jk;=re l,am fldaá .Kkska tu fm%a; f,dalj,
ÿla ú`osh hq;=h'

 wiqr f,dalh - ksrh-fm%a;-;sßika wmdhj, f;dr;=re úúO iQ;%

foaYkd weiqßka ,nd.; yels jQj;a wiqr f,dj ms<sno i`oyka
f;dr;=re w,amh' iir .ufka oS l< wl=i, lu_ j, úmdl
ú`ojk i;r wmdfhka tlla f,i wiqr wmdh o y`ÿkajd we;'
tys msyà
s u ms<sn`oj o újO u; mj;S' ksrh mDÓú wNHka;rfha
.eUqfrys u msyá s nj ms<s.efka' ;sßika f,dj ñksia f,dj
wdY%s;ju msyás nj meyeos,sh' woDYHudk jqjo fm%a; f,dalh o
ñksia f,dj weiqfrysu msyá
s nj Ou_hg wkqj ms<s.; yel'

1. foaj wiqr
2. úksmd;sl wiqr
3. fõudksl wiqr
4. f,daldka;ßl wiqr
5. fma%a; wiqr hkqfjka fldgGdY 5 la .ek f;dr;=re yuqfõ'

foaj wiqrhkaf.a jdiia:dk ñksia f,djg jvd;a <xj msyá s

foõf,dj jk pd;=¾ uyd rdcsl foõf,dj msyá s id;d.sr-fyauj;-
fjiaidñ;a;-fõmq,a, ^úmq, .sß& kua úYd, mj_; weiqre fldg msyás
nj i`oyka fõ' w,afmaYdlH fyda ufyaYdlH fyda foúhka fkdjk
tla;rd foaj fldÜGdYhla f,his fï wiqrhka ie<flkafka' iem
iïm;a foúhka yd iudkh'

úksmd;l wiqrhka f,i mshxlr ud;d W;a;r ud;d wdoS wh

ie<fla'

81
 fõudksl wiqre ojdia tla Nd.hl oS foõjrkag fuka w,xldr
nn<k osjH úudk ueù tajdfha I;=áka ld,h f.j;s' hu rcjre
wh;ajkafka o fuu wiqr lKavdhïj,g h' b;sß wv oji úYd, YÍr
,eî fm%a; f,dj oreKq i;=kf
a .a f.dÿre ù mSvd ú`os;s'

f,daldka;ßl ksrh weiqrefldg f.k cSj;ajk wiqrfhda h'

fm%a; wiqr fhda-ksrh-fm%a;-;sßika-wiqr i;r wmdhg weiqre

fldg cSj;a fj;s' fm%a; fda,lfha ld,[a[cS wiqr fm%a;-fõudksl fma%;
-uysoêl fm%a; hk fm%a; ksldhj, wh óg wh;a fj;s'

fldfydU .ila hgoS nqÿysñhkg yuqjQ mydrd o wiqrhd uy

ihqr weiqre fldg cSj;ajk nj mjid we;' fï wkqj wiqr jdiia:dk
foõf,dj-ñksia f,dj-uyihqr fm%a;-ksrh-;sßika ish¨ f,dal weiqre
fldg mj;sk nj is;sh yel'

nqÿrcdKka jykafia lsUq,aj;a kqjr wi< uy jkfhys YdlH

flda,Sh jxY foflka meúos jQ mkaishhla ry;ka jykafia,d iu`. jev
isá fial' fï wisßu;a i`. iuq`Mj n,kakg oi oyila ilaj, f,dal
Od;=j,g wh;a osjH-n%yu
a -hlaI-kd. Fiakd /iajQy' ta wisßh olakg
meñKs wiqr fiakd w;r

id;d.sr mj_;jdis wiqrhka

úYajdñ;% mj_; jdiS wiqrhka
úmq,.sß mj_;jdiS wiqrhka
uqyo
q weiqre lrk Roaêu;a wiqrhka

ld,l[[csl" odk fï>h kï we;s uyd ìhlre wiqrhka

/iajQ nj uyd iuh iQ;%fha oelafõ' fjmÑ;a;s-iqÑ;a;"s mydrd o"
fõfrdapk"rdyq wiqß`ÿ hk whf.a msßia o ta w;r jQy'

ixhqla; ksldfha i.d: j.a.fha ilal-ixhqla;fha iQ;% foaYkd

10 lska wiqrhka ms<sn`oj ;;= oelafõ'wiqrhka iqrhka ^foúhka& iu`.
ksr;=reju fhÿKq iqr wiqr hqoaO .ek fuu iQ;%j,ska wkdjrKh fõ'
f.!;u nqÿ ysñhkg fmr isgu meje;s fuu iqr-wiqr .egqul oS
82
wiqrkdhl fõmÑ;a;s iqrhkg mrdch ù wm ila foú`ÿf.a ksfhda.fhka
neñ mylska ne`o fõmÑ;a; iqoï iNdjg f.k wd wjia:dfõoS Tyq r`M
mreI jpkj,ska neK josñka ila foú`ÿg ksko a d l< nj ixhqla;
ksldfha ilal ixhqla;fha fõms;a;s iQ;%fha oelafõ' tla wjia:djl
iqNdIs; lshd ch ,nuq hhs fhdackd lr úksiqre uvq,a,la o m;alr f.k
igkg msúis fõmÉ;a;s g w;ajQfha mrdchhs' Tyq lS .d:d iqNdIs; fkdjQ
neúks' tfy;a ixis`oSu-bjiSu-fldam fkdùu .ek .d:d lS ila
foú`ÿg iqNdIs; .d:d .dhkfhka ch w;aúh'

w;S; wjoshl jk fikiqkl msyá s mkai,lg fõmÑ;a;s o ila

foú`ÿ o .sh wjia:djla .ek ixhq;a; ksldfha wr[a[dh;k bis iQ;%fha
i`oyka fõ' is,aj;a l,K oï we;s Rcsjrhka fjfik tu mkai,g
m<uqj .sfha fõmÑ;a;sh' ke.S .sh jdykfhka fkdneiu lvqj
t,a,df.k P;%h bi,df.k m%Odk fodrgqfjka wimqjg msúis fõmÑ;a;s
yeisrefka b;d fkdyslauqKq ú,dYhlsk's is,aj;a l,K oyï we;s
RIsjrekag ksko a d fldg Tyq wdmiq .sfhah' bkamiqj meñKs ilafoõ
rcq" jdykfhka nei lvqj fjk flfkl= w;g oS l=vh yl=,d ;nd
tl;amiaj isg we`os,s ne`of.k Rcsjreka jykafia,d jkaokd lf<ah'
fndfyda l,ma jD; iudokaj isák RIsjrekaf.a lhska yukd .`o ms<sl=,a
h' foú`ÿks fu;ekska bj;ajkakehs RIsjreka lshoaoS iajdóka fï .`o
ysfiys m<`okd úis;=re u,a we;s u,aoula fia leue;af;uq' th foújre
ms<sl=,a fkdlr;s hs ila foú`ÿ mjid we;'

fõmÑ;a;s wiqr kdhlhdf.a fï yeisÍï j,ska meyeos,s jkafka

wiqrhka odußl m%pKavldÍ l%shdj, fhÿK Nhdkl i;;aj
fldÜGdYhla njhs' Tjqkag wyiska mjd .uka l< yels foúhkg mjd
wNsfhda. l< yels Yla;shla ;snQ nj ms<s.; hq;=h' tfy;a mdmhkg
keUqre;dj jeäh' ixhqla; ksldh-ilal ixhq;a;h wr[a[dhla; bis
iQ;%h'
ms' 403-405

ta w;r nqÿmshdKka jykafiag buy;a f.!rjhla oelajQ ikaiqkj a

yeisreKq .eUqre kqjKska hq;= rdyq wiqß`ÿ mydrd o fõfrdapl jeks wiqr
kdhlhska o isg we;' isoaOd¾: f.!;uhka jykafia iuud
iïnqoaO;ajhg m;ajQ osk rd;%Sfha oS Wkajykafiag f.!rj oelaùug

83
meñKs osjH-n%yu
a -hlaI-kdhlhska w;r rdyqq wiqfarkaøhd o úh'
kuialdr mdGfha ˜;iai˜ hk jok rdyqq wiß÷f.a m%Kdu jokh'

; - ;Kaydj uq`Mukska u is`oÆ ksid

i - i;H jpku m%ldY l< ksid
i - i;r wmdfhys fodr jeiQ ksid

nqÿysñg ;iai hehs Tyq jkaokd lr we;' fuysoS iïnqoaO NdIs;fha

^i;H jpkfha&.=K wgla rdyq wiqß`ÿ oel we;' úiigh-úf{Hh-
uxඤඞq-wúidßfkd-kskka do-.ïNSr ìxÿ wdoS jYfhks'

msßjdK fmd;a jykafia ;=< we;=,;a pkaø-iQßh-mß;%dK iQ;%

foaYkdj,g wkqj nqÿysñ ieje;akjq r foõrï fjfyr jev isghoS rdyq
wiqfrkaøhd úiska tla jfrl pkao$ osjH mq;%hd o ;j;a jfrl iQ¾h
osjH mq;%hd o ;u .%yKhg f.k we;' bka mSvdjg m;a fï fofokdu
nqÿ rÿka isyslr kuialdr lr msygs b,a,d we;' nqÿmshdKka jykafia
Tjqka ksoyia lrk ,fi rdyq wisß`ÿg okajd we; Tjqka uqod yer fï
wjia:d foflaoS u ixfõ.fhka hq;=j f,duqoeye.;a isreßka wiqr kdhl
fõmú;a;s yuqjg f.dia we;' i`o w;yeßfha l=ug o@ ysre w;yeßfha
l=ula ksid o@ fõmÑ;; úuid we;' nqÿrÿkaf.a b,a,Su mßos Tjqka
w;ay< nj-tfia fkdl<d kï ;u ysi i;a lvlg me,S hk nj
cSj;ajQj;a iemhla fkd,efnk nj rdyq wiqf¾kaøhd mjid we;'
nqÿmshdKka jykafia flfrys Tyq ;=< jQ f.!rj iïm%hqla; Nh bka
meyeos,s fõ'

mydrd o wiqß`ÿ nqÿysñg yuqjkafka fldfydU .ila uq, isáhoS

h' uy ihqrg T;rï we¨ïlrkafka ljr fya;= ksidoehs úuiQ
nqÿysñhkg lreKq wgla ksid ihqrg we¨ï lrk nj mejiQ mydrd o
iiqkg we¨ïlrkafka ljr fya;= ksidoehs iïnqoaO Y%djlhkaf.ka úuid
we;' myrd o uy ihqf¾ we;s nj lS .=Kdx. u Wmudjg f.k iïnqÿ
iiqfkys we;s .=K wgla nqÿ ysñ myrdo g meyeos,s lr we;'

84
mydrdo wisß`ÿ nqÿ ysñ

1. wkqm<
s f
s j,ska .eUqre ùu wkqmnq n islLd-wkqmqnn lsßhd- wkqmí q n
mámod ms<f s j,ska nqÿ iiqk .eUqrejk nj
2. fjr< blaujd fkdhk islaLd mo fkd blaujk nj
nj

3. u<l=Kq ;nd fkd.ekSu ÿYaYS,hkg bvla ke;s nj

4. fkdfhla .x.dj, c,h

ljr l=,hlska meñK meúos jqj;a Y%uK
uqyqog jegqKq úg uqyqÿ
YdlH mq;% kñka ye`oskf
a jk nj
osh jk nj

5. id.r c,fha wvq jeä fldf;la ry;=ka msßksúhla ksjfkys

ùula fkdjk nj' wvqjla fkdjk nj

6. uqyqÿ osh tlu ,jk

rifhka hq;= ùu' nqÿ iiqk o tlu úuqla;s rifhka hq;=ùu'

7. uq;= ueKsla wdoS i;a;sia fndaê mdlaIsl Ou_ keue;s i;a

i;arejka ;sîu rejka iiqfkys ;sîu'

8. ;sñr ;sux., jeks nqÿ iiqfkys o ießhq;a uq.,ka jeks

n,iïmkak i;ajhka uyd.=Kj;a Wodr W;=uka isàu
isàu

nqÿ ysñhka yd l< fuu ixjdofhka meyeos,s jkafka mydrd o

wiqß`ÿ b;d ishqï kqjKlska hq;= wfhl= njhs' ixhqla; ksldfha ilal
ixhqla;fha fjfrdpk iQ;%hg wkqj ilafoú`ÿ iu`. ieje;akj q r
foõrï fjfyfrys jev isá nqÿysñhka yuqjg .sh fjfrdpk wiqß`ÿ o
nqÿ ysñ wi< b;d ixjrj yeisreKq nqoaêu;a wfhls'

i;a;ajhd l< wl=i< lu_j, úmdl ú`oSug Wm; ,nk i;r

uyd wmdfhka Nhdklu wmdh ksrhhs' wx.=;a;r ksldfha iQ;% lsym
s hl;a
uca¯su ksldfha nd,mKaä; iQ;%h foaj¥; iQ;%h mkaish mkia cd;l
fmdf;a ksñ cd;lfha;a ksrh ms<sn`o f;dr;=re we;=<;aj we;'

85
 cSj;ajk ld,h ;=< mmdlu_ lrk wh ÿ.;sfha Wm; ,eîu iaÓr
h' iuyr úfgl tu Wm; wg uy ksrfha úh yelsh'

1 ixcSjh 2 ld,iQ;%h 3 ix>d;h

4 fr!rjh 5 uydfr!rjh 6 ;dmh
7 m%;dmh 8 wùÑh

tu wg uyd ksrhhs' tla ksrhlg ;j;a l=vd ;srh 16 ne.ska

128 ls' wg uy ksrh o we;=¿j ksrh 136 ls' wjqreÿ fldaá oyia
.Kkska fï ksrhj, úmdl ú`oSug isÿfjhs'

wx.=;a;r ksldfha ;ssl ksmd;fha ksrfha Wm;g u`. ie,fik

whqre fufia olajd we;' uyfKks wY%elj;a mD:.ackhd fh!jk
uofhka-wdfrda.H uofhka-cSú; uofhka u;ajQfha lhska ÿisß;a fldg
urKska u;= iqjfhka myjQ ÿlg .;s jQ újD;j m;s; jk ksrhg
meñfKhs'
nq'c'uq'ms' 266-266

wx.=;a;r ksldfha ÿl ksmd;fha cdkqiafida;s iQ;%fhaoS ldnQka

urKska u;= iqjfhka myjQ úkSmd; ksrfha Wmosk fya;= ljf¾oehs úuiQ
cdkqiafida;s nuqKdg nqÿysñ jodf<a fï f,dalfha lsisjl= úiska"

ldh ÿYapß; lrk ,oafoa - ldh iqpß; fkdlrk ,oafoa o

jd.a ÿYapß; lrk ,oafoa - jd.a iqpß; fkdlr ,oafoa o
ufkda ÿYapß; lrk ,oafoa - ufkda iqpß; fkdlrk ,oafoa o
urKska u;= iqjfhka myjQ úksmd; ksrhg t<fUk njhs'

tfiau wx.=;a;r ksldfha fojk ldKavfha p;=lalksmd;fha

m<uqjk ksrh i.a. kslaÅ;; iQ;%fha isg kjjk ksrh i.a. kslaÅ;;
iQ;%h olajd iQ;% foaYkd kjhlska u nqÿ mshdKka jykafia ksrfha Wmosk
fya;= meyeos,s lr we;'

1. m<uqjk ksrh i.a. kslaÅ;; iQ;%fhaoS

ldh ÿYapß;fhka - jd.a ÿYapß;fhka

86
 ufkda ÿYapß;fhka - ñ:Hd oDIaáfhka hk lreKq 04 kao

2. ÿ;sh ksrh i.. kslaÅ;a; iQ;%fha oS

ldhÿYapß;fhka - jd.a ÿYapß;fhka

ufkda ÿYapß;fhka - wlD;[a[;d wlD;fõos;d i;ßka o

3. f;jk ksrh i.a. kslaÅ;a; iQ;%fha oS

m%dK>d; lsÍu ^mKsjd& - kqÿka foh .ekSu ^whskdoka&

ldufhys jrojd yeisÍu - uqijd ìKSu i;ßka o

4. i;rjk ksrh i.a. kslaÅ;; iQ;%fha oS

ñ:HdoDIaáfhka - ñ:Hd ixl,amfhka

ñ:hd jdpdfjka - ñ;Hd l¾udka;fhka o

5. miajk ksrh i.a.kslaÅ;; iQ;%fha oS

ñ:HdcSjfhka - ñ:Hd jHdhdu j,ska

ñ:Hd i;sfhka -ñ;Hd iudêfhka hk i;ßka o

6. ihjk ksrh i.a. kslaÅ;; iQ;%fha oS

;ud fkdÿgq rEmdh;k - fkdweiQ Yíodh;k

fkdú`os wdh;k imY_ ms<sn`oj ye`.ùu - wkjfndaO O¾uh
wjfndaO nj yeÕùu

7. i;ajk ksrh i.a. kslaÅ;; iQ;%fhaoS

rEmdh;k - Yíodh;k - wfkl=;a wdh;k ms<sn`oj

oekf.k fkdokakd fia isàu o
okakd Ou_h fkdokakd f,i isàu o i;ßka o

8. wgjk ksrh i.a. kslaÅ;; iQ;%hg wkqj

87
 Y%oaOdj ke;slu - YS,h ke;slu
mjg ,ecacd ke;slu - mjg ìhke;slu hk i;ßka o

9. kj jk ksrh i.a. kslaÅ; iQ;%hg wkqj

Y%oaOdj ke;slu - iS,h ke;slu

lïue,slu m%{dj ke;slu hk i;ßka o hq;= jQ i;a;ajhka nyd

;nk ,oaoka fihska ksrfha Wm; ,nk nj m%ldY lr we;' ñksia f,dj
bmso isáhoS lrk ,o úúO wl=Y, lu_ ksid ksrfha Wm; ,nd wfkal
úO lgql ÿlafõokd ú`osk ksß i;=ka ila foú`ÿf.a ßhÿre ud;,S foõ
mq;= úiska ksñ rcqg fmkajd meyeos,s lr oS we;s wdldrh ksñ cd;lfhka
wkdjrKh fõ'

 ñksia f,dj isáhoS Ok-OdkH-rka-ßoS t`M neg`M .j uySI

iïm;a fidr is;ska .;a wh B;, f;daur wdosfha myr lEug
,lajk wldrh'

 t`Mjka-W!rka-.jhka urd ta i;=kf

a .a uia f.dvj,a úl=Kd
cSj;a jQ wh fn,af,ka w,a,d ne`o uia lmd uia f.dvj,a njg
m;aj isák ksßi;=ka jQ whqre

 i;a;ajhkaf.a w;a md lemSï wdoS oreKq jO - ysxid mSvdjkg

,lalr oreKq is;a fõokdj,gmeñKjQ wh ÿ`.`o yuk u< uq;%
msreKq ú,lg nei tajd wkqNj lrk ksßi;=ka ù we;s wdldrh'

 uj-mshd ry;a W;=uka urd uyd mõlï l< wh f,a ierj msß
ÿ`.`o yuk w;sYh wmsßisÿ ú,lska tajd mdkh lrk ksß i;=ka ù
we;s nj'

 fydr lsreï-ñKqï wdosh Ndú;d lrñka jxpkslj fj<`odï l<

wh fn,slgqfjka úosk ,o osj we;sj osfhka f.dv oeuQ uiqka
fuka .efyk ksßi;=ka ù we;s whqre'

88
  ñksia f,djoS ish iajdñhd w;yer mrmqreI fiajk fhÿKq
ldka;djka hum,a,ka úiska lemQ YÍr we;sj f,a ierj ;ejreKq
isreßka Nd.hla .skfa kka oefjk ia;%Ska ù we;s whqre'
 ñksia f,djoS mror fiajkh-fidrlu-hk wl=i, lu_ l< ksid
mdofhka w,a,d ysi hál=re fldg ksrfha nyd,k ksßi;=ka
ud;,S foõ mq;= úiska ksñ rcqg fmkajd we;'

ñ:Hd oDIaÀfhka hq;= jQjka o ksrfha ÿla ú`osk nj ksñ cd;lh

;=<ska wkdjrKh fõ'

wùÑ uy ksrfhys ieleiau ms<sn`oj uca¯su ksldfha nd,mKaä;

iQ;%fha nqÿmshdKka jykafia fufia meyeos,s lr we;' ˜uyfKks
ksrfhys fldka i;rla we;af;ah' fodrgq i;rla we;af;ah' fldgia
jYfhka fnok ,oafoah' hlv mjqrlska jglrk ,oafoah' tfiau hlv
mshklska jid we;' ìu hläka ;kd we;' yd;ami .skh s ïj osf,hs'
fuu ksrfhys úia;r yd ksrfha ÿl wjqreÿ ishhla oyila lshd jqjo
wjika l< fkdyelsh˜'

uca¯suksldh uca¯su mKKdilh ksrfha Wm; ,o ksß i;=ka

ú`osk jO ysxid ms<sn`|j o nd, mKaä; iQ;%fha fufia oelafõ' uyfKks
ksrh md,lfhda oE;g-fomhg <hg hk mia ;ekg r;ajQ hjq,a j,ska
weK mia wdldr jO nkaOk lr;s' bka wm%udK ÿllg m;ajqj;a l< mõ
wjika jk;qre l¨ßh fkdlr;s' ksrh md,fhda ksßi;d ìu ndjd
flfÜßj,ska iis;a md Wvql=re fldg jE j,ska iis;a .sksoe,a iys;
fmdf<dfõ weúoj;a .sks w`.=re mraj;hlg kxj;a niaij;a md Wvql=re
fldg f,dal=Uq ksrhg nyd,;a ksßi;d jrla Wv ths' jrla hg hhs' fï
ish`M o`vqjï ,enqK;a mdm lu_h wjika jk;=re fyf;u l`Mßh
fkdlrhs'

ksrfha Wmka i;a;ajhska j¾I fldaá m%fldaá .Kka ksrd ÿla ú`osk
nj uca¯su ksldfha foaj¥; iQ;%fha i`oyka fõ' wg uy ksrfha
Wmkafkl=g wg msßlr lkaola f.dv .id mska ÿkak;a bka w,am ud;%hla
j;a wkqfudaoka úh fkdyelsh' l< mõ f.jd wjika jk ;=re bka f.dv
taula ke;sh'

89
 l¾u /ialr bmoS ñhhk i;a;ajhka miqmi tk wl=i, lu_
úmdl oSu-i;r wmdoS ÿ.;shlg jeà lgql ÿla ú`osk ld,iSudj kej;
iq.;shg tk fya;=-iq.;sfhka ÿ.;shg kej; jefgk wdldrh i;H
jYfhka lsj yelafla ;:d.;hka jykafiag muKla nj uca¯su ksldfha
uyd luu úNx. iQ;%fhaoS nqÿysñ foaYkd lr we;'
iïuq;s urKhlg miq isÿjk mqk¾Njh ;sia tla ;,fhka
ljrl úh yels o@ wfma wjika pq;s is;g tk wruqK l=ula úh yels
o@ ljfrl=g kï lsj yelso@ ta ksid nqÿ Wm;la isÿjqkq ld,hl nqÿ
nK wefik udkhl laIK iïm;a;sh o iys;j ÿra,Nj ,nd.;a fï
W;=ï ñksi;anj fjk;a ;,hlg mjrd fkdu fokakg wm m%fõYï úh
hq;=h' ldh-jd.a ÿisßf;ys jy¨ka fkdù wNscacd ^oeä f,daNh&
jHdmdoh ^;ryj& fl%daOh ^oeä ;ryj& Wmkdyh ^noaO ffjrh&
ulaLh ^.=Kul= nj& biaid ^B¾IHdj& ujcßh ^uiqrenj& M,dih
^tlg tl lsÍu& udhdj ^;u ÿ¾.=K i`.jdf.k isàu& idfghH ^jxpdj&
tïNh ^oro`vqnj& idrïN ^;r`.h& udkh w;sudkh uoh- m%udoh wdoS
is; flf<ik ish¨ mdmOu_hkaf.ka is; ksoyia lrf.k is; ksjd
ikyd.kakg yelsjqjfyd;a ;%sfya;=l l=i,a wruqKla pq;s isf;ys ksñ;a;
ù hym;a Wm;la lrd fhduqùug yelsjkq we;'

nqÿ mshdKKa jykafia lu_h-mqk¾Njh-ixidßl meje;au jeks

.eUqre Ou_;djka .ek wkdjrKh l< lreKqj, i;H;djh .ek
fn!oaOhka jk wmg .eg`Mjla ke;' nqÿmshdKka jykafia ;u mQ¾j
ckauhka ms<sn`oj;a fndfyda Y%djl Y%dúldjkaf.a w;S; w;aNjhka
ms<sn`oj;a fy<sl, f;dr;=re cd;l fmd;a jykafia jeks lD;sj,ska
wkdjrKh fõ' wmodk md,sfha f:r f:Í wmodk ;=<ska Y%djl
Y%dúldjka jykaf,a,df.a Wodk jelsj,ska w;S; ckauj, ;;= yd wjika
foayOdÍj ,o úuqla;s iqjhla újrKh fõ'

j;auka f,dalfha fuu Ou_;d ms<sn`oj úÿ weiska lrk m¾fhaIK

ish,a,lsku
a nqÿysñ foiQ oyfuys .eUqre i;H;djh ;jÿrg;a
ikd:fjñka mj;S' iajlSh wd.ñka fï lreKq .ek idlÉPd lsÍu mjd
kS;sfhka ;ykï l< ñ:Hdjka hehs neyer l< ngysr rgj,a wo jeä
jeäfhka fï Ou_;d .ek lrk m¾fhaIKj, ksr; ù isá;s' iodld,sl
wd;auhka .ek úYajdi l< Tõyq wo lu_h mqk¾Njh ixidßl meje;au
úYajdi lr;s' tajd wjfndaO lr .ekSug Woafhda.u S ;a fj;s' fï
Woafhda.hg miq;, jQ lreKq lSmhls'
90
 1' cd;siaurK {dkh ,eî iajlSh fmr Nj f;dr;=re mjik
orejka f,dj fndfyda rgj,ska yuqùu'

2' f,dj fndfyda rgj,ska widudkdH olaI;d we;s orejka ms<sn`o

mqj;a wkdjrKh ùu'

3' fudayk ksødjlska miq iajlSh w;S; ckauj, ;;= fy<slrk

mqoa.,hka f,dj kka foiska yuqùu'

4' urKdikak w;aoelSï ,nd h<s cSj;aùfï Nd.Hh ,o

mqoa.,hka tu ;djld,sl urKfhaoS ,o w;aoelSï ms<sn`oj fy<s l<
f;dr;=re'

5' tlu mqoa.,hd úúO wd;au Ndjhka ,nk w;r tlu cSjk
lafIa;%fha ksr;ùu olakg ,eîu tu mQ¾j.dñhdf.a yd wkqm%dma;slhdf.a
cSjk f;dr;=re iudkùu'

6' lu_h yd mqk¾Njh o iu`. fcHd;sIh o ii`od b;sydifha

iqúfYaIS mqoa.,hkaf.a ckau m;% wkqj w;S; Njh yd mqk¾ckauh
wkdjrKh lsÍfï l%shd ms<sfj;a o wo isÿfjñka mej;Su'

yosis wk;=re fyda iajdNdúl úm;aj,g uqyK

q mEug isÿùu ksid
yosisfha ñh.sh l=vd orejka h<s Wm; ,o Njfha oS cd;siaurK {dkh
,eî iajlSh fmr wd;au .ek m%ldY lr we;' Y%S ,xldj-bkaoshdj-
nx.a,dfoaYh-weußld tlai;a ckmoh-tlai;a rdcOdksh-;=¾lsh-
reishdj wdoS rgj,a /il orejka ish fmr wd;au f;dr;=re m%ldY lr
we;' ngysr rgj,a fujeks orejka .ek l< m¾fhaIK /ilska
mqk¾Nj ixl,amh ikd: ù we;'

weußldfõ j¾cskh s d úYaj úoHd,fha mqk¾Nj m¾fhaIK wxYhg

Y%S ,xldj o we;=<;a lr jir y;,syla muK blau f.dia we;' Y%S
,xldfõ mqk¾Nj mqj;a 350 la muK tys f,aLk.; lr we;' ta w;ßka
Y%S ,xldfõ fmr Njh fy<s l< orejkaf.a fkdúiÿKq mqk¾Nj isÿùï
200 la muK olakg we;s nj;a ^fmr Njfha mjq,a-{d;s ñ;%doSka fiùu-
wmyiq jQ wjia:d& ;siai chj¾Ok uy;d mjihs'
91
 uydpd¾h bhka iaàjkaika fyafïkaø nek¾cS fï fmrNj ms<sn`o
m¾fhaIK l< m¾fhaIlhska w;r fj;s' tu fom< bkaoshdfõ l<
m¾fhaIKhlg wkqj kjos,a,sfha ;Ügq ksjdihl Wm; ,o ßkd
.=ma;dkï oeßhla jhi wjqreÿ 2 isgu ;u fmrNj f;dr;=re fy<slr
we;' wehg iajdñmqreIfhla isá nj-Tyq b;d kmqre nj-Tyq ;udf.a
f., is`o urd oeuQ nj-weh fy<s lr we;' Y%S ,xldfõ fld;auf,a
Wm; ,o {dk;s,ld oeßh o bkaoshdfõ Ydka;sfoaú oeßh o fy,sl<
fmrNj f;dr;=re i;H njg m¾fhaIK f;dr;=re u`.ska ikd: ù we;'

1951 j¾Ifha ;=¾lsfha Wm; ,o orejl= o fmrNj f;dr;=re

fy<sl< wh w;r fjhs' fmr Njfha ku orejka mosxÑj isá .ï
m%foaYh urKh isÿjQ wdldrh msys weKqulska ;u urKh isÿl<
mqoa.,hdf.a ku mjd Tyq b;d meyeos,sj fy<slr we;' fmr Njfha
.ug f.dia {d;Ska mjd y`ÿkdf.k fmrNjfha ìß`of.a mdohl by<
fldgfia le<,la ;sfnk nj mejiSu m%n, idlaIshla ù we;'

tx.,ka;fha fkdÑkayeïIh¾ m%foaYfha Wm; ,enQ fckS

fldfl,a o jhi wjqreÿ 4 isgu fmr Njfha u;l w;r /`oS isá
;eke;a;shls' wh¾,ka;fha ÿ.S md,l mdkams<siaiQ wdldrh-fndr¨
udj;la Tiafia m,a,shg .sh whqre wef.a u;l w;r úh' jeäúh
m;aù újdy ù orejka fofokl= ,enQ miqj;a wehg fmr Njfha
u;lfhka bj;aùug fkdyelsù we;' weh fmr Njfha cSj;a jQ
wh¾,ka;fha ue,yhsâ .ïudkfha foajia:dkfhys weh mjik wdldrfha
ldka;djla ms<sn`oj f,aLk .;j we;s nj fidhdf.k fmr Njfha
orejka yuqùug f.dia we;' tajk úg wehg isá orejka wgfokdf.ka
i;r fofkl= urKhg m;aù we;' b;sß who wjqreÿ 80-90 jhia
uÜgïj, miqjQy' orejka b;d l=vd úfha isáhoS ñhhdug isÿùu
ms<sn`oj weh ;=< úYd, ÿlla ;snQ nj;a" kej; orejka yuqjQ miq úYd,
wiajeis,a,la ,enqKq nj;a fckS fldfld,a m%ldY lr we;'

we,ialdfõ isÿl< mqk¾Nj mÍlaIKhlska f,a,shf.a l=iska

kej; Wm;a uduKaähl .ek mqjla uydpd¾h bhka iaàjkaika l<
m¾fhaIKhlska fy<sù we;s w;r th we,ialdfõ mqk¾Nj isÿùï
we;=<;a jd¾;djlg we;=,;a lr ;sfnk nj ;siai chj¾Ok uy;d
m%ldY lr we;'
92
 1988 - 1989 Y%S ,xldfõ meje;s NSIK iufha oS rdcH úfrdaë
;%ia; lKavdhulg iïnkaO ù isg fjä jeoS ñh.sh ;reKshla o ;u
fmr Nj f;dr;=re fy<slr we;' fmr Njfha uõmshka wehg wdorh
fkdl< ksid fyd`o wïsud flfkl= fidhñka os.l
= ,a Njfha re`oS n,disá
nj m%ldY lr we;' fmr Njfha urKh isÿjq wdldrh j;auka Njfha
uõ.en ;=< .;l< ld,h wdosh ms<sn`oj weh ksjeros ;;= fy<slr
we;'

2003 jif¾ oS Y%S ,xldfõ wúiaidfõ,af,aoS Wm; ,o oeßhla o

wef.a fmrNj f;dr;=re b;d iúia;rj meyeos,sj wkdjrKh lr we;'
fmrNjfha Wm; ,o .ï m%foaYh ieñhd ¥ orejka {d;Ska wi,ajeishka
wdoSkf
a .a kï .ï o weh fy<slr we;' wxc,S kñka ye`oskf a jk fuu
oeßh fmr Njfha oS wef.a urKh isÿjQ wdldrh o meyeos,s lr we;'
ieñhd iu`. fudag¾ r:hlska .uka lrñka isghsoS fjäjeoSulska miq
weô,smash frday<g we;=<;aa lsÍfuka miqj ñh.sh njo ieñhd
fjäjeÿKq ia:dkfhaoSu ñh.sh nj;a m%ldYlr we;' urKfhka miq h<s
Wm; ,nk wjia:dj olajd isÿùï o iúia;rj weh bosßm;a lr we;'

2004 jif¾ le<Ksfha Wm; ,o Y%S ,xldfõ ;j;a oeßhla

wehf.a fmr Nj f;dr;=re jhi wjqreÿ ;=fka isgu fy<slr we;' fmr
Njfha ksji {d;Skf a .a kï fy<slr we;' mdi,a YsIHdjlj isáhoS
yosiaisfha ñh.sh nj is;sh yel'

2001 jif¾ iema;eïn¾ 11 od weußldfõ ksõfhda¾la kqjr f,dal

fj<`o uOHia:dkhg t,a, jQ ;%ia; m%ydrfhoS ñh.sh .sks ksjk Nghl=
f;dauia kñka weußldfõ h<s Wm; ,nd fmrNjh fy<sl< wjia:djla
.ek i`oyka fõ' Tyq fmr Nj f;dr;=re lSu wdrïN lr we;af;a jhi
wjqreÿ y;f¾ isgh' f,dal fj<`o uOHia:dkfha PdhdrEmhla i`.rdjl
m< ù ;sfnkq oel tfoi n,df.k krl ñksiaiq fï f.dvke.s,s msÉpqjd
hhs m%ldY lr we;' .sks ksjk r:hla keröug f.k .sh wjia:dfõoS
Tyq tu r:h u;g ke. tys ;snQ ish`M WmlrK l%shdlrjd we;af;a
fndfyda m<mqreÿ wfhl= f,ihs' tys isák ks,Odßka o uú;hg m;a
lrñks'

93
 fmr Nj f;dr;=re fy<s l< orejka w;r bl=;a Njfha meúos
cSú; .; l< who isá;s' ñhkaudrh-;dhs,ka;h-Y%S ,xldj jeks
rgj,ska fujeks orejka yuqù we;' ta wh w;r kej; meúos cSú;hg
we;=<;a jQjka ÿ¾,N nj;a ;dhs,ka;fha yd ñhkaudrfha tjeks idOl
lsyms hlau olakg ,efnk nj ;siai chj¾Ok uy;d m%ldY lrhs' fmr
Njfha NslaIq cSú; .;l< mqk¾Nj idOl ms<sn`o m¾fhaIK hkqfjka
tu idOl m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj,go we;=<;a lr ;sfí' msß;a iQ;%
ica®dhkh-.d:d .dhkh nyf;dark úfha isgu olaI f,i isÿlsÍu"
meúosùug wjYH nj b;d l=vd wjosfha isgu foudmshka g okajd isàu'
lsisu WmfoaYhlska f;drj ksjerosj isjqre fmdrjd .ekSfï yelshdj
;sîu wdoS fmdÿ iudklï fï orejka w;r ;sî we;'

fï wh w;ßka b;d meyeos,sj fmr Nj ;;= fy<sl< orejka

fofofkls' tla wfhl= 1987 wf.daia;= udifha oS fydrK -
flfi,afyakdj m%foaYfha oS Wm; ,o rejka ;rx. orejdh' uykqjr
;=kf
a okssfha oS 1984 cqks 16 od Wm;,o ÿñkao wfkla orejdh'

 b;d blaukska ny f;aruS '

 msß;a yd .d:d .dhkh olaI f,i lsÍu'
 mqyKq qjlska Wmfoilska f;drj ksjerosj isjqre fmdrjd
.ekSfï yelshdj ;sîu'
 isjqre fmdrjk wdldrhg froaola fmdrjdf.k isàu'
 u,a fk,df.k ú;a nqÿka je`oSu'
 fmr Njfha meúosj isá úydria:dk .ek f;dr;=re fy<s
lsÍu'
 ys`o.kakd úg Ndjkd bßhõfjka ys`o.ekSu'
 b;d Ydka; ikaiqka njlska yeisÍu'

fï orejka fofokdu fj;ska olakg ,enqKq fmdÿ iudklï f,i

ie,fla' fï w;r rejka ;rx. fj;ska olakg ,enqKq ;j;a iqúfYaI;d
lsysmhla .ek {d;Ska .=rejreka fj;ska oek.; yelsúh'

 b;d l=vd úfha isgu meúoSug wjYH nj oekaùu'

 rd;%shg wdydr .ekSfuka je<lSu'

