CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 IDEA OF THE PROJECT

Agriculture is the need of most of Indians livelihood and it is one of the main sources of livelihood. It is also
a major impact on economy of the country. A major quantity of water is used for irrigation system and therefore
85% of available fresh water resources are used for yielding agriculture crops. This resource of water will
decrease day by day and consumption of water will dominate and increase more than 85% in the upcoming half
century. At present, the requirement of water is growing at more than twice the rate of population increases. Due
to the shortage of water resources, there is a need for water saving irrigation technology for agriculture. The dry
regions having very little amount of water and that has to be utilized very efficiently. In conventional water
irrigation system the wastage of water is very high.

The use of water for irrigation has been a farming practice since older days. Farmers were used to irrigate
their lands manually or use flood irrigation by diversion of ground water from wells, surface water withdrawn
from rivers, lakes or reservoirs or from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, drainage water or other
related sources. Such practice of manual irrigation is not efficient with limitations among others, non-uniform
distribution of water for the crops or plants, leaching off soil nutrients and fertilizers, erosion due to flooding,
loss of water from plant surfaces through evaporation, water wastage which can result to water scarcity in drought
areas and production of unhealthy crops and weak productivity.This project aims at designing a centrally
controlled irrigation system, so as to introduce automation into the lives of those few whose worlds are isolated
from technology.

Our country is still an agrarian economy with about 60% of the population involved in the agricultural sector
yet still very primitive practices are still in use. Hence there is a need for an intelligent automated irrigation
system which can help in water management. This system sorts out the problem of over irrigation with the help
of soil moisture sensor. Furthermore, water shortage is overcome by employing protective duty, whereby the
irrigation intensity is less than 100 percent. This prevents acute famine.

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 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

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 In this paper “The Realization of Precision Agriculture Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor
Network” by Lei Xiao and Lejiang guo, designs the agriculturalenvironmental monitoring system based on the
wireless sensornetwork (WSN). The system can real-timely monitor agricultureenvironmental information, such
as the temperature, humidity,and light intensity. This paper introduces the theory of themonitoring system, and
discusses the aspect of hardware andsoftware design of the composed modules, network topology,network
communication protocol and the present challenges [1].

Based on the analysis of the development ofagricultural mechanization, the trend of agricultural
servicesystem reform, agricultural environment protection and thedevelopment of information technology, it is
possible to realizethe precision agriculture. This paper designs the agricultural environmental monitoring system
based on the wireless sensornetwork (WSN). The system can real-timely monitor agricultureenvironmental
information, such as the temperature, humidity,and light intensity. This paper introduces the theory of
themonitoring system, and discusses the aspect of hardware and software design of the composed modules,
network topology,network communication protocol and the present challenges. Experiments show that the node
can achieve agriculturalenvironmental information collection and transmission. The system has the feature of
compact in frame, light in weight,steady in performance and facilitated in operation. It greatlyimproves the
agricultural production efficiency and automaticlevel drastically.

Fig.1 : From paper by lei xiao and lejiang guo

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 In this paper, “Automatic Control of Agricultural Pumps Based on Soil Moisture Sensing” by Beza
Negash Getu, Hussain A. Attia authors investigate the design and simulation of an electronic system for
automatic controlling of water pumps that are used for agricultural fields or plant watering based on the level of
soil moisture sensing. The detected signal from the soil moisture sensor is processed by aconditional comparator
circuit corresponding to different levelsof actual soil moisture content. A logic circuit follows theconditional
circuit with its output signals used to activate asystem of relays that control the power circuit of the motors
usedfor water pumping. The speed of the motor is varied accordingto the level of the soil moisture content; the
motor is OFF duringmaximum wet and is running with HIGH speed during dry soilconditions respectively. The
duration of water pumping iscontrolled by a timer circuit where the timer can be designedaccording to the desired
watering time. The different stages ofthe overall electronic system are simulated and tested using NIMULTISM
simulation software. The technique is useful to savehuman-power, enhances crop or plant productivity, saves
waterand provides proper water management to ensure efficient andviable farming industry especially in those
places that receiveless rain or mostly dry areas.The proposed system eliminates the manual switching mechanism
used by farmers or users to ON/OFF an irrigation or similar watering system. Moreover, the system achieves
proper water management, saves human power and enhances crop or plant productivity from automating. The
overall design methodology can be used for designing and developing an advanced system capable of providing
several levels of water pumping according to the state of the soil moisture content.