94
  ks¾udxYj isàu' uia ud`M wkqNjfhka j<lsk f,i
uõmshkag wjjdo lsÍu'
 fmr mdi,a hk úg o jgdm;la f,i fo,a fld<hla yd
lymdg fros lene,a,la f.k f.dia nK lSu'

fmr mdi, fod`Uf.dv iS,r;k úoHd,h-b`ÿr fndaêh wdoS

ia:dkj, fndfyda msßia ueo Ou_ foaYkd mj;ajd we;af;a meúosùug o
fmr b;d l=vd úfhaoS h' iS,r;k úÿyf,a oyï i;sfha oS Ou_
foaYkhla meje;aùug werhqï l< úg Wvqúhka mdjdv iys;j fyaúis
jdok ueo jvïuk f,i okajd we;' mdif,a ;+¾h jdol msßfia
orejka fyaúis kdo lrk úg nKg jvïuk úg fyaúis kdo lrkafka
Tfydu fkdfõ Ouu lÓl nKg jã-Ouu lÓl nKg jã f,i
jdokh lrkakehs okajd we;' mdi,a ks, we`ÿñka u ly fros lvla
Wrysi r`ojd f.k oyï i;sfha toskg wod< ud;Dldjg wod< f,i b;d
olaIj oyï foiQ nj tod tu mdif,a fiajh l< úY%du ,enQ
úoqy,am;skh
s l f.ka oek.kakg ,enqKs' fmr Njfha mdÿlal m%foaYfha
msgqïfma mkaif,a meúos cSú;hla .;l< nj mejiQ rejkag fmr Njfha
jev isá úydria:dkhg hEug o wjia:dj ,enqKs' Tyq m%ldY l<
fmrNj f;dr;=re tu úydria:dkfha jev isá msgqïfma m[a[dfialr
ysñhkaf.a f;dr;=re yd ieif`ok nj m¾fhaIlhskf a .a u;h ù we;'
1996 wf.daia;= udifhaoS rhs.u m;yj;a; úydria:dkfhaoS
flfi,afyakdfõ Ouu;s,l kñka fï Njfha o meúos cSú;hg we;=<;aj
we;' W.;a Ou_Or nyqYe% ; b;d iqis,aj;a ysñ kula f,i Ouu ;s,l
ysñ Ydiksl lghq;=j, fhfok nj ta iajdóka jykafiaf.a
{d;sjßhlf.ka oek.kakg ,enqKs'

wfkla orejd jQ ÿñkao ;=<ska o iqúfYaI ,laIK lsym s hlau oel

.kakg ,enqKs' fmr i`oyka l< úfYaI ,laIKj,g wu;rj Tyq fmr
Njfha f,dl= yduqÿrejka nj m%ldY lsÍu u,aj;= úydrfha f;dr;=re lSu
ks;r mkai,a hkakg foudmshkag lSu - wia.ß s h úydrhg hkakg
wjYH nj lSu' Wfoa iji nqÿka je`oSu' l=vd lDñfhl=g fyda flfkl=
ysßyer lrk ÿgqúg th fkdbjiSu' b;d Ydka;j ksy`vj isàug
W;aidy lsÍu' wikSm ù frday,a .;jQ wjia:d fõ wmj;ajQ nj mejiSu'
ÿuskoa fj;ska m%lg jQ úfYaI;d fjhs' fï orejd ms<sn`oj l< fmr Nj
m¾fhaIKfhaoS ÿñkao fy<sl< f;dr;=re j,g ieif`ok fmr Njfha
NslaIQka jykafia wia.sß md¾Yjfha .=kk a Emdfka kdysñhka f,i
95
y`ÿkdf.k we;' fuu m¾fhaIKhg meñKs úfoaYh S mqk¾Nj
mrfhaIlfhl= jQ uydpd¾h yer,aâika iu`. ÿñkao fmr isá uykqjr
wia.sßfha úydria:dkhg hdug o Tyqg wjia:dj ,eî we;' tysoS Tyq
fmr Njh .ek fy<sl< f;dr;=re y`ÿkd.ekSï u`.ska ikd: ù we;'
î'î'iS' wdh;kfha ksIamdokhla jk mqk¾Nj m¾fhaIK Ñ;%mghlg o
fuu orejdf.a fmrNj isÿùu we;=<;a lr ;sfí'

2006 jif¾ iema;eïn¾ 9 jkod l<s`ÿ kñka Wm; ,o orefjl=

o fmr Njfha ;;= fy<slr we;' ;uka fmr Njfha oeos.u m%foaYfha
úydria:dkhl meúosj isáhoS osfha jeà ñh.sh nj Tyq fy<sl<
f;dr;=rej,ska m%ldY ù we;' wg uia úfhaoS ny f;aÍu l< l<s`ÿg
jir tlyudr muK jkúg msß;a - .d:d olaI f,i .dhkd l<
yelsj ;snqKs' fmr Njfha úydria:dkh yd uõmshka fidhdhEug
l<s`ÿg wjia:dj ,eî we;' Tyq lS f;dr;=re wkqj oeos.u mqrdK
úydrfha meúos ù isá m,af,a..u iqukisß fmdä yduqÿrejkaf.a cSjk
f;dr;=re yd ieif`ok nj oeos.u mqrdK úydrfha úydrdêm;s
ueKslalvjr iqukfca;s kdysñhka o fmr Njfha uj o ms<sf.k we;'

widudkH yelshdj we;s orejka ms<sn| j¾;d o mqk¾Nj

úYajdih ;yjqre lrk m%n, idlaIshla ù we;' fï orejkaf.a widudkH
olaI;d iir .; l< fndfyda wd;auNjhkaf.a w;aoelSï ;=<ska ,o nj
meyeos,sh' f,dj m%uqL fmf<a Ok l=fõrfhl= jQ fykaß fmdaâ mjikafka
˜kqjK foúhka jykafiaf.a ;Hd.hla f,io we;euqka mejiqj;a th
wd;au .Kkla cSj;aùfuka ,o we;aoelSï f,i ie,lSu jvd WÑ;
njhs˜' fldkamshqia-fydau¾-maf,afgda nqoOf>daI ysñ jeks nqoêuh
oejeka;hska fYalaiamsh¾ îf;dajka jeks wdYap¾hu;a ks¾udKlrejka
meial,a r*dh,a jeks <ud nqoêu;=ka flfiaj;a tla cSú;hl ks¾udKhka
fkdfõ' ˜wm cSj;ajk iEu ksfïIhlau wfma pß;h ks¾udKh lrk
fudfyd;la jk w;r th wm pß;h ksr;=reju w`M;ajeähd lrhs'
tfyhska j;auka pß;h wkka; w;S; wd;auhkays tl;= lr.;a úmdl
f,i meyeos,s lr.ekSu fhfyls˜'
l=v.ïuk iS,r;k ysñ

 l%s'j' 1712 oS ¨fnlaj,oS Wm; ,o l%siaáhka fyhsklkag Wm;ska

meh lsym s hlg miq l:d l< yelsù we;' Wm;ska m<uq jif¾ oS
u nhsn,fhys fPao lsym s hla lgmdvñka lsj yelúh' Wm;ska
96
 fojk jif¾oS N+f.da, úoHd úIhfhka wik ´kEu m%Yk
a hlg
ms<s;=re oSug;a f;jk jif¾oS m%xY-,;ska NdIdj,ska
l:dlsÍug;a yelsjQ nj i`oyka fõ' jhi wjqreÿ y;f¾oS
o¾Ykh yodrk YsIHfhl= ùug;a yelsù we;'

 weußldfõ wisßu;a orejd f,I y`ÿkajk ú,shï fcdaka iSâia

jir foflaoS lshùfï yd ,sùfï yelshdfjka hqla; jQfjls' jir
wfÜoS m%xY-c¾uka-reishka-bx.%Sis NdId ,sùfï yelshd jo ,;ska
.%Sla NdId ;rula ÿrg yqrelr.kakg;a yelsù we;'bjhi
wjqreÿ tfld<fyaoS uydpd¾hjreka msßilf.a iïfï,khla
wu;d úoHdj ms<sn`o foaYkhla meje;aùug;a yels ù we;'

 lekvdfõ Wm; ,o ú,shï .fvd¾ keue;s 15 yeúßos mdi,a

YsIHfhl= udhdjrekaf.a YsIagdpdrfha bmerKs k.rhl kgnqka
fmr Njfha u;lh weiqfrka fidhd oS we;' mqrdúoHd{hkg
mjd fidhd.ekSug fkdyels jQ fuu bmerKs k.rh yd mqoìu
fidhd.ekSu ksid Tyq fj; uq`M f,dfjys u wjOdkh fhduq ù
we;' l=vd l< isgu udhd YsIagdpdrh .ek Wkkaÿj oelajQ
.fvd¾ lshqfnla k.rfha ;u mdif,ka udhd YsIagdpdrh .ek
wOHhkh lr we;' bkamiq ksjfia isg .=.,a w¾;a Tiafia iajhx
wOHhkhl fhoS oekqu tla /ia lr f.k ta wkqj msróv yd
iqúfYaIS f.dvke.s,s ;syla muK ;snQ tu bmerKs k.rh
fidhdf.k we;' ;u fidhd.ekSu ms<sn`oj ish wdpd¾hjrekag
mjid we;' tfy;a Tyq mejiQ foh ms<s.ekSug uq,oS lsisfjl=
leue;s ù ke;' tfy;a miqj isÿl< .fõIKhlg wkqj tu
orejd mejiQ foh i;H nj ikd: lrf.k we;'
mqrdúoHd{hka o iu`. tu ia:dkh fj; .sh .fvd¾ ;j;a
lreKq /ila wkdjrKH lr we;' fï úiañ; fidhd .ekSu
ms<sn`oj fndfyda meiiqï Tyqg ,enqKs'

 1987 oS reishdfõ irkaia m%foaYfha Wm; ,o kgdId fvdñksld

oeßh mshú weiska ñksia isrer úksúo oelSfï iqúfYaIS
yelshdjla ;snQ oeßhls' m%:ufhka oi yeúrsos úfhaoS uj iu`.
isáhoS ujf.a jl=.vq-fmky`M-yoj; wdoS wNHka;r bkaøshka
y`ÿkdf.k we;' úúO frda.j,ska fmf<k wh ;u frda.

97
 y`ÿkd.ekSug bkamiq weh fj; meñK we;' kgdIdf.a yelshdj
úYajdi fkdl< m%dfoaYSh ffjoHjre weh mÍlaId lsÍu msKsi
úúO frda.dndOj,ska mSvd ú`osk <uqka mÍlaId lsÍug i<id we;'
tysoS tu orejkaf.a frda. ksjerosj úksYp a h lsÍug wehg
yelsù we;' ms<sld frda.f s hl= f,i ffjoHjrekaf.a jeros
úksYp a hlg ,laj isá frda.f s hl=f.a frda. ;;a;ajh ms<sldjla
fkdj wysxil wkjYH j¾Okhla muKla nj tysoS weh
y`ÿkdf.k we;' wjidkfha oS kej; jrla tu frda.h s d mÍlaId
l< ffjoHjre kgdIdf.a frda. úksYp a h ksjeros nj ms<sf.k
we;' f,dj fndfyda rgj,ska úúO mÍlaIKj,g fmkS iáSug
kgdIdg isÿúh' cmdkfha fgdalsfhda kqjr uydpd¾hjre
lsyms fofkl= hgf;a l< mÍlaIKhl oS yd ì%;dkH wdoS
ia:dkj, l< mÍlaIK j,oS wef.a olaI;dj f,dj mqrd m%p,s;
úh'

 2017 uehs ui n%iS,fha bmÿKq oeßhla bmoS ñks;a;= lsym s hla

we;=<; fyoshlf.a wdOdrfhka mshjr lsym s hla boßhg
weúof.dia we;' w`M; Wmka ì<s`osh m%:u jrg keùug fyosh
ierfioaoS fyoshf.a wf;a t,a,S mshjr lsym
s hla bosßhg weúo
hk wldrh weiska ÿgq wfhl= th má.; fldg uqyK q qfmd;
iudc cd,hg uqod yeÍu ksid" uq`M f,djgu tu o¾Ykh
oel.ekSug yelsù we;'

 reishdfõ fkdar,s aia m%foaYfha Wm; ,o orefjl= bmoS iq`M

fudfyd;lska l:d lsÍug iu;a ù we;' iafgmdka kñka
ye`oskf
a jk tu orejd mmd hk jok uq,sku a l:d lr we;' bka
úkdä lsym s hlg miqj uud hk jok o mjid we;' Bg miq osk
Tyqf.a mshd Tjqka ne,Sug meñfKkq we;s nj orejdf.a uõ
mejiQ úg ljqo mmd o hkqfjka úuid we;' orejd ìyslsÍfï
lghq;= Ndrj l%shd l< fyosh mjid we;af;a fï orejd l:d
lrk y`v ug uf.a lka folsku a wikak ,enqKd' fï jf.a
fofhla uf.a jir 23 l fiajd ld,h ;=< lsisoskl olskk
a ,eî
keye hkakh'

 ì%;dkHfha fcdk;ka fl%daca o fujeks widudkH olaI;d ;snQ

orefjls' Tyqg i;auia yeúßos úfhaoS weúoSug yd l:d lsÍug
98
 yelshdj ,eî we;' Tyqf.a jhi wjreÿ tl msfroaoS ujf.a
,emafgdma mß.Klh mßyrKh lsÍug o ÿria; md,lh u`.ska
rEmjdyskS kd,sld fjkia lsÍfï yelshdj o ;snqKs' Tyq b;d
olaI orefjl= nj;a b;d blauKska yeufoau bf.k .kakd nj;a
Tyqf.a uõmshka mjid we;'

 l%s'j' 1887 - 1910 olajd bkaoshdfõ l,algdfõ cSj;a jQ isßksjdia

rdukqcka b;d os<sÿ mjq,l Wm; ,o flfkls' úêu;a
wOHdmkhla fkd,o Tyq fï Njfha .Ks;h W.;a flfkl= o
fkdfõ' tfy;a Y=oaO .Ks;h-.Ks; úYaf,aIKh wdoS .Ks;
lafIa;%fha w`M;a fidhd.ekSï /ila isÿlr we;' flaïì%ca
iriúfha .Ks; uydpd¾h cS'tÉ' ydä uy;d ì%;dkHfha flaïì%ca
iriúhg Tyq f.kajd Tyqf.a fidhd.ekSïj,g m%isoaêhla ,nd oS
we;' Tyqf.a cSú; ld,h jir 23 la jeks b;d flá tlls'
 c¾uksfha Wm; ,o ld,a fm%âßla .jqia o l=vd úfha isgu
widudkH .Ks; yelshdjla ;snQ orefjls' Tyq ;=ka yeúßos úh
imsfrkakg;a fmr mshd úi`oñka isá .Ks; .eg`Mjl jeros ;eka
fmkajd oSug iu;a ù we;' jhi my jkjú Tyqg .Ks; úIh
ms<sn`o iqúfYaI yelshdjka ,eî ;snqKs' miq ld,fha oS w;s fY%aIaG
.Ks;{fhl= ùug Tyqg yelsúh'

 1719 oS m%xYfha bmÿKq cSka ¨úia o widudkH olaI;d oelajQ

wfhls' Wm;ska udi ;=klg miq m%xY fydaäh Yío lsÍug iu;a
ù we;' jhi ;=fkaoS ,;ska NdIdj lsheùug iu;a ù we;'
jhi y;f¾ oS ,;ska fyda m%xY niska ,shjqKq ,smshla m%xY fyda
bx.%Sis fyda NdIdjkg mßj;_kh lsÍug yelshdj ,nd we;'

 lsshqndfõ Wm; m,o fcaia lein,kald kï lshqndkq orejdg

fpia l%Svdfõ oS ´kEu m<mqreÿ fjia l%Svlfhl= mrdch lsÍfï
yelshdj jhi wjqreÿ y;f¾oS ;snqKq nj i`oyka fõ' miqj
f,dal fpia Y=rhl= jQ Tyq 1942 oS ureuqjg m;a ù we;'

 ñka jir .Kklg by; oS Y%S ,xldfõ uykqjr m%foaYfha cSj;a

jQ msß;a iQ;% foaYkd lgmdvñka lshk orejl= .ek jd¾;d úh'
Tyq fu cSú;fha lsis osfkl tu iQ;% foaYkd lgmdvï lr ke;'

99
  weußld tlai;a ckmofha f,dia wekac,Ska ys Wm; ,o f¾ukaâ
ih yeúßos úfhaoS mshdfkda jdokh .ek úYsIag olaI;d oelajQ
orefjls' lsisosfkl mshdfkda jdokfhys fkdfhÿKq ta ms<sn`oj
yodrd ke;s Tyq wyUq f,i ish we`.s,s mshdfkdfõ ;;a u;
yiqrejñka úYsIag ix.S; rdjhla kexùu uõmshkaf.a úYauhg
fya;= ù we;' th 1915 oS ñh.sh mshdfkdajdokfha lS¾;shla ord
isá *eÜia fjd,¾f.a jdok ffY,shg iujQjla nj Tyqf.a mshd
m%ldY lr we;' fï ms<sn`oj mrfhaIK h l< m¾fhaIlfhl=
mjid we;af;a l=vd orejka olajk fujeks widudkH olaI;d
mQ¾j ckauhloS j¾Okh lr.;a l=i,;djka úh yels njhs'

 fcdaka igqj¾Ü ñ,a g jhi ;=fkaoS .%Sla ni lshjkakg yelsù

we;'

 uefldf,ag jhi wjqreÿ yfhaoS f,dal b;sydih ,sùfï yelshdj

;snqKs'

 ;re ordjd kñka ye`oskja qKq reishdfõ fndßia;d kï orejd o

l=vd l, isg u iqúfYaIS yelshd oelajQ orefjls' ;ud w`.yre
f,dj isg meñKs nj Tyq m%ldY lr we;'

fudayk m%;s.uk l%shdj,sh ;=<ska mÿa.,hkaf.a mQj_ ckau

ms<sn`oj lrk .fõIKh o mqk¾Njh ;yjqre lrk m%n, idOlhla ù
we;' fuu m¾fhaIK l%uh u`.ska fmr-Nj f;dr;=re wkdjrKh
lr.ekSfï wjia:d folls'

1. fudayk úoHd m¾fhaIlhka úiska lsishï mqoa.,fhl= fudayk

ksødjg m;alr tu ;eke;a;df.a mQj_ ckau f;dr;=re fy<slr
.ekSu'

2. wNs{d,dNsfhl= iajhx fudaykhg m;aù wka whf.a w;S;

wd;auNdj .ek lshùu'

100
 ñka m<uq j._hg wh;a m¾fhaIKhla f,i n%hsfâu¾ms ms<sn`o
m¾fhaIKh i`oyka l< yel' th w;sYh ckm%sh jQ fndfyda u;jdoj,g
;=vqÿka m¾fhaIKhls' n%hsfâ u¾ms l%s' j¾I 1864 j¾Ifha oS weußldfõ
úia fldkaiska k.rfha oS weußlka cd;sl fudaß fnÍkaiaghska keue;s
fudayk ksød m¾fhaIlhl=úiska weh fudayk ksødjg m;a lr wehf.a
w;S; Njh ms<sn`o f;dr;=re .fõIKh lr we;' fmr Njh;a re;a
iSukaia kñka jQ j;auka Njh;a w;r jQ wjqreÿ 59 l ld,h ishqï
YÍrhlska ießirñka isá nj weh .fõIlhd yd ;ud w;r jQ
idlÉPdfõoS meyeos,s lr we;'

mqk¾Njh ms<sn`o m¾fhaIK mj;ajk ngysr mrfhafIlfhda

fudayk ksødj Ndú;d lßSu wo nyq, f,i isÿ lr;s' fudayk m%;s.uk
l%shdj,sfhka w;S; cSú; wjia:dj, u;lh biau;= lr j;auka cSú;fha
frda.S ;;a;ajhkag mdol ù we;s tu w;S; isÿjSï ^lu_dkqrEm
l%shdldrlñ&y`ÿkdf.k ta wkqj m%;sldr lsßf S ï fmr wd;au m%;sldr
l%uh ngysr rgj, oekg fndfyda m%p,s; ù ;sfí' oyia ixLHd;
frda.kS a fuu l%ufhka iqjh ,nd we;s nj o mejfia' ms<sld-ifï frda.-
ykaosm;a reodj-oshjeähdj ,sx.sl ÿn,;d wxYNd.h wdoS frda. fï
l%ufhka iïmQ¾Kfhka iqjh ,enQ frda. f,i ye`oskf a õ'

fudayk ksødfõoS w;S; ckauj, isÿl< jeros wkdjrKh lr.;a

miq ta ms<sn`o u;lh ;jÿrg;a n,fkdmdk wdldrhg uki msßisÿ lr
.ekSug;a jeros ksjeros lr .ekSug;a wjia:dj ,eîfuka frda. iqjm;a
fõ'

úisjk ishjfia f,dj úYsIag;u osjeis jrfhl= jQ tâ.d¾flais

fy<sorõ lrkq ,enqfõ o óg fnfyúka iudk m%;sldr l%uhls' flais
lrkq ,enqfõ ;udu iajhx fudaykhg m;aù ;uka fj; m%;sldr ,eîug
meñKs frda.k
S f
a .a cSú; lsheùï u`.ska m%;sldr lsÍfï l%uhhs'

tâ.d¾flais
l%s'j' 1877 - 1945 w;r ld,fha cSj;aúh' weußld tlai;a
ckmofha flkaglS m%dka;fha fydmasialski
a aú,a m%foaYfha f.dúfmd<l
f.dú orefjl= f,i Wm; ,eîh' Tyq <udúfha isgu oeä ls;=Kq
ne;suf;l= úh' úêu;a wOHdmkh ,enqfõ mdif,a kjjk fY%aKsh olajd
muKs'
101
 iajhx fudaykh u`.ska Tyq m%:ufhka ;udg je<`ÿKq frda.S
wjia:d follg m%;sldr lrf.k we;'

 mdif,a l%Svdmsáfha oS fld`ÿ weg fmf<a uq,g mkaÿjla je`oSfuka

we;sjQ iaakdhq wdndOhla iqjm;a lr .;af;a fudaykhg m;aù l<
hq;= m%;sldr fy<s lsÍfuks'

 jhi wjqreÿ 23 oS l:k wndOhlg ,laù jirl muK ld,hla

lsisjla lr lshd .; fkdyels ;;a;ajhl miqúh' ˜ f,aka ˜
keue;s ys;j;a wi,ajeisfhl=f.a fhdackd lsÍu ksid fudaykhg
m;aù frda.fha iajNdjh y`ÿkdf.k l<hq;= m%;sldr meyeos,s
lßSfuka miq tu m%;sldr ,nd iqjm;a úh'

bkamiq Tyqf.a yelshdj ck;dj iqjm;a lsÍu i`oyd fhdod.kakd

,oS' fidamdjl je;sÍ fofk; mshdf.k oE; Worh u; ;ndf.k iajhx
ksødjlg m;ajQ miq ´kEu m%Yk a hlg ms<s;=re oSug Tyqg yelsúh' f,dj
´kEu ;ekl isák mqoa.,fhl=g ku - Wmkaoskh isák ia:dkh okajd
ta mqoa.,hd fjkqfjka lsheùula ,nd.; yelsúh' ÿrl:kfhka
weue;Sfuka o úia;r ,nd.; yelsúh' tjeks wjia:dj, fhdaclfhl=
u`.ska .eg¨j bosßm;a l< hq;= úh' Tyq l:d lrkafkg oek isáfha
bx.%Sis NdIdj muKla jqjo fudayk ksødfõoS úfoia NdId .Kkdjlska
l:d lf<ah'

iajhx fudaykhg m;aù wkdjrKh l< cSú; lsheùï 1500 la

muK wvx.= lr cskd i¾ñkdrd kï f,aÅldj iïmdokh l< MANY
MANIS ON lD;sh lkaks uyr iqux., kdysñ úiska ixidr ukaosr kñka
isxy, nig mßj¾;kh lr we;' l%s'j' 1931 oS msyg s qjk ,o flaisf.a
mqoa.,hkaf.a fi!LH .eg¨ yd w;S; ckauhka iïnkaOfhka lrkq ,enQ
lsheùï wOHhkh lsrf S ï ^A.R.E.& wdh;kh ;=< lsheùï 25000 la
wdrlaId lßSug lghq;= i,id ;snqKs' wog;a tys lsheùï 14 306 la
muK iqrlaIs;j mj;sk nj i`oyka fõ'

flais fy<slr.;a lreKq wkqj mÿa.,hd bmfoñka uefrñka-

kej; bmfoñka rgdjlg .uka lrhs' fï ;;a;ajh we;s lrkq ,nkafka
lu_h úisk's Tyq ;u w;S; wd;auNdjhka ms<sn`o j o ls'j' 2100 oS
102
weñldfõ fknqialdysoS ;udf.a kej; bmoSu isÿjk njo m%ldY lr
we;'

 BcSma;= YsIagdpdr iufha mdrdfjda rc oji Tyq tys isá m%Odk

mQcljfrhls' tu wd;aufha Tyq mqreÿ mqyK q q l< wêudkisl
Yla;sh Tyqf.a iajhx fudayk yelshdfõ uQ, îch úh'

 bkamiqj meje;s m¾ishka YsIagdpdr iufha Tyq ffjoHjrfhls'

frda. úksYp
a h lsÍfï yd iqjm;a lsÍfï yelshdj ,enqfKa tu
w;aNjfha ,enQ w;aoelSï weiqfrks'

fudayk ksødfõoS flais ;=< ;snQ ffjoH úoHdj ms<sn`o .eUqre

oekqu ñksiqka úiauhg m;alrk iq`M úh' iakdhq moaO;sh .ek Tyq ;=<
;snQ úfYaI{ oekqu tu úIhh ms<sn`o uydpd¾hjreka mjd mrojk iq`M
úh' idudkH cSú;fha§ iakdhq-Y,H l¾u-T!IO .ek lsis;a fkdokakd
;eke;a;l= jQ flaisg fudayk ksødfõ§ tu lafIa;%hg iïnkaO
uydpd¾hjreka mrojk iq¿ oekqula ;sîu úiauhckl nj fydmalsiaka
frdayf,a ffjoHjrfhl= jQ fjia,s fljï mjid we;'

flaisf.a cSú;fhka jir 40 lg;a wêl ld,hla f,djmqrd oi

oyia ixLHd; ñksiqkg frda. ks¾Kh-w;S; Njh-wkd.; isÿùï hk
úúO lafIa;% Tiafia Tjqkf a .a cSú; lsheùï yd ldhsl lsheùï
,ndÿkafkah' tu lsheùï j,ska jeä fldgila hym;a fi!LHla mj;ajd
.ekSu iy frda.j,g m%;sldr lsÍug wod< úh' Tyq ;u lsheùï u`.ska
frda.k
S g
a T!IO yd m%;sldr kshu lrk ,oS' frda.j,g T!IO jYfhka
jeämqr kshu lrkq ,enqfõ úfYaI iakdk-f;,aj¾.-;dmh-wdf,dalh -
wdydr md,kh-iïndykh yd jHhduhs' kshu ffjoH m%;sldrh jQfha
is;sú,s fjkia lsÍuhs' Tn iqjùug kï Tfí cSú;fha fjkila úh hq;=
hehs jrla frda.fs hl=g m%ldY lr we;'

fndfyda frda.k
S f
a .a frda. ksOdk f,i flais ÿgqfõ ffjrh-
fl%daOh-oafõYh-wkqka fy<d ;,d l:d lsÍu-wkqkg a fodia lSu-wkqkg
a
wmydi lsÍu-mxp ldu iïm;aj,g oeä f,i .scù q u-w;aud¾:ldó ùu
-l=ßrelu wdoshhs'

103
 l%Er;ajfha lu_ úmdl jYfhka wkaONdjh-f,a wvqlu mlaId>d;
-weÿu-we;súh yel' ldufiajkfha muK blaujd fhoSu ksid
wmiaudrh we;súh eyl' wd;aud¾:ldó f,i wkHhkg ndOd lsÍu ksid
YÍrdx. mK ke;sùug bv ;sfí'

fï ÿ¾.=K fjkqjg lreKdj-ohdj-ffu;%sh-bjiSu mß;Hd.h-

jeks hy.=K u`.ska lrk hym;a lu_ u`.ska hym;a ckauhla we;slr
.ekSu ms<sn`oj Tyq wjOdrKh lf<ah' wêudkisl yelshdjla
we;slr.kafka flfiaoehs úuiQ úg flaisf.a ms<s;=r ù we;af;a
wdOHd;añl jkak jvd;a wdOHd;añl jkak-wdOHd;añl ùug hd{dj
Ndjkdj njg yrjkak lshdhs' frda. iqjlsÍu i`oyd ie;alï lsru
S .ek
flais ;=< leue;a;la fkd;snqKs' ms,sldj we;`M ´kEu frda.hlg
fidndoyfï fí;a ;sfnk nj;a-ld,h;a iu`. tajd wkdjrKh úh yels
nj;a m%ldY lr we;'

;ud fj; m%;sldr i`oyd meñfKK fndfyda frda.k S g

a
j¾;udkfha Tjqka ú`osk ldhsl udkisl wmyiq;d mQj_ lu_hkaf.a úmdl
f,i fmkajd ÿka úg flais Tjqkf a .a frda. ksOdkh fidhd ta iEu
flfkl=gu mjid we;af;a ˜Tn lsr, uek, ÿka foa wvqjla ke;sju
lsr, uek, Tng o ,efnkafka hs˜ lshdh'

 wkaO uydpd¾hjrfhl=g

 cSú;fha iekiSula ke;s ksid ishosú ydks lr.;a;g .sh

ldka;djlg

 f,a wvqlñka fm`Mkq ;reKfhl=g

 ßh wk;=rla ksid fldkao leã jir y;la muK frdao mqgqjlg

ù osú f.jkakg jQ 23 yeúßos ;reKfhl=g

 ;rndre isrer ksid jO ú`osk ;reKshlg wdoS jYfhka cSú;

lshùï b,a,d meñKs fndfyda whg Tjqkaf.a j;_udk .eg`Mj,g
fya;=j mQj_ ckauhkays lrk ,o lu_ úmdl nj myod oS j;auka
cSú;h hym;a lr.kakg Wmfoia oS we;' ;rndre isrer ksid

104
 jO ú`os ;reKsh mQj_ ckauhloS iqkaor rEimqjlska hq;= olaI
l%Säldjla ù isá fiiq l%Säldjka Wmydihg-wmydihg ,la lsÍu
ksid fï Njfha ;u isrer .ek jO ú`oskg a isÿjQ nj meyeos<s
lrñka mjid we;af;a Tn wkqkg a fnok yekafoka Tng;a
,efnkjd'

 ˜wkqka fy<d ;<d l:d lrkúg ta foh u Tng;a ,efnkjd' Tn

iudchg wdorh lreKdj olajkak' iudcfhka Tng lreKdj
ohdj ,efnkjd' Tn wmydi lrkak Tng wmydi ,efnkjd'
Wv n,df.k fl< .eiqfjd;a th jefgkafka Tfí uqyK q g˜
hkqfjks'

úfYaI{ ffjoHjreka úiska iqjm;a l< fkdyels nj ikd: l<

ÿ¾,N .kfha udrdka;sl frda.hlska fm<k njg ks¾foaY l<
fydmalski
a aú,ays 5 yeúßos oeßhla o isysúi{ jk ksid udkisl
frday<g we;=<;a lr ;snQ we,ndiaudfõ fi,audys l=vd oeßhla o
flkagka m%dka;fha wvq uiska ìysjQ isõuia úhe;s orefjl= o ;u ldhsl
lsheùu u`.ska frda. iajNdjh y`ÿkdf.k m%;sldr kshu lr iqjm;a
lf,a Tjqka flfrys jQ wmßñ; ohdfjks'

uqo,a yd m%isoaêh .ek flais ;=< lsisÿ leue;a;la fkdùh' flais

;u iqúfYaI yelshdj uqo,a bmhSug fyda m%isoaêh msKsi fkdfhoSug bgd
f.k ;snqKs' ta ksid uqo,a bmhSuu wruqK lr.;a Okm;s
jHdmdßlhkaf.a fyda m%isoaêhu b,lal lr.;a mqj;am;a wdh;kj,
.%yKhg yiqfkdù isgSug Tyqg yelsúh' ;u Yla;sh fhosh hq;af;a
mSä;hska iqjm;alsÍu i`oyd muKla nj ;ud Wmkafka ÿla ú`osk
ñksiqkg Wmldr lsÍug muKla nj Tyq úYajdi lf<a Tjqka flfrys jQ
wmßñ; ohdfjks'

uqo,a yd m%isoaêh .ek flais ;=< lsisÿ leue;a;la fkdùh' flais

;u iqúfYaI yelshdj uqo,a bmhSug leue;a;la fkdùh' flais ;u
iqúfYaI yelshdj uqo,a bmhSug fyda m%isoaêh msKsi fkdfhoSug
bgdf.k ;snqKs' ta ksid uqo,a bmehSuu wruqK lr.;a Okm;s
jHdmdßlhkaf.a fyda m%isoaêhu b,lal lr.;a mqj;am;a wdh;kj,

105
.%yKhg yiqfkdù isàug Tyqg yelsúh' ;u Yla;sh fhosh hq;af;a
mSä;hka iqjm;alsÍu i`oyd muKla nj Tyq úYajdi lf<ah'

jir fooyia .Kklg fmr nqÿmshdKka jykafia ,o wjfndaOh

;=<ska f,djg ,enqfKa úYaj jHdma; iod;ksl i;Hh ms<sn`o mKsjqvhhs'
tu mKsjqvh fmros. F,dalh ;=< oe,ajQfha m%{dfõ wdf,dalhhs' mQj_
lu_dkqrEmj ,o wê udkisl Yla;sh ksid lu_h-mqk¾Njh-ixidßl
meje;au jeks Ou_;d .ek úYajdihla flais ;=< o f.dv ke.sKs' tu
Ou_;d ñ:Hdjka hhs neyer l< ck;djka w;r fjfiñka Tjqkf a .a frda.
úksYpa h lrñka-frda. ksOdk meyeos,s lrñka m%;sldr ks¾foaY lrñka
flais bgqlf<a w;s Wodr fufyjrls' nqÿ oyñka fy<s l< by; lS
Ou_;djka .ek ngysr f,dalhdf.a oEia újr lrkakg tu`.ska flaisg
yelsúh' úúO ldhsl-udkisl frda.dndOj,ska fmd`MKq iqjyila ck;dj
iqjm;a lrkakg oú mrÿjg ;nd lemjQ flais 1945 ckjdß 1 od
ureuqjg m;aúh'

urKdikak w;aoelSï o mqk¾Njh ;yjqre lrk idOlhla f,i

wod< lr.; yelsh' flfkl= ñh.sh mqoa.,fhl= f,ii ffjoH
úoHdkql+,j ks.ukhlg t<öfuka miqj kej; isysh ,nd cSj;aùfï
jru ,o wfhla ;djld,sl urKhg m;aù isák ld,h úkdä 5 ;a meh 1
;a ;w;r ld,hla úh yels nj ffjoH u;hhs'

urKdikak w;aoelSï m¾fhaIK lrk m%Odk;u wdh;kh

weußldfõ j¾cskh s d úYaj úoHd,hhs' tu m¾fhaIK i`oyd tys fjku
wxYhla msygs qjd we;' th wdrïN lsrfï mqfrda.dñhd uydpd¾h bhka
iaàjkaika fjhs' tys ufkdaúoHd m¾fhaIK wxYh wdY%s;j mrfhaIj,
ksr; jQ uydpd¾hjreka wdY%s; j m¾fhaIK j, ksr; jQ uydpd¾hjreka
jk bhka iaàjkaika-uydpd¾h nDDia f.%aIka-uydpd¾h tu,s fl,S lrk
,o m¾fhaIK we;=<;a urKdikak w;aoelSï rdYshla we;' ˜frday,aj,
Y,Hl¾uj,g Ndckh lr isáh§ ie;alu isÿjk w;r;=r is; isrefrka
neyerj f.dia frda.k S a ,enQ w;aoelSïj, u;l igykaj,g fuu
m¾fhaIK j,oS m%uqL ;ekla oS we;˜'
-;sii chj¾Ok-

j¾cskh
s d úYaj úoHd,fha m¾fhIKj,oS wkdjrKh lr.;a
urKdikak w;aoelSï jeä ixLHdjla wod< jkafka yDohdndO ksid
106
yoj;a ie;alïj,g Ndckh fjñka isáhoS frda.Ska ,enQ w;aoelSï
j,gh'