Fig.2 : From paper by Beza Negash Getu & Hussain A. Attia

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 In this paper “Wireless Sensor based control system in agriculture field” by Dr.K.S.Vijula Grace, Silja
Kharim, P. Sivasakthi authers explained that in an advanced agriculture the consumption of water is very high.
Due to the developments in technology, efforts are being channeled into automation of irrigation systems to
facilitate remote control of the irrigation to optimize crop production and cost effectiveness. In agriculture field,
the current agricultural practices need to intensify the rate of food crop production for the rate of population
growth with available resources. This proposed work describes the automated system to make effective
utilization of water resources for agriculture and crop growth monitoring using GSM. The effective utilization
of drip irrigation process is improved by using the signals obtained from soil moisture sensor. The output signals
of the sensors are coordinated by the microcontroller and transmitted to the user with the helpof GSM Modem.
Irrigation is the process of artificially supplyingwater to land where crops are cultivated. Traditionallyhand
pumps; canal water and rainfall were a major sourceof water supply for irrigation. This method has led tosevere
drawbacks like under irrigation, over-irrigationwhich in turn causes leaching and loss of nutrient contentof soil.
The optimized water use for an agriculture cropshas been achieved successfully by this systen. The systemthat
can report data to the cultivator remotely and allowsto control the process effectively with GSM.

Fig.3 : Hardware Circuit set up of Proposed system by Dr. K.S. vijula grace

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 In the paper “Designing a central control unit and soil moisture sensor based irrigation water pump
system” by Pulkit Hanswal, Ojaswi Dale, Deepika Gupta, R. N. Yadav the authors describe the design of a
central control unit and soil moisture sensor based automated irrigation system.This project aims to provide a
user friendly, reliable and automated water pumping system which sorts out the problem of over irrigation and
helps in irrigation water optimization and management. Our project not only tries to modernize the irrigation
practices and ensure the optimum yield by carefully tailoring the requirements of each field or crop specifically,
but also ensures that water is not unnecessarily wasted. The same system can be used for different crops having
different thresholds by setting of the potentiometer. This project presents the optimized results for designing a
soil moisture sensor based automated water irrigationsystem. The GSM technology has been used for long
distance wireless communication. An anticipated benefit of the system is that it is less noisy compared to other
available wireless technologies. Additionally, the speed provided by GSM technology is optimum for the
designed system. The project also provides an unorthodox solution to the problem of water shortage by
incorporating the principle of water duty. One of the major problems faced was that messages received from
other sources cause hindrance. The designed system overcomes this demerit through appropriate software
coding. Another significant challenge was the delayed message delivery. The system partially solves this
problem by waiting for response from the GSM, ensuring network availability and waits for a reliable response
from the central control unit. The number extraction technique ensures correct feedback response to the sender
in case more than one message is received simultaneously. Based on these changes, the current design ensures
reliable data transmission and no water wastage. Moreover, the same sensors can be used for different crops
requiring different amounts of irrigation by adjustment of the threshold by varying the potentiometer.