55 yeúrsos ßhÿfrl= ms<sn`o mqj; bka tlls' yoj;a ie;alula

i`oyd wjYH ld,hg m%udKj;a ks¾úkaok T!IO YÍr.; lsrf S uka
wk;=rej frda.hs d uq`Mukska u isysiqka jQ miq ie;alu wdrïN lrk ,oS'
ie;alu isÿlrk w;r;=r frda.h s d ;u keù ;snqKq oE;a Tfidjkakg
W;aidy lrkq ÿgq ffjoHjrhdg Tyqf.a oE;a kej; jrla ksi, lrkakg
isÿúh' ie;alu id¾:lj wjika ùfuka miq iqj jQ frda.h s df.ka ie;alu
w;r;=r isÿjQ foa .ek ffjoHjre úuid we;' ie;alu isÿlrk
wjia:dfõ ;ud isrefrka msg; isá nj;a" ;u isrer we`o u; ;sfnkq ÿgq
nj;a" ysia wjldYhla jeks fi!uH fmfoila w;ßka ;ud wE;g weoS .sh
nj;a Tyq mjid we;'

Nxf.aßhdfõoS isÿjQ ßh wk;=rlska widOH ;;a;ajhg m;ajQ 44

yeúßos cekaflda kï mqoa.,fhl= o ;u urKdikak w;aoelSu fy<slr
we;' wk;=r isÿjQ ia:dkhg meñKs fmd,sia ks,OdÍka Tyq ñh.sh
flfkl= nj ;SrKh lr frday<g f.k f.dia we;' ffjoHjre Tyqg
lD;su iajikh we;`M m%;sldr foñka yoj; mK .ekaùug W;aidy l<
w;r úkdä 5 lg muK miq Tyq m%lD;s isysh ,nd we;' bkamiq iqjh
,enq cekaflda ;u urKdikak w;aoelSu ffjoHjreka iu`. m%ldY lr
we;' wk;=rg m;a wjia:dfõ u ud udf.a YÍrfhka fjkajQ nj oekqkd'
ffjoHjre ug m%;ldr lrkq o ud ÿgqjd' uf.a yoj; mK.ekaùug
W;aidy l<d' tl ffjoHjrfhla uf.a w;lg fí;la úoaod' yoj;
f;rmñka mK .kajkakg W;aidy l<d' wjidkfha oS <`. isá wh foi
n,d ;jÿrg;a ug fï frda.h s d mK.ekaúh fkdyelshs' fuhd ñh.syks a
hehs lSjd' ug weyqKd' ;j;a ffjoHjrfhl= meñK ug tkak;la
ÿkakd' tu frda.hs d m%ldY l< tu w;aoelSï ish,a, ksjeros nj i;H
nj ffjoHreka m%ldY lr ;snqKs' uydpd¾h bhka iaàjkaika fï ms<sn`o
mQ¾K m¾fhaIKhla mj;ajd we;'

ufkda ffjoHjßhl jQ t,sifn;a leí,¾ frdaia uy;añh frda.kS a

weiqßka ,enQ ;u w;aoelSï w<,d ˜urKska u;= cSú;h˜ (ON LIFE AFTER
DEATH) kñka .%k:a hla ixialrKh lr we;' tys i`oyka tla w;aoelSula
weußldkq yuqod ks,Orfhl=g iïnkaOh' yoj;a ie;alula i`oyd
iQodkï fjoaoS Tyq urKHg m;aù we;'Tyq ñh.sh nj ffjoHjrhd iy
107
fyosh úêu;aj mÍlaId fldg iy;sl fldg ;snqKs' frday,a
iydhlfhl= uD; foaYh uD; YÍrd.drhg f.k hoaoS Tyqf.a w;la
fi,fjkq oel we;' ta ñhf.dia úkdä kjhlg miqjh' iydhlhd
iaÓrju m%ldY lrk ksid ffjoHjrhd meñK kej; tkak;la ÿka úg
h<s yoj; mk .ekaù cSj;aùfï Nd.Hh ,eî we;' Ydhksl urKhg
m;aùfuka miq kej; cSú;h ,efnk ;=re Tyq ,o urKdikak w;oelSï
úia;r lr we;' Tyq je;sÍ isá wef`oka by<g kex. nj-wuq;=
f,dalhl mdfjñka fuka isá nj-k;rù by< isg n,kúg Tyq isá
wef`oa ljqfoda uers,d isákq ÿgq nj;a ;ud jir folla me<`o isá uqÿj
jï wf;a we`.s,a,l ;sfnkq oel ;u isrer y`ÿkdf.k h<s th iu`.
tlajQ nj mjid we;'

ld,a hqx kee;s m%isoaO ufkdaúoHd{hd o urKdikak w;aoelSï

,enQfjls' mdohla ì`oShdj ksid yg.;a yDohdndOhla ksid Tyq frday,a
.; úh' ks¾úkaok T!IO tkak; ksid isyi s qkaj issáhoS ks,amdg
wdf,dalhlska Tyq jg ù isák nj;a bkamiq wyfia by<gu weoS hk
wdldrh;a oekS we;' wyfia isg n,kúg mDÓúfha ish¨ f.dvìï
ysud,h jeks l`ÿ mka;s wdoS foa meyeos,sju oel we;' ;j ;j;a b<g
we§ hoaoS mDÓúh foiska meñKs flfkl= wdmiq yeÍ hk f,i ix{d lr
we;' ta Tyqg m%;sldr l< ffjoHjrhd f,ihs' Tyq y`ÿkd.;af;a wdmiq
yeÍ ;u YÍrh yd iïnkaO ù mshú isyh s ,en iqjm;a jQ ld,ahqxg
oek.kakg ,enqfKa Tyqg m%;sldr l< ffjoHjrhd o Tyqg m%;sldr
lrñka isghsoSu yosis yDohdndOhlska ñh.sh njhs'

udáka keue;s n%s;dkH cd;sl ;reKhl= f.oßka wE;

jevfmd<l jev lrñka isáhoS ì;a;shla ysi u; lvd jeàu ksid
isysiqkaj we;' frday<g we;=<;a l< wjia:dfõ ffjoHjre Tyq mÍlaId
lr ;;a;ajh wjfndaO lrf.k uõmshkag okajd hjd we;' isysiqka jQ
wjia:dfõ isrefrka msgù ;u f.org f.dia uõmshka frday<g tkúg
wdmiq meñK we;' h<s cSj;aùfï jrï ,o tu ;reKhd ;u
urKdikak w;aoelSu ffjoHjreka iu`. mjid we;' isysiqka jQ
wjia:dfõ ksjig hdu-úÿq,s mqj; ,enqKq úg uõmshka l< l:dny-Tjqka
iu`. wdmiq meñfKoaoS wi,ajeis ksjilg o f.dv jeÿKq nj" ta ksjfia
ldka;djlg tosk ore m%iQ;shla isÿjQ nj" ta w`M; Wmka oeßhf.a
isrerg we;=`Mùug ;udg is;ajQ nj" ;udf.a urKfhka uõmshka ÿlajk
ksid tu woyi w;yer oeuQ nj Tyq mjid we;'
108
 urKdikak w;aoelSï ,enQ wh yd fmrNjh fy<s lrk orejka
.ek f;dr;=re úu¾Ykh lr udOHhgjd¾;d lrk f,aLl msßila Y%S
,xldfõ o we;' w;=, uxpkdhl-.%ekaú,a Ou_j¾Ok-;siai chj¾Ok-
t,a chfialr-.dúka n,.,a, wdoSyq ta wh w;r fj;s' w`M;a.u lkafoa
úydrfha úydrdêm;s mQcH ngqjkafyafka nqoO rlaÅ; iajdóka jykafia
,enQ urKdikak w;aoelSula ms<sn`oj 2015-02-23 bßod ßúr mqj;amf;a
m<jQ ;siai chj¾Ok uy;df.a ,smshl i`oyka ù ;snqKs' yoj;a
ie;alula i`oyd frday,a.; jQ nqoaO rlaÅ; ysñg Y,Hd.drh ;=< jQ
hka;% iQ;% ie;alu l%shd;aul l< ffjoHjreka-fyoshka meyeos,sju
olakg ,eî we;' bkamiq mehlg wdikak ld,hla ;=< isÿjQ fï yoj;a
ie;alu isÿlrk o¾Ykh lsishï by< ia:dkhl isg ;ukajykafia
kerUQ nj Wkajykafia m%ldY lr we;' Y,Hd.drfha we`o u; ;u isrer
;sfnk whqre ffjoHjre ie;alu i`oyd mmq m%foaYh újD; lsÍu-
yoj;g l< m%;sldr by< isg n,d isá nj th w;sYh ÿ,n w;aoelSula
nj o fy<slr we;'

weußldkq cd;sl yoj;a frda. úfYaI{hl= jk uydpd¾h

uhsl,a iefndaï 1985 j¾IfhaoS Ydhksl urKhg m;aù kej; cSj;aùfï
jru ,o frda.k S a 116 la iu`. iïuqL idlÉPdfõ fhoS /ia lr.;a
f;dr;=re tl;=lr ˜Recollection of death" kñka fmd;la ,shd
m%ldYhg m;a fldg we;' fï 116 fokdf.ka 78 fofkl=u yoj;a frda.
ksid ie;alïj,g fhduqù ksis ffjoH m%;sldr ,eîu ksid iqjm;a jQ
whhs' urKhg b;d wdikak ;;a;ajhg m;aù isg wjika fudfydf;a
cSj;aùfï jru ,o whhs' ;djld,slj isrefrka neyer ù isg
Y,Hd.drh ;=< isÿjQ isÿùï ish,a, .ek Tjqka m%ldY l< lreKq i;H
nj ffjoHjrekaf.a yd fyoshkaf.a idlaIs j,ska ikd: ù we;'

uydpd¾h iefndaï we;=`M m¾fhaIlhska jeä fofkl= m%ldY lr

we;s mßos urKdikak w;aoelSï ,enQ frda.k
S a yeu fofkl=u isrefka
neyerj isá nj lshd we;'

 ta wjia:dj ;=< ish¨ fõokdj,ska ksoyia j isá nj

 ieye,a¨ iqjodhl wmQ¾j úkaokhla ,enQ nj
 mßirfha ;snQ foa oelSugweiSug yelsjQ nj

109
  isrefrka fjkamQ miq w`ÿre Wu`.la jeks ;Srejla miqlr hdug
isÿjq nj
 b;d oSma;su;a wf,dalOdrd iys; m%ofaYhlg weoS .sh nj
 úYd, u,aj;= ueoska ;uka .uka lrkq oekqkq nj
 tu u,a Whka ;ud cSú;fha ÿgq w,xldru u,a Whka nj
 we;eï whg ;u cSú;fha w;S; isÿùï is;=jï mglska fuka
oekqkq nj

fndfyda whg ñh.sh {d;Ska olakg ,enqKq nj wdoS jYfhka

jeäfofkl= úia;r l< w;aoelSï j, iudk;ajhla we;s nj
m¾fhaIlhkaf.a u;hhs' urKdikak wjia:dfõoS ;ud fndfyda ìhg
m;aj isá nj wdoS jYfhka óg fjkia w;aoelSï m%ldY l< wh o yuq ù
we;'

˜;djld,sl urKhg m;aù ú{dk Odrdj isrefrka wE;g mdù

.sh yeu flfkl=f.au w;aoelSï iudkh' fï úoshg urKhg m;aù
weiSu oelSu ,nñka isÿfjñka ;sfnk foa ksÍlaIKh lsÍug bv ,o yeu
flfkl=f.au w;aoelSï úiauh cklh' yßu ika;=Iaáfhka ysf;a
idufhka msreKq w;aoelSula Tjqka kej; YÍrhg tlaldiqù m%dKh
,enqjdg miq urKhg fldfy;au nh kE' urKh lshkafka ìh fjkak
fohla fkfjhs lshd Tjqka wfkla whg lshkjd˜'
wcdka n%yu
a jxfida ysñ

tlu mqoa.,hd úúO wd;auNdjhka ,nk w;r tlu cSjk

lafI;%fha isák wjia:d olakg ,eîua yd iudk cSjk w;aoelSïj,g
uqyKq oSu o mokï lrf.k mqk¾Njh ;yjqre lrk idOlhla f,i
ms<s.kakd wjia:d we;'

weußlka ckdêm;s jrfhl= jQ fcdaka t*a flkä" tys Tyqg

m%:ufhka isá ckdêm;sjrfhl= jQ tan%yï ,skalka ckdêm;sjrhdf.a
mqkrd.ukhla f,i úYajdi lrk úYd, msßila we;' ta fofokdu
weußlka ck;djf.a is;a ;=< wurKSh;ajhg m;a ckdêm;sjre fj;s'
foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha tlu ;k;=re oeßu-iudk foaYmd,k u;jdo

110
oeÍu -iudk pß; iajNdjh-cSjk w;aoelSïj, iudk;ajh->d;khg
,lajQ wdldrh wdosh ii`oñka fï úYajdih we;s lrf.k we;'

Ökfha jekÜihd úfial+,a keue;s 16 yejßos oeßh rEmfhka

lgy`äka wdishdfõ buyya m%isoaêhla ,nd isá f;f¾id geka.a keue;s
;dhs,ka; .dhsldjf.a mqkremam;a;shla f,i i<lkq ,efí' rEmfhka-
lgy`äka-olaI;djfhka f;f¾id geka.g a fnfyúka u iudk weh
f;f¾idf.a cSjk jD;a;sh jQ .dhk lafIa;%hu cSjk jD;a;sh lr.kq
we;s nj o m%ldY lr;s' Ökfha îcsx kqjr mej;s m%ix.hl§ ish
yelshdfjka úksiqre uvq,a, úiauhg m;a lr we;'

weußldkq ffjoHjrfhl= jk fjda,ag¾ fiïlsõ rpkd lrk ,o

kej; bmoSu keue;s lD;sfhka iqm%isoaO fnd,sjqâ ;drldj, fmr Nj
f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lsÍula lr we;' ckm%sh fnd,sjqâ k`M wñ;dí
nÉpka l%s'j'1833 - 1893 w;r ld,fha weußldfõ cSj;a jQ w;s olaI
rx.k Ys,amsfhl= jQ tâúka nQ;af.a mqkremam;a;shhs' tâúka nQ;a ;=< ;snQ
rx.k l=i,;djh ksrdhdifhkau wñ;dí nÉpka ;=< o msyg s d we;s nj
ffjoH fiï;sÉf.a u;hhs'

tlaoyia kjish ;sia .KKaj, ckm%sh;ajhg m;aj isá fnx.d,

cd;sl k¾;k Ys,amskshl yd rx.k Ys,amskhs l jQ ifodakd fndaiaf.a
mqkrd.ukhla f,i iqmsß fnd,sjqâ k`M Ydrela Ldka .ek ffjoH
fiï;sõ ish lD;sfha i`oyka lr we;'

ydj¾â úYaj úoHd,fha ffjoH fkdarïIS,s b;d olaI iakdhq

ffjoHjrfhls' Tyq iakdhq wdY%s; oreKq fõokd md,kh lsÍug WmlrK
folla o ksmojd we;' Tyqf.a l:d mqj; ieif`okafka fcdaka t,shÜika
keue;s n%s;dkHfha isá w;s olaI fY,H ffjoHjrhdf.a l:d mqj;
iu`.h' 1972 j¾Ifha tla;rd ffjoHjrfhl=f.a foaYkhlg
ijkafoñka isá fkdarï IS,sg t,shÜika ffjoHjrhdf.a fidhd.ekSï
ms<sn`oj o wikakg ,enqKs' foaYkh w;r oS fkdarïIS,Sg ye`.S .sfha
t,shÜika ;udu njh' f;dr;=re fidhd n%s;dkHfha rdclSh ffjoH
úoHd,hg .sh Is,Sg tu ia:dkh ;udg fnfyúka yqre mqreÿ ;ekla nj
ye`.S we;s rdclSh ffjoH úoHd,fha t,shÜika .ek ;snQ ish¨ jd¾;d
mÍlaId lsÍfuka o Tyqf.a pß; ,laIK ;u pß; ,laIKj,g iudk
nj ie<lSfuka ;ud t,shÜikaf.a mqkrd.ukhla nj fkdarïIS,Sg ye`.S
111
we;' fmr Njfha olaI;d-yelshd bosß Njhkg .uka lrk njg fuh
WodyrKhls' Tyq l=vd úfha isgu jhi wjqreÿ y;f¾ isgu ;ud
ffjoHjrfhl= jk nj mjid we;'

lu_h mqk¾Njh iu`. fcHd;sIH o ii`od b;sydifha iqúfYaI

whf.a mqk¾ckauh yd w;S; Njh .ek f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lsÍfï
l%uhla o fmros. rgj, ckm%sh fjñka mj;S' ta whf.a ckau m;%
mÍlaId lr iudk;d iei`oSfuka fï ks.ukj,g t<ö we;'

Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u úOdhl ckdêm;sjrhd jQ fca'wdr' chj¾Ok

uy;d uykqjr rdcOdksfha rclï l< rdcdê rdcisxy rc;=udf.a
mqkrd.ukhla f,i ckau m;% fol ii`od fcHd;sIHfõoSyq m%ldY lr;s'
Wmka ,.akh-kel;-oYdj-.%y mssyà s u ckaum;%fhka m%ldYjk cSjk
jD;a;sfha iudk;ajh ta wh ols;s'

Y%S ,xld iskudfõ uq,a wjêfha isá ckm%shu iskud ;drldj f,i
ye`oskj
a Q relauKS foaúhf.a;a Y%S úl%urdcisxy iufha wNsudkj;a
ùfrdaOdr l=, ldka;djl jQ weyef,afmd< l=udßydñf.a;a ckau m;%j,
iudklï fmkajd fok fcHd;sIfõosfhl= relauKS foaúh weyef,afmd<
l=udßydñf.a kej; bmoSula f,i y`ÿkajd oS we;' ,.akh-kel;-
oYdj-.%y msyà s ï-Wmka udih-oskh fofofkdu ck;d wdorh f.!rjh
,enQjka ùu wl,a urK j,g yiqùu wdoS idudklï ii`od we;' fï
lreKq fldf;la ÿrg ;d¾lsl o úYajdikSh o lSu wmyiqh'

bmfoñka-uefrñka-h<s Wmosñka iir ieß ieÍug fya;= jkafka

ú{dkh mokï lrf.k mqoa., ika;dkfha l%shdldÍjk Yla;s
mod¾:hhs' urKhg miq keje; ikaêùu máikaêhhs' fufia
ikaêjkafka uereKq mqoa.,d yd iïnkaOj .,d hk Ñ;a; Odrdjhs' ta
ksid B<`. Njhg .uka lrkafka Ñ;a;Odrd m%jdyhla muKs' nqÿ oyfï
pq;s m%;sikaê ixl,am wkqj ñhhk mqoa.,hd yd kej; Wmosk mqoa.,hd
w;r mj;skf a ka fjkiafjñka mj;sk Ñ;a; m%jdyhl iïnkaO;djla
muKs' ú{dkh mokï lrf.k l%shdldÍ jk fï Ñ;a; m%jdyh ^Yla;s
mod¾:h& iïuq;s urKhloS rEmldh w;yßhs' kej; w`M;a foayhlg
iïnkaO fjhs' th máikaêhhs' h<s bmoSuhs'

112
 kej; Wmoskf a ka ñh.sh mqoa.,hdu oehs iqN udkjl úuiQ úg
nqÿysñf.a ms<s;=r jQfha kp fida kp w[f[da – Tyq;a fkdfõ wka whl= o
fkdfõ hkakh'

˜wúoHdj yd ;DIaKdfjys uv osh .,d tk;=re fï cSú; m%jdyh

ksula fkdue;sj .,d nishs' ta fol is`o y< miq cSú; osh oyf¾ .,d
neiSu kj;shs' nqÿka-ry;=ka úIfhys fuka mqk¾Njh kj;shs' fï cSú;
fY%da;fhys mru uQ,hka fidhd.; fkdfya˜'
mQcH fõrf.dv idro ysñ

˜we,Su ke;s l,ays m%;sikaê jYfhka taula fyda pq;s jYfhka

hdula fyda ke;' taula fyda hdula ke;s l,ays pq;ùula fyda bmoSula fyda
ke;' pq;sh-Wmam;a;sh ke;s l,ays fuf,dj o ke;' mrf,dj o ke;'
fof,dju ke;' fuh u wd;auhdf.a fl<jr fjhs'
uydpqkoa ia:úr ckak iQ;%h

udr mdYfhka ñfokak

113
 udr mdYh lshkafk f,dalhg we;s udkisl nkaOkhhs' fï
nkaOkh we;sjkafka wfma is; ;< f.dvke.S ;sfnk ,laI ixLHd;
is;ú= s,s ixl,am ksihs' fï is;=ú,s;a oDYHrem-YíOrEm-.kaOrEm-
rirEm-iam¾YSrEm wdosh;a" ta ksid f.dvke.=Kq ixl,am oDIaÜ hk
wdoshka" ksid wfma is; ksr;=reju rem w;r iers ierSu isoqfú' th
úvdjls' udr mdYhls' rEm f,dalfhka is; ksoyia lr .; hq;=h' isf;a
msrS we;s rEm w;yer is; Y+kH wjldYhg újD; lr.; hq;=h' th udr
mdYfhka ñoSuhs'

ixhq;a; ksldfha p;=;a: Nd.fha i<dh;k j.a.fha f,dal ldu

.=K j.a.hg wh;a udrmdi iQ;%fhaoS nqoq mshdKka jykafia fufia
udrmdYh yoqkja d oS we;'

˜uyfKks" bgq leu;s " uk jvk ish¨ ldufhka hq;="we¨qï

lghq;= " weiska o;hq;="? we;" boska uyKf;fï th ms<s.kafkao ".=K
lshkafkao .e,S isÜkafkao uyfKks"fï uyK f;fï ure jik ;ekg
.sh" u<mqvqj Tyqf., je<oqfkahhs lshkq ,efí'fyf;fï udr
nkaOkfhka ne|qfka uryq úiska leu;s mrsos l< yelafla fjhs' fufiau "

lKska o; hq;= i| "

keyefhka o; hq;= .|"
osfjka o; hq;= ri "
lhska o; hq;= myi"

wdosh iïnkaOjo " ms<s.kafkao" .=K lshkafkao" .e,S isÜkafkao"

ure jiÕhg .sh u<mqvqj f., jq<oqKq flfkls'˜

udr nkaOkhg ixl,amuh ;;;aajhla fuka u mqoa.,;ajhla

wdfrdamKh lrk wjia:d we;' j;_udkfha we;eï úpdrlhska udr
nkaOkh yqoq udkisluh ;;ajhla f,i ú.%y lrk wjia:d we;'
iïnqoaO foaYkd j,g wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka" laf,aYudr" ialkaOudr"
wNsixialdrudr ixl,amuh ;;a;ajhka jqjo foajmq;%udr kñka f,dal
jHjydr iïu; mqoa.,fhl= isá
s njhs' ;%smsglfha iQ;% foaYkd rdYshlu
i|yka mßos udrhd-udr¥jre-udr fiakdj jYfhka fmkS isá mqoa.,
fldÜGdY isá njmeyeÈ, fõ'
114
 uca¯u ksldfha fia, iQ;% wgqjdj udrhka mia fofkl= .ek i|yka
lr we;'
1. laf,aY udr
2. wNsixialdr udr
3. u;Hq udr
4. ilkaO udr
5. foaj mq;a; udr

laf,aY udr(- ksjk u.g ndOd muqKqjk is; ls,sá lrk f,day-fodai-
fuday-udkh-ffjrh-fl%daOh-B¾IHdj wd§ múgq is;sú,sh'
tajdhska is; msreKq úg ksjka u. wE;afõ' iir .uk
os.f= õ'

wNsixialdrl udr(- l=i,-wl=i, l¾uh mq[a[dysixiaLdr

wmq[a[dysixiaLdr wfk[acN s dixiaLdr hkqfjka
wNsixialdr ;%súOfõ' ta ksido ksjk wE;afõ' iir
.ukg fhduqfõ'

u;Hq udr(- u;Hq udr ialkaOhkaf.a ì|S hduhs' tkï urKhhs'

ialkaO udr(-ialkaO udr hkq mxp Wmdodkhhs'rEm-fõokd-ix{d-

ixialdr-ú{dk' ieje;a kqjr foõrï fjfyr jev isá nqÿ
mshdKka jykafia fj; meñKs rdO f;reka jykafia ˜
˜Nd.Hj;=ka jykai" udr udr hhs lshkq ,efí rEmh we;s
l,ays udrhd^urKh&fyda " ueßh hq;a;d fyda " uefrkakd
fyda jkafkao úuid we;' ˜rdO f;ms rEmh we;s l,ays ure
hhs olsõ' ueßh hq;a;d fyda " uefrkakd fyda hhs
olsõ'fufiau fõokdj-ix{dj-ixialdr-ú{dk we;s l,ays
ure ueßh hq;a;d fyda " uefrkakd fyda hhs olsõ hhs ˜
foaYkd lr we;' ixhq;a; ksldh-rdO ixhq;a;fha udr
j.a.fha mGu udr iQ;%h ms 340-343 nq'c'uq' tysu ¥;sh udr
iQ;%fhka o "udr Oïu iQ;Qfhka o " mxpialkaOh udr f,i
o"udr Oïu f,i o"rdO f;reKag meyeÈ,s lr we;'
ixhq;a; ksldfha wdh; ukd j.a.fha udr iQ;%fhka

115
 yqfol,dj-fkdmudj-flf<ia;jk ù¾hfhka hq;=j ksjka
msKsi fufyhQ is;a we;sj jikakg tn÷ oyula ieflúka
foaYkd lrkakhehs wheo isá rdO f;reKa jykafiag "nqÿ
ysñ foaYkd lf<a rEm-fõokd-ix{d-ixialdr-ú{dk
ialkaO mxplh flfrys rd.h-Pkaoh-n,j;a jQ rd.h-
n,j;a jQ Pkao rd.h my lghq;= njhs'
ms' 360-361

ÈjH mq;% udr(- mrks¾ñ; jij¾;s foõf,dj jik ÈjH mq;%fhl= f,ihs
woyia lrkafka' Tyq mdmhg wêm;shdh' ldu f,dalhg
wêm;s jkafka udrhd nj' Yl% foúhka md,kh jkafka o
udrhd hgf;a nj mejfia' fï f,dalfha wêm;s Ndjh
w;ßka udrhd m%Odk jk nj ixhq;a; ksldfha wdisúi
j.a.fha lïfudam iQ;%fha § nqÿ ysñ foaYkd lr we;'

udr-mdmSu-mcdm;s-mu;a; nkaOq-w;a;l-;uú-lKay wd§ m¾hdh

mo rdYshlska ;s%msglfha udrhd y÷kajd we;' fndai;dKka jykafia
iïud iïnqoaO;ajhg m;aùu udrhd mrdch lr ,o ch.%yKhla f,ihs'
;s%msgl idys;Hfha;a wfma iïNdjH idys;H lD;s j,;a olajd we;af;a
nq;airK"wudj;=r"mQcdj,sh wd§ lD;s j, udr mrdch úÑ;% f,i
j¾Kkd lr we;'

flfkl=f.a urKh udrhdf.a .%yKhg yiqùula f,his

y÷kajkafka' mqoa.,hd flf<ia j,ska ñfokjdg udrhd wlue;sh' Tyqf.a
msßi wvqjk neúks' is; flf<ia j,ska msÍ ;sfnk ;rug udrhdf.a
nkaOkhg yiqùug isÿfõ'

nqÿ mshdKka jykafiag fukau Wkajykafiaf.a Y%djl-Y%dúldjkg

o udrhd l< úúO n,mEï ms<sn|j ;%smsgl .%ka: j, i|yka fõ'
ixhqla; ksldfha m%:u Nd.fha udr ixhq;a;h kñka we;s iQ;% foaYkd úis
mylsku a meyeÈ,s jkafka tu n,mEï ms<sn|jh' iQ;% foaYkd oyhlska
NslaIqKSka jykafia,dg l< n,mEï .ek i|yka fõ'

wNskI
s al%uKh isÿ l<od isgu mßks¾jdKh i|yd
wdhqixialrKh w;yßk fudfyd; olajdu nqÿysñhkg udrhd l< úúO
n,mEï .ek ;s%msglfha i|yka fõ' wNskI
s al%uKh wjia:dfõ§ udr ÈjH
116
mq;%hd wjq;a wyfia isg ˜ isÿy;a l=ureks " wÈka i;afjks oji i;arejka
my< fjhs' ilaú;s rc moúh ysñfjhs' .sys f.h w;yer fkdhd
kj;skk a hehs ˜okajd isá nj wfma iïNdjH idys;H lD;shla jk
wudj;=frys i|yka fõ'

Wrefj,a okõfõ ÿIalr ls%hd lrk wjêfhao"fndai;dKka

jykafia fj; meñK ˜ Tn ÿ¾j,hs'urKhg w; <Õhs' oyia mx.=jlska
urKhg <xù we;' cSj;a ùug we;af;a oyiska tla mx.=jla muKls˜'
mjid ÿIalr ls%hdj w;yßk f,i okajd we;' bka miqjo i;ajila
;siafia nqÿ ysñhkaf.a isÿre fidhñka udrhd ¨yqne|s nj ixhq;;
a
ksldfha i;a; jiaisl iQ;%fha i|yka fõ'

iïud iïnqoaO;ajhg m;aùu i|yd p;=rx. iukajd.; ù¾hh

jvk wjia:dfõ§ "
 uf.a isref¾ iu .e,ù úisr .sh;a"
 uf.a isref¾ kyr .e,ù úisr .sh;a"
 uf.a isref¾ weglgq .e,ù úisr .sh;a"
 uf.a isref¾ uiaf,a .e,ù úisr .sh;a"

nqÿ ù ñi fkdke.ssáñ hs wêIaGdk mQ¾jlj isáh §" tu nqÿ wisßh

n,kakg oi oyila ilaj, foúhka" nUqka /iaù fkdfhla mqo mQcd
mj;ajñka isáh§ "tys meñKs jij;a ure ˜ wo uu isÿh;a l=ureg nqÿ
jkakg bv fokafka ke;ehs ˜ jyis nia fnfKñka wixfLHhla udr
fiakdj iu. meñK udr f>daId mj;ajd we;' bka ìhg m;a ÈjH n%yu a
fiakd m,d .sh nj o i|yka fõ'

udrhd iu. úYd, fiakdjla isák úg ˜ud msrE mdró Yla;shg

msyg
s jkq we;ehs˜

iuka;d Oßksx Èiajd-hq;a;x udrx ijdykx

hqoaOdh mÉPq. .ÉPdó-ux ux Odkd wjdpiS

fndaêi;ajhka jykafia is;k úg"tu wêIaGdk Yla;sfha f;aciska

udr fik.g fndai;=ka lrd <xúh fkdyelúsh'udrhd wE;ska isg kj úO
uy jeis jeiai jQ nj i|yka fõ'

117
 I. úYd, .ia .,a m¾j; mjd mq¿ka leá fia md l< yels pKav
udre;hla o "
II. uy j¾Idjla ^uD.ika jeiaila&o"
III. .,a j¾Idjla o"
IV. wdhqO jeiaila o"
V. .sks wÕ=re jeiaila o" jeiaiúh' ta ish,a, nqÿ isß mduq< u,a
jeis njg m;aj we;'
VI. .sks w¿ jeiaila tùh'tajd fndaêi;ajhka jykafi mduq, iqj|
ÿïúh'
VII. .sks .;a je,s jeiaila
VIII. .sks .;a uv jeiaila o
IX. Uy >K w÷rla o ueùh' tA uy >K w÷frys fndaêi;ajhka
jykafia muKla È,sys È,syS jev isáhy'

bka miq .sßfïL,d we;= fufyh ùh' we;= fndaêi;ajhka jykafia

bÈßfha mduq< jeáKs'

bkamiqj pl%dhqOfhka ^uyfurg .eiqfjd;a uyfur folvjk uy

ihqrg .eiqfjd;a ihqr úh<jd,Sug iu;a& oud .eiSh' tu wdhqOh
fndai;a ysig úhkla fia isáfhah' wjidkfha neßu ;ek ˜uf.a
wdikfhka m,d hjhs˜ jc%dikh b,a,d isáfhah'˜ fï wdikh i|yd ud
mdró msrE njg fï ñysl; idlaIs hhs ñysl; foig w; È.= lr
fndai;a ;=ud mjioa§ uyfmdf<dj .s.=reï ÿks' bka ìhg m;a jij;a
ure we;=¿ udr fiakdj m<d .sh nj i|yka fõ'

nqoaO;ajfhka miqj Wrefj,a okõfõ wcm,a kq. rel uq, jev

isáh§ meñKs jij;a ure ˜b|ska ksy~j ksjkg hk u. wjfndaO lrk
,oafoa kï udf.a úIfhka myjkq uekj' uqLu Ml,dj hkq uekú'l=ula
fyhska furudyg wkqYdikd flfrys o˜ hehs O¾uh foaYkd fkdlrk
f,i nqÿ hsñhkaf.ka b,a,d isá nj ixhq;a; ksldfha i;a; jisl iQ;%fha
i|ykafõ' i;a; jisl iQ;%hg wkqj ÿIalr l%shd lrk iufha§ jir 6
lao nqoaO;ajfhka miqj jirla o udrhd nqÿ ysñf.a isÿre fidhñka yeisr
we;'

118
 ˜mrf;r hk iq¨ hï ck flfkla ure yg úIh fkdjQ ksjk úpdroa
o Tjqka úiska úpdrk ,oafoï uu hula i;Hfõo@ Wmos rys;o@ th
lshñ˜ nqÿ mshdKkaf.a ms<s;=r úh'
ix ksldh ila; jisl iQ;%h

udrhd miq nei lrndf.k Wlg,Sj uqyK q ìug yrjdf.k ìu

bß w|sñka isg we;'mshdKkaf.a fï ÿlaÅ; iajrEmh ksid meñKs udr
¥jre ydj Ndj ú,dis;d olajñka nqÿ ysñ fmd<Ujd .ekSug fkdfhla
wdldrfhka mßY%u ±rEnj ixhq;a; ksldfha udrê;= iQ;%fha i|yka
fõ'Tjqkf
a .a W;aidyho wid¾:l úh'
ix ksldh i.d: j.a.h udrê;= iQ;%h

bka miqjo jßka jr udrhd O¾u foaYkd lrk ;ekg meñK

ndOd l< nj"msKavmd;h je<elaùu l< nj" nqoaO Y%djl Y%dúldjkg
n,mEï l< nj iQ;% foaYkd j, i|ykafõ'

udr ixhq;a;fha ;fmda lïu iQ;%fhka wdrïNù udrê;= iQ;%fhka

wjika jk iQ;% foaYkd úis mylsku
a m%lg jkafka udrhd" udr ¥jre nqÿ
ysñg yd Y%djl msßig l< úúO n,mEï ms<sn|jh'

ixhq;a; ksldfha udr ixhq;a;fha kd. iQ;%fhka o"iqN iQ;%fhka o

±lafjkafka Wrefj,a okõfõ fkar[ckd k§ f;r"wcm,a kq. rel uq,
yqfol,dj úfõl iqjfhka jev isá Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiag" ìh ;e;s
.ekqï f,duq ±ye .ekqï Wmojkq msKsi lrk ,o W;aidyhka .ekh'
jfrl úYd, we;ardcfhl=f.a fjila ujd f.ko ;j jfrl Nd.Hj;=ka
jykafia bÈßfha iqn-wiqN úis;=re rgd ujñka o udrhd fjfyiS we;'
mGumdi iQ;%hg wkqj nrKei bism;kfha§ nqÿ ysñ m%Gka ù¾hh jvk
f,i NslaIQka jykafia,dg wjjdo lrk úg udrhd meñK ñksiqka
flfrys jQ ÈjHuh udr nkaOk j,ska nqÿ ysñ fkdñÿkq nj lshñka ndOd
lr we;' ÿ;sh mdi iQ;%fha§ nrKei bism;kfha§ m%:u Ydjl msßi
wu;d ioyï pdßldfõ fhfok f,i wkqYdikd lr;a§ udrhd fmkS isg
foúhka ms<sn| neïfuka-ñksiqka ms<sn| neïfuka ne÷fka fjhs' ud
flfrka fkdñfokafka hhs m%ldY l< nj ±lafõ'fï wjia:d foflys§u
˜ uu ish¨ udr nkaOkhkaf.ka ñÿfkñ' uu ish¨ laf,aY
nkaOkhkaf.ka ñÿfkñ ˜ hs m%ldY l< nqÿysñg mer§ udrhd m,d .sh
nj tu iQ;%j, ±lafõ'
119
 flf<ia ;jk ù¾hh we;sj" ksjka msKsi fufyh jQ is;a we;sj"
fjfik NslaIQka jykafia,dg udrhd ndOd l< wjia:do we;'YdlH
ckmofha is,dj;S .u nqÿ ysñ jev isáh§ Wkajykafiag kqÿrej jev
isá NslaIQka jykafia,dg "uy¿ nuqKq fjila ujd f.k meñKs udrhd"˜
fid÷re fh!jkfha m<uq jhfiys isák Tn " ñksialï iqj ú|s;ajd' fï
wd;au Ndjfha ú|sh hq;= iqj yer oud " l,a .;ù ú|sh hq;= iqj lrd
fkdÿj;ajd˜ hs m%ldY l< nj iï nyq, iQ;%fhka õia;r fõ' ˜nuqK
ldufhda ;djld,slhs'fndfyda ÿla we;' ±ä wdhdi we;' fï f,dõ;=re
oyu fï w;anfjysu úkao hq;= hehs NslaIQka jykafia,d ms<s;=re ÿka úg
udrhd mero m,d .sh nj tu iQ;%fha i|ykafõ'

Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia NslaIQka jykafia,dg O¾uh foaYkd lrk

wjia:dj,§ nqÿ ysñhkg ndOd lsÍug;a" O¾uh Y%jKh lrñka isák
NslaIQka jykafia,df.a wjOdkh fjkia lsÍug;a" msßia ueog mek udrhd
yeisreKq fkdyslauqKq ú,dYh ixhq;a; ksldfha udr ixhq;a;fha iQ;%
foaYkd lsym s hlu i|ykafõ'liail iQ;%fha i|yka mßÈ úhm;a
f.dúfhl=f.a fjiska uy k.=,la lr ;nd f.k flúá ,Shla w;skf a .k
yKj;la ye| uv;ejreKq mhska hq;=j msßia ueog msúi ndOd lroa§
˜udrh "ud ;f.a mdYh blaujd isáñhs˜ nqÿ ysñ mejiQ úg ,cacdjg
m;aj bj;aù f.dia we;'

úYd,d uykqjr l+gd.dr Yd,dfjys nqÿ ysñ ohï foik úg nK

wik NslaIQka jykafia,d ueog mek fmdf<dj fmr<kakdla fuka y~la
kxjd ìh ;e;s.ekqï we;s fldg wjOdkh fjkia lrkakg fjfyiqkq nj
wdh;k iQ;%fha i|ykafõ' fï fmdf<dj fmrf<k y~la fkdj f;dmf.a
meKei jkikakg meñKs múgq urehhs nqÿ ysñ NslAIQka wu;d meyeÈ,s
lr we;'

oyj, odkfhka miq md;% fidaod wõfõ úhf<kakg ;nd NslaIQka

jykafia,d nqÿ ysñhka foaYkd lrk O¾uh Y%jKh lrñka isá
wjia:djl f.dfkl=f.a fjiska meñK tu ueá md;% ish,a,u ì| ±uQ
nj m%;srEm iQ;%fha i|yka fõ' ta f.dfkl= fkdj f;dmf.a m%{d wei
jikakg is;d meñKs udrhd nj nqÿ ysñ mjid we;'

120
 Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia mxpid,d nuqKq .fuys ms~q msKsi yeisfroa§
ta .fuys ish¨ nuqKq .Dym;Shkg wdfõY ù msKavmd;h ms§u
je<elaùu ksid ysia md;%h iys;j wdmiq jäkakg isÿjQ mqj; msKav
iQ;%fha i|yka fõ'

fõr[acdfjys jia úiSug nqÿ ysñhkg wdrdOkd l< Woh

nuqKdg jeis idr ui ;=<u tu wdrdOkh wu;l jk fia udrdfõYj
isàu ksid nqÿ mshdKka jykafia we;=¿ mkaishhla NslaIQka jykafia,dg
odkh fkd,eî .sh nj úkh msglfha wmodk md,sfha i|yka lr we;'

ixhq;a; ksldfha NslaIqKS ixhq;a;fha iQ;% foaYkd oyhlsku a

úia;r jkafka ieje;a kqjr wkaO jkfha rela fijfkys rela uq,a wi<
oyj, msKavmd;fhka miq yqol,dj Èjd úyrKfhys fh§ isá wd,úld-
fidaud- lsidf.da;ó-úchd-Wmam,jKakd-pd,d-Wmpd,d-isiQmpd,d-fia,d-
jcsrd hk NslaIQKk
S a jykafia,d fj; meñKs udrhd ta wh ;=< ìh-;e;s
.ekqu-f,duqoy.ekqu Wmojkakg fjfyiqKq wdldrhhs' wry;a M,hg
msúi ksjka u. mila lr f.k isá tu NslaIQKSka jykafia,d udrhd
ye|sk .;a neúka tu W;aidyho wid¾:l úh'
ixhq;a; ksldh NslaLqKS j.a.h ms 232-247

iDêu;=ka w;r w.%jQ oaj;Sh w.% Ydjl uq.,ka uy ry;ka

jykafiaf.a l=i ;=<g ßx.df.k udrhd mSvd l< nj udr;¾ckS iQ;%fha
±lafõ'uq.,ka ysñ udrhd ye|sk.;a ksid l=i ;=<ska t<shg ú;a wdjdi
l=áfha fodr ljq¿j wi< isg .;s' tfia isá udrhd wu;d uq.,ka
ysñ"nqÿ ysñhkag yd nqÿ iõjkg mSvd lsÍfï wd§kj foaYkd lr we;'
;uka jykafiao ÿiS kï udrj bmso fuu uyd Nø l,amfha m%:u nqÿ
jrhd jQ ll=i| nqÿ mshdKkag yd nqoaO Y%djlhkg ks;r ysßyer l<
nj" msKavmd;fha jäk úg "Ndjkd m%.K= lrkúg"fjk;a .Dy m;shkg
wdfõYù my;a jpk j,ska ksko a d l< nj ,dN i;aldr j,g .scq njla
we;s lrùug fjfyiqKq nj m%ldY l<y' tla wjia:djl ll=i| nqÿ
mshdKkaf.a w.% Y%djl úOqr kï uy ry;ka jykafiag .,a leghlska
.id ysßyer l< nj;a ta mdmfhka udrhdf.a iDên,h ke;sù ksrfha
mefikakg isÿjQ w;S; l:dj úia;r lr§" udrhd m,jd yeß nj
udr;¾ckSh iQ;%fha i|ykafõ'

121
 nqoaO;ajfhka miqj Wrefj,a okõfõ jev isá nqÿ mshdKka
yuqjg meñKs udrhd msßksjka mdk f,i wdrdOkd lr we;'

˜k;djyx mdmSu mßksíndhsiaidñ hdj fï NslaLq k idj;d

Nõiai;s' úh;a;d-úkS;d-úidrod-nyqiaiq;d-OïuOrd ˜ uf.a Y%djl msßi
úHla;-úkS;-úYdro-nyqYe% ;-O¾uOrhka jk f;la uu msßksjka
fkdmdñ'hkak nqÿ ysñhkaf.a ms<s;=r ù we;' kej; j;djla nqoaO
mßks¾jdKhg f;uilg fmr úYd,d uykqjr pdmd, fÉ;sfhys jev
isáh§ meñK msßksjka mdk f,i okajd we;'

˜wmafmdaiaiqlf
a lda ;ajx mdmsu " fydys k Ñrx ;:d.;iai
mßksíndkx Nõiai;s bf;d ;skk a x udidkx wÉpfhk ;:d.f;d
mßksínd hsiai;s˜' udrh f;da W;aidyj;a fkdjj'fkdfnda l,lska
;:d.;hka jykafiaf.a msßksùu jkafkah'fuhska f;uila blau .sh miq
;:d.;hka jykafiaf.a msßksùu jkafkah'nqÿ mshdKka jykafia ms<s;=re
§ we;s nj uyd mßksíndk iQ;%fha i|yka fõ'

udrhdf.a iydhg isá oYudr fiakdjla .eko nqÿ ysñ meyeÈ,s lr

we;' fï oYudr fiakdj ms<sn| úia;rhla iq;a; ksmd;fha modk iQ;%fha
i|yka fõ'

1. lduh - rEm Yío .kaO ri myi hk mxp lduhka flfrys is;

ne|S hdu
2. wr;sh - l=i,a oyï j, is; msyg s qùug fkdleue;a;
3. idmsidj ^Lqmamsmdid&
4. ;Kaydj wdYdj
5. ksÈu; - w,ilu ^ÒkñoaOh&
6. Nh ^NSrE&
7. ielh - úÑlsÉdj f;rejka flfrys ielh
8. .=K ul= nj ^ulaL&
9. ,dN hiia j,g .scù q u ^jerÈ u.ska ,nk hii&
10. udkh ;ud Wiia fldg wkqka my;a fldg ie,lSu

udr fiakdj ldhsl-jdpisl-udkisl ish¨ laf,aY O¾u f,i uyd

ksoafoaY md,sfhys olaajd we;'§> ksldfha plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%fha§
122
udr n,h fia b;d ÿlfia uev,sh hq;= wka tlo n,hla uu fkdolsñhs
nqÿ mshdKka jykafia foaYkd lr we;'

udr nkaOkh b;d ishqï jQjla njo nqÿ mshdKka jykafia meyeÈ,s
lr we;' th wiqr nkaOkhg;a jvd ishqï njhs nqÿ ysñ mjid we;af;a'
iqr wiqr hqoaOfha§ iqrhska wiqrhskag mrdch jqfjd;a /yeKska ne| wiqr
kdhlhd fj; f.k tk f,i wiqrhskg a okajd we;' fï /yeK øjHuh
jQjla fkdfõ' udkisluh jQ ÈjHuh nkaOkhls' udr nkaOkho
tjekakls' udr nkaOkhg yiqjqfjd;a w;s §¾> jQ iir .ukl
fhfokakg isÿjk nj;a tys we;s ìysiqKq nj;a lsj fkfyels ;rï ÿlaL
fodaukiaihkag uqyK q mEug isÿjk nj;a ±k ±ku mqyÿ q ka i;a;ajfhda
udr jiÕhgu we§ h;s'

is; flf<ia j,ska msß ;sfnk ;rug udr nkaOkhg yiqfõ' wei-
lK-kyh-Èj-lh-uki fkdÈhqKq mqoa.,hd ´kEu fõ,djl udrhdg
yiqfõ'mxfÉkaøshka /l .kakd mqoa.,hd udrhdg yiq fkdfõ'

udr mdYfhka ñ§ug

 lreKdj ffu;%Sh m%.K = lrkak'

 muK ±k wyr .kak'wdydrfhys málal+, ix{dj jvkak'
 lfhys wiqNh kqjKska olskk a 'wY=N Ndjkdj jvkak'
 ish¨ f,daldfhys wkNsr; ix{dj jvkak' fkdwef,kak'
 ish¨ ixialdr j, wks;H iajNdjh fufkys lrkak'
 wks;H-ÿlaL-wkd;au jYfhka cSú;fha;a f,dalfha;a h:d
iajNdjh olskk a g yqrejkak'
 f,daN-fodai-fuday-uo-udk-biaid wl=i, O¾uhkaf.ka
wE;ajkak'
 ksjka u. wjqrK kSjrK O¾u is; ;=< jefvkakg wjldYhla
fkd§ug j, n,d .kak'
 bkaøsh ixjrfhka hq;= jkak'
 wdríO ù¾hfhka hq;= jkak'
 Y%oaOd-YS,-iq;-% pd.-m%{d fiaL n, m%.K = lrkak'
 iS,-iudê-m%{d ;S%Yl s aIdjka m%.K
= lrkak'ksjka lrdu .uka
lrkak' udrhdf.a úIh m:fhka ksoyia úh yel'
123
 .scq ,sysKsfhl=f.a .%yKhg yiqù WmdhYS,Sj urKfhka ñÿKq
leglsß,a,f.a Wmud l:dfjka m%ldY jk mßÈ udrhdg Tn hgm;a l<
yels wjia:djla ,efnkafka Tng fkd.e<fmk kqiqÿiq ;eka j,
yeisfrk úgh' fkd.e<fmk kqiqÿiq ia:dk kï "

 weiska ±lsh hq;= is;a mskjk rEm

 lKsska weish hq;= is;a mskjk Yío
 kdifhka ú|ssh hq;= is;a mskjk iqj|
 Èfjka ú|sh hq;= is;a mskjk ri
 YÍrfhka ú|sh hq;= is;a mskjk myi
wd§ mialï iem;hs'

Tn Tfí msh Wreufhka ,enqKq f.dÿre ìfuys yeisfrkak' tA

f.dÿre ìu i;r i;smÜGdkhhs' nqÿ mshdKka jykafia ;u Y%djl msßi
wu;d m%ldY lr we;'

 ksjka m;kafkla ldhsl iajNdjhka n,ñka flf<ia ;jk

ù¾hfhka hq;=j f,dalfhys we,Sfuka .eàfuka f;drj jdih
lrhs'
 ksjka m;kafkla fõokdj ms<sn| iajNdjh n,ñka flf<ia ;jk
ù¾hfhka hq;=j f,dalfhys we,Sfuka .eàfuka f;drj jdih
lrhs'
 ksjka m;kafkla isf;ys iajNdjh n,ñka flf<ia ;jk
ù¾hfhka hq;=j f,dalfhys we,Sfuka .eàfuka f;drj jdih
lrhs'
 ksjka m;kafkla O¾uh ms<sn| iajNdjh n,ñka flf<ia ;jk
ù¾hfhka hq;=j f,dalfhys we,Sfuka .eàfuka f;drj jdih
lrhs'

ksjka m;k whg iqÿiq fï f.dÿre ìï j,g udrhdg <xúh fkdyel'

124
 urK i;sh jvkak

mQ¾jdka;h osia fkdjk w;s oS¾> jQ ixidr pdßldj ksulrkakg

wfmalaId lrk ljfrl= jqjo ksrka;rj urKh isys lsÍu l<
hq;=h'urKh .ek ks;r isys lsÍu urKdkqiai;shhs'th Ndjkdjla f,i
m%.K
= l< hq;=h'urKh Ndjkdjla f,i ÿgq f,dj tlu Y%dia;Djrhd
nqÿrcdKka jykafiah'ysi .sKs .;a;l= t.sKs ksjkakg ork fjfyigo
jeä blauka fjfyilska urKh isys l< hq;= njhs nqÿ Tjok'wks;HjQ
ÿllajQ wkd;aujQ ksiaidr cSú;fha h:d iajNdjh wjfndaO lr .kakg"
t<fUk ljr fyda fudfyd;l wkfmalaIs;j urKhg m;aùug wmg
we;s bv m%ia:dj .ek is;kakg" wjia:djla urKh ks;r fufkys
lsÍfuka ,efí'

urK i;sh jeäh hq;= wdldrh" urK i;sh jeãfï

wdksYxi"urKh isys fkdlsÍfï wdoSkj" .ek nqÿ mshdKka jykafia ;u
Y%djlhskg meyeos,slr we;'

˜tAl Oïfuda NslaLfõ Ndúf;da nyq,Slf;d tAldka;

ksíìodh"úrd.dh"ksfrdaOdh"Wmiaudh"wNs[a[dh"iïfndOdh"ksíndkdh"
ixj;a;;s l;fud tAl Oïfud urKi;s'

˜uyfKks ks;r Ndú;d l< hq;= nyq,j Ndú;d l< hq;= tl

O¾uhla we;'th taldka; jYfhkau iir l<lsÍu msKsi" fkdwe,Su
msKsi"ÿl ke;s lsÍu msKsi" ÿl ixis|u S msKi"fjfiid oekqu
msKsi"p;=rd¾h i;H wjdndaOh msKsi" ksjkaiqj ,eîu msKsi jkafkah ˜
l=ula o tA O¾uh urK i;shhs'
wx.=;a;r ksldh tAll ksmd; nq(c(uq(

125
 nqÿ mshdKka jykafia ks;r isys l< hq;= O¾u;d myla .ek
Y%djlhskg meyeos,slr we;'

1. crdjg m;ajk nj
2. jHdêhg m;ajk nj
3. urKhg m;ajk nj
4. l¾u odhdo fldg we;s nj
5. ms%hjQ ukdmjQ fohska fjkajkakg isÿjk nj

tA wkqj ˜ urK Oïfudaïys urKx wka;sf;daïys urKx wNsKaKx

mÉp fjlÇ;ínx ˜ uu urKh fkdblaujQ flfkla fkdjk nj ks;r
isys l< hq;=h˜ hs okajd we;'

kdosl .fuys .s[aPldjia:fhys ^.fvd,a úydrfhys& jev jik

iufhaoS NslaIQka jykafia,d wu;d urK i;sh jeãu ms<sn|j foaYkd
l< whqre wx.=;a;r ksldfha Pla; ksmd;fha mGul urK i;s
iQ;%fhkao" oaú;Shsl urK i;s iQ;%fhkao" wx.=;a;r ksldfha
wÜGl ksmd;fha m%Gul yd oaú;Shsl urK i;s iQ;% j,ska o meyeos,s fõ'

˜urKi;s NslaLfõ Ndú;d nyq,Sl;d uymaM,d uydksixid

wuf;d>Od wu;mßfhdikd Ndfõ; fkd ;=ïfy NslaLfõ urKi;sk;s ˜

˜ uyfKks Ndú;" nyq,SlD;" urKdkqiauD;sh uy;a M, fjhs'

uyskY s xi fjhs' wuD;hg nei isáhd fjhs' wuD;h fl<jr fldg
we;af;ao fjhs' uyfKks f;ms flfia urK i;sh jvõ ˜±hs Nd.Hj;=ka
jykafia úuiQ wjia:dfõ NslaIQka jykafia,d wg kulf.ka ,enqKq
ms<s;=re wx.=;a;r ksldfha wÜGl ksmd;fha m%:ul urK i;s iQ;%fha
oelafjkafka fï whqßks'

1. ud tl /hla ojd,la cSj;jkafka kï fhfyl' Nd.Hj;=ka

jykafiaf.a wjjdo fufkys lr "wd;auys; urKlsi l< yels
fjhs'

2. ud ojila cSj;a fjï kï fhfyl' ud úiska fndfyda wd;auys;

urKlsi l< yels fjhs'

126
 3. ud wv ojila cSj;a jkafka kï fhfyl' Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a
wkqYdikd fufkys lr tAldka;fhka fndfyda wd;auys; urKlsi
l< yels fjhs'

4. ud tla msKavmd;hlska hefmk muK fõ,d cSj;ajkafka kï

fhfyl' Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a wkqYdikd fufkys lr fndfyda
wd;auys; urKlsi l< yels fjhs'

5. ud msKavmd;hlska wvla j<|k ;dla l,a cSj;ajkafka kï

fhfyl' Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a wkqYdikd fufkys lr fndfyda
wd;auys; urKlsi l< yels fjhs'

6. ud n;a i;r mia msvla imd .s,sk f;la cSj;ajkafka kï

fhfyl' Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a wkqYdikd fufkys lr
taldka;fhka fndfyda wd;auys; urKlsi l< yels fjhs'

7. ud tla n;a msvla imd .s,sk f;la cSj;ajkafka kï fhfyl'

Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a wkqYdikd wkqj fndfyda wd;auys;
urKlsi l< yels fjhs'

8. ud hï muK lf,lska wdYajdi fldg m%Yj a di flfrïo fyda

m%Yj
a di fldg kej; wdYajdi flfrïo ta;dla l,A cSj;ajkafka
kï fhfyl' Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a wjjdo fufkys lr
fndfyda wd;auys; urKlsi l< yels fjhs'

Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia fuys§ m%ldY lf<a uq,ska i|yka NslaIQka

jykafia,d ih kuf.a urK i;sh jeãu m%udo njhs' wjidkhg i|yka
foku urK i;sh jeãfï wm%udo njhs'urKh tfia l,a ±óu l<
fkdyels neúks' urK i;sh wm%ud§j jeäh hq;= njhs nqÿ Tjok'

wÜGl ksmd;fha Èù;sh urK i;s iQ;%h foAYkd lf<ao kdosl .fuys
.s[aPldjia:fhys jev isáh§ urK i;sh jeäh hq;= nj" jeä jYfhka
Ndú;d l, hq;= nj" th uy;aM, uydksYxi nj" ksjkg nei .ekSug
127
ksjkska fl<jr ùug fya;= jk nj NslaIQka jykafia wu;d foaYkd l<
fial'
 oyj, bl=;a ù rd;s%h kej; t<U l,ays o
 rd;s%h bl=;a ù kej; oyj, WodjQ l,ays o

fufia urKh m%;HfõlaId l< hq;= hhs olajd we;' udf.a urKhg
fndfyda m%;Hfhda fj;s'
 i¾mfhla ud oIaG lrkafkah
 f.daki
q afila fyda ud oIaG lrkafkah
 m;a;Efhla fyda ud oIaG lrkafkah'bka udf.a ld, l%shdj
fjhs'th ug cSú;dka;rdh fjhs'
 mh meg,S jeàulska fyda
 je<ª wdydr fkdÈrùfuka fyda
 udf.a ms; lsmSfuka " fiu lsmSfuka " jd;h lsmSfuka fyda
 ñksiqka lrk Wml%u ksid fyda wukqIHfhl=f.a Wml%u ksid fyda
udf.a ld, l%shdj fjhs'cSú;dka;rdh msKsi fjhs'
fufia oyj, fyda rd;%sfha fyda ld,l%shd lrk ug wka;rdh msKsi
hï wl=i, O¾u flfkla fj;a kï "hï fyhlska weú,S oefjk
jia;%hla fyda "weú,S oefjk ysi we;af;la fyda" tA .sks ksùu msKsi
wêud;% leue;a;la" W;aidyhla" Wlg,S fkdùula" isysh kqjK
fhdojkakd fia" tu wl=i, O¾u m%ydKhgo" wêud;% leue;a;-
W;aidyh-jHdhduh-ù¾hh-i;sh-m%{dj fhÈh hq;=h'fufia jvk ,o
urK i;sh uy;a M, fjhs' uydksYxi fjhs' ksjk msKsiu ksjka
fl<jrùu msKsiu fya;= fjhs's
w,õ kqjr w.a.d,d úydrfha§ .sys Y%djlhska i|yd o urK i;sh
jeãu i|yd wkqYdikd l< wjia:djla .ek i|yka fõ'nqÿ mshdKka
jykafia l< tu wkqYdikh wkqj urK i;sh fyd|ska m%.K = l<
flfkls oyih yeúÈß fmaIldr oshKsh' ksjfia ffoksl lghq;= j,
fhfoñka frÈ úùu cSjk jD;a;sh lr .;a mshdf.a lghq;= j,g iydh
128
jk w;r ;=r yhuila ;siafia weh urK i;sh jevqjdh' yh uilg miq
nqÿ mshdKka jykafia kej; w.a.d,j úydrhg jeäfha fidajdka ùug
fya;= iïm;a we;s fï wirK ±ßh fjkqfjks'
nqÿ mshdKka jykafia õuik ,o m%Yk
a j,g weh fok ,o ms<s;=re
j,ska m%lg jkafka ks;r urK i;sh úãfuka j¾Okh jQ m%{dfõ
uhsuhhs'

m%Yka h # ÈhKsh Tn fldys isgo tkafka

ms<s;=r # fkdoksñ iajdóks
m%Yka h # hkafka fldhsng o
ms<s;=r # fkdoksñ iajdóks
m%Yka h # fkdokafkys o
ms<s;=r # oksñ iajdóks
m%Yka h # okafkys o
ms<s;=r # fkdoksñ iajdóks

nqÿ mshdKka jykafia iu. tlg tl l;d lrkjdhhs lshd" foiqï

yf,a isá
s msßi weh yd WrK jQy' wehg ksko a d l<y' msßi ksyv l<
nqÿ ysñ"weh mejiQ ms<s;=re j, wre;a weh fj;skua ,nd .;ay' wehg
m%Yxid l<y'

1. fuf,djg meñKsfha ljr Njhlska o fkdokakd nj

2. urKhg miq Wm; ,nk Njh fkdokakd nj
3. uefrk nj okakd nj
4. uefrk fõ,dj fkdokakd nj weh m%ldY l<dh

˜wkaO N+f;da whx f,daflda ˜ Oïu mo .d:dj fuu mqj; wrNhd

foaYkd lrk ,oaols' ˜ f,dajeis ck;dj wkaO jQ msßila jeksh' we;s foh
we;s ieáfhka olskf a ka ál fofkls˜ hs nqÿ ysñ oyï foiqy' foaYkdj
wjidkfha fmfylï ±ßh fidajdka M,hg m;a jQjdh' ksjig .sh miq
isÿjQ yÈis wk;=rlska ñheÿkdh'

129
 iïnqoaO;ajh i|yd mdró mqrk fndai;a wjêfha §o urK i;sh
jeãug ish wkq.dñlhka fhduq l< wdldrh wx.=;a;r ksldfha wrl
iQ;%fhys ±lafõ'' ˜tl, ukqIH wdhqI m%udKh wjqreÿ 60"000 la muK
úh'frda.dndO ;snqfKa frda. j¾. yhls' l=i.skk
a -msmdih-YS;,-WKqiqu
yd u< uq;%d mh lsÍuh' tjka jljdkqjl o fndaêilajhka jykafia
urK i;sh jeãfï wdksYxi .ek wkqYdikd lr we;'

˜n%dyauKfhks" fï cSú;h b;d fláh' w,amh' iq¨h'fndfyda ÿla lror

iys;h' th ixfõ. we;sj kqjKska f;areï f.k nUir yeisßh hq;=h'
l=i,a l< hq;=h˜

cSú;fha wks;H iajNdjh ±lafjk urK i;sh jeãug wod<

Wmud y;la fufia foaYkd lr we;' wjqreÿ yeg oyila muK wdhqI
;snQ frda. mSvdÈh o b;d w,am jQ wjêhl o urK i;sh jvk f,i
fndai;ajre ish Y%djlhkg wkqYdikd lf<a tf,ih'

mkaish mkia cd;l fmdf;a Wr. cd;lh ^fma%; jia;= l:d

ud,dfõ Wr. fmA%; jia;=j&ourK i;sh jeãfï wdksYxi t l, nuqKq
mjq,l Wm; ,o wm uy fndai;a ;=ud" t;=udf.a ìß|"mq;d "ÈhKh"
f,a,sh"fiaúldj we;=¿ ih fokdu ks;r urK i;sh jevQ wh jQy' mshd
iuÕ l=Uf q ¾ iSiEug f.dia issáh§ i¾mfhl= oIaG lsÍu ksid mq;d
ñheÈks' mq;=f.a urKh ms<sn|j mshd we;=¿ mjqf,a ieu fok ±lajQ
m%;spdrh fYdald,dmhka f.ka f;dr jQjls' ieu tlaj ksyvj ikaiqkja
u< isrer ojoa§ ñhe§ ilafoõj Wm; ,o mq;d Tjqka fj; meñK
Tjqkfa .a urK i;sh jeãu ms<sn|j msßlaid ne,Sh' tla tla whf.ka
fYdal fkdjk fya;= úuioa§ fndai;a msh;=ud m%ldY lf<a"

˜Wrf.dap ;dp cSKaKx ys;aj .Éc;s ix;kqx

Tjx irSfr ksfnNdf. fmf;d ld,l;d i;s
vhyudfkd k cdk;S {d;skx mrsfoaú;x˜

˜i¾mfhl= ;u Èrdm;a iu yeroud hkakd fia l¿ßh l<

;eke;a;d ;u isrer yer oud kslau .sfhah' ˜ta nj fkdokakd {d;Syq
y~d je,fmk njhs'
130
 ˜wkúysf;da ;f;da wd.
wkkq[a[f;da bf;d .f;d
h:d .f;d ;:d .f;d
l;a:ld mßfoaú;d˜

˜mrf,dj .sh ;eke;a;d wm úiska fkdle|jk ,ÿj meñKSfhah'

wmf.a wkq±kqfuka f;drj wdmiq .sfhah'hï l¾uhlska fuys meñKSfhao
tA l¾uh wkqju wdmiq .sfhah' ta ksid je<fmkafka l=ulgo @ ujf.a
ms<s;=r úh'
Wr. fma%; jia:j
q
YS% ,dxflah b;sydifha isÿjQ b;d wkqfõokSh isÿùula miqìï
lrf.k f;, lgdy .d:d ,shù we;'

rd.fhka úhrejQ le<Ks;siai rcqf.a wufkd{ l%shdoduh ksid

ksjerÈ le<Ks;siai ry;ka jykafiag WKq f;,a lgdrul ±ù ms<siaiS
msßksjka mEug isÿ úh' f;,a lgdrfuys ueo m¾h~lfhka jevisá
ry;ka jykafiag fmr w;aneõ okakd kqjKska mQ¾j l¾uhl úmdl
ú|skka g isÿù we;s nj ±l .; yels úh' cSú;fha h:d¾:h;a iifrys
ìhlre nj;a fy<s lrñka l=ßre rcq fj; ohdmrjY is;ska oyï wjjdo
fok ˜f;, lgdy .d:d ˜ .d:d ishhlska iukaú;h' tys tk fuu
.d:djo urK i;sh jeãug b;d iqÿiq lugykla hehs yefÕa'

˜rEmx crd msh;rx u,skS lfrda;S

iínx n,x yr;s w;a;ks f>dr frdf.d
kd kQm fNd. mßrlaÅ; w;a; Ndjx
fydæ uÉpq ixyr;s lSx M, u;l Ndfj˜

mis÷rka mskjk fudfyd;ska fudfyd; Èrd hk fï isrer

fnfyúka mshlre hehs fndfyda wh is;;s' uyd f.dr ìrï frda. yg.;a
úg isref¾ ish¨ n, ì|S hhs' fudfyd;ska fudfyd; ls,sájk úrEmSj
ÿ¾j¾K jk fï isrer ksn|ju ms<shï l< hq;=h' tfia fkdl< fyd;a
th ;udgu ms<sl=,ls' mQ¾j l¾uhl úmdl f,i uy;a jQ ldhsl jO

131
fõokd ú| msßksjka mEug isÿjQj;a le<Ks;siai ry;ka jykafia tod
rcqg ÿka wjjdo wm ldf.a;a cSú; wdf,dalj;a lr .ekSug iqÿiqh'

urK i;s Ndjkdj

urKh ms<sn|j ksrka;rj isys lsÍu fyj;a wkqiauD;sh

urKdkqiauD;shhs' iu: Ndjkdfõ i;<sia lugyka w;r ±lafjk
wkqiai;s Ndjkd oyfhka urKi;s Ndjkdjo tlls' nqÿ mshdKka
jykafia ks;r m%;HfõlaId l< hq;= hhs foaYkd l< O¾u;d mfyka
f;jekak urKhhs'

˜mjdk §m ;=,Hdh idhqika;;s hdlaLhx

mrEmudh iïmiaix Ndjfha urKiai;sx˜

m%pKav jd;h yuk ;efkl o,ajk ,o mykla ksù hkakdla

fuka ;udf.a wdhqIo f.ù hk wdldrh wkHhkaf.a urKh yd Wmud
fldg n,ñka urKdkqiauD;sh jeäh hq;=h'

urKh isys lsÍu fyj;a urKdkqiauD;s Ndjkdj wg wdldrhlg

jeäh yels nj úiqoaê u.a.fha ±lafõ'

^isxy,& ms 345

1. jOl mÉpq mÜGdkh

2. iïm;a;s úm;a;s
3. WmixyrKh
4. ldh nyq idOdrKh
5. wdhq ÿín,h
6. wksñ;a;h
7. woaOdk mßÉfPaoh
8. LK mß;a;h

132
1' jOl mÉpq mÜGdkh
 ˜Wmam;a;shd ifhafõox urKx wd.;x iod
urK;a;dh ´ldix jOfld úhMi;s'˜
fï urKh Wmam;a;sh legqju wdfhah' tneúka wúh Tijd .;a
jOlfhl= fia urKh isÿ lsÍug ish¨ l,ayu
s wjldY fidhkafkah'

 ˜Bilx wkaj;a;;a;x-i;a;x .ukqiailx

cSõ;x Wohd w;a;x iqßfhda úh Odj;Ss'˜
ysre Woh m¾j;fhka ke.s u|l=ÿ fkdkej;S .ufkys fh§ wia;
m¾j;hg hkakdfia cSõ;ho urKh lrd Èj hkafkah'
 l÷ uqÿkska .,d yef,k Èh oyr uol=ÿ fkdkej;S .,d
hkakdfia"
 wyfiys ke.=Kq j,dl=< weis,a,la fkdkej;S m,d
hkakdfia "
 .S%Iau ld,fhys ysre /iska we, fod< is|S hkakdfia"
 .fia yg.;a f.ä kgqfjka .s,syS ìu m;s; jkakdfia"
 uq.ß
= ka myr ,o ueá n÷k ì|S hkakdfia"
 ysre /ia jeà msKs ìª jekiS hkakdfia"
;udo Èfkl urKhg m;a jk nj isyslghq;=h'

2' iïm;a;s úm;a;s

 ˜uyd iïm;a;s iïm;a;d-h:d i;a;d u;d bO
;:d wyx ußiaidó-urKx uu fyiai;ss'˜
hïfia fï ñksia f,dj uyd iïm;a;sfhka wdvHjQ i;a;ajhka u<dyqo
tfuka u uu o ñhhkafkñ' urKh ugo fjhs'
 ydæ fhdínkd crd wka;d-ish¨ fh!jk iïm;a jhia.; ùfuka
 ydæ õkiaika;d uyoaokd-ish¨ Ok iïm;a È<s÷ ùfuka
133
  ydæ iqLd iín fidÿlaLd-yeu iem;lau ÿllska
 ydæ ixfhda.d úfhd .ka;d-yeu tlaùulau fjkaùfukaa
 ydæ wd,hd fidlka;d-yeu wd,hlau fYdalfhka
 ydæ u;ka;d icSjld-yeu cSú;hlau urKfhka wjikafõ'f,dj
mj;akd h:d iajNdjh fuhhs'

˜uq¿ fmdf<da j<|d-fl< ish .Kka oka ÿka

wveUq,a uf;l wjike-biqre njg meñKs
tfu isrere fnoka-l< mska f.fj; f.dr;r
urK uqjjka oïfida-ksß÷ ú|sfha o<fida'˜

uyfmdf<dj yd iudk iqúi,a wêrdcHhla Wreu lr .;a fldaá

ish .Kkla iïm;a jeh lr oka ÿka O¾udfYdal rc;=ud ureuqjg
m;ajk wjia:dfõ§ fk,a,s m¨jlg muKla ysñlï ,en ±ä fYdalfhka
fõokdjg m;aúh' cSú;fha wiaÓr nj isyl s rñka fufia urK i;sh
jeäfuka cSú; uoh" wdfrda.H uoh " fhdínk uoh wd§ u;aùï j,ska
bj;aù l=i,aa oyï jeãfï Yla;sh ,efí'

3' WmixyrKh ^WmixyrKf;da&

f,dj mqKHjka; Ndjfhka-lS¾;sfhka-hiiska-biqreu;a núka-
m%{dfjka-rKY+r;ajfhka fY%aIaG;ajhg m;a ish¨ mqoa.,hka urKh
Wreu lr .;ay'tA wkqj taldka;fhkau ud yg o urKh Wreuhhs isys
l< hq;=h'
˜iQhi;a:dj mq[a[soaë-nqoaê jqoaê cskoajhx
>df;ais urKx Ämamx-ld;= udÈi fl;ld'˜

134
 uy;a jQ hiiska Yla;sfhka mqKHjka; núka" iDêfhka "
nqoaêfhka hq;= who nqÿ mfianqÿ W;=ukao urKh keue;s i;=rd úiska
>d;kh lrkq ,efí' ud .ek ljr l:d o@

úiqoaê u.a.hg wkqj wkqka yd ii|d n,ñka ;u urKh isys lsÍu

i;a wdldrhlska l< yelsh'

1. hiia uy;ajh
2. mqKH uy;ajh
3. :du uy;ajh
4. iDoaê uy;ajh
5. m%{d uy;ajh
6. m%f;Hl nqoaO jYfhka
7. iïud iïnqoaO jYfhka

1. fï urKh uyd hiia we;s" uyd msßjr we;s"uy;a Ok we;s uyd

iïu;" uyukaOd;= " uyd iqoiaik"ksñ" wd§ uy rcjrekag mjd
Wreu jQjls' ud .ek ljr l:d o wd§ jYfhka urKh isys
lsÍu'