Fig.4 : Block diagram of complete system for paper present by Pulkit hanswal

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 In the paper “an environmentmonitoring system for precise agriculture based on wirelesssensor
networks” by Jianfa Xia, Zhenzhou Tang, *Xiaoqiu Shi, Lei Fan, Huaizhong Liauthors describehow To solve
the problems occurring in the traditional precision agriculture such as poor real-time data acquisition, small
monitoring coverage area, excessive manpower requirement etc., this paper designs and deploys an environment
monitoring system for precise agriculture based on wireless sensor networks in a red bayberry greenhouse
located on a hillside. This system can automatically collect the temperature, humidity, illumination, voltage and
other parameters of the deployment zone, and transmit the data to the remote server via GPRS in real time. This
system also includes a web-based platform integrated with Google Maps to release the greenhouse environmental
status and provide real-time voice and SMS alarm service. Since the experimental area is lack of mains supply,
the system is powered by solar and storage batteries. The experiment result shows that the low-cost system has
strong scalability, and can provide real-time, stable and accurate service for precise agriculture.Currently, further
research is focused on expanding and improving the system. A couple of issues are being addressed to promote
applicability and application value of the system, namely, how to design a system to implement large scale,
multiple sheds and cross region applications; how to realize time synchronization, data fusion and node self-
localization in the system under these application scopes; how to implement requirement-derived services such
as shed management, expert system, alarm and intelligent decision assistance; and how to extend the system to
other application situations in precision agriculture.

Fig.5 System Infrastructure of complete system for paper present by Jianfa Xia

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 In the paper “Automatic Irrigation System Based on Wireless Network” by Genghuang Yang, Yuliang
Liu, Li Zhao, Shigang Cui, Qingguo Meng and Hongda Chen authors considered the characteristic of irrigation
in the rural area of China, this paper brings forward new devices based on wireless network, that are GSM
(Global System Mobile) network and radio communication. Three levels are included in the system: the PC
control platform or common cell phone for surveillance, the controller and the action unit. Simple GSM modules
are available in the PC control platform and the controller. Orders can be sent from the PC control platform or
cell phone to the controller and the information such as temperature, soil moisture and air humidity sampled by
the controller can also be sent to the PC platform or cell phone by GSM message. Emitter and receiver of short-
wave radio are embedded in the controller and the action unit respectively. Radio communication works between
the controller and the action units. Database of spot information sampled can be analyzed and browsed by
friendly interface in PC. The devices have been installed in some farms of Mentougou district in Beijing, capital
of China, and Xinjiang, northwest of China. New devices is brought forwards to used in automatic irrigation.
The application of the devices in some farms for more than one year proves its feasibility. Also some problems
appear such as misact of relay. The probability going wrong is 0.3%. As part of the devices can also function
well, it is unnecessary to lay out all the devices especial the PC control platform. The solar batters supply power
to the controllers and the action units, so additional power sources and wires are taken off. Any cell phone can
send order to the controllers or browse the information from the controllers. GSM network and radio provides
credible communication for the devices.

Fig.6 Block diagram of complete system for paper present by Genghuang Yang

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 In this paper “ An Android based Automatic Irrigation System using a WSN and GPRS Module” by A.
Mahesh Reddy and K. Raghava Rao, in Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(29), DOI:
10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i29/98719, August 2016 propose the improvement of distri bution of water in an automated
irrigation system based on an Arduino platform and wireless communications. The main aim is to reduce the
usage of underground water with automatic irrigation which is implemented through photovoltaic panels.
Initially user will set the sophisticated soil moisture sensor and temperature sensor under the roots of plant. The
information received by these sensors is transmitted to the microcontroller. The micro controller compares the
received values with the threshold values. If the sensor values reaches the threshold values, then user will receive
an SMS alert to mobile. Then user can switch ON the motor through an android application or through web. The
internet connection by the user allows continuous data inspection in real time android mobile application which
we have developed, and values of the sensors may be observed graphically and can be automatically stored in
the web server. The prototype of the system architecture is developed by integrating the required modules.