2. fï f,dj uyd mska we;s fcda;sh-cá,-W.a.-fuKavl- wd§ uy

isgqjre o úYdld-iqukd-iqcd; jeks isgq oshKsjreo urKhg m;a
jQy' ud .ek ljr l:d o@ ugo urKh ysñh'

3. ldh Yla;sfhka fyì jdiqfoaj-n,foaj-NSufiak-hqëIaGr-pdkqr

wd§ f,dal m%isoaO ùrfhda o urKhg m;a jQy' ud .ek ljr l:d
o@

4. mh uymg weÕs,s w.ska ffjchka; m%didoh mjd lïmd lsÍug

iu;a uy;a iDê n, we;s uq.,ka uy ry;ka jykafia mjd
isxyfhl=f.a uqjg jegqKq uqjl= fuka udr uqLhg m;ajQ fial' ud
jekakka .ek ljr l:d o@

135
 5. m%{d uysufhka nqÿ mshdKka jykafiag muKla fojeks jQ m%:u
w.% Y%djl ießhq;a uy ry;ka jykafia o udr jYhg m;ajQy'
ud .ek ljr l:d o@

6. ish¨ flf<ia i;=rka keiQ mfia nqÿnj ,;a mfia nqÿ jrekago
urejd blau úh fkdyels úh'ud flfia urKfhka ñ§ hkafka o@

7. fo;sia uyd mqreI ,laIKfhka yd wiQ wkQ jH[ack ,laIKfhka

hq;= rEm ldhlska o w;s mdßY=oaO YS, ialkaOhd§ .=Khka iys;
O¾uldhlska o "iDoaê Nd.Hh-mqKH Nd.Hh-hi Nd.Hh wd§
uy;a n,fhka mrf;rg m;a wiu jQ Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia o jeis
Èh m;s; ù ksù .sh uyd .sKs l|la fia ksù .sfhah' ud jeks
flfkl= flfia kï tA urKh j<lajkak o@

4' ldh nyq idOdrKh

;u YÍrh wka fndfyda i;a;ajhkago idOdrK nj i,ld
ne,Sfuka urKh isys lsÍu ldh nyq idOdrKhhs'
fï lh wiQ l=,hl mKqjkag idOdrKh
 isúh weiqrelr isúh ldouk mKqjkag'
 iu weiqrelr iu ldouk mKqjkag'
 ui weiqrelr ui ldouk mKqjkag'
 kyr weiqrelr kyr ldouk mKqjkag'
 weg weiqrelr weg ldouk mKqjkag'
 weg ñ÷¿ weiqrelr weg ñ÷¿ ldouk mKqjkag'

fï mKqfjda fï lh ;=<u WmÈ;s'Èr;s'ñhh;s' tysu u< uq;%d my

lr;s' Tjqkf
a .a ;sôßf.h-.s,ka y,-fidfydk-jeisls<sh-leisls<sh fï
YÍrhhs'

136
  jd ms;a fiï lsmSï we;=¿ fkdfhla wdOHd;añl frda. mSvd ish
.Kka j,g f.dÿreù urKh isÿ úh yelsh'
 fï lh ueis uÿre wd§ i;=kg
a o idOdrKh'
 khs-fmdf<dka-m;a;E-f.daKqiq-l=Klgq wd§ úIf>dar i¾mhska
oIaG lsÍu ksido urKh isÿ úh yel'
 isxy-j<ia-w,s-fldá-jHd>%-iqkL-.j-kß wd§ i;=ka ksido
urKh isÿ úh yel'
 ukqIH-wukqIH wd§ wfkal úO i;a;ajhkaf.a f.dÿre njg m;a
úh yel'
 jeis- iq<x- l=Kdgq- .xj;=r- kdhhdï- iqkdñ wd§ iajdNdúl
jHhikhkago idOdrKh'
 ji-úi-.sKs-fndaïn-úÿ,s ier-lvq-lsKsis-fmd¨ myr-wl=Kq ier
wd§ ndysr Wmøjhka ksido urKh isÿ úh yel'
 lsU,
q ka-;,a uiqka-fudareka wd§ ±jeka; c,c i;=kago fï lh
idOdrKh'

i;r ux ixêhl /|jQ b,lalhlg i;r È.ska tk B;,-wdhqO-

f;daur-leg-uq.r
= e m%ydr m;s; jkakdfia fï YÍrhgo ta ish¨
Wmøj jefohs'ta Wjÿre j,ska urKhg m;aúh yel'

5' wehq ÿn,;djh

i;a;ajfhl=f.a cSú; meje;aug wjYH m%Odk idOl jk wdydr-YS;-
WIaaK-uyd N+; O¾u-wdYajdi-m%Yj a di ljrl fjkiaùu fyda ksid
urKh isÿ úh yel'

 we;=<g msúis kdisl jd;h msg;g fkdhdu'

 msg;g kslauqKq jd;h we;=<g fkd msúiSu'
 wêl YS;f,ka wêl WIaKfhka mSvd ú|Su'
137
  i;r uyd N+; O¾uj, lsmSu'
 w;Sidrd§ frda. uyd odyh'
 ikaê nkaOk is|h
S du'
 iqÿiq wjia:dfjys wdydr fkd,eîu'
wd§ fya;+ka ksid cSú;Skaøsh ia|h
S du isÿúh yel' tA ksid cSù;h
wksh;h' urKh ksh;h' ks;r isyl s < hq;=h'

6' wksñ;a;h
iaÓr jYfhka l,a ;nd lsj fkdyels wksñ;a; O¾u;d myla .ek
nqÿ oyfï i|yka fõ'
˜cSú;x-jHdê-ldf,dap
foay kslafÄmkx .;s
m[a[pf; cSj f,daliañx
wksñ;af;a k [dhf¾ ˜
1. cSú;h mj;akd wdhq m%udKh
2. urKh isÿjk fya;=j ^jHDêh&
3. urKh isÿjk ld,h ^Èkh fõ,dj&
4. foayh nyd ,Su ^wjika lghq;= isÿjk ia:dkh&
5. urKska u;= WmÈh ;ek ^Njh&
fï lreKq wúksYÑ a ;h' iaÓrj lsj fkdyel' urKh tAldka;
jYfhkau iaÓr nj i<ld urK i;sh jeäh hq;=h'
7' woaOdk mßÉfPaoh
ñksiqkaf.a wdhqI b;d iaj,amh'fumuK l,la wdhqIh mj;Shehs
kshuhla ke;'
˜ wmamñox NslaL fõ ukqiaidkx wdhq
.ukSfhda iïmrdfhda ˜
138
uyfKks ñkaiqkaf.a fï wdhqI b;d iaj,amh' mrf,dj hd hq;=h'
ixhqla; ksldfha udr ixhq;a;fha mGul oaú;Shsl wdhq iQ;% j,§ nqÿ
ysñ oaYkd fldg we;'
˜ úcac-q nqn,
q -Wiaidp-c,rdcs mßlaLhx
>d;fldap ßmq ;iai-iín ;:dms wÑßfhda ˜
wrl iQ;%fha§ wrl Ydia;Djrhd o"
Wmud i;lska cSú;h fudfyd;la mdid urKh fj; .uka lrjk
nj m%ldY lr we;' urK i;sh jeãug ish Y%djlhkg Wmfoia § we;'
 තණග රැදි පිණි බිඳ හ ේ
 දිහයහි නගි දිය බුබුල හ ේ
 දිහයහි ඇදි ඉරක් හ ේ
 පස්ෙතහයන්ටර ගලා බසිනා ගඟක් හ ේ
 දිෙග හෙළ පිඩක් හ ේ
 රත්වූ ෙබල මත දැමු ම පිඩක් හ ේ
 ෙධෙ ථානය හෙත හගනයන ගෙයහග ජීවිතය හ ේ
cSú;h fudfyd;la mdid urKhg <x jkafkah'
õiqoaê u.a.h ms 354
 ys|f.k isák úg
 isgf.k isák úg
 hk tk úg
 kskf
a oa§
 wdydr mdkdÈh .kakd úg
 w|sk-m<|sk úg
 y~k-je<fmk úg
 iskdfik-i;=gqfjk iEu wjia:djl §u
urKh meñKsh yels nj fufkys l< hq;=h'

139
8' LK mß;a;h
i;a;ajhkaf.a cSú; ld,h laIKhls' É;a;laIK tlls' ta É;a;laIKh
ksreoaOj .sh l, i;a;ajhd ñh hhs' É;a;laIKhla hkq ;;amrfhka
fldaáfhka mx.=jgo wvq b;d flá ld,hls' laIKhla mdid isÿjk
wmf.a laIKsl urKh .ek isys l< hq;=h'
w;S;hg .sh É;a;laIKfhys meje;s cSú;h j¾;udkhg fkdmeñfKhs'
th ñh f.disk's j¾;udk É;a;laIKfhys mj;sk cSú;h wkd.;hg
fkdmeñK urKh isÿfjhs'

urK i;sh jeãfuys wdksYxi

urKdkqiai;s Ndjkdj cSú;h yev.iajk iqpß;hg fhduq
lrk"h:d¾:h wjfndaO lrjk fhda.djprhd wruqfKys ksjerÈj
msyg
s qjk" id¾:l m%;sM, <Õd lr fok Ndjkdjls'
 th m%n, wNsfhda. yuqfjys mjd fkdie,S wlïms;j isàug is;
Yla;su;a lrk is; jvk W;=ï ms<sfj;ls'nKaOq, u,a,sld
foaúhg nKaOq, fiakdm;s ;=udo ;reK mq;=ka ;sia fofokdo
tlu ;ek >d;Kh lr ;snqKq mqj; i|yka yiqk ,enqK;a
"t;=ñh bka lïmdjg m;a fkdùh'iir fndfyda l,a m%.K = l<
Ñ;a; Yla;shla weh i;=j ;snqKq ksid úh yelsh'
 nqÿ Tjok wkqj urK i;sh jvk nyq,j jvk NslaIqjg
uy;aM, uydksYxi fjhs'ksjkg nei .ekSug
^wuf;d>Gd&ksjkska fl<jr ùug ^wu; mßfhda>kd&yels
fjhs'urKi;sh ksis f,i jeãfuka fï Njfha§u fidajdka ùfï
Nd.Hh ,efí'fï cSú;fha§ ud¾. M, fkd,enqfKd;a urKska
u;= iq.;sfha Wm§hs' fkduq<d ltßh lrhs'
 urK i;sh jeãfuka cSú; uoh-wdfrda.H uoh-fh!jk uoh
wd§ uo udk ke;a;l= fjhs'cSú;fha;a iifrys;a h:d iajNdjh
y÷kd.ekSug iu;a flfkl= fjhs'
 urK i;sh jvkakdg is;a mSvd lror wvqfõ'urKhg ìh
ke;sfõ' mjg fkdkefï' mskg kefï'
140
 urK i;sh jeãfuka ixfõ. nyq, mqoa.,fhl= njg m;afjhs'
l=i,hg wm%udo fjhs'
 ixfõ. nyq, wfhl= ùfuka mxpialkaOfha wks;H-ÿlaL-wkd;au
,laIK myiqfjka jgyd .ekSug Yla;sh ,efí'th i;r u.
i;r M,hkg meñK ksjka wjfndaO lr .ekSug lreKq fjhs'
 ;s%,laIK wjfndaOh ÈhqKq jk úg cSú; we,au ÿre fjhs'
wiañudkh ke;sfjhs' /ia lsÍu fjkqjg wialsÍug is; fhduq
fjhs'
 ixfõ. nyq, wfhl= ùfuka we,Sï-.eàï-l,n,-weúiaiSï ke;s
Ydka; ikAiqka flfkl= fjhs'
 ksire l,amkd fjkqjg i;Hh isys lrk isf;a úisÍula ke;s
flfkl= fõ'
 urKh .e. isys lsÍu cSú;h id¾:lj hym;aj mj;ajdf.k
hdug m%fhdackj;a fõ'wdOHd;añl jYfhka W;=ï ;;a;j
a hlg
m;aùfï wêIaGdkh we;sfõ'
 ;ud Wmka rgg iudchg lsishï fufyjrla l< hq;=h hk
yeÕSu we;sfõ' B<Õ Njhg hym;a W;=ï fohla /f.k hd
hq;=h hk wêIaGdkh we;sj lghq;= lrhs'
 urK i;sh jeãsu ksid ;Kayd-oafõY-ffjr is;sú,s j,ska is;
md,kh lr .; yelsfõ' lreKdj-ohdj-ffu;S% wd§ .=K imsß
i;amqreIfhl= ùug;a i;amqreI weiqr ,eîu;a wjia:dj ,efí'
 urK i;sh jvkakd wm%ud§ flfkl= fõ'NslaIqjla kï wNdjhg
fmr ;ud l< hq;= fuf,dj-mrf,dj wNsjDoaê odhl lghq;=
ie,ls,Af,ka wm%ud§j lrhs' Ñ;a; iudêhg kSjrK m%ydKhg
OHdkdx. my< lr .ekSug fhduqfõ'
 .sys Y%djlhsko
a fuf,dj jYfhka l<hq;= hq;=lï fkdmsßfy,d
bgq lsÍug l=i,a oyï lr .ekSug Wkkaÿj we;s lr .kS'
cSõ;fha wiaÓr nj okakd uõmsfhda ;u orejkaf.a wkd.;h
iqrlaI;s lsÍug fjfyfi;s';ukaf.ka hefmkakka
wmyiq;djhg m;a fkdjk wdldrhg lghq;= lsÍug fhduqfõ'

141
  urK i;sfha wdksYxi iuia;j f.k n,k úg tu Ndjkdj
;=<ska jefvkafka fndai;a W;=ul= m%.K
= l< hq;= i;s-Oïuõph-
ùßh-mS;s-miaioaê-iudê-WfmlaLd ima; fndca®x. O¾uhhs'

fï fudfydf;ys wisßh ú`oskak

fï fudfyd; hkq oeka mj;akd ld,hhs th w;S;hg fyda

wkd.;hg wh;a fkdjk b;d iq`M ld,hls' laIKhls'

mqrdKx kdNskkafohl
kfp L;;shd k l=LLfh
ySh udfkk fidfphH
wdldfid k isf;dishd'

w;S;hf.ù wjikah' ta ms<sn`oj wNskkaokh lsÍfuka fYdal

ùfuka M,la ke;' j¾;udk wruqK .ek reÑ fkdlrkak' wysñjk foa
.ek fYdal fkdlrkak' ;Kayd keue;s wyi weiqre fkdlrkak'
Lqoaol ksldh iq;; ksmdlh'

ixhqla; ksldfha foaj;d ixhqqla;hg wkqj jrla

nqÿmshdKka jykafia jf; meñKs foaj;dfjl= ojig tl fõ,la j<`oñka
ieye,a¨ cSú;hla .; lrk iïnqoaO Y%djlhkaf.a fmkqu t;rï
meyem;a jkafka ljr fyhska oehs Súsuid we;'

w;S;x kd kqfidapka;S
kmamcmamka;s kd.;x
mppqmkafkd hdfmka;s
f;k jKfKak miso;S

w;S;h .ek fYdal fkdlr;s' wkd.;h .ek fkd;efj;s'

fkdmj;s;s' j¾;udkfhys cSj;afj;s-hefm;s' túg YÍr j¾Kh
meyem;a fõ' hkak mqÿysñhkaf.a ms<s;=r úh'

142
 wkd.;mm cmmdh
w;S;iidkq fidapkx
tf;k nd,d iqiik;S
kf,dj yßfld¨ fyd;s

fkd,;a foh me;Sfuka yd bl=;a jQ od .ek fYdal lsÍfuka nd,fhda

^wd{dkfhda& is`osk ,o ks,a ngo`vq fia úhef,;s'
cSú;h lshkafka j¾;udkhhs' w;S;h bl=;a ù f.disks
wkd.;h ;ju Wodù ke;' th wúksYÑ a ;h' fkdfmfkk wkd.;h.ek
wkd.;fha isÿjk foa .ek ljfrl=g kï lsjyels o@ wm fndfyda úg
lrkafka w;S; iaurK yd wkd.; ie,iqï w;r isrù fid`ÿre
j¾;udkh u`.yeÍuh'w;S;h wdmiq le`oúh fkdyel' ta .ek
miq;eùfuka wNskkaokh lsÍfuka m,la ke;' wmg iaurKh l<
fkdyels wkd.;h .ek ìh-iel-ixld Wmojd .ekSu o ksYM a ,h
f.ù.sh-fkdt<UqKq w;S; wkd.; ;;a;ajhka .ek is;ñka iqkaor
j¾;udkh úkdY lr fkd.; hq;=hs'

˜yeuodu Wodjkafka w`M;a ojila w`M;a fudfyd;la kuq;a

w;S;h keue;s fYdapkSh neïu keue;s u;lh úiska wfma cSú; tl
;ek m,alrkjd ta ksid wmg ta kejqï nj f;afrkafka keye'˜
fmfkkafka keye'
^l%sIaKuQ¾;s m`ä;=ud&

isyskj
q Kska hqla; ùu hkq Ou_dkql+,j lghq;= lsÍuh' O¾uh
hkq h:d iajNdjhhs' iajdNdúl kS;sh thu fjhs' mQ¾K isys
l,amkdfjka hula foi wjf,dalkh lsÍu hkq ta ia:dkfha yd ta
fudfydf;a miqùu fjhs' fï fudfy; yd fï ia:dkh fkdi,ld yeÍu
wfma isß;hs' wmg tla jr tys yd fuys isáh fkdyel' ld,h hkq fï
fudfyd;h' ta .ek kskõjla wmg ke;' wm isákafka tlaflda w;S;fha
h'ke;akï wkd.;fha h' wms wkd.;h ie,iqï lruq' w;S;h .ek
miq;efjuq tfy;a fï ia:dkfha yd fï fudfydf;a fkdisáuq' wms
O¾ufhka wE;aj isáuq' fï fudfydf;a fkdisáuq' fï fudfydf;a fï
ia:dkfha re`oS isáh yels kï f,dalfha iajNdjh yß yeá mila l<
yels fú' túg wmg wdYdj keue;s nkaOkfhka ksoyi ,eìh yel'

143
 The Mind and the Way wcdka iqfïfOda ysñ'
urKhg fmr wNdjh ms 127 isßfiak r;akdhl mßj¾;kh'

wm fldf;la W;aidy oerejo cSú;h u`. yßkakg wmg neßh'

k.rhl jqjo jkdka;rhl jqjo .=ydjl jqjo cSj;ajk ;=re cSú;hg
uqyK
q mE hq;=uh' ienE cSú;h kï oeka mj;akd fï fudfyd; ñi
ñh.sh w;S;fha u;l fyda kQmka wkd.;h ms<sn`o isysk fyda fkdfõ'
fï fudfydf;a cSj;ajkakd ienúkau cSj;afjhs' Tyqg jeä m%S;suf;la
ñksiqka w;r ke;'
nqÿka jod< Ou_h ms 105 j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ'

˜cSú;h mj;afka fï fudfydf;ys muKla njg oekqj;aj

ffoksl cSú;fha iEu fudfyd;lau .eUqßka cSj;aùug yqre mqreÿùug
wms lemù isáuq' w;S; isoaëka .ek lk.dgqfjñka o"wkd.; ldrkd
.ek lkiai¨ fjñka o " j¾;udkfha§ ;Kaydj-fl%daOh-B¾IHdj
uOHfha isáñka o wms wmgu ydks lr .ekSug W;aidy fkdlruq' fï
fudfydf;a isÿjkafka l=ulaoehs oekqj;aùu i`oyd ukd isyl
s ,amkdfjka
hq;=j yqiau .ekSu m%.K
= lruq' wm iy wm wjg mj;akd wmQre yd
kejqï iqjodhS o iu`. iam¾Y fjuq' wm ;=< mj;akd m%S;sh-iduh-
ffu;Sh yd oekqj;a ùu ms<sn`o îc fmdaIKh lsÍu u`.ska wmf.a
idOkSh fjkiaùulg uq, mqruq'˜
áÜ kÜ ykaÜysñ ^úhÜkdu cd;sl&

Sunshine & Green Leaves

wisßu;a fï fudfyd;-isßfiak r;akdhl mßj¾;kh

uca¯u s ksldfha Wmß mKakdilfha úN~. j.a.fha

 wdkkao Noaol r;k iQ;%h ms' 398 - 403
 uyd lppdhk Nool r;; iQ;%h
 f,dau i~.sl Nool r;; iQ;%h wdoS iQ;% foaYkd lsyms hlskau
Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia ;u Y%djl msßi wu;d wkqYdikd lrkafka
Nfool r;a;h fid`ÿre yqfol,dj .ekh' bl=;a jQ w;S;h
fyda Wod fkdjQ wkd.;h .ek fkdis;d j¾;udkhg wh;a Ou_
isysfhka úo¾Ykd lrk f,ihs'

w;S;x kdkajd .fuhH

144
 kmamálfvl wkd.;x
ho;S;x mySkx ;x
wmm;;[p wkd.;x

w;S; mxpialkaOh ;DIaKd oDIaáfhka wkq.ukh fkdlrkak'

wkd.; mxpialkaOh o fkdm;kak' hula w;S; o th blau f.disks
wkd.;h o meñK ke;'
mppqmkafkap fhdOuux
;;a: ;;a: úmii;S
wixNsrx wixl=mmx
;x úojd ukqn%Eyfh

j¾;udkhg wh;a hï Ou_hla weoao ta OU_h ta ta ;ekays

úoraYkd lrk kqjKe;a;d úo¾Ykdfjka ysia fkdfõ' fï fudfydf;a
is; .ek wjOdkh fhduq lsÍuu Ndjkdjhs'

wcafcaj lsppx wd;mmx

fld c[[durKx iqfj
kysf;d i`v.rx f;k
uyd fifk; uÉpqkd

wo l<hq;= foh wo u lrkak' fyg urKh fõoehs ljqre oks;a

o@ .sks úI wdoS uy;ajQ fiakd we;s udrhd iu`. ljr .súiqula o @ ñ;%
i;a:jhla o@
wm cSj;ajk f,dalfha;a wfma YÍrfha;a h:d iajNdjh
f;areï.ekSug;a cSú;h Ou_dkql+,j yev.eiajd .ekSug;a j¾;udkh
;=< cSj;aùu m%fdhackj;a fõ j;_udk ixlS¾K fd,alfha ld¾hnyq,;ajh
ksid wOHd;añl ixj¾Okhg ,efnk wjldYh w,am úh yelsh'
˜fm!oa.,sl cSú;fha fyda idudcsl cSú;fha fyda jD;a;Sh
cSú;fha fyda ojfia jevj,oS wm lrk ish¨ foa isyf s hka lsÍu myiq
udye`.s Ndjkd l%uhls' weúoSu-isàu-ys`oSu-ksoSu-w;mh yels,Su-os.
yeÍu-Tn fudn ne,Su-we`ÿï we`oSu-l:d lßSu-wdydr mdk .ekSu-
u<uq;%d mylsÍu wdoS ish¨ lghq;=j,oS lrk foa .ek iïmQ¾K is;
fhosh hq;=h' mj;akd fudfydf;ys oeka lrk jevh .ek cSj;aúh hq;=h'
w;S;h fyda wkd.;h .ek fyda lsisfi;a fkdis;sh hq;=h' fï fudfyd;

145
ms<sn`o w;S;hla fyda wkd.;hla fõ kï ta .ek mj;akd fudfyd;g
wkqj iqÿiq mßos is;sh hq;=h'˜
j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ
nqoaka jod< Ou_h ms 104

w;S;h fyda wkd.;h .ek is;Su ksYM a , ksid wm l< hq;=

jkafka h:d¾:h jgyd f.k j¾;udkfha cSj;aùuhs' j¾;udkfha
cSj;aùu hkq fï fudfydf;a cSj;aùuhs' fï fudfydf;ys cSj;ajk úg
olakg ,efnkafka iEu fohlau lsisu k;rùula fkdue;sj fjkia
fjñka mj;sk njhs' ysre i`ÿ-wõj-jeiai-iq<`. iajNdúl ixisoaëka
yg.;a cSù wcSù ish,a,u wks;H;djg m;afõ' urKhg m;afõ'
wik jpk-olsk o¾Yk-ú`osk fõokd-is;k is;=ú,s ish,a,u
fjkia ù iefKlska w;S;hg f.dia uefrk nj oelSu f,dalh flfrys
meje;au yeisfrk ms<sfj, fjkiaùug w`M;a uqyK q qjrla .ekSug fya;=
fõ' fï;;a;ajh olskk a d ;=<ska wh;a lr.ekSfï wdYdj we,Su ,sy, s a fõ'
fl%daOh-fjrh-B¾IHdj wdoS fkdfhla fõYfhka mj;sk .eàu o
,sy,
s afõ' ta iu`. we;sjkafka mqÿu úosfha ksoyia ùuls' ieye,a¨jls'
wdpd¾h B'ví' wosldrï uy;d
kuialdr 2013 ckjdß m' 29 - 30

hdlsxÑ iuqoh Ouux-innx ;x ksfrdaO Ouux

uca¯su ksldfha Noaol r;;sh iQ;%hg wkqj hula yg.kS o ta

yg.;a foh ke;sjk iq`Mh'

th wm cSj;ajk mßirh ;=< isÿjk Ou_;djls' yeu fohlau

yeg.kafka fï fudfyd; ;=<h' w;S;fha oS fyda fkdmeñKs wkd.;fha oS
fyda yg.ekSula isÿfkdfõ' w;S;fha oS meje;s foh ygf.k ke;súh'
fkdmeñKs wkd.;fhaoS yg.ekSula isÿfkdfõ' ta ksid fï j;auka
fudfydf;a yg.ekSu isÿjk nj meyeos,sh' w;S; u;l igyka f.dkak
h:d¾:hla f,i olsk fï fudfyd; flfkl=f.a cSú;hg ,efnk
wurKSh fudfyd;ls'
úhÜkdï cd;sl áÜkx ykaÜ ysñ &

Sunshine & Green Leaves

isßfiak r;akdhl - wisßu;a fï fudfyd; mßjra;kh'
146
 úiqoaê u.a.hg wkqj cSj;aùu i`oyd we;af;a flá wjia:djla
muKs' tu fudfyd; ke;sùu iu`. i;a;ajhd o ke;sfõ' ú{dkh
meje;s w;S; wjia:dfõ isá i;a;ajhd oeka cSj;ajkafka ke;' u;=jg o
cSj;a fkdfõ' wkd.; fudfydf;a cSj;ajk cSúhd ;ju cSj;=ka w;r
ke;' tfy;a wkd.;fha isà' j;_udk fudfydf;a isák cSúhd
cSj;ajkafka oeka muKs' tfy;a wkd.;fha cSj;a jkafka ke;'

laIKhlska j¾;udk yeu fudfyd;lau w;S;hg tla fjhs'

wkd.;h hehs wm is;k fkdt<UqKq ld,h o laIKhlska j¾;udkh
fjhs' ta ksi fï fudfydf;ys cSj;a jkakg mqreÿ ùfuka fï fudfyd;
iqkaor lr .ekSfuka cSú;fha yeu fudfyd;lau iqkaor lr .; yelsh'
˜wo isák Tn Bfha isá Tnf.a m%;sM,hls' fyg bmfok Tn
ks¾udKh lrkafka wo isák Tn úisks' whym;a fÉ;kdj, m%;súmdl
Tn lrd tkafka f.dkd miqmi hk lr;a;hd ú,dYfhks' msú;=re is;l
m%;sM,h Tnf.a fijke,a, fuka Tn iu`. meñfKkq we;' ks¾u,
is;lg jvd Tn fjkqfjka hym;la l< yels fjk;a lsisfjl= ñysmsg
ke;'˜
i;su;a nj jeãu ms 11
mQcH fyafkafmd< .=Kr;k uykdysñ
^j¾ckS uqos;d f*dkafiald mßj¾;kh&

Tn w;S;fha cSj;a jkafka fkdfõ' Bg fya;=j w;S;h fu;ekays

fkdue;' Tn j¾;udkfha o cSj;ajkafka fkdfõ' Bg fya;=j j;auk
hehs mejiSug fmr j;_udkh f.ù hkq we;' Tn wkd.;fha isákafka o
ke;' fya;j= wkd.; h o fu;ekays fkdue;' tfia kï Tn isákafka
mshdUd hk Ñ;a;dl¾IKfhysu jkafka h' fï fudfydf;ys u jkafkah'

fï fudfyd; .ek is; fhduq lrkak' cSú;fha b,lalh fï

fudfyd;h' wfkla wh Tn mrdcs;fhl= hhs lsõj;a ienE ch.%dylhd
Tnh' ienE ch.%dylhd ùug kï ;Dma;su;a úh hq;=h' Tn iu`.
cSj;ajk mqoa.,hd .ek iEySug m;aúh hq;=h' Tfí cSú;h .ek Tn
i;=gqúh hq;=h' ienE ch.%dylhd Tnh'
wcdka n%yu
a jfidaa ysñ
kuialdr 2014 fkdje

147
 f.ù.sh w;S; u;l ieureï /fiys fukau wkd.;
wfmalaIdjka ms<sn`o nßka is; ksoyia lr .kak-fkdfhla iei`oSï-
.e,mSï ksko a d m%Yxid mQ¾j ks.uk iys; úksYpa hka /ilska w;S;
ieureï ieliS ;sfí' ta ksh,a, mfilska ;nkak' wmg isysm;a l<
fkdyels foh wkd.;hhs' th ;ju meñK ke;' th n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla
muKs' th Y=NodhS fyda wY=N oehS úh yelsh' w;S;h .ek
miq;eú,af,ka fyda wkd.;h .ek lkiai,af,ka jákd j¾;udkh
.s,syh
S dug fkdosh hq;=h' Tn ;=< m%udKj;a mßos m%{dj we;súg is;
iqmeyeos,s jQ úg nqoêfhka lreKq úuid ne,sh yel' túg h:d¾:h
jegfykq we;' túg lkiai¨ ùug ldrKhla ke;' fï fudfydf;ys
isysfhka isàu wmg wjYHh' ;udf.ka neyerj i;H fiùu kj;d wfma
we;=<dka;fha ksye`ähdj .ek wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' mSvdldÍ is;=ú,s
ksmojd .ekSfï l,n,ldÍ;ajfhka ñfokak'
bka bj;aù ksy`v ksi, fï fudfydf;ysu wisßh w;a ú`oskak
;udg ienE f,i yuqjk fï fudfydf;ys ref`okak is;g oefkk
iykh iduh w;aú`oskk a '
^wisßu;a fï fudfyd;&

fï fudfyd; ;=< isysh mj;ajd.kak wei lK wdoS bkaøshka

Tiafia tk rEm-Yío wdoS wruqKq j,ska ksoyia jkak' w;S;h wdmiq
tkafka ke;' wkd.;h ;ju meñK ke;' fï cSj;ajk fudfydf;a
cSj;ajk ;ek Ou_;djh olskk
a '

˜Ndjkd lsÍu hkq is; ikaiqka lr .ekSu yd yoj;g mSvdjla

wiSrejla oefkk fohska je<lSfï l%uh m%.K = lsßuhs' isÿjk
fudfydf;au isÿjkafka l=ulaoehs ksjeros isys kqjKska oelSu
úoraYkdjhs' úksúo olsk meyeos,s wjfndaOhhs' h:d¾:fha wdf,alfha
u`. wjqrd isák udhdfõ ì;a;s ì`o fy<Sug isf;a tl`.;djh Wmfhda.S
lr .kak' h:d¾:fha iajNdjh .ek;a ish¨ foa isÿjk wdldrh .ek;a
meyeos,s ksjeros wjfndaOhla úo¾Ykdfjka ,efí' h:d¾:fha wNHka;r
l%shdldß;ajh fj;u wm fhduq lrjk th l%udkql+, l%shdj,shls' jir
.Kkla .;ù fyda Ndjdkqfhda.h s dg udhdfõ ì;a;s ì`o oud h:d¾:fha
wdf,dalh olskka g yelsjkq we;'˜
mQcH fyafkafmd< .=Kr;k kdysñ
i;su;a nj jeãu ye`oskùa u

148
 uca¯su ksldfha Noafol r;; iQ;%hg wkqj o mppqmfkkp fhd
Ofuu ;;a: ;;a: úmiai;S mj;akd fudfydf;ys ta ta Ou_hkaf.a
iajNdjh úo¾Ykd lrk mqoa.,hd Ndjkdfjka ysia fkdfõ'

ukd isys l,amkdfjka hqla;j isàfï tla wxYhla jkafka wmg

uqyKq §ug we;s ndOd wm%ikak oE wm%ikak mqoa.,hka-wm%ikak isÿùï
hk ish,a,lau wmg ysñ wm mßirhg wh;a iajNdúl ldrKd njg
±kqj;a j isàuhs' wfma ±kqj;aùu iïmQ¾K jkafka túgh' mQ¾K
ks.djka yd mQ¾K ksoyila mj;akd lsisÿ ;ekla Tng fidhd.;
fkdyels fõ' msßisÿnfõ mQ¾K;ajh jerÈj,ska f;dr mqoa.,hka fiùfï
l%shdldrlï j,ska lsisod M,la fkdfõ' fln`ÿ mßirhl § jqjo ukd
isysl,amkdfjka isàug ndOdjla fkdjk nj isys l,amkdjg .kak'
urKhg fmr wNdjh ms 113
wcdka iqfïfOda ysñ

wmf.a w;a±lSï j, yrh jkafka fjkiaùuhs' fjkiaùu

ksrka;rfhka u isÿfjhs' fudfyd;ska fudfyd; cSú;h .,d hk neúka
th lsisúfgl;a fjkia fkdfjhs' wkjr; úYajfha yrh jkafka
wkjr; fjkiaùuhs' isf;a yg.kakd is;=ú,s iefKlska uelS hhs'
fjk;a is;=ú,a,la meñK th o iefKlska bj;aj hhs' y`vla weiS
fudfyd;lska ksYY
a ío;djhla Wodfjhs' oEia újr l< úg fmfkk uq`M
uy;a f,dalh weismsh fy<k laIKhlska fkdfmkS hhs' úúO mqoa.,fhda
Tnf.a cSú;gh we;=`M ù msgj hhs' hy`Mfjda Tnf.ka bj;aù h;s'
kEoEfhda urKhg m;afj;s' Tnf.a jia;=j jeäù wvq ù ke;sù hhs'
foaj,a ysñùï fukau wysñùï o tf,iska u we;sfjhs' fjkiaùu
fkdlvjd isoaOfjhs' fï fudfyd; l,ska fudfyd;lg fyda B<`.
fufyd;lg fyda iudk fkdfjhs'
i;su;a nj jeãu ms 4 - mQcH fyafkafmd< .=Kr;k uy kdysñ'
i;a;ajhd-mqoa.,hd-uu hk fïjd mxpialkaOhkaf.a iujdhgu
myiqj i`oyd fhdokq ,nk kï muKls' fï ish,a, wks;Hh fudfyd;ska
fudfyd; fjkia jk iq`Mh' fï fudfydf;a mj;akd mxp ialkaOfhda
ó<`. fudfydf;a yg.kakd mxpialkaOfhda fkfj;s' tajd fudfyd;lska
fudfyd; WmÈñka w;=reoyka jk m%jdyhls'
nqÿka jod< Ou_h ms'36 j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ'

149
 wfma cSú; ld,h laIKhls' weismsh fy<k laiKhlska fjkia
ù hk f,dalhl cSj;ajk wm laIKhlska bm§ laIKhlska ñhefouq'
tn ienE urKhhs' idïm%odhsl jYfhak meje; tk ialkaO mxplfha
ì`§hdu iïuq;s urKhhs' th wkjrd.% Nj .ufka tla wÈhrl ksudjla
muKs' ienE urKh fkdfõ' fï fudfydf;ys cSj;ajk wm f.ù.sh
w;S; u;l ieureï /fiys fukau wkd.; wfmalaIdjka ms<sn`o nßka
is; ksoyia lr .; hq;=h' wl=i,a uq,a j,ska yg .kakd is;=ú,s j,ska
msÍ we;s is; ksoyia lr.; hq;=h' rd.-oafõY-fuday is;=ú,s j,ska is;
ksoyia lr .;a úg we;sjkafka m%S;shhs' iqLhhs th w;aú`Èkak th fï
fudfydf;a wisßhhs' Tn fï mj;sk j;_udkfha cSj;ajkak'

ldu is;=ú,s j,ska is; msfrk úg we;sjkafka rd.hhs' ;Kaydjhs

-uiqreluhs wNsOHdjhs' ta ksid lduhg keUqre is;=ú,s j,ska is;
ksoyia lr.kak' yeu fudfyd;lu ;Dma;su;a is;=ú,s we;s lr.kak'
,o fohska i;=gqjkak' yg.;a ish,a, fjkia ù ke;sù hk iajNdjfhka
hq;= nj is;kak' wm øjHd;aul mqoa., jYfhka i<lk foa fukau wfma
is;=ú,s o yg.kS' fjkiafjhs ke;sfjhs'

oafõYfhka is; msÍ .sh úg .eàu-B¾IHdj ffjrh fl%daOh

jHdmdoh we;sfjhs' bka isf;a m%S;sh iduh iykh ke;sfjhs' ta ksid
oafõYh uq,a jQ wl=i, Ou_ j,ska o is; ksoyia lr.kak'

fudayh uq,a lr.;a is;=ú,s ksid we;sjkafka l=iS;lu -ue,snj

yd fkdikaiqkaluhs' ta ksid rd.- oafõY uq,a lr.;a ksiaidr ixl,amkd
j,ska is; ksoyia lr.kak'

wl=i, uQ, is;=ú,s j,ska is; ksoyia lrf.k yeuúgu l=i,a

is;a jvkak' f,daNh-wNscacdj fjkqjg odkh mß;Hd.h i`oyd fhduq
jkak' oafõYh fl%daOh fjkqjg ohdjg ffu;%shg is; ;=< jevkakg bv
fokak' ,o fohska i;=gqjk wgf,da oyñka lïmd fkdjk flfkl=
jkak'bjikakg wiSreu wjia:dfõ bjikak bjiSu mdrñ;djla
lr.kak' cSú;h g t,a, jk yeu wNsfhda.hla u wdYs¾jdohla fia
ms<s.kak' yeu .eg`Mjlau ld,hg Ndrfokak' ld,hg úi`Èh
fkdyels tlo .eg`Mjla fyda ke; ' ish`M ndOl bÈßfha ù¾hh
j¾Okh lrkak' kqjK uo ñksiqka flf<ia u;= lrk ;ek Tn l=i,a

150
oyï u;=lr .ekSug wi;amqreI Ou_hka f.ka is; mqrjd fkd.ekSug
m%{djka; jkak'

wl=i,a oyïj,ska is; ksoyia lr .;aúg wry;a u.-M, ksjia

mila lr .ekSug wejeis mdróoï mQrKh jk wldrh .ek
úuis,su;ajkak' rd.h uq,alr.;a is;=ú,s j,ska is; ksoyia lr .;aúg
odk-iS, fklaLïu wd§ mdró oï jefvhs' jHdmdoh ksreoO lrk úg
ffu;%sh WmÈhs' wgf,daoyñka lïmd fkdù ,o fohska i;=gqùu ksid
jefvkafka WfmalIdjhs' bjiSfuka laIdka;s mdrñ;dj o wêIaGdkh o
imsfrhs' ÒkñoO - WoaOÉp l=lal=pP úÑlspPd is;=ú,s j,ska is; uqod
.ekSug ù¾hh wêIaGdkh m%{dj Wmfhda.S lr .; hq;=h'

ksjia u`. wjqrK lduÉPkao wd§ mxpúO kSjrK Ou_ j,ska is;
msßisÿ lr .ekSug iu: Ndjkdfõ m%:u oaú;Sh wd§ OHdkj,g msúfik
OHdkdx. WmldÍ fõ' ú;lal-úpdr-m%;
S s-iqL-tal.a.;d wd§ OHdkdx.
j,ska lduÉPkaoh we;=`M kSjrK Ou_ bj;afjñka is; msßisÿ jk
wdldrh úuikak'

 lduÉPkaoh ^jia;=ldu - laf,aY ldu i`oyd leue;a;&

tal.a.;dfjla o
 jHdmdoh ^±ä ;ryj& m%S;sfhka o
 ÒkñoOh ^ue,snj yd WodiSk;ajh& ú;lalfhka o WoaOpP -
l=lal=pP ^isf;a úisÍu yd fkdikaiqka nj& iqLfhka o
 úÑlsÉPdj ^nqoaOd§ wg ;ekays ielh& úpdrfhka o flfuka

flfuka ixis`§ ksreoaO ù hk wdldrh olskk a ' fï fudfydf;ys

wisßh ú`Èk Tn ksjka u`. M, wjfndaOh i`oyd mQrKh l< hq;= oi
mdró oï msfrk wisßh o ksjka u`. wjqrd,k mxp úO kSjrK Ou_
ksreoaO ù is; ieye,a¨jk wisßh o w;a ú`Èkak'

is; wNHka;rfha uq,a nei f.k we;s laf,aY ^wkqih& Ou_ y;la
ksido iir .uk È.= jk nj meyeÈ,s lrk nqÿmshdKka jykafia tu
wkqih Ou_ yg.;a fudfyd; ;=<u ksreoaO lr ±ush hq;= nj fmkajd §
we;'

1. rd.dkqih^yoj; ;=< Wmdodkh jqKq ;Kaydj

151
 2. ÈgÀ wkqih^ñ;Hd oDIaál is;=ú,s&
3. má>dkqih ^osfõYh-;ryj&
4. udkdkqih^uuh-uf.ah-uf.a wd;auh hk is;=ú,s&
5. úÑlsÉPdkqih
6. Njrd.kqih^ielh&
7. wúcacdkqih

j;_udk fudfyd; ;=< wúoHdj uq,alrf.k we;sjk fuu

is;=ú,sj, h:d¾:h kqjKska olskk
a ' tu is;=ú,s my<jk fudfydf;ys
u tajdffha ksfrdaOh olskk
a ' w;S;fha l< lu_ laIKsl urKhg
m;aùug bv fokak' ;%s,laIKh kqjKska ±k-wkd.; Njhlg lu_
/ia fkdjk fia lghq;= lrkak'

˜fï fudfyd; ;=< ukd isysl,amkdfjka hq;=j miqùug yels kï

wmg h:d iajNdjh wjfndaO lr.; yelshs' túg udkisl ksoyi
ke;fyd;a iduh Wodfjhs' m%d¾:kd Tiafia cSj;aùug jvd h:d¾:h uq,a
lrf.k cSj;aùu jvd;a id¾:l fjhs' O¾ufha i;Hh lrd <xùug
W;aidy ±rSu wfma ksoyig fya;= fjhs'˜
urKhg fmr wNdjh ms 129
The mind and the way wcdka iqfïfOda ysñ

˜is; ikaiqka jk úg-is; ksfjk úg-is; fuka u .; o Ydka;

fjhs' ikaiqka is;la cSú;hg wdf,dalhla fjhs' túg iajNdjhg
wkql+,j cSú;h f.k hd yels fjhs' we,Sfuka f;dr fjhs' ikaiqka
is;la iys; ukqIHhd W;=ï ñksfila fjhs'˜
urKhg fmr wNdjh cs 130

iir ÿlska ksoyia ùug m%dfhda.l

s j l%shd;aul l< hq;= Y%oaOd-
iS,-iq;-jd.-m%{d fiaL n, j¾Okh lr.; hq;=h'

w;yßkak

152
 iuia; fn!oaO m%;smodju w;yeÍu u; mokï ù we;ehs yef`.a'
fn!oaO m%;smodj ksùu i`oyd w;yeÍuh' W;a;Í;r iem; jQ ksj k
i`oyd ialkaO mxplh ms<sn`o h:d iajNdjh wjfndaO lrf.k ta
w;yer ±óu l< hq;=h' w;yeÍfï u`.g msúish hq;=h'

fn!oaO m%;smod ud._fha WÉP;u wjia:dj iïud iïnqoaO;ajhhs'

iïnqoaO;ajh wfmalaIdfjka fndai;a jrfhl= imqrd,sh hq;= nqoaOldrl
Ou_ j,sko
a ^mdrñ;d& ks¾jdK wjfndaOh i`oyd wd¾h Y%djlfhl= .uka
l< hq;= taldhk ud._h jQ wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud¾.h ;=<ska o újrKh
jkafka w;yeÍu ms<sn`o l%shdoduhhs' tod §mxlr mdo uQ,fha§ ksjka
wjfndaOhg wejeis iqÿiqlï imqrd ;sìh§ w;g m;a ksjka iqjh yer
oud iifrys wkka; ÿla ú`Èk wm%udK i;;ajhka flfrys
ys;dkqlïmdfjka mdró mqrkakg iirg nei .ekSu f.!;u
fndaêi;ajhka jykafia l< iqúfYaIS w;ayeÍuls' ta ksid idrdixLH
l,am ,laIhla uq`M,af,ys wkka; wm%udK ÿla mSvd-jO fõokd ú`Èkakg
Wkajykafiag isÿúh'

iïud iïnqoO;ajh keue;s iq.kaOj;a moauh úlis; jkafka

mdró .=K oïj,ska fmdaIKh ùfuks' f,da i;=kfa .a ys;iqj msKsi ;u
iqj myiqj w;yeÍu mdrñ;d Ou_j, iajNdjhhs' th Èú mrÿjg ;nd
lrk iodpdrd;aul m%;smodjls' fndai;a jrfhl= mQrKh l<hq;= m%Odk
mdrñ;d oyhls'

odk iS, - fklaLuu - m%{d - ùrahh

laIdka;s - i;H wêIaGdk - ffu;%S - WfmalaLd

mdró-Wmmdró-mru;a: mdró jfyka tajd h<s ;%súOdldr fõ'

iu;sia mdró oï kñka ye`Èkafõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka odk mdrñ;dj
.; fyd;a ;ud i;= ñ, uqo,a-f.a fodr-bvlvï-hdk jdyk-wU qorejka
wd§ WmfNda. mßfNda. jia;+ka o ;u ±kqu-l=i,;d-ldhsl udkisl
Yla;Ska wkkHhkaf.a hym; ys;iqj msKsi uqodyeÍu-mß;Hd.h-odk
mdrñ;djhs' wdñI odk-wNh odk-Ou_odk ish,a,gu bka wjia:d i,id
.; yel'

iajlSh weia-bia-uia-f,a wd§ YÍr wx.hka bkaøshka oka foñka

l< w;yeÍu mß;Hd.hh' odk Wmmdrñ;djhs'
153
fnda i;dKka jykafia'
 wyfia ;re mrojd weia oka ÿka nj
 uyfmdf<dfõ miaj,g jvd we`. ui oka ÿka nj
 uyfur Wig;a jvd TgqKq m<ka ysia oka ÿka nj
 isõ uy ihqf¾ c,hg jvd reêrh oka ÿka nj'nqoO foaYkdj,ska
m%ldYs;h' wkHhkaf.a hym; msKsi ;u cSú;hu mß;Hd.
lsÍu odk mru;a: mdrñ;djhs' fiiq mdrñ;djka o fï
wdldrhg ;ud i;= ish¨ WmfNda. mßfNda. jia;+ka YÍr
fldgi-uq`M cSú;hu mß;Hd. lrñka ±ä wêIaGdkfhka
ù¾hfhka imqrd ,k ,o tajdh'

mkaish mkia cd;l fmd;a jykafia mqrdjg we;s l:d mqj;a

ish,a,lsku
a újrKh jkafka mdró mQrKh i`oyd lrk ,o fï
iodpdrd;aul m%;smdodfjys bÈrs .uk .ekh' tla tla mdró .=Khka
iqúfYaI f,i biau;=jk l:d mqj;a lsym
s hla my; ±lafõ'

1. odkmdrñ;dj-ii-fjiaika;r cd;l
;ud i;= ish¨ WmfNda. mßfNda. jia;= wka whf.a hym; msKsi
w;yeÍu'

2. iS, mdrñ;dj
lhska jpkfhka is;ska isÿjk ish¨ wl=i,a m%ydKh lsÍu
w;yeÍu-iS, úuxi cd;lh'

3. fklaLuu mdrñ;dj
iir .uk È.=jk jia;=ldu laf,aYlduhkays we,S .e,Sfuka
f;drj ksrdñI iqjh m;d flf<ia neñj,ska kslauhdu' ^uLdfoaj
cd;lh&

4. m%{d mdrñ;dj
iuud iïnqoaO;ajhg m;aùu' m%{dfõ m%nqoaO;u wjia:djhs'
f,!lsl yd f,daflda;a;r úYsIag {dkhla ,eîuhs-Wïu.a."i;a;=N;a;
cd;l'

154
 5. ù¾h mdrñ;dj
wdOHd;añl ÈhqKqj Wfoid fkdmiqniakd ù¾hfhka lghq;= lsÍuh'
ù¾hhg ndOl jk Wlg,Snj WodiSk nj w;ay< hq;=h'uyd iS,j-
mxpdhqO-jKakm
q : cd;l

6. Lka;s mdrñ;dj
m%fldamldÍ fkdbjis,su;a núka f;drj wgf,daoyñka
wlïms;j bjiSfuka l%shdlsÍu' laIdka;sjd§ cd;lh

7. i;H mdrñ;dj
f,dj iod;ksl i;Hh fidhd hk .ufka§ i;Hjd§ nj
w;HjYHh' idrdixLH l,am ,laIhla uq`M,af,ys Èú mrÿjg ;nd i;H
.relj fjfiñka i;Hhu mjiñka Èú f.ùu fndai;a pß;dmodkfha
úYsIag .=Khls' iq;fidau cd;lh

8. wêIaGdk mdrñ;dj
;u Wodr;r wfmalaIdj uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSu i`oyd fkdief,k
.eUqre wjOdkhlska hq;= wd;au YslaIKhlg mdró msÍuhs' f;añh
cd;lh

9. ffu;%S mdrñ;dj
fl%daOh-ffjrh-oafõYh w;ay< uDÿ fudf<dla ñ;=re nj
ffu;%shhs' th iSud udhsï mrojd úysÿKq úYaj jHdma; ffu;%shls'

10. WfmlaLd mdrñ;dj

wgf,daoyñka wlïms; fjñka ish¨ lghq;=j,§ ish¨ i;a;ajhka
flfrys olajk ueoy;a njhs' f,dauyxi cd;lh

wd¾h Y%djlhka f,daflda;a;r u`.g msúiSug i`oyd ksjka

wjfndaOh i`oyd wkq.ukh l<hq;= m%;smodj wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud¾.hhs'
fuu ud._hg msúiSug wjYH wx. i;rls'

1. i;amqreI l,HdK ñ;%hka weiqrelsÍu

2. ioaO¾u Y%jKh

155
 3. fhdakf
s ida ukisldrh
4. Ou_dkqOu_ m%;smodj ñka wfkla

w;g èjks; jkafka "

1. wi;amqrIq ^mdmñ;%& fiajkh

2. wioaOrïh weiSu'
3. wfhdakf
s ida ukisldrh
4. wOd¾ñl m%;smodj w;yersh hq;= njhs'

wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud._fha wx. wfgkau ms<sme`Èh hq;= lreKq

fuka u w;ayeßh hq;= lreKq .ek o m%ldY fõ'

1. iuudÈgÀ - ksjerÈ ±lau

f,!lsl-f,daflda;a;r jYfhka fojeoEreï fõ' lu_h;a lu_fhys
úmdl;a ms<sn`o ksjerÈ ±kqula we;s lrf.k hym;a l%shdj, ksr; ù
Nj pl%fha Wiia ;ekaj,g hEug u`. i,id .kafka f,!lsl iïud
ÈgÀfhks' ÿl-ÿlg fya;=j-ÿl ke;slsÍu-ÿl ke;s lrk u`. f;areï
f.k cd;s crd urK isÿflfrk ixidr pl%fhka ksoyia ùug u`.
i,ik ksjerÈ ±lau f,daflda;a;r iuud ÈgÀhhs' fuys§ ñÉPd ÈgÀh
jerÈ ±lau w;yeÍu wjYHh'

2. iuud ixlmam - ksjerÈ ixl,amkd

w;yeÍfï ixl,am ñ;=re nfõ ixl,am-wúysxid ixl,am m%.K
= l<
hq;=h' ldu ixl,am-jHdmdod ixl,am ysxidldÍ ixl,am hk ñ:Hd
ixl,am w;yeßh hq;=h'

3. iuud jdpd - ksjerÈ jpk

i;Hjd§ jQ w¾:j;a jQ wkqka fkdì`ojk-fkdßojk jpk u l:d l<
hq;=h' uqid niska-msiqKq niska-ysia nisk-a r`M niska je<lsh hq;=h'

4. iuu luuka;
ksjerÈ l%shd i;a;aj ysxikfhka >d;kfhka je<lSu wkai;=
kqÿka foh .ekSfuka je<lSu jerÈ ldufiajkfhka je<lSu ksjerÈ

156
l%shd fõ' m%dK>d;h-wo;a;dodkh-jerÈ ldu fiajkh w;ay< hq;= ñ:Hd
l¾udka; fõ'

5. iuud wdcSj
ksjerÈ Èú meje;auhs' fkdl< hq;= fj<`odï myla .ek nqÿysñ
meyeÈ,s lr we;'

 i;a;aj ^jy,a& fj<`odu

 uiaudxY fj<`odu
 ji úI fj<`odu
 wdhqO fj<`odu
 uohg- m%udohg fya;=jk uoHidr u;aøjH fj<`odu fï
fj<`odï mih-mY=md,kh-rdcH fiajd-fj<|du-wOHdmk fiajd
nqÿ ysñ wkq±k jod< ksjerÈ cSjk jD;a;Skh
a ' tajdhska o isÿúh
yels wlghq;= w;yeßh hq;=h'

6. iïud jdhdu - ksjerÈ W;aidyh ^ù¾hh&

 kQmka wl=i,a kQmojd .ekSug ^ixjrcOdk&

 Wmka wl=i,a uev mj;ajd .ekSug ^mydkmmOdk&
 kQmka l=i,a Wmojd .ekSug ^NdjkdmmOdk&
 Wmka l=i,a jeäÈhqKq lr.ekSug ^wkqrlaLkmOdk&

lrk ù¾hh iïud jdhduhhs' fuys m%;súreoO l%shdldß;ajh

ñpPd wdcSjhhs' th w;yeßh hq;=h'

7. iuud i;sh - ksjerÈ isysh - ksjerÈ isyhs msyg

s qùu i;r
i;smgGdk f,i y`ÿkajk"
 ldhdkqmiaikd ^lh - lh f,i ±lSu&
 fõokdkqmiaikd ^fõokd fõokd f,i ±lSu&
 Ñ;a;dkqmiaikd ^is; is; f,i ±lSu&
 Ouudkq miaikd ^is;=ú,s is;=ú,s f,i ±lSu&

157
 lrñka ù¾hjka;j ksiskqjKe;sj isys we;sj wNsOHd-jHdmdo-rd.-
ÿrelsÍu l< hq;=h' lh ;=< ish¨ ú`§ï ;=<-is; ;=< is;=ú,s ;=< we;s
iajNdjhka meyeÈ,sj y`ÿkdf.k fkdwe,S-fkd.eà-isysh msygs qjd .ekSu
iuud i;shhs' ksjerÈ isysh msygs qjd .ekSu i`oyd lh-ú`§ï-is; -
is;=ú,s wks;H ÿlaL wkd;au jYfhka h:d iajNdjfhka olsñka kqjKska
fufkys l< hq;=h' ks;H-iqL-wd;au jYfhka .ekSfï úm,a,di Ou_
w;ayeßh hq;=h' Ouudkqmiaikdfõ kSjrK mnnh ldupPkao-jHdmdo-
ÒkñoO-WoaOÉp l=l=pP úÑlspPd kSjrK Rcqju w;ayeÍfï
l%shdoduhg wh;a fõ'

8. iuud iudê

ksjerÈ is;a tl`.;dj hym;a iajNdjhla lrd is; jvd;a msßisÿ

wjÈu;a ;,hlg kxjd,Sug ork mßY%ufha m%;sM,hls'

 wruqKq flfrys wLKav wjOdkh

 udkisl l%shdj,sfhys ikaiqka nj iuud iudêhhs'

úisÍ úmÍ;j mj;sk Ñ;a; iajNdjh hym;a tald.%;djlg m;a

lrkafka iuud iudêhhs' oi wkqiai;s oi lisk oi wY=N wd§ i;<sia
lugyka Tiafia lrk iu: Ndjkdfjka iuud iudêh jefâ'

tod nrKei ñ.odfha § nqÿmshdKka jykafia ;u m%:u Ou_

foaYkfhka meyeÈ,s l< wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud._h ;=<ska iïnqÿ oyfï
mq`M,a mrdihla wdjrKh ù we;ehs isf;a' iS,-iudê-m%{d fn!oaO
m%;smodfõ m%Odk mshjr ;=k Tiafia .uka lsÍug bka u`. fmkajd we;'
ksjeÈ ±laulska hq;=j msßisÿ ixl,am we;sj is;-lh-jpk ixjr
lrf.k ±ä wêIaGdkfhka isysfhka-kqjKsk-a ù¾hfhka hq;=j isysh yd
m%{dj jeãu wd¾h Y%djlhdf.a ld¾hh úh hq;=h' i;Hh wjfndaOh
i`oyd we;s taldhk úuqla;s ud¾.h th neúks'

odk-iS,-Ndjkd hk ;%súO mqKH l%shdjkaf.ka o m%.K

= lrkafka
w;ayeÍfï l%shdoduhhs' odkh w;yeÍuls' wdñI-wNh-Ou_ hk ;%súO
odkuh mqKH l%shdjkay§s ;ud i;= Okh-Y%uh-kqjK-n,h-úßh ish,a,
wka whf.a iqj myiqj hym; i`oyd uqodyeÍu w;yeÍu isÿfõ' ta
158
i`oyd jehjQ ld,h Okh-Y%uh odkjia;= ish,a, .ek we,Su ne`§u
w;ay< hq;=h' fN!;sl jQ jia;= mqoa., iïm;aj,ska wdrïNj ;u
YÍrdx.j,skoa uq`M cSú;hu ms<sn`o we,au o w;yer lrk mß;Hd.hls'

lh jpkh ixjr lr.ekSu iS,hhs' mkais,a wgis,a oiis,a

jYfhka ixjr ùuls' is,a iudokaùu i`oyd Tn úydria:dkhg hk
.uk ;djld,sl wNskI s al%uKhls' .syf
s .or ne`§ïj,ska ÿriaù hk fï
.uk wre;anr ùu i`oyd wdrdufha isg cx.u ÿrl:khlska fyda .sys
f.or iu`. iïnkaOùu wod< ke;ehs uu is;ñ' is,a iudokaùug fmr
;sirK irK hdfuka woyia lrkafka l=ula o@ nqÿ mshdKka jykafia
wkqj hñka ta W;=ï .uka uf.a mshjr ;nk nj Y%S ioaO¾ufhka m%ldYs;
Ou_dkql+, m%;smodfjys yeisfrk nj uyry;ka jykafia,df.a
iqmámkak Wcqmámkak m%;smodjg msúiSu fkdfõ o@ is,a iudoka jQ Tn
yeisßh hq;= jkafka ry;ka jykafia flfkl= f,isks' yeu is,a mohlu
úruKhla yd iudodkhla we;=<;ah' fï úruKfhka m%ldY jkafka
;udf.a;a iudcfha fiiq m%cdjf.a;a hym; i`oyd isÿlrk w;yeÍuhs'

Ndjkdj hkqfjka woyia lrkafka meg,s,s iys; ndysr f,dalh

w;yer ksù.sh wOHd;añl f,dalh fidhd hdfï fhda.djprhkaf.a
ld¾hhhs' is; ;=< ikaiqka nj;a meyeÈ,s nj;a ;ekam;a nj;a we;slr
.ekSu Ndjkdfjys wruqK úh hq;=h' tu wruqK bgqlr .eksug Tnf.a
ù¾hh w;yeÍu i`oyd fhÈh hq;=h' w;yeÍu mqreÿ lsÍfuka myiqfjka
is; iudê .; lr.; yelsh'

nqÿmshdKka jykafia fmkajd § we;af;a ÿlska w;añÈh yelafla

w;yeÍfuka njhs' bjid isàfuka ffu;%f s hka is; ;=< my<jk
wfhda.H is;=ú,s ms<sn`oj WfmalaIdfjka isàfuka w;ayeÍfï i;=g ú`Èh
yel'

˜cSú;fha ienE ch.%yKh kï fjk lsisjla fkdj w;yeÍfuka

,nk ;Dma;sh;a bka w;am;a lr.kakd i;=g;a muKhs' f,dalh bÈßfha
mrdcs;hka f,i ie,l=K;a ienE ch.%dylhka jkafka ;Dma;sh yd
i;=g w;am;a lr.;a whhs' cSú;h ms<sn`o wOHd;añl .ufka ienE
ch.%dylhd w;S;fha nr ta jf.au wkd.;fha nr lrg .kafka ke;sj
nfrka ksoyiaj isák ;eke;a;d h' is;a ;ejq,a j,ska f;drj we,Sï
j,ska f;drj cSú; .uk hdug kï mshdir lrk l=re,a,l= fia Tn
159
ieye,a¨ úh hq;=h' fudk Èidjlg mshEUqj;a we,Sïj,ska f;drh'
w;S;h ms<sn`oj miq;eú,s ùu jf.au wkd.;h .ek ìh we;slr .ekSu
wkd.;h .ek is; is;d isàu w;yßkak'˜
wcdka n%yu
a jxfida ysñ
kuialdr 2014 fkdjeïn¾

Ndjkdfõ by< ;,hka i`oyd Yla;su;a mokula we;s

lr.ekSug Ndjkdfjka Wiia m%;sM, ,eîug fndfyda foaj,a w;yeßh
hq;=h' Ndjkdkqfhda.j
S isák ld,h ;=< fnfyda foaj,a w;yeßh hq;=h'
wysñlr .; hq;=h'

Ndjkdkqfhda.j
S isák ld,h ;=< Tn ord isák w;S; wkd.;
nr uq`Muksku
a ìu ;nkak' j;_udk fudfyd; ;=< cSj;ajkakg mqreÿ
jkak' w;S;h w;yeÍu hkq Tnf.a mjq, Tnf.a jev lghq;= hq;=lï
j.lSï Tnf.a b;sydih ñysß-wñysß w;a±lSï j.lSï Tnf.a b;sydih
ñysß wñysß w;a±lSï ish,a, .ek fufkys lsÍu w;yßkak'
wkd.;h ms<sn`o ìh-n,dfmdfrd;a;=-ie,iqï ish,a, w; yeßh hq;=h'
fï w;yeÍu ksid j;_udk fudfyd; ;=< ieye,a¨ ukilska isàug Tng
wjia:dj ,efí'
- wcdka iqfïfOda urKhg fmr wNdjh-

Ndjkdfjka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka is; mú;% lsÍuh' is; mSvdjg

m;a lrk ;DIaKdj-ffjrh-B¾IHdj jeks flf<ia lig fidaod yer
wdfõ.hkag jy,aùu ksid wjq,a ù we;s is;=ú,s l%shdj,sh msßisÿ lr is;
ksixi, yd wjÈu;a ;;a;ajhlg;a iudêu;a njla yd ;ekam;a njla
iys;j isyf
s hka lghq;= lrk ;;a;ajhlg;a /f.k tauhs'

Ndjkdfõ§ bjiSfuka ffu;%sfhka lghq;= lrkak'

 YÍrfha iajNdjh .ek fufkys lrkak'

 is; .ek mQ¾K wjOdkhlska miqjkak'
 wdYajdi m%Yj
a di l%shdj,sh .ek is; fhduq lrkak'

bka Tnf.a i;su;a nj jefvhs cSú;fha h:d iajNdjh .ek wks;H-

ÿlaL-wkd;au ;%s,laIK wjfndaO fõ' lduÉPkao-jHdmdo wd§ kSjrK
ixisfohs' m%{dj j¾Okh fõ'
160
 i;su;a nj jeiSu'
mQcH fyafkafmd< .=Kr;k kdysñ'

 jerÈ fidhk udkisl;ajfhka Tn w;añfokak'

 ;udf.ka fyda wka whf.ka isÿjQ jerÈ wu;l lr oukak'
fkd;ld yßkak'
 jrog iudj fokak-;u jrog;a ;udg;a-wka whf.a jerÈj,g;a
iudj fokak'
 b.s, .sh w;S;fha iaurK j,ska fõokd ú`§u-w;ayßkak-
wmeyeÈ<s wkd.;h .ek o fkdis;kak'
 Okd;aul Y=Njd§ hym;a wdl,am j,ska hqla; jkak'
 RKd;aul wY=Njd§ is;=ú,s j,ska w;añfokak'

Tng Tfí YÍrhg we;s wdYdj wNdjhg hk mßÈ lghq;= l< yels
kï urKh ms<sn`o Tfí ìh ksielfhka u ÿre jkq we; '
wcdka iqfïfOda ysñ
urKhg fmr wNdjh

˜Tn yeufoau l< hq;af;a ish,a, w;yeÍu wruqKq lrf.kh'

.=K jeKqula fyda ,dNhla bka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjkak' álla
w;yeßfhd;a iq`M jYfhka Tfí isf;a Ydka;sh we;sfjhs' Tn ish,a,
w;yeßfhd;a Tfí is; Ydka;sfhka msÍ ÿflka ksoyia fjhs' f,dj iu`.
Tng ;sfnk .eàu fl<jr fjhs'˜
- mQcH wcdka pd ysñ -

˜Tnf.a urKh;a iu`.u fï cSú;fha meje;s ne`§ï

fndfyduhla wjika ù hkjd thska miq Tjqka Tnf.a fkdjkakdfia u
Tn;a Tjqkfa .a fkdfjkjd ifydaor {d;s ys;dor iïnkaOh fï cSú;hg
iSudjQ tlla urKska miq fjk;a w`M;a ifydaor {d;s ñ;%d§ka ,eîu
wksjd¾hfhka isÿfjkjd'˜
fn,a,k {dkúu, uyd kdysñ -
wcrdur f,dalh ms' 51

urKdikak wjia:dfõ§ fndfyda fofkl=g b;d wiSrejQ

w;yeÍula jkafka orejka flfrys ne`ÿKq fifkyi w;yer hduh'
161
ngysr ffjoH f,aÅldjl jk ,Sia fydâlski
a ka orejkq;a weh;a w;r
iïnkaOh .ek olajk wdl,amh m%ldYjk fï lshufka o wm fj;
f.k tkafka w;yeÍfï mKsjqvh fkdfõo'

˜udf.a orefjda uf.a fkdfj;s' Tjqyq l,am .Kka jhia .;jQ

wd;aufhdah' Tjqka ms<sn`oj ud fï ord we;af;a ;djld,sl j.lSuls'
ug jegfyk mßÈ Tjqkf a .a pß; ,laIKj,g fyda Tjqka fï cSú;fha
lrk jevj,g fyda uf.a j.lSula fkdue;' Tjqka .ek yenEjgu
j.lsj hq;af;a Tjqkauhs' Tjqkf a .a wkd.; ÈhqKqj re`§ we;af;a o Tjqka
;=<uh' ug l< yelafla Tjqkg ljd fmdjd iqÿiq wOHdmkhla ,nd§ug
Wmldr lsÍula muKhs' ta yer Tjqkf a .a cSú; §ma;su;a tlla fõ hehs
fyda úh hq;= hehs ug iy;sl úh fkdyel'˜ fn!oaO ldka;djl o
fkdjk fuu ffjoHjßh ;=< ixidßl meje;afï h:d iajNdjh ms<sn`oj
;snQ wjfndaOh ñka meyeÈ<s fõ'

w;yeÍu ms<sn`o lÈu ksoiqkla f,dal b;sydifha m%n,;u

wêrdcHfhl= jQ w;s olaI rK Y+rfhl= jQ uyd wef,laiekav¾ rcqf.a
pß;dmodkh ;=<ska yuqfõ' m¾Ishdõ neìf,dakh
s dj bkaÈhdfõ mxcdí
m%foaYfha fldgila o hg;a lr f.k úYd, wêrdcHhla f.dv kxjd
fmr wmr foÈ. ixialD;Skf a .a iïñY%Khlg o u`. ie,iQ
wef,laiekav¾ rcqg jhi wjqreÿ 32 § cSú;fhka o iuq.ekSug isÿúh'
urKdikakj isáh§ ish wjika leue;s m;%fhka l< m%Odk b,a,Sï
;=kla .ek o wikakg ,efí'

 ;ud ñh.sh miq ;u fo w;a mmqj u; tlalr fkd;nk f,i

ksrdjrK fo w;a isrer fomi ksoyfia ;nk f,i'
 wjux., fmryf¾ .uka l< hq;= jkafka ;udg m%;sldr l<
rdclSh úfYaI{ ffjoHjreka yhfokd muKla nj'
 rdcH NdKavd.drfha we;s ;ud /ia l< ish¨ Okh wjux.,
fmryr .uka.kakd u`. fomi f.dv .id ;eìh hq;= nj'
rcq bka wfmalaId lf<a "

 ysia oE;ska wjika .uk hk nj

 f,dj m%isoaO úfYaI{ ffjoHjrekag mjd urKh keue;s
frda.h iqjm;a l< fkdyels nj

162
  fld;rï úYd, OkialkaOhla ;snqK;a urKh keue;s wk;=ßka
ñoSug bka msyg
s la fkd,efnk nj wka whg wjfndaO lrùu
úh hq;=h'

fid`ÿre ;dreKHfha §u cSú;fhka iuq.;a wef,laiekav¾ rc;=ud

f,dal b;sydifha iqúfYaIS pß;hls' W;a;r Ndr;fha§ fn!oaO NslaIQka
jykafia kula uqK.eiS l< idlÉPdjlska miq cSú;fha h:d iajNdjh
jgyd .;a flfkl= jQ njg uqL mrïmrd.; mqj;la o we; '

l¾uh ms<sn`o iajdNdúl kS;shg úreoaOj hdug lsisjl=g;a neye'

ugj;a th l< fkdyels hhs' nqÿ ysñ foaYkd lr we; '

lïu kshduh wkqj wmf.a l%shdjkaf.a ysñlrefjda wmuh'

wfma i;H jQ foam< jkafka wfmau l%shdh' ñhhk úg tl i;hlaj;a
wmg f.k hd fkdyelsh' wmg wh;aj ;snQ fm!oa.,sl jQ lsisu fohla
j;a f.k hd fkdyelshs' wm ;ksju wd wdldrhg ;ksju hd hq;=h' wm
lïu kshduh fyd`Èka wjfndaO lr .;af;a kï hym;a cSú;hla .;
lsÍu w.h l< yelshs'
- wcdka iqfïfOda ysñ
- urKhg fmr wNdjh -

˜wiaiflda innx mydh .ukShx˜ nqÿ jokg wkqj urKfha§

ish,a, w;yer hd hq;=h'

˜iEu flfkl=u ;u cSú;fha lsishï fudfyd;l urK hg

m;ajk nj;a ñhhk fudfydf;a§ ;u YÍrhla ;u {d;s ys; ñ;%d§ka
ish¨ fokd;a ;ud i;= ish¨ fN!;sl iïm;a w;yer hdug isÿjk nj
f;areï.; hq;=h' ish,a, w;yßk nj is;d is;ska is; foi n,d
isákakg is;g tk is;=ú,s w;yßkak'˜
fn,a,k {dkúu, uy kdysñ'

wm w;yeßh hq;af;a fN!;sl f,dalfha wm wh;a lrf.k isák

fN!;sl iïm;a wm Wmdodkh lr f.k isák mqoa., iïm;a muKla
fkdfõ' ;Kaydj;a wúoHdj;a ksid uki ;=< WmÈk laf,aY Ou_ w;yeÍu
fn!oaO m%;smod ud._fha WÉp;u wjia:djhs' f,dõ;=re iqjh ,eîu
Wfoid iißka bj;aùu i`oyd wúoHdj ;DIaKdj we;=`M laf,aY Ou_ ÿre
163
l< hq;=h' fufia ÿre l< hq;= laf,aY Ou_ 1500 la muK jk nj Ou_fha
i`oyka fõ' ta w;r m%Odk laf,aY Ou_ 16 la .ek i`oyka fõ'

1. wNscc a d ^oeä f,daNh&

2. jHdmdoh ^;ryj&
3. fl%daOh ^±ä ;ryj&
4. Wmkdyh ^noO ffjrh&
5. ulaLh ^.=Kul= nj&
6. biaid ^B¾IHdj&
7. upIaßh ^uiqrenj&
8. M,dih ^tlg tl lsÍu&
9. udhdj ^;u ÿ¾.=K i`.jdf.k isàu&
10. idfghH ^jxpdj&
11. :ïNh ^oro`vq nj&
12. idrïN ^;r`.h&
13. udkh ^wka wh yd ii`od ne,Su&
14. wNsudkh ^;ud Wiia hehs is;Su&
15. uoh ^u;aùu cSú; uoh wdfrda.H uoh&
16. m%udoh ^l=i,a oyï jeãfuys mudùu& is;

is; flf,ik ish¨ flf,ia Ou_ w;ayeÍu ksjka wjfndaOh

wfmalaId lrkakl= l< hq;=h'

;ud .ek ;u is; ;=< uq,a neif.k ;sfnk laf,aY Ou_ 7 la

.ek nqÿmshdKka jykafia meyeÈ,s lr we;'