Fig.7 : Hardware Circuit set up of Proposed system by A. Mahesh Reddy and K. Raghava Rao

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 In this paper, “Smart Irrigation System” by Chaitanya Lotake, Shriganesh Jadhav, Pawan Juare , Chetan
Patil presented in International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) aurhors describe
attempt towards the smart irrigation system concept. An electronic device is responsible for sensing the
temperature and Moisture conditions. Along with it Bluetooth functionality is added to the hardware device. The
sensed environmental conditions are taken and sent to the Server, which has a Mysql database for storage of
records. The sensor nodes are then deployed in the irrigation field for sensing moisture value of soil and this
sensed data is sent to controller node. On receiving sensor value the controller node checks it with required soil
moisture value.
When this moisture value is not upto the required level in irrigation field then the motor is switched on
to irrigate associated agriculture field and alert message is send to registered mobile phone. Smart irrigation
systems estimate and measure diminution of existing plant moisture in order to operate an irrigation system,
restoring water as needed while minimizing excess water use. The effects of the applied amount of irrigation
water, irrigation frequency and water

Fig.8 : soil moisture sensor from paper by Chaitanya Lotake

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 In this paper, “ An Intelligent Smart Irrigation System Using WSN and GPRS Module” by P. Manimaran and
Mr. D. Yasar Arfath aurhors describe the use of water can be diminished for a given amount of fresh biomass blossoming.
The use of solar power in this irrigation system is related and significantly important for biological yield and other
agricultural products that are geographically confined, where the investment in electric power supply would be wide
ranging. The irrigation system can be adjusted to a variety of specific crop needs and requires minimum maintenance. The
standard contour of the automated irrigation system allows it to be scaled up for larger plant houses or open fields. In
addition, other utilization such as temperature monitoring in compost production can be easily implemented.

In future, the Internet controlled duplex communication system provides a powerful decision making device
concept for transformation to several foaming scheme. Furthermore, the Internet link allows the supervision through
telecommunication devices, such as a smart phone. Besides the financial savings in water use, the importance of the
safeguarding of this natural resource favors the use of this kind of irrigation systems.

Fig.9 : hardware kit for automatic irrigarion system by P. Manimaran

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 In this paper, “Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS” by Suraj S.Avatade,
Prof.S. P. Dhanure describe the design of the automated irrigation system based on ARM microcontroller. This
Embedded project is to design and develop a low cost feature which is based on embedded platform for water
irrigation system. Optimum use of water is main objective of this irrigation system to reduce water consumption.
This project uses temperature and soil moisture sensors to detect the water quantity present in agriculture and
water level sensor for detect water level in tank. Aim of this embedded project is to monitor status of the sensors
on remote PC through a web page. Here temperature and soil moisture sensors and water level can be mo1nitored
on web page through micro controller. The web-server is connected to the internet. By typing the IP-address on
the web browser, the owner gets a web page on screen.

Fig.10 : Block diagram of complete system for paper present by Prof.S. P. Dhanure

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 Chapter 3

Problem Definition

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3.1 Need of the project

At present there is emerging global water crises where managing scarcity of water has become a tedious
job and there are conflicts between users of water. This is an era where human use and population of water
resources have crossed the levels which lead to limit food production and low down the ecosystem.

The main reasons for this limitation is the growth of population which is increasing at a faster rate than
the production of food and after a few years this population will sum up to 3-4 billion. This growth can be seen
in countries which have shortage of water resources and are economically poor. Because of growth in population
there is a huge demand to raise food production by 50% in the next half century to maintain the capital, based
on an assumption that productivity of existing farm land does not decline. The crop water stress index called as
CWSI existed around 30 years ago. This crop water stress index was then integrated using the measurements of
infrared canopy temperatures, ambient air temperature and atmospheric vapor pressure values to determine when
to irrigate using irrigation.

Different communication technology has been developed for communication between network and its
elements. The key points this project minimizing water wastage during irrigation along with maximizing water
utilization with intelligent irrigation techniques. This part of the presentation concerns with the Soil moisture
based intelligent irrigation technique that reduces crop mortality due to over irrigation as well as judicious water
usage.

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 Chapter 4

System Design & Implementation

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4.1 Block diagram

Fig.11 Block diagram

Above figure shows the block diagram of our project. Block diagram explanation is as follows:

ARDUINO : The Arduino is the heart of this project. Arduino boards are completely open-source,
empowering users to build them independently All the sensors are interfacing with Arduino. Arduino is a
programmed with a c/c++ 'dialect'. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - and turn it into an output -
activating a motor, turning on an LED.

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR: The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity of
the surrounding medium. In soil, dielectric permittivity is a function of the water content. The sensor creates a
voltage proportional to the dielectric permittivity, and therefore the water content of the soil.

Water level sensor : Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids,
including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface. The substance to be
measured can be inside a container. The level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous

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level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain
place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point

DRY RUN SENSOR : The dry run sensor detects increases in air volume due to loss of prime or dry running,
and automatically shuts down the pump to prevent excess cycling and increased diaphragm wear. It eliminates
air consumption in dry run applications. It Prevents air valve from premature failure.

RELAY DRIVER : A Relay driver IC is an electro-magnetic switch that will be used whenever we want to use
a low voltage circuit to switch a light bulb ON and OFF which is connected to 220V mains supply. The required
current to run the relay coil is more than can be supplied by various integrated circuits like Op-Amp, etc. Relays
are components that permit a low-power circuit to control signals or to switch high current ON and OFF which
should be electrically isolated from controlling circuit.

LCD DISPLAY : A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its definition from its name itself. It is combination of
two states of matter, the solid and the liquid. LCD uses a liquid crystal to produce a visible image. Liquid crystal
displays are super-thin technology display screen. Liquid crystal display is composed of several layers which
include two polarized panel filters and electrodes.

BLUETOOTH MODULE: The Serial port Bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced
Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Bluecore 04-
External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with AFH(Adaptive Frequency Hopping
Feature). It has a footprint as small as 12.7mmx27mm. Hopefully it will simplify your overall
design/development cycle.

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4.2 Circuit diagram:-

Fig.12 Circuit diagram

The proposed system comprises a resistive soil moisture sensor (with voltage output readings), a
conditional circuit, which modifies the sensor voltage outputs to a suitable level for comparison purposes, a
digital logic circuit, a timer circuit, a TRIAC based power circuit controlled by a system of relays used for
adjusting the required level of input voltage for the motor pumps. The digital logic controller generates a suitable
logic command for controlling the switching states of the relays and the timer circuit controls the working
duration of the motor pumps. Soil moisture sensors are used for detecting the level of moisture content inside
the soil and give digital outputs. These sensors are interfaced with the micro controller to detect which part of
the field requires water and how much (or for how long). The micro controller then sends signals to the relay
driver module. It also continuously displays the extent of field that is dry as well as extent that is wet. The relays
in turn control the pumps and thus control the amount of water being fed to the fields.

Initially the system is normal. When there is a shortage of water in the farm field it will be detected by
the soil moisture sensor. It will send the signals to the Arduino and Arduino will send a signal to relay driver
which will make the field pump ON. This pump will extract water from the water tank and will supply water to
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the farm field. As soon as the water content in the soil becomes optimum the soil moisture sensor will stop
sending the signals to the Arduino and then Arduino will send the signals to the relay driver to make the field
pump OFF.

In case if there is no water in the water tank or low water in the water tank the water level sensor which
is present inside the container will send the signals to the Arduino and then Arduino will send the signal to the
tank pump which will extract water from underground and fill it in water tank. As soon as the tank becomes full
the high level sensor will send the signals to the Arduino and Arduino will stop the tank pump.

It may happen that there is no water in the water tank as well as in undergraound. In that situation the dry
run sensor will send signals to the Arduino and the Arduino will stop all the sensors. The situation will be
displayed as “ALL SYSTEM OFF”. This condition will be informed by user via Bluetooth module. After this
situation the user will require to reset the Arduino in order to restart the system.

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4.3 COMPONENTS:-

4.3.1 ARDUINO(UNO):-

Fig.13 Block diagram

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started.The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial

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driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter."Uno" means "One"
in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the
reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and
the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of
Arduino boards.