1. wúoHdkqih - ;ud ms<sn`o jerÈ m%;srEmhla isf;ys ujdf.k

isàu'
2. ÈgÀwkqih - ;u bkaøshkaf.a w;a±lSï j, h:d iajNdjh
fkd±lSu - fkd±kSu ksid isf;a ujdf.k we;s jerÈ oDIaáhhs'
3. udkdkqih - isf;a mj;sk udkh;a wúoHdj;a ksid I;Hh
f;areï .ekSug fkdyels udkisl;ajh ielh'
4. úÑlspPdkqih - isf;a mj;sk udkh;a wúoHdj;a ksid i;Hh
f;areuia .ekSug fkdyels udkisl;ajh ielh'

164
 5. ldudkqih -mxp bkaøshka Tiafia iajdNdúl tk iEu
úkaokhlsku a i;=g ,nd.ekSfï leue;a; ;udg .e,fmk fia
ndysr f;dr;=re u; ilid .ekSfï leue;a; '
6. Njdkqih - ;udf.a m%S;sh - ksfrda.l
S u - Yla;sh - meje;au
wdÈh mj;ajd .ekSfï leue;a; ' ;ud wlue;s foa i;H jqj;a
fkdms<s.ekSu'
7. má>dkqih - ;u is;g - leue;a;g - woyig mgyeKs
ndOl bj;alr .ekSug we;s leue;a;'

fï wkqih Ou_ i; tlg tl;= ù uuh - uu fjñ uf.ah hk

mxpialkaOh Wmdodkh lrf.k ilaldh ÈgÀ keue;s n, Yla;sh
ks¾udKh ù we;' ks¾jdKdjfndaOh i`oyd m<uqfjkau w;yeßh hq;af;a
ilaldh ÈgaÀhhs' wkqih Ou_ w;yßñka ilaldh ÈgÀh ì`o ±ñh yels
l%u ;=kla nqÿmshdKka jykafia fmkajd § we;'

1. ;udf.a Nj meje;au WmdodkialkaO myl tl;=jla f,i

olskk
a g is; mqreÿ lsÍu'

2. fï Nj meje;au máÉp iuqmamkak l%shdj,sh ksid l%shd;aul

jkakla nj olskk
a g mqreÿ ùu'

3. Nj meje;afï wks;H - ÿlaL - wkd;au iajNdjhka úo¾Ykd

iudêh ;=<ska olskk
a g fhduqùu'

fï whqßka jia;= ldu-laf,aYldu w;yeÍug flfkl=

ksrka;rfhka mqreÿ jkAfka kï ;DIaKdj ÿrefõ' ;DIaKdj ÿrelsÍfï
uq,a mshjr w;yeÍuhs' iir .uk hkq ;DIaKdfõ .ukh' ;DIaKdj
w;yeßh úg iir .uk k;r fõ' w;yeÍfï uyd mrudoY_h f.!;u
fndaêi;a;aj pß;hhs'

u;a;d iqL mßppd.d

miafi fÉ úmq,x iqLx
pfca u;a;d iqLx ëfrda
iïmiix úmq,x iqLx

165
 iq¨ iemhla w;yeÍfuka uy;a iemhla ,nk nj fmfka kï
kqjKe;a;d ta uyd iemh n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjñka iq¨ iemh w;yßhs'
Ouumoh m%lS¾Kl j.a.h 290 .d:dj

bkaøshka mskùug hdfuka Wreu jkafka ÿl-fYdalh wiykh yd

miq;eú,a, h' iir ÿlska ñfokakg wfmalaId lrkakd fï bkaøshka
flfrys we,au fhdakf s ida ukisldrfhka hq;= l,lsÍu we;sj w;yeÍu
i`oyd is; fhduq lsÍu l< hq;=h' bkaøshka u`.ska olakd f,dalh w;yer
±uSug lghq;= lrk ;rug urKhla fkdue;s wurdj;S kï rdcHh lrd
.uka lsÍfï fhda.H udj;la t<s olskq we;'

wcdka iqfïfOda ysñ

urKhg fmr wNdjh isßfiak r;akdhl mßj¾;kh
ixidr keue;s §>_ ud._fhA .uka lrk wh miqmi ÿl ths'
tneúka ixidr keue;s §>_ ud._fha .uka lrkakl= fkdúh hq;=h'

ÿlaLdkq m;s;oaO.+
;iaud k poaO.+ ishd
ÿlaLdkq m;sf;da ishd
Ouu moh m%lS¾Kl j.a.h 302 .d:dj

uqxp mqf¾ uqxp mpPf;da

ucafc uqxp Njiai mdr.+
inn;a: úuq;a; udkfida
k mqk cd;s crx Wfmysis
Ouumoh ;Kayd j.a.h 348 .d:dj

˜w;S; mxpialkaOh flfrys;a wkd.; mxpialkaOh flfrys;a

j;_udk mxpialkaOh flfrys;a mj;sk ;DIaKdj w;yßkak' fufia
iifrys mrf;rg .sh Tn ieu ;ekayu s ñoqkq is;e;af;a h<s cd;s
crdjkag m;a fkdfj;s'˜

166
 wlïms;j ñhefokak'

ÿ¾,Nj ,nd.;a fï ñksia Èúh wfma ienE ksjyk fkdfõ' th

;djld,sl kej;=ï fmd<ls' wfma uyf.or i;r wmdh nj nqÿ ysñ
foaYkd lr we;' ljr ;eklg .sh;a wm wdmiq tkafka uyf.or
n,df.kh' h<s i;r wmdhg fkdjefgkakg" ÿ¾,Nj ,nd.;a fï W;=ï
ñksi;a núka Wmßu M, ,efnk f,i wm h:djfndaOfhka hq;=j cSú;h
f.jd ±ñh hq;=h' wfma taldhk wruqK úh hq;af;a i;HdjfndaOh
,eîuh'

wo wm isÿlrk l%shdldrlï whym;a kï wmg wkd.;fha§

N=la;sú`§ug isÿjkafka wyhm;a m%;sM,h' hym;a hula l<úg hym;a
m%;sM, wfmalaId l< yel' fuh fya;=-M, oyu l%shd;aul úuls'
l¾ufha n,mEu l%shd;aul ùuls' taki s d cSj;ajk ld,h ;q< lsisÿ
ksr¾:l l%shdjla fkdlrkak'

fï ukqIH cSú;h È.= iir .ufka § wm ,o tla;rd ixl%dñl

wjia:djls' fï YÍrh is; wmg wh;a fkdjk nj wm wjfndaO lr .;
hq;=h' fï ñksia Èjsfha Wmßu M, ,eîug kï cSú;fha" iifrys"
h:diajNdjh wjfndaO lr .; hq;=h'

—ifnn ixLdrd wkspdjd;s˜

—ifnn ixLdrd ÿlaLd;s˜
ifnn Ouud wkka;dks"
hod m[a[dh miai;s
w: ksíìkaols ÿlafL

tai u.af.da úiqoaêhd" fï nqÿ jokg wkqj ish`M ixialdr OÓ

wks;Hh' ish¨ ixialdr Ou_ ÿlah' ish¨ Ou_fhda wkd;auh' fuh
m%{dfjka olskk
a ' th ksjkg u.hZ

ixhqla; ksldfha foaj;d ixhqla;fha WmkSh;s iq;%fha§ tla;rd

foúfhl=g nqÿysñ foaYkd l< mßos'
167
  cSú;h urKh lrd muqKqjkq ,efí'
 wdhqIh iaj,amh'
 crdj úiska urKh lrd muqKqjk ,oaoyqg /ljrKhla ke;'

fï ;%súO Nh kqqjKska olsk mqoa.,hd" ksjk m;k mqoa.,hd

f,daldñIh ÿre lrkafkah'

crd jHdê urK iajNdj Ou_hg wh;a Nj.dó Èúfha uQ,sl

ixisoaëka fjhs' tajd je,elaùug yels – l%ufõohla fuf;la fidhd
f.k ke;' urKfha§ isÿjkafka ;djld,sl Yla;s iuqÉÑhl" ;djld,sl
úisrhdula muKs' fN!;sl YÍrfha ^rEmialkaOfha& wdl¾Ykh' we;af;a
mDÒúhgh' urKfha§ th mDÓúhg tlafjhs' fõokd-ix{d-ixialdr-
ú{dk hk udkisl Ou_;d /ilska hq;= kduialkaOfha Ñ;a; kï jQ l%shd
Yla;sh w;s ishqï Yla;s úfYaIhls' th ish¨ yelshd fkdyelshd ,eÈhd -
l=i,-wl=i, lu_ Yla;Ska iu. fmdaIKh fjñka ksjka olakd cd;s olajd
u mj;skk a ls' fï wkqj cSú;h hkq kdu-rEm ika;;shla muKs' tla Nj
.ukl wjidkfha isÿjk fï kdu-rEm Ou_hkaf.a úisrhdu ms<sn`o
wjfndaOhla fkdue;slu ksid iïuq;s urKh yuqfõ ìhg-;e;s .ekSug
-fYdalhg m;aùu i;a;aj iajNdjhhs'

urKh iajNdj fldg we;s urKhg ìhg ;eùug meñfKk

flfkla fï f,dj we;' ta ljfrla ±hs úuiq cdkqiafidaks nuqKdg
nqÿmshdKka jykafia foaYkd lf<a my fkdjQ rd. we;af;a myfkdjQ
;DIaKdj fm%auh-ldu msmdih-myfkdjQ ±óu we;a;dgo" tfiau fï
f,dalfha ±ä jQ frda.hla iam¾Y l< úÑlsÉPd we;af;a fjhs'

 fkdlrk ,o mõ we;af;a"
 fkdlrk ,o wl=i, lu_ we;s"
 lrk ,o l=i, lu_ we;af;a"
 zioaOu_h-iel fkdlrk"
 —úÑlsÉPd ke;s mqoa.,hd"

oreKq frda.hla iam¾Y l<o" urKhg fYdal fkdlrhs' f,ys

w;ane`o fkdyvhs' uq<djg fkdmeñfKhs' urKhg ìh fkdfjhs'
ika;%dihg fkdmeñfKhs' ;e;s.ekSug fkdmeñfKhs' hkqfjks'
168
 ixhqla; ksldfha fida;dmkak ixhqla;fha uydkdu iQ;%hg wkqj
jrla uydkdu YdlH rc;=ud" nqÿmshdKka jykafia wu;d m%ldY lf<a" —
Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia yd is; ÈhqKq l< NsslaIQka jykafia,d weiqrlr"
we;=ka wiqka-r:jdyk-r:-lr;a; ñksiqka f.ka .ejiS" Okj;a-
iuDoaêu;a-ckdlS¾K k.rhla jQ lms,jia;= k.rhg ikaOHdfõ
we;=`Mjk úg" f;rejka flfrys ud ;==<jQ ilsh uq<dfjhs' fï fudfydf;a
ud ñh.sh fyd;a ˜ uf.a W;am;a;sh ljr ;ekl fõo@ ìhla ±fkk
njhs'

hful=f.a is;;=< —Y%oaOdj-iS,h-Y%e;h-jd.h-m%{dj ÈhqKq ù

;sfí kï ÈhqKq l< is; Wiia ;ekgu hkafkah' Tnf.a isf;a È.= l,l
mgka tu fiaL n, Ou_ wLKavj ÈhqKqj we;s fyhska Tn ìh úh hq;=
fkdfõ' ks¾fodaISj l`Mßh lrkafkah' ˜ nqÿysñ foaYkd lr we;'

wmf.a fndaêi;a;ajhka jykafia ckika:j rcq f,i Wm; ,nd

isáh§ uy`Múfha urKdikakj isáh§ miq;eú,a,g fya;=jk lreKq
oyhla ms<sn`oj rg jeishka ±kqj;a l< wdldrh ckika:j cd;l
l:dfjka wkdjrKh fõ'

1' Okh Wmhd .; yels ;reK ld,fha§ ta i`oyd Wkkaÿ fkdùu

ksid f.ù .sh ;dreKHh .ek ;efõ'

2' Ys,am W.; hq;= nd, ld,fha§ Ys,am fkdubf.k nd, ld,h
wmf;a yeÍu .ek miq;eú,s fõ'

3' w;S;fha m%dK>d; lrñka kmqre Èúhla .; lf<ñ'ud <`.

ffu;%sh fkd;snqKs' múgq cSú;hla .; lf<ñ' urKh wNshi
fYdal fjhs'

4' uu mrodrfiajkfha fhÿfkñ' uf.a fh!jkh ug wñysßhhs

urKdikakfha miq;eú,s fjhs'

5' uu lmálï lf<ñ' fla,dï lSfjñ' w,a,ia .;sñ' kmqre is;a

we;sj úiqfjñhs' miq;eú,s fjhs'

169
6' fndfyda j;alï we;sj isá uu wYa,S, ldud;=r cSú;hla .;
lf<ñ' oyï ì`ol ri fkdoelaflñ' oka fkdÿkafkñhs miq
;eú,s fõ'

7' uu ldh n,-Ok n, yelshdj ;sìh§ uy¨ udmshka fmdaIKh

fkdlf<ñ' uy¨úfha§ ;efjhs'
8' uf.a wdpd¾h jQ wkqYdil jQ" leue;s ish¨ ri ,nd § ud
fmdaIKh l< mshdKkag wlSlreùï is;d miq;eú,s fõ'

9' W.;a is,aj;a Y%uK n%dyauKhka weiqre fkdlf<ñ is;d miq

ld,fha miq ;eú,s fõ'

10' iqpß;fhys yeisßh hq;= wjia:dfõ tfia yeisrefKa ke;'

i;amqreIhka weiqre fkdlf<ñ' W;=ï jQ ioaOu_fhys weiqr
fkd,enqfjñ' urKdikakfha§ miq;efõ'

cSú;fha ieoEiuh fid`ÿre f,i f.jd ±uSug;a'

urKuxplfha§ ìhg -miq;eú,a,g m;afkdùug;a fï lreKq j,
m%;sjsreoaO ;;a;ajh wkq.ukh lsÍfuka yels jk njg ckika:j
rc;=u dish rgjeishkg wkqYdikd lr we;'

1. Ys,am W.; hq;= nd, ld,h wmf;a fkdyer Ys,am Wf.kSu'

2. iúu;a ;reK úfha§ Okh Wmhd .ekSu'
3. mrmK keiSfuka je<lSu'
4. lmá lñka-fla<ñka-w,a,iska fjka jQ fu;a is;a we;s wfhl=
ùu'
5. mrodr fiajkfhka je<lSu'
6. oka§u" oyfuys yeisÍu'
7. uy`M ÿn, jQ uõmshka fmdaIKh lsÍu'
8. mshdg lSlreùu'
9. is,aj;a Y%uK nuqKka weiqre lsÍu'
10. iqpß;fhys yeisÍu' i;amqreI fiajkh'

170
 jrla ieje;akj q r foõrï fjfyr§ wkd: msKaäl isgqjrhd
wu;d" nqÿysñ foaYkd l< iq;%hlsk"a urKdikak wjia:dfõ§ iir ìh
we;sjk fya;= myla meyeÈ,s lr we;'

1. mrmK kik mqoa.,hd wkqkf a .a cSj;aùfï whs;sh Wÿrd .ekSu

ksid udkisl ÿla fodïkia j,ska mSvd ú`Èhs' fof,dju ;efõ'

2. kqÿka foh .kakd iq`M mqoa.,hd wkqkf a .a iem;g

ndOdmuqKqjkafkls' fuf,dj mrf,dj Ok ydks fõ' È<sÿ fõ'
3. ldufhys jrojd yeisfrk mqoa.,hd fuf,dj-mrf,dj ysxid-
mSvd-ksko
a d ,nhs' i;r wmd ÿlg jefghs'

4. uqidnia mjik mqoa.,hd wka whf.a iu.sh iudodkh ke;s

lrhs' fuf,dj-mrf,dj ìh ffjrh we;s lr .kshs'

5. uohg-mudjg fya;=jk uoHidr wdÈh Ndú;d lrk mqoa.,hd

Wu;= jQ is;ska yeisfrhs' ;udg;a wka whg;a wk¾:hla u lr
.kshs'

fujka mqoa.,fhda i;r wdldr ìhlska mSvd ú`È;s'

 w;a;dkqjdoNh (- ;u yDoh idlaIsh bÈßfha ìh fj;s

 mrdkqjdoNh (- f,dal wmjdohg ,lafjkq we;ehs ìhùu'
 oKavNh (- kS;sfhka ovqjï ,efnkq we;ehs ìhùu
 ÿ.a.;s Nh (- urKska u;q wmd ÿla ú`§ug isÿfõhehs ìhùu'

wx.=;a;r ksldfha clal ksmd;fha Oïñl j.a.fha ñ.id,d iQ;%fhka"

ñ.id,d Wmdisldj wrNhd wdkkao ysñhkg" úfYaI urKhla Wreuùug
fyda fkdùug fya;=jk lreKq yhla foaYkd lr we;'

1. ldufNda.S cSú; .; lrk" iïud ÈÜÀh ke;s" ù¾hfhka

nyqYe% ; núka-Ou_ Y%jKfhka-m%s;s m%dfudaofhka f;dr mqoa.,hd
úfYaI urKhlg m;a fkdfõ' urKska u;= msßySug hhs'

171
 2. ldufNda.S iqLixjdi we;s cSú;hla .; l<;a O¾u Y%jKh
lrk nyqYe% ; núka hq;= iïud ÈÜÀh we;s wfhlq kï úfYaI
urKhlg m;afjhs' urKska miq iq.;shg hhs'

3. is,aj;a jqj;a fl%daOh-udkh we;s iïudÈÜÀfhka ù¾hfhka

ms<sfj;a u. fkdyeisfrk Ou_ Y%jKh fkdl< ;eke;a;do
úfYaI urKhg m;a fkdfõ' lh ì`§ ñhf.dia msßySug m;a
fjhs' iq.;shg fkdhhs'
4. is,aj;aj-oyï wik-Ou_ m%S;sfhka hq;= ms<sfj;a u. yeisfrkakd"
úfYaI urKhlg m;a fjhs' urKska miq iq.;sfha WmÈhs'
5. ;Sj% rd.fhka hq;= Ou_ Y%jKh fkdlrk-Ou_ m%s;sh iïud ÈÜÀh
ke;s ms<sfj;a fkdmqrk mqoa.,hd urKska u;= ÿ.;sfha WmÈhs'
úfYaI urKhla ysñ fkdfõ'

6. fï f,dj we;eï mqoa.,fhla fl%daOh-rd.h we;;a Ou_ Y%jKh

lrhs' nyqYe% ; núka iïud ÈÜÀfhka hq;=h' ms<sfj;a mqrhs' Tyq
lh ì`§ ñhf.dia úfYaI urKhlg Wreulï ,nhs' ÿ.;shg
fkdhhs'

wx.=;a;r ksldfha p;=la: Nd.fha Plal ksmd;fha Noaol iQ;%h

w.%Yd% jl idßmq;a; uy ry;ka jykafia úisk ieje;akj q r foõrï
fjfyrÈ NslaIQka jykafia,d wu;d foaYkd lrk ,oaols' fi`ÿre
urKhlska ke;fyd;a fid`ÿre ld,l%shdjlska ushefokakg fkdyels jk
fya;= yhla tys§ meyeÈ,s lr we;'

1. lïudrdfudfyd;s - lïudrf;d - lïudrdu;d wkqhq;af;d"

ld¾hnyq, nj-thg leue;a;-ld¾h nyq,nfjys mqk mqkd
fh§u'

2. Niaid rdfudfyd;s - Niaidrf;d - Niaidrduf;d -

wkqhq;a;d"l:djg weíneysùu-l:djg leue;a; - mqk mqkd tys
fh§u'

172
 3. ksoaodrdfudfyd;s - ksoaodrf;d - ksoaodrduf;d wkqhqf;;d" kskoa g
we,Su - kskf a oys we,Sisàfï leue;a; - mqk mqkd kskf a oys
ksr; ùu'

4. iX.Ksld rdfudfyd;s - iX.Ksldrfld - iX.Ksldrduf;d

wkqhqfl;d msßia mßjrd isàu" msßiamsßjrd isàfï leue;a;"
kej; kej; msßia msßjrd .ekSu'

5. ixi.`.rdfudfyd;s -ixi¾..rf;d- ixi.a.rdu;x wkqhq;f;d-

misÿrka mskùfuys we,Su' tys ksr;ùu' kej; kej; ta i`oyd
fhduqúu'

6. mm[apdrdfudfyd;s - mm[aprf;d - mm[aprdu;x

wkqhqf;;d

;Kayd udk ÈgÀ laf,aYj, we¨fka' tu laf,aY j, ksr; jQfha-

tajfha kej; kej; wkqhqla; jqfha fid`ÿre urKhlg m;a fkdfõ'
fid`ÿre urKhla" Nø ld,l%shdjla Wreu lr.; yels l%ufõoh o
fuu.ska ießhq;a uy ry;ka jykafia wkdjrKh lr we;'

1. luudrdu ke;s - luudrdufhys ksr; fkdjQ - lupdrdufhys

wkqhq;l fkdjQ"

2. Niidrduke;s" Niirdufhys ksr; fkdjQ - Niidrdufhys

wkqhqla; fkdjq"

3. ksoodrdu ke;s ksoodrdufhys ksr; fkdjQ - ksoodrdufhys

wkqhq;; fkdjQ"

4. iX.Ksldrdu fkdjQfha - iX.Ksld rdufhys ksr; fkdjQ

iX.Ksldrdufhys wkqhq;; fkdjQ"

5. ixi..rdu ke;s " ksr; fkdjQ wkqhq;; fkdjQ"

173
 6. mm[pdrdu fkdjQfha - mm[pdrdufhys ksr; fkdjQ
mm[pdrdufhys wkqhq;l fkdjQ" flkdg fid`ÿre urKhla
Wreuh'

urKhg ±ä ìhla yd wlue;a;la we;sjk fya;= 7la fn,a,k

{dkúu, uy kdysñhkaf.a úrduhlauh urKh lD;sfha i`oyka fõ'

1. urKdikak wjia:dfõ ±ä ldhsl fõokdjla ú`§ug isÿfõ hhs

we;sjk ìh'

2. wmrdO nyq, cSú;hla .; lsÍu ksid urKska miq we;sjk

;;a;ajh .ek ìh'

3. wm wdorh lrk wh flfrys we;s ±ä ne`§u ksid Tjqkf

a .ka
fjka ùug we;s wleue;a;' ÿl yoj;g ±kSu'

4. ;uka wh;a lrf.k isá iïm;a w;yer hdug we;s wleue;a;'

5. ;uka W;aidyfhka Wmhd .;a iïm;a fjk;a wh fjfyila

fkdue;sj u wh;a lr .ekSu ksid we;sjk B¾IHdj'

6. ;uka fkdue;sùfuka ¥ orejka wd§ wfkl=;a whg lrorhla

fjkq we;ehs is;su'

7. isf;ys yd YÍrfha wks;H nj wjfndaO lr fkd.ekSu'

 wjika ksfïIfha§ ióm;uhska fj;ska iqyoj iuqf.k fid`ÿre

f,i kslauhdug yels jkfia cSú;h yev .id .; hq;= lreKq
/ila iïnqoaO foaYkd j,ska meyeÈ,s lr we;' uPa¯su ksldfha
Wmß mKaKdislfha úNX. j.a.fha

 Nool r;; iQ;%h

 wdkkao Noaol r;; iQ;%h
 uyd lppdhk Nool r;; iQ;%h
 f,duilX.sl Nool r;; iQ;h
%
174
jeks iQ;% foaYkdj,ska tu lreKq wkdjrKh fõ'

1. —w;S;x kkjd.fuhi - kmmálf`Xl wkd.;x˜

2. ˜mppqmmkk[p fhda Ouux - ;;a: ;;a: úmii;S—
3. ˜ wfccj lsppx wd;mmx - fld c[[ urKx iqfj—
4. tjx úydßx wd;dms - wfyda r;;: kkaÈ;x

1. —w;S;h wkq.ukh fkdlrkak wkd.;h .ek ;DIaKd oDIaàka

we;slr fkd.kak' hfula blañkso ta m%yK
S jQjls' hfula
fkdt<ôfhao ta fkdt<ôfha fjhs'

2. —hfula mq;Hqmkak jQ Ou_h ta ta ;ek wkslHd§ jYfhka úo¾Ykd

flf¾o ta Ou_h úo¾Ykd lrk ;eke;a;d úo¾Ykdfjka ysia
fkdfõ'

3. —wo l< hq;= foa wo u lrkak' fyg urKh meñfKahhs ldyg

kï lsjyelso@ uydfiakd we;s ta udrhd iu. ñ;% ika:jhla
.súiqula ke;'

4. —fujka úyrK we;s flf<ia kjk ù¾hh we;s Èjd ? wk,ia jQ

;Kyd ke;s fhda.djprhdg Ydka; jQ Noaolr;;h fõ' Ydka; jQ
nqÿ ysñ jodr;s'

f.ù.sh w;S;h fyda WodfkdjQ wkd.;h .ek fkdis;d mj;sk

j;auka fudfydf;a cSj;aùfuka is;.ek iqmÍlaIdldÍj l%shdlsÍfuka
urK uxplfha§ miq;eùug ìh ùug isÿ fkdfõ'

 urKdikak wjia:dfõoS i;amqreI l,HdK ñ;%hkaf.a

iómúu o wlïms;j ñhefokakg bv yir i,id fok
whqre" nqÿmshdKka jykafia o idßmq;a; uyry;ka
jykafia o tjeks wjia:djkays miqjQjkg ms<sirK ù
we;s wdldrfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'

ñiÈgq ;reK orejl= jQ uÜgl=Kv,Sg mshdf.a ±ä uiqrenj

ksid mdKavq frda.hg ksis m%;sldr fkd,enqKs' urK uxplfha b;d

175
wirKj je;sr isá Tyq fj; uyd ldreKsl nqÿmshdKka jevu l< ksid
wlïms;j ñhefokakg;a ;õksidfjys Wm; ,nkakg;a yels úh'
c;a;udkjl urejd ;ud <`.u .ejfik nj fkdu±k" oyiska ne`È
mssh,a,la o w;e;sj uyjkh ueÈka yqfol,dj u .uka lrñka isá
;reK isiq orefjls' Tyqg isÿjkakg hk wk;=r ±k" Tyq tk fmr
u.g jevu l< nqÿ mshdKka jykafia Tyq ;sirK .kajd mxpiS,fhys
msygs qjd-f;rejka .=K j¾Ks; .d:d W.kajd tu .d:d iPa®dhkh
lrñka hk f,i Wmfoia §u ksid wlïms;j ñh f.dia ;õksid
foõf,dj Wm; ,eîh' widOH f,i frda.j S urK uxplfha je;sr isá
uyOk isgqmq;=g o Èk i;lska ñhefokakg isá rc.ykqjr uyOk
fjf<kaodgo wl,a urKhlg m;ajkakg isá fmaIldr ÈhKshg o Tjqka
fj; jevu l< Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia ksid" fidajdka wdÈ u.-M, ksjkska
iekiS" wlïms;j ñhefokakg;a" Nj.dó cSú; iqjm;a lr .kakg;a"
wjia:dj ie,iqKs' lsisfjl=f.a ms<sirKla fkdue;sj" .s,ka ù widOHj
ihkfha je;sr isá mQ;s.;a; ;siai f;reka jykafia fj; l,HdK
ñ;%;ajfhka jevu lr" wejeis ldhsl iqjh" fuka u udkisl iqjho
,nd§u ksid wlïms;j msßksúug wjia:dj ie,iqKs'

w.%Yd% jl idßmq;a; uy ry;ka jykafia o urK fudfyd;g

wdikakj isá fndfyda wh fj; wmßñ; lreKdfjka l,HdKñ;%;ajfhka
jevu lr ta whf.a wjika ksfïIfha § iykh ie,iQ whqre ;%smsglfha
iQ;% foaYkdj,ska ±lafõ' n,j;a fia frda.d;=rj isá wkd: msKaäl
isgq;=ud fj; wkkao ysñhka iu. jevu lr" iqjÿla úuid wjYH
udkisl iykh ,nd ÿka whqre uPa¯su ksldfha Wmß mKaKdilfha
i<dh;k j.a.fha wkd:mskä a fldajd o iQ;%fha i`oyka fõ'

—.ym;s;=uks" Tng flfiao@ bjish yelso@ hemsh yelso@ ÿla

fõokdj, wvqùula ke;fyd;a jeäùula ;sfío@ úuiQ úg' isgq;=udf.a
ms<s;=r jQfha"

—iajdóks idßmq;%hka jykai" ug bjish fkdyel' hemsh

fkdyel' ÿlaL fõokdjka ±äj n,j;a fj;s' jeäùula ñi wvqùula
ke;'˜ n,j;a mqreIfhla ysi uqÿk m<kakdfia ysfia fõokdjla ±fkhs'
f.da >d;lfhl= uia lmk ;shqKq wdhqOhlska lmkakd fia l=i ;=,
fõokdjla ±fkhs n,j;a mqreIhka fofofkl= udj Tfidjd f.k f.dia

176
.sks w`.=re j<lg oud fmr< fmr,d r;a lrk úgl fuka uf.a YÍrh
mqrdjgu wê ud;% odyhla ±fkhs' ug isyh
s ke;— hkakh'

isgq;=ud wiajiñka ießhq;a ysñ foaYkd lf<a"

1. Tn" wei wd§ wdOHd;añl wdh;k ih flfrys ;DIaKdfjka

nef`okafka keye is;kak'

2. Tn" rEm wd§ ndysr wdh;k iy flfrys ;DIaKdfjka nef`okafka

keye is;kak'

3. ú[a[dK ih flfryso ;DIaKdfjka nef`okafka keyehs is;kak'

4. iam¾Y wdh;k ih flfryso fkdne`§ isákak'

5. iam¾Y ksid yg.;a ú`§u flfryso ;DIaKdfjka fkdnef`okak'

6. mGú wd`§ Od;= yh flfryso ;DIaKdfjka nef`okafka keye

is;kak'

7. mxp WmdodkialkaO flfryso ;DIaKdfjka nef`okafka keye

is;kak'
8. wdldi[[dh;k wd§ wrEm OHdk flfryso fkdnef`ok nj
is;kak'

9. fuf,dj - mrf,dj flfryso ;DIaKdfjka nef`okafka ke;s nj

is;kak' fï ish,af,ys h:d iajNdjh wks;H" ÿlaL" wkd;au h:d
iajNdjh kqjKska olskak'

fuu foaYkh wjidkfha wkd:msKaä; isgq;=udf.a ldhsl fõokd

fndfyda ÿrg wvq ù Ou_ foaYkh ms<sn`oj úYd, i;=gla ,enQ nj;a
t;=udf.a fofk;ska i;=gq l`ÿ`M je.sreKq nj;a" i`oyka fõ' ießhq;a
f;reka jykafia wdkkao f;reka iu. wdmiq foõrï fjfyrg jev iq`M
fõ,djlg miq isgq;=ud wNdjhg m;a jQ nj;a m%ldY fõ' ta iu.u

177
foõf,dj Wm; ,o t;=ud tÈk ueÈhï /fha§ nqÿmshdKka yuqjg
meñK ießhq;a ysñf.a .=K j¾Kkd l< nj;a i`oyka fõ'

Ok{acdks nuqKd ießhq;a ysñhkaf.a .syl s , ñ;%fhls' ñiÈgq

nuqfKl= jQ Tyq Okh bmhSu lf<a wOd¾ñljhs' ießhq;a ysñhka tla
wjia:djl meñK" Tyqg ta ms<sn`oj lreKq meyeÈ,s lrñka wjjdo
l<;a Tyq tajd ms<s.;af;a ke;' wjidkfha urKdikak fudfyd;g <xjQ
Ok[acdks urKska miq ksrfha Wm; ,nk ;ekg lreKq ie,iS ;snqKs'
Tyqg ießhq;a f;reka jykafia ±lSfï wjYH;dj we;súh' fiajlhl=
u.ska tan j okajd hejQ úg Ok[acdks fj; buy;a ohdfjka jevu
l<y' ta wjia:dfõ Ou_h foaYkd lrñka" ksrfha Wm; ,nkakg isá
Tyqf.a is; nUf,dj Wm;la lrd l%ufhka Tfidjd ;enqfha i;amqreI
l,HdK ñ;%fhl=f.a ld¾hh imqrd,ñks'
ießhq;a uy f;reka jykafia pqko
a f;reka jykafia iu." .s,ka ù
widOH ;;a;ajfhka iykfhys je;sr isá Pkak ysñhka fj; jevu l<
mqj; uca¯suksldfha WmßmKaKdilfha i<dh;k j.a.fha Pkafkdajdo
iQ;%fha ±lafõ'

—Tng flfiao@ fõokdfjys wvqùula fyda jeäùula ±fkao@ hemsh

yelso@ bjish yelso@ ießhq;a ysñ úuiQ úg" Pkak f;rekaf.a ms<s;=r
jQfha˜ hemsh fkdyelsh bjish fkdyel' ysfia;a l=i;=<;a ±ä fõokd
±fkhs' lfhys wêud;% odyfhls' fõokdfjda jeäùula ñi wvqùula
ke;' cSú;h fkdleue;af;ñ' ie;lska Èú f;dr lr .ekSug is;ñ'A
hkakh'

fuys§ i;amqreI l,HdK ñ;%fhl= f,i idßmq;a; f;reka jykafia

Pkak f;reka wu;d mjik iekis,s joka w;sYh ixfõ§h' —bÈka
wdhqIau;a Pkak f;rekag isõmi fNdack ke;akï uu isõmi fNdackh
imhd,ñ' i;am%dh fNicac fkdfõ kï uu Pkak f;rekag i;am%dh
fNicac imhd ,ñ'bÈka pkak f;rekag ksid Wmia:dhlfhla fkdfõ kï
uu wdhqIau;a Pkak f;rekag Wjegka flfrñ' wdhqIau;a Pkak f;fï
Yia;%NrK fkdflf¾jd' wdhqIau;a Pkak f;fï hefmajd' wms hefmk
wdhqIau;a Pkakhka leue;alïy'

ñka miqj o Pkak f;reka m%ldY lf<a ^wm%;sikaê; fldg h<s

ms<sis`o.ekSula kdjk fia& .%ial%rKh lrk njhs'
178
  wei - wefia ú{dkh - ú{dkOu_
 lK - lfKa ú{dkh - ú{dkOu_
 keyeh - >dK ú{dkh - ú{dkOu_
 Èj - csyj
a d ú{dkh - ú{dkOu_
 lh - ldh ú{dkh - ldh ú{dkOu_
 uki - ufkda ú{dkh - ufkda ú{dkOu_

uf.ah' uuh' uf.a wd;auh hhs olSo úuid ta ish,a, uf.a

fkdfõ' uu fkfõ' uf.a wd;auh fkdfõ hhs kqjKska olsñ'

plaLq-plaLq ú{dk-ú{dkOu_ wdÈfhys ksfrdaOh ±l ksfrdaO

wjfndaO{dkh i`oyd uf.a fkdfõ-uu fkdfõ-uf.a wd;auh fkdfõ hhs
kqjKska olsñhs mejiQ úg" uyd pqko a f;reka wkqYdikd lf<a˜
udrdka;sl fõokd w;r Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a wkqYdikd ks;r isys
lrkak' ;DIaKdÈfhys fkdwe¨Kqúg flf<ia ikaisfohs' flf<ia
ixis`ÿKqúg pQls-W;am;a;s wd.;s-.;s fkdfõhhs'— hkqfjks'

ießhq;a f;reka jykafia iy pqko a f;reka jykafia wdmiq

jäkjd;a iu.u Pkak f;reka jykafiaf.a Y%;%NrKh;a" wry;a M,hg
m;aùu;a isÿjQ nj nqÿ mshdKka jykafia meyeÈ,s lr we;'

iajlSh ióm;uhskf a .a urKdikak fudfydf;ys§ i;amqreI

l,HdK ñ;%hkafia Tjqka fj; ,xù ta whf.a cSú; iqjm;a l< wh .sys
Y%djl-Y%dúldjka w;ro isá njg idlaIs we;' wx.=;a;r ksldfha Pla;
ksmd;fha idrdKSh j.a.fha kl=,ms;=iQ;%h thg WodyrKhls' kl=, ms;=
yd kl=, ud;dj f.!;u nqÿysñ oji úiQ b;d wdo¾Yj;a wUq-ieñ
hqj<l wiQyeúßÈ úfha isá kl=, mshd n,j;a fia frda.d;=rj urKh
wfmalaIdfjka ihkfhys je;sr isáfhah' kl=, ud;dj Tyq wi< /`§
isáñka mjik ,o iekis,s m%ldY lsyms hla fuu iQ;%fha we;=,;aj we;'

1. Tn fN!;slj /ia lr.;a f.a fodr-bvlvï-hdk jdyk wd§

iïm;a ms<sn`o wdYdj w;yßkak'

179
 2. Tnf.a wejEfuka orejka fmdaIKh lsÍug ud wiu;a fõjehs
orejka wirKfõhehs is;d lïmdfjka ìh iel we;s lr
fkd.kak'

3. Tnf.a wejEfuka kl=, ud;d fjk;a ieñfhl= fj; hkq we;ehs

hk ielfhka fkduefrkak' wm újdm;a jQ fidf<dia yeúßos
úfha isgu .Dyia: n%yu
a p¾hdj wdrlaId lrk nj kqU o uu o
okafkuq'

4. uf.a wejEfuka kl=, ud;d Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia NslaIq ix>hd

olakg fkdleue;s fõ hehs iel we;s lr fkd.kak'

5. uf.a wejEfuka k.=, ud;d is,a .=K oyï fkdu mqrkq we;ehs
fkdis;kak' iqÿj;a y`Èk" is,a .=K oyï mqrk .sys Wmdisldjka
w;r ud o flfkl= nj Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia o ms<sf.k we;'
6. ud ñh.sh miq kl=, ud;d iS, iudê m%{d wd§ wdOHd;añl Ñ;a;
iudêh fkd,nkakh S hs fkdis;kak' iqÿj;a y`Èk wdOH;añl
Ñ;l iudêh we;s .sys Y%dúldjka w;r udo flfkl= nj
Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiao ms<s.fk we;'

kl=, ud;djf.a fï iekis,s joka wjidkfha ñhefokakg wdikakj

isá kl=,ms;= fyd`Èka iqjm;a ù urK uxplfhka ke.S isá nj i`oyka
fj'

by; ish¨ lreKqj,ska wm fj; f.k tk mKsjqvh .ek is;kak'

wfma ióm;uhska ñhefok wjia:dfõ ta nj wm wjfndaO lr .; hq;=h'
ìh iel ixld j,ska f;drj wlïms;j ikaiqkaj ta .uk hdug wm
Tjqkg iydh úh hq;=h' b;d Ydka; iqkaor f,i kslauhdug bv yir
ie,ish hq;= h' urKska u;= iq.;shl Wm;la ,eîug wmf.a yeisÍu o
Tjqkg WmldÍ jkq we;' urKdikak flfkl=g msysg úh yelafla hï
wdldrhlska fyda Ou_h isysm;a lr §fuks' ñhefok mqoa.,fhl=f.a B,`.
Njh ielfikafka urKdikak Ñ;a;ùÓfha wjikg my<jk pq;sis;g
wruqKq jk is;=ú,s ud;%h wkqjh' m%{djka; l,HdK ñ;%fhl=g fï
wjika ix{dj m%ikak fkdfõ kï thg o n,mEï l< yelsh' tu
wruqK fjkialr .ekSug ñhefok ;eke;a;dg WmldÍ úh yelsh'
uÜÜl=Kav,S c;a; udkjl-Ok{acdks nuqKd wd§kaf.a iq.;s Wm;a j,g
180
iqÿiq f,i pq;s is; ieliqfka i;amqreI l,HdK ñ;%hkaf.a iómùu
ksidh'

wlïms;j ñhefokakg wfma YÍrfha;a wm cSj;ajk f,dalfha;a h:d

iajNdjh wm f;areï .; hq;=h' wfma cSú; oyug wkqj ilid .;
hq;=h' wfma YÍrfha mGú wd§ i;r uyd N+; kï jQ Yla;s mod¾:
i;rl tl;=jla nj;a iïuq;s urKhlg miq tn`ÿu Od;= i;rlska
ks¾ñ; mDÓúh yd h<s tlajk nj;a wm wjfndaO lr .; hq;=h'

fï cSú;h kdu rEm Ou_ iuqpphl tl;=jls' rEmh weiska ±lsh

yels jqj;a kdu Ou_ tfia oDYHudk fkdfõ' ksrka;rj fjkia jk fï
kdu rEm Ou_;djka ;=< wd;au jYfhka .;yels lsisjla ke;' ta ksid fï
cSú;h wmg whs;shla lSug fyda leue;s fia mj;ajd f.k hd yels
lsisjlake;' ta ksidu bkaøshka mskùfuka ,nk úkaokfhys wm fkd
we,shhq;=h' cSú;fha iajNdjfhkau mj;sk ÿl .eUqßka wjfndaO lr .;
hq;=h' rEm-Yío-.kaO-ri-myi-ú`§u i|yd we;s leue;a; w;yßñka
bkaøsh ixjrh we;s lr .kak' ;Kaydj-oafõYh-fudayh-bj;a lr
.ksñka is; msßisÿ lr .; hq;=h' we,Sï .eàï kj;d m%{dj ffu;%Sh
j¾Okh lrk úg ÿl wjika fõ'

ñhefok fudfydf;a m%{dj-iduh ;sfí kï" ikaiqkanj i;=g

wjfndaOh ;sfí kï th Nj .ufka wjidkh nj nqÿ mshdKka jykafia
foaYkd lr we;'

˜wd;auhla we;ehs hk ixl,amh" cSj;ajkakkag urKh u.ska ÿlla

f.k fohs' wd;au .%yKfhka ñÿk úg ÿl yd wks;H iajNdjh .eg¨jla
fkdfõ wjika ksfïIfha§ fyda i;Hh jgyd .kakg Tn iu;a jqfjd;a
Tn urKfhka ñfohs' urKfhka ksoyi ,nhs'

˜Wm;;a urKhla iajNdj Ou_hg wh;a fjhs' urKhg mj;akd ìh

;=rka lr .ekSug urKhg fmr wNdjhg m;aùug lghq;= lsÍu
fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a fjhs' Tng Tfí YÍrhg mj;akd wdYdj
wNdjhg hk mßÈ lghq;= l< yels kï Tfí ìh ksielfhkau ÿqre jkq
we;' urKhg fmr wNdjm%dma; jkafka flfiao@ Tfí wdYdj wNdjhg
hdug bv fokak' Tfí fldamh-ffjrh B¾IHdj-ñh hdug bv

181
i,iajkak' tfia l< úg hï Èfkl Tfí YÍrh ieneúkau wl%shùu
i`oyd Tn iqodkïj isà' túg Tfí ñhhdu Tng .eg¨jla fkdfõ'˜

wcdka iqfïfOda ysñ'

^isßfiak r;akdhl mßjr;akh urKhg fmr wNdjh&

—urKho m%ikak w;a±lSuls' wms fyd`o hym;a cSõ;hla .;

l<d kï" fï YÍrh Èrdm;a ù wn,kajqKq úg§ wm fyd`o cSú;hla .;
l<d hk ye`.=fuka iy" hdug ld,h meñKs nj ±k .ekSu u.sk"a
b;du;a iqko
a r urKhlg uqyK
q Èh yelsh'˜
uef,aishdkq cd;sl úiqoOdpd¾h ysñ

182
 miq igyk

uq,a fl<jr olakg fkdyels w. fl<jr o w;sYhska u

wmeyeÈ<s w;s §>_ ixidr pdßldjl Tn;a uu;a ksr;j isáuq' fï È.=
.ufka § fldaá m%fldaá jdr .Kkla bmfoñka uefrñka h<s bmfoñka
.uka lr we;af;uq' ta w;r;=r fï W;=ï ñksi;a nj ,enqfjda fjuq'

wku;f..d whx NslaLfõ ixidfrd

mqnnd fldá k m[[dhs;s wúcacd kSjrKdkx
i;;dkx ;Kydixfhdackdkx ikaOdj;x ixir;x
uuxfpj ;=ïydlxp

uyfKks fï §>_ ixidrfha uq,a fl<jr fmfkkafka keye

mKjkak mq`Mjka lul=;a keye' wúcacd kSjrKfhka jeys,d ;Kayd
ixfhdackfhka ne`os,d fï §>_ ixidrfha uu;a kqU,d;a fndfyda l,a ta
fï w; ießirk ,§ '

ixhq;; a ksldfha ÿ;sh Nd.fha ksodk j.a.fha f;jk fldgfia

wku;.a. ixhqla;fha iQ;% foaYkd úiailska u nqÿmshdKka jykafia fuu
lreK wjOdrKh lr we;' i;a;ajhd bmfoñka uefrñka h<s bmfoñka
iif¾ .uka .kakd uf.ys w;s §>_ nj - ìysiqKq nj - lsKlgG iQ;%fha
isg fõmq,a, mín; iQ;%h olajd iQ;% foaYkdj,ska iif¾ h:d iajNdjh
wjOdrKh lr we; '

È.= iir .ufka § tla tla i;a;ajfhl= kQmka cd;shla ke;' tla
tla cd;sfha Wmka jdr .Kfkys m%udKhla o ke;' fï uy fmdf<dfõ
kQmka ;ekla o ke;' fkdisá Njhla o ke;' bm§ ueÍ fidfydkg .sh
jdr .Kko .Kkh l< fkdyel' u< isrer fkd±uQ ;ekla o ke;
hkak nqÿysñ foaYkd lr we; '

Wmid,ayl nuqKd ;udf.a urKfhka miq lsisfjl=f.a foayhla

ñysoka fkdl< ;ekl ;u isrer ñysoka l< hq;= nj Tyqf.a mq;%hdg
mjid we;ehs Wmid,ayl cd;lfha i`oyka fõ' mq;%hd le`ojd f.k
f.dia .scl
q =`M mõj wi< .,al=`M ;=kla w;r tjeks ;ekla o fmkajd
we; ' ta wjia:dfõ§ ksjka ±lSug fya;= iïm;a we;s Wmid,ayl fj;
jevu l< nqÿmshdKka jykafia Tyq wu;d m%ldY lf<a 14999 j;djla
183
tu ia:dkfha u Wmid,ayl kñkau Tyqf.a isrer ñysoka ù we;s njhs'
iir .ufka w;s §>_ nj fukau ñksiqkaf.a mqyq W`v.= ixl,amkd j,
ksire nj o bka m%lg fõ'

ñksiqka jYfhka muKla wm bmÿKq jdrj, weg iels,a,

fkdÈrd meje;sfha kï ta weg iels<s tl ;ekl f.dv .eiqfjd;a th
rc.ykqjr .scl q =`M mõjg W;=re foiska msyá
s iqúi,a mj_;hla jk
fõmq,a, mj_;hg;a jvd úYd, úh yels nj nqÿmshdKka jykafia
wku;.a. ixhqla;fha ;sKlgG j.a.fha tal maqoa., iQ;%fha § meyeÈ<s
lr we;'

fï È.=l,a Èfjk iifrys ießirk f;dm úiska fndk ,o

uõlsß m%udKh i;r uyd id.rfha c,hg jeä nj wku;.a.
ixhq;a;fha ud;=:[a[ iQ;%fha§ foaYkd lr we;' wku;.a. ixhq;a;fha
wiaiQiQ;%h u`.ska wjOdrKh lrkafka mshdu< fidúka- uj u< fidúka-
fidhqrd u< fidúka -fidahqßh u< fidúk a-ÈhKsh u< fidúka-mq;= u<
fidúka wd§ {d;S jHik - fNda. jHik - frda. jHik ksido wm%sh
wukdmhkaf.a tlaùu ksido iir .ufka§ f;dmf.ka jEyqKq je`.sreKq
l`ÿ`M isõuy ihqf¾ c,hg jvd jeä njhs'
ix'ks' wku;.a. ixhqla;h wiaiq iQ;%h
nq'c'uq'ms' 278 - 279

È.=l,a Èfjk iifrys ñksiqkaj bmso" uxmyrk fidreka hhs ysi

is`Èk úg .eÆ reêrh o ".ï myrk ,o fidreka hhs ysi is|sk l,
.eÆq reêrho" mr wUqjka fiajkh l< fidreka hhs ysi is`Èk l, .e¨
reêrho" isõ uy ihqf¾ c,hg jeä njo"
 .j cd;sfhys f.dkqkj
a bmso"
 uysI cd;sfhys óuqkj
a bmso"
 t`M cd;sfhys t`Mj bmso"
 neg`M cd;sfhys neg`Mj bmso"
 uqj cd;sfhys uqjkaj bmso"
 W!re cd;sfhys W!rkaj bmso"

184
  l=l=`M cd;sfhys l=l=`Mj bmso"

ysia lemqï ,o wjia:dj," .,d .sh reêrh fjka fjkaj .;a l, o" isõ
uy ihqf¾ c,hg jeä njo" wku;.a. ixhq;;
a fha ;sxi u;a; iq;%fhys
§ nqÿ ysñ foaYkd lr we;'

—uyfKks uq,a fl<jr fkdfmfkk wúoHd kSjrKfhka jeiqKq

;DIaKdfjka ne`ÿKq iifrys È.=l,a ießirK i;a;ajhkg uj fkdjQ-
mshd fkdjQ-idfydhqrd fkdjQ-fidfydhqßh fkdjQ- mq;d fkdjQ-ÿj fkdjQ-
i;a;jfhl= iq,N fkdfõ hehs wku;.a. ixhq;a;fha ud;= iQ;%h-ms;=
iQ;%h-Nd;= iQ;%h - N.sks iQ;%h - mql= iQ;%h - êl= iQ;%h wdÈfhka
ms<sfj<ska foaYkd lr we;'
ixhqla; ksldh wku;.. ixhqla;h nq'c' uq'ms'290-293

fï iQ;% foaYkd ish,af,kau nqÿ ysñhka ;u Y%djlhskg meyeÈ,s

lr fokafka wkjrd.% iifrys wm f.jd ouk" cSú; j,§ ú`Èkakg isÿ
jqk wkka; wmßñ; ÿlaL iuqodh ms<sn`ojhs' iifrys we;s ìyqiqKq nj
.ekhs' úfYaIfhka u ;sxiu;a; iQ;%hg wkqj úúO i;a;aj fhdakj
s ,
bmso ysia lemqï ,nd reêr Odrd j.=rejñka"{d;s jHik - fNda. jHik
- frda. jHdik yuqfõ lÿ`M .x.d ioñka" .;l< csú; .ekhs' fï
ÿlaLodhs cSú; wjika l< yelsjkafka ksjk wjfndaOfhks'

ksjka wjfndaOhg iqÿiq mdßißl ieleiaula ieliS ;sìh hq;=h'

 ñksi;a njla ,eîu'

 nqÿ Wm;la isÿjqk ld,hla ùu'
 laIK iïm;a;sh we;sj Wm; ,nd isàu'
 ioaO¾uh wikakg ,eîu'
185
 hk lreKq ieliS ;sìh hq;=h' nqÿmshdKka jykafia foaYkd lr
we;af;a fï ish¨ lreKq b;d ÿ¾,Nj isÿjk njhs'

—ÿ,a,Nxp ukqiai;a;x - nqo

q ÿ
a qmamdfodap ÿ,a,fNd
ÿ,a,Nd LK iïm;a;s - ioaOfuud mru ÿ,a,fNda—

ñksi;anj ,eîu ÿ¾,Nh - nqÿ Wm; ÿ¾,Nh

laIK iïm;a;sh ÿ¾,Nh - ioaO¾uh mru ÿ¾,Nh

ÿ,a,Nxp ukqiai;a;x
fï ÿ¾,N lrqKq i;frka o m%:ufhka i`oyka jkafka ñksi;a nj
,eîfï ÿ¾,N nj .ekh' fï úYajfha b;du ÿ¾,N W;=ï u cSú;h
ñksi;anjh' nqÿjrfhl= jkafkao mfia nqÿjrfhl= jkafkao ñksiqka
w;ßka flfkls' ñksia Njfha§ ;uka /ial< l=i, wl=i, lu_ wkqj
hlaI-N+;-fm%a;-krl-;sßika wd;au Ndjj,o Wm; ,nkakg isÿ fõ' ta
ksid ñksia Njh ish,a, ;SrKh l< yels uOHia:dkhls' urKska u;=
WmÈk Njh ms<sn`oj urKdikakfha my<jk ix{dj" iqNodhS tlla
fkdfõ kï" ñhefok mqoa.,hdf.a is;g n,mEï lsÍfuka tu ix{dj
fjkia lr,Sfï yelshdj we;af;a o ñksiqkguh' fndfyda mõ lï l<
wfhl=g jqjo" ;u jro wjfndaO lr f.k bÈßhg mõlï fkdlrk
;;ajhg uki m;alrf.k lu_fha n,mEfuka ksoyiaùfï yelshdj
we;af;a o ñksiqkagh'

ñksi;a nj ,eîu ÿ¾,N nj uca¯u ksldfha nd, mKaä;

iQ;%fha§ o nqÿ ysñhka meyeÈ,s lr we;' id.r c,fha fjfik
lKleianEfjl= ihqre c,h u; mdfjk úh oKavl isÿr ;=<ska wyi
foi ne,Su jir ishhlg jrla b;d wyUq f,i isÿúh yels jqj;a

186
ñksi;a njla ,eîu b;d ÿ¾,N njhs NslaIQka jykafia,d wu;d nqÿ ysñ
meyeÈ,s lf<a'
 l=i, lu_ ÈhqKq lr .ekSug yelshdj we;s"
 mqoa., yelshd j¾Okh lr .ekSug wjia:dj we;s"
 nqoaêh-{dkh-m%{dj ÈhqKq lr .; yels"

W;=ïu f,dalh ñksia f,dalhhs' ixidßl jYfhka ú`Èkakg

isÿjk ÿla .eyeg j,ska ñfokakg ,efnk W;=ïu wjia:dj ñksi;a
njhs' tuksid wl=i,fhka ñÈ ldhsl-jdpisl-udkisl l=i,a ms<sfj;g
wj;S¾K ù wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud._h wkq.ukh lrñka iS,-iudê-m%{d
;%sYl
s aIdjg wkq.;j lghq;q l< hq;=hs'

nqÿ Wm; o ÿ,a,Nh ^nqof

a Oda;amdfodap ÿ,a,xNd&
nqÿ Wm;la isÿjkafka f,dalh ;=< wdOHd;añl bÈß .uklg
keUqrejla mj;sk jljdkqjlh' fï f,dalfha ñksfil=g ,eìh yels
b;du Wiiau f.!rjKSh mQcksh moúh f,dõ;=re nqÿnjhs' th iif¾
wmuK l=i,a oyï isÿ lr ÈhqKq l< {dk n,fhka mdró n,fhka ,nd
.kakd w;s fY%aIaG ;;a;ajhls'

ta i`oyd odk-iS,-fklaLïu wd§ nqoaOdxlqr Ou_" mdró-Wmmdró

-mru;a: mdró jYfhkaa iu;sxi;a mdró oï mqrKh l< hq;=h' ;ud i;=
fN!;sl-udkj ish¨ WmfNda. mßfNda. iïm;a wka whf.a ys; iqj
msKsi uqod yßñka lrk mdró msÍu mdrñ;dfõ' weia-bia-uia-f,a-
jl=.vq-yoj; wd§ YÍrdx. mß;Hd.fhka imqrkafka Wmmdrñ;djhs'
cSú; mß;Hd.fhka lrk mdró iemsÍu mru;a: mdrñ;djhs' wfkl=;a
iS,-fkllaLïu wd§ mdrñ;do fuf,iska u mQrKh l< hq;=h' iïud

187
iïnqoaO;ajh m;k fndai;ajrfhl= lrk fï Wodr lemlsÍu mß;Hd.h
idudkH flfkl=g l< fkdyelsh'

wixLH l,am ,laI .Kkla mqrdjg lrkq ,nk tu lemlsÍï

mß;Hd. b;d wisßu;ah' b;d ÿIalr buy;a wiSre ld¾hhla jq
nqoaO;ajh lrd msúiSu i|yd wixLH l,am ,laI .Kkska mdró mqrñka
iir ießießh hq;=h'
 wixLH l,am ,laI i;rla ^ m%{dêl fndai;ajre&
 wixLH l,am ,laI wgla ^ Y%oaOdêl fndai;ajre&
 wixLH l,am ,laI oyihla ^ ù¾hdêl fndai;ajre&

mdró oï mQrKh l< hq;=h' wmf.a f.!;u fndaêi;a;ajhka jykafia

§mxlr nqÿysñf.a mdo uQ,fha§u m%:u ksh; újrKh ,enQ Èk isg mdró
mqrkq ,enqfõ wixLH l,am ,laI i;rls' tfy;a nqÿ ùfï wÈgk we;s
lr .;aod isg" ufkda mKsOdk - jd.a mKsOdk ksh; újrK jYfhka
iïud iïnqoaO;ajh m%d¾:kd lrñka jir wixLH l,am ,laI õiaila
iir ieß ird we;' iïud iïnqÿjreka mka ,laI fodf<dia oyia úis
y;a kulf.a nqÿiiqka ;=< fndfyda l=i,a oyï isÿ lrñka mdró mqrk
,o nj i|ykafõ'

mdró oï j,g wu;rj nqÿ nj m;k fndai;ajrfhl= ù¾hh-m%{d-

wêIaGdk-fu;a;d hk nqoaO N+ñ i;ro imqrd,sh hq;=h'
iïudiïnqoaO;ajh m;d f.ku ks;r ls%hd l< hq;=h' wjYH ´kEu
wjia:djl cSú;h jqj mß;Hd. lsÍug yels úh hq;=h'

iïudiïnqÿq nj m;k flfkl= wNsky

S dr wgla ^wÜG
ifudaOdk&imqrd f.k ;sìh hq;=h'

188
 1. ñksi;a njla ,eìu'
2. ,sx. iïm;a;s - msßñ w;a njla ,nd ;sîu ^fndai;a wjêfha isg&
3. fya;= iïm;a - nqÿ nj m;k wjia:dj jkúg;a ksjka wjfndaO
lr .ekSug fya;= iïm;a ;sìh hq;=h'
4. ika:dr oiaik - nqÿ nj me;Su i|yd nqÿjrfhl= ±l is;
myojdf.k nqÿ nj me;sh hq;=h'
5. mínccd - nqÿ nj m;k wjia:dj jk úg mejÈ ù isáh hq;=h'
6. .=K iïm;a;s - mxpwNs[a[d wIaG iudm;a;s ,nd isàu' ksjk
wdjrKh lrk mxp kSjrK Ou_ m%yK
S l< flfkl= ùu'
7. wêldr - cSú;h nqÿ ysñhkg mQcdlsÍug ;rï yelshdj ;sìh
hq;=h'
8. Pkao;d - nqÿnj i`oyd leue;a; nqÿnj me;Sfuka miq wLKavj
mdró oï iïmQ¾K l< hq;=h'

fï wdldrhg iif¾ wkka; wm%udK ÿla .eyeg ú`Èñka" mdró oï

imqrd" nqoaO;ajh ,enQ W;=ful=f.a nqÿ iiqkla mj;sk wjÈhl" Wm;
,nkakg yelsùu wm ,o uy;a Nd.Hhls'

laIK iïm;a;sh ÿ¾,Nh'^ÿ,a,Nd LK iïm;a;s&

f;rejk flfrys is; myojd f.k" Y%S ioaO¾uh Y%jKh lr"
ksjka wjfndaOlr .ekSfï yelshdj ,nd ;sîu laIK iïm;a;shhs' fï
laIK iïm;a;sh wysñ ú hk wjia:d ^ mska fkdl< yels wjia:d& wgla
.ek wx.=;a;r ksldfha wgGl ksmd;fha LK iQ;%fhka nqÿmshdKka
jykafia meyeÈ,s lr we;'

189
1. ksrfha Wm; ,nd isák ksßi;=kg nqÿjrfhl= my< ù Ou_h
foaYkd lrk ld,hl jqj;a" tu Ou_h weish fkdyel'
2. ;sßika fhdakj
s , Wm; ,nd isák ld,h'
3. fm%a; ksldhj, Wm; ,nd isák ld,h
4. is; ke;s lh muKla we;s wix{ ;, j,o" lh ke;s is;
muKla we;s wrEmS n%yu
a f,dal j,o" Wm; ,nd isák ld,h"
wix{ ;,j, Wmka i;a;ajhkg ix{d-fõokd-ixialdr-ú{dk
ke;' nqÿnK is;kak úuikak yelshdj ke;' wrEms nyau ;,
j, nqÿysñhka olskk
a nqÿ nK wikak wei-lK-Èj-keyeh-lh
ke;súg bv fkd,efí' nqÿjre f,dj my< ù Ou_h foaYkd l<;a
ta Ou_h wjfndaOhg wjia:dj fkd,efí' ksjka olskk
a g
yelsjkafka mxpialkaOhu we;sj ;%Sfya;=l m%;sikaêhlska Wm;
,enQ whgh'

5. nqÿjre - nqoaO Y%djlhka fkdjä; m%;Hka; m%foaY j,o"

msgilaj, o Wm; ,nd isák ld,fha Ou_h wikakg ke;'

6. ñ:HdoDIaál mjq,l Wm; ,nd ñ:HdoDIaáh je<`o f.k isák

ld,ho "f;rejka .=K wikakg olskk
a g m%udo jk ld,hls'

7. ñksi;a njla ,enqj;a ukao nqoaêlj-f.d`M-ìysß ÿn,;d we;sj

Wm; ,o úgo nqÿ nK weish fkdyel' jgyd.; fkdyel'

8. wnqoafOda;amdo ld,hl Wm; ,enQ úg ioaO¾uh f,dj ke;'

 ÿ¾,N jQ ñksi;a nj ,enQj;aa'

 iir ÿl ±kqk;a"
 iißka tf;r ùug wjYH;dj ;snqK;a"
190
ioaOu_ Y%jKhg wjia:dj fkd,efí' l=i,a oyï l< fkdyel'

ioaO¾uh mru ÿ¾,Nh - ˜ioOfuud mru ÿ,a,fNd˜

ioaO¾uh Y%jKhg wjia:dj ,efnkafka nqoafOda;amdo ld,hl§
muKs' iïud iïnqoaO;ajhg m;a nqÿjrhka jykafia,d wjfndaO lr
.kakd Ou_h ioaO¾uhhs' th f,dj mj;akd ikd;ksl iod;ksl jQ
fidnd oyuh' ˜iínmdmiai wlrKx˜ hkqfjka ish¨ nqÿjre wkqYdikd
lrkafka
 ish¨ múka je<lSu - fuf,dj hym;a lr .ekSug
 l=i,a oyï /ia lÍu - mrf,dj iq.;s.dó ùug
 is; msßisÿj ;nd .ekSu - ksjka wjfndaO ùug

wod< jk " iodpdrd;aul m%;smodjla ms,sn`ojhs'

f,dj mj;akd cSù wcSú ish,a,u ixl; Ou_fhdah' fya;=-m%;Hhka

f.ka yg.;a foah' ^W;amdo&-yg.ekSu"^À;s& yg.ekSu;a ke;sjhdu;a
w;r fjkia fjñka mej;Su" ^Nx.&- ke;sjhdu" W;amdo-À;s-Nx.
laIKhla mdid fjkia ùu úmßKduhg m;aùu ixl; Ou_hkaf.a
iajNdjhhs' th wks;Hh' th ÿlls' ;ud leue;s fia mj;ajd f.k hd
fkdyel' ta ksid wkd;auh' wks;H-ÿlaL-wkd;au kïjQ fï ;%s,laIKhhs"
ish¨ nqÿjre f,djg foaYkd lrkafka'

fï ikd;ksl oyu wjfndaO lr fkd.;a ksid wúcacd

kSjrKfhka jeiS ;Kayd ±f,ys fj,S meg,S lrkq l=i,dl=i, lu_ j,g
wkqrEmj i;a;ajhd È.= l,a iifrys ießir;s' Tn-fudn ÿj;s'

—wmamldf;a ukqiafiaiq
fha ckd mdr .dñfkda
191
 w:dhx b;rd mcd
;Srfïjdkq Odj;S˜
Zñksiqka w;ßka ksjkg hkafka iaj,am fofkls' fiiq ñksia iuQyhd
fuf;r Èf.a u Tn fudn ÿj;s"
Oïumoh mKaä; j.a.h 85 .:dj

—fhap fLda iuu olaLdf;a

Ofuu Ouudkqj;;s f;da
f;a ckd mdr fuiaika;S
uppqfOhHx iqÿ;a;rx˜

znqÿjre ukdfldg foaYkd lrk Ou_hg wkqj ms<smÈk ;eke;af;da

uy;a wiSre f,i ;rKh l< hq;=" iir ihqr ;rKh fldg ksjkg
hkafkdahZ
Ouumoh mKaä; j.a.h - 86

úúO i;a;aj ;,j,g udrefjñka-bmfoñka-uefrñka-h<s

WmÈñka hk .uk fndfyda mSvdldÍh' fõokdldÍh' ÿlls' cd;s-crd-
urK ÿla ms<sn`o .eg¨j,g" úi`ÿï iuud iïnqÿjre bÈßm;a lr;s'
ÿl-ÿlg fya;=j-ÿl ke;slsÍu-ÿl ke;slrk u. meyeÈ,s lr;s' th
p;=rd¾h i;H O¾uhhs' iïud iïnqÿ jrfhl= nqoaO;ajfha§ ,nk
wjfndaOhhs' ksjk wjfndaO lr .ekSug .uka l< hq;= u. wd¾h
wIaGdx.sl ud¾.hhs' ta W;=ï oyu wikakg ,efnkafka nqoafOda;amdo
ld,hl§ muKs' Ou_h weiSfï wdYdfjka fm`MKq oyï fid~ rc;=ud
oyï mohla wikakg ìhlre rl=il=f.a uqjg cSú;h mQcd lrkakg mjd
bÈßm;a úh' tfia cSú; mß;Hd.hg bÈßm;a ùu ksid ñksia f,dúka
ioaO¾uh w;=reoykaj ;snqKq wjia:djl" foõf,dj muKla b;sßj ;snQ —

192
wksÉpdj;-ixLdrd-Wmamdo jh Ousñsfkda ''''''' ˜ oyï mdGh rl=iq fjia
f.k meñKs ilafoõ rcq fj;ska wid .kakg oyï fid`~ rcqg yelsúh'
nqoafOda;amdo ld,hl jqjo wE; ÿIalr m%;Hka; foaYj, Wm; ,enqjkg
oyï wikakg fkd,efí' weu¾ika jkh jeks m%foaYj, jkpdÍ
f.da;%slhkg-iïnqoaO foaYkdfõ mKsjqvh fkd,efí' wexf.da,d
fudieïìla-fidaud,shd jeks b;d È<sÿ rgj, lgql cSú; f.jk whgo"
fï oyfuys yrh-.eUqr w;aú`Èh fkdyelsh'

iir È.= lrk-ksjka u. wjqrK-Ou_djfndaOhg wjldY

fkdfok" wdjrK Ou_ j,ska o wm ksoyia ù isáh hq;=h' wx.=;a;r
ksldfha Pla; ksmd;fha wdjrK iQ;%fhys tjeks wdjrK Ou_ yhla .ek
foaYkd lr we;'

1. luudjrK(
uj ueÍu-mshd ueÍu jeks mxp úO wdkka;ßh mdm lu_ lr
;sîu ksid ksjka u. wdjrKh fõ' urKska miq fojk Njfha È
fï mdmlu_ taldka;fhka u úmdl fohs' ñka tlla fyda lr
;snqfKd;a tu ;eke;a;dg fldmuK l=i,a oyï lr ;snqK;a
B<Õ Njfha Wm; ,nkafka ÿ.;sfhysh' fmr Njfha ry;aj
ksjka ±lSug ;rï mskl
a r ;snqK;a ñka tla mdm lu_hla fyda
lr ;snqfKd;a oyila nqÿjre oyï foiqj;a tu w;aNjfhysÈ
ksjka wjfndaOr lr .; fkdyel'

2. úmdljrK(
ÈÜG Oïu fõokSh l¾u lr ;sîu ksid kmqxil ,sx.-
WNf;dajH[ack-;srYaÖk w|-f.d¿-ìysß-fldr wd§ Wm;a ,eîu

193
 úmdldjrKhhs' tu w;a Njfha OHdk fyda ud¾. M, Wmojd
.ekSug iu;a fkdfõ'
 w|jQ úg Ydka; nqÿrej ±lsh fkdyel'
 ìysß kï nK weish fkdyel'
 f.d¿ jq úg nqÿ .=K lsj fkdyel' .d:d lsj fkdyel'
 w;a md fldr kï nqÿ ysñ fj; hd fkdyels fõ' oE;
Tijd je|Sug fkdyelsh'

3. laf,aYdjrK(
ksh; ñ:HdoDIaáh ksid;a ;Kaydj oafõYh jeks flf<ia j,ska
is; msÍ ;sîu ksid;a ksjka u. weúfrhs'

4. wioaOdjrK(
isf;ys Y%oaOdj fkdue;s luh' f;rejka úIhfhys Y%oaOdjla
fkdue;s lu iodld,sl w÷rg jeàuls' nqÿ Wm;la isÿjq ld,hl
W;=ï ñksi;a njla ,nd ish¨ ÿ¾,N lreKq imsreKq w;a nfjl
ksjka wjfndaOhg W;aidy fkdlsÍu iifrys nrm;< u.
yeÍuls's

5. wpPkaÈldjrK(
odkhg-Ys,hg-O¾u Y%jKhg-iudêhg-m%{djg wd§ l=i,a oyï
i|yd is; ;=< we;s wlue;a;h' fï li,A oyï flfrys
leue;a; we;s lr .; hq;=h'

6. ÿmam[a[djrK(
kqjK u| nj w| nd, fudavhl= ùu ksid o ksjka u. weúfrhs'

194
 wm fï W;=ï ñksia nj ,nd ;sfnkafka "
 iïnqoaO Ydikh mj;sk ld,hl'
 ks¾u, YS% ioaO¾uh foaYkd lrk uy iÕ rejk jev isák
wjêhl'
 i;amqreI l,HdK ñ;% weiqr ,nkakg bv yir we;s wjia:djl'
 laIK iïm;a;sho we;sj'
 ish¨ wdjrK O¾u j,ska ksoyia ù " ÿ¾,Nj isÿjk ish¨
lreKq imsreKq jákdu wjia:djlhs'

fld;rï nqÿjre f,dj my< jqk;a"O¾uh foaYkd l<;a "fu;rï

Nd.Hj;a jdikdj;a wjia:djla iif¾ lsisodl wmg yuqù ke;s ksihs wm
iif¾ ;ju;a /|S isákafka' rd.fhka u;aù " oafõYfhka r;aù "
fudayfhka uq<dù hk fï È.= .ukg ;s; ;eìh wjia:dj t<U we;'

fï f,dalfha ÿ¾,Nj isÿjk ish¨ lreKq tla ;ekajQ wjia:djl ,o

fï W;=ï ñksi;a nfjys jákdlu wm f;areï .; hq;=h' h<s fujka
wjia:djla iifrys ljod ,efíúo hkak mejiSu wiSreh' fï wjia:dj
u. yerefKd;a fldaá Y; iyY% jYfhka l,am .Kkska iif¾ w;sYh
ÿla ú|Sug isÿjk nj wu;l fkdl< hq;=h' iif¾ fndfyda mska l=i,a
isÿ fldg b;d wiSre f,i ,nd.;a fï jákd ukqIH cSú;hg
wNd.Hhlg weo jefgkakg bv fkdÈh hq;=h' fï cSú;fha jákdlu
ÈhqKqlr .ekSu ms<sn|j wmf.a wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;=h' nqÿ mshdKka
jykafia foaYkd l< O¾uh ms<sn|j is;d úuid ne,sh hq;=h' wjfndaO
lr .ekSug W;aidy l< hq;=h' wm%ud§ úh hq;=h'

i| t<sfha msms uqÿ iuka u,a ñ,sk fjhs ysñÈß Wfoa

;Kz. È,siqKq msKs fmdl=re uq;= Woh ysre lsrKska ìf|a

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ieKska fkdfmkS w;=reokajk úÿ,s bß wyfiys wef|a
fkd;sr cSú; .uk ksr;=re ksh; urKh fj; wefoa

ÿ,n lia;=ß kefnys iÕjd Tiq iok uqj rcq jf.a

wkeÕs .c uq;= o<z. r|jd wrKjeis .scf
s ol= jf.a
f.dfydre uv Èh msmS yskefyk iqj| iqÿ fk¿ula jf.a
i÷ka ;=rù isis, fokq uek lgql Èúux fm; Èf.a

196
 පුණ්යා=නුමෝද නාව=

ධස්මදානයේ දායෙවීහේ අගය දැන

හමම ත්ොස්යය්
ශක්ති පමණින්ටර මුදලින්ටර ආධාර ෙළ

සුපින්ටරෙත් ත්පුරුෂ ැම හදන්

හතරුෙහනහි අනන්ටරත ගුණ බලහයන්ටර
නිදුක් නිහරෝගී චිරජීෙනය පතමි.
මියගිය ඥාතීන්ටරහේ ද භෙ ගාමී ජීවිත
සුෙපත්හේො ! හගෞතම බුදු සුන තුළම
නිෙන්ටර සුෙ ලැහේො!
'

ksñ'

197