Technical Specifications:-

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Supply Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Maximum supply voltage (not recommended) 20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6s
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by
Flash Memory
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Communication:-

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or
other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available
on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over
USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard
USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows,a .inf file is required. The Arduino
software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data tobe sent to and from the Arduino board.
The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and

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USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).A SoftwareSerial library
allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and
SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the
documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

4.3.2 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR:-

Fig.14 Block diagram

This circuit is slightly complex than other soil moisture sensors available in the market. It implements
two voltage comparators as a Window comparator. One half of the window compares Rise in Voltage (Soil
Moisture) whereas the other half compares Fall in Voltage (Soil Moisture).ICLM358 dual voltage comparator is
used here as window comparator. The sensing probes will serve as the inputs for both the comparators but the
difference will be:

1.One comparator will have input at the inverting terminal and reference at the non inverting terminal.

2.The other comparator will have input at the non inverting terminal and the reference at the inverting terminal.

Thus two bit digital outputs are received from every soil moisture sensor module. These outputs are fed to the
Arduino Micro controller.

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4.3.3 DRY RUN SENSOR:-

Fig.15 Block diagram

This sensor essentially provides a protection method against a water pump Running Dry (Without Water)
by detecting presence or absence of water. The circuit finds numerous applications across a variety of platforms
viz. smart water pumps, automatic irrigation, basic pump protection etc. Built around the popular LM358 Voltage
Comparator IC, this Sensor module has Higher precision and better range. The sensor probes form a variable
resistor in which the Resistance of the Photodiode varies in proportion to the presence and absence Water.

The output from the probes is the input to the Non-Inverting Input terminal of the Comparator IC
(LM358). The Inverting Input Terminal of the Comparator is connected to the Variable (Preset) Resistor of 10k
Ohm. Thus the Voltage on the Inverting input can range from 0V (Gnd) to 5V (+Vcc), thus changing the
Reference voltage to the Comparator.

Whenever the Voltage on the Non Inverting input is more than or equal to that on the Inverting input, the
Output of Comparator IC is High and otherwise Low. Thus the Sensitivity of the sensor module can be changed
by moving the Variable Resistor between Gnd and Vcc. Whenever water is present a higher voltage is received
at the Input of Comparator which drives the Output of Comparator to High (4.5V - 5.0V), which is otherwise
Low (0.0V – 0.3V).

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4.3.4 WATER LEVEL SENSOR: -

Fig.16 Level :High

Fig.17 Level : Low

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 Water level sensor is used to measure the water level in the tank. There will be two probes for measuring
the high and low level in the tank. In first fig. we can see that input is given to the Non-inverting Terminal and
Inverting terminal is connected to the Reference voltage. Whenever the Voltage on the Non-Inverting input is
more than or equal to that on the Inverting input, the Output of Comparator IC is High. In second fig. input is
given to the Inverting terminal and Non-inverting terminal is connected to the Reference voltage. Whenever the
Voltage on the Inverting input is less than or equal to that on the Non-Inverting input, the Output of Comparator
IC is low. For water level indication unit we use some LED light which will work for water level indication. By
touching different water levels through water level sensor, LED should be indicated as on/off (i.e. on: yes sensor
senses water).

4.3.5 Sensors Working Parameters:-

1. Dry Run Sensor:-

Sr.no. Parameter Name Description

1 Operating voltage 0-5 V DC

2 Active operating current 12mA

3 Passive operating current 22mA

4 Sensing Type Change in resistance (conductivity) / Potentiometric

5 Sensitivity Calibration 100K On Board Preset Resistor

6 Signal Conditioning Single supply Voltage Comparator

7 Input Logic Level Falling Voltage type (Active Low)

8 Output Logic Level Rising Voltage type (Active High)

9 Output Trigger Indication On Board 3mm Red LED

Table 1 : Dry Run Sensor Parameters

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2. Soil Moisture Sensor:

Sr.no. Parameter Name Description

1 Operating voltage 0-5 V DC

2 Active operating current 22mA

3 Passive operating current 40mA

4 Sensing Type Change in resistance (conductivity) / Potentiometric

5 Sensitivity Calibration Two 100K On Board Preset Resistor

6 Signal Conditioning Single supply Differential Voltage Window Comparator

7 Input Logic Level 1 Falling Voltage type (Active Low)

8 Output Logic Level 1 Rising Voltage type (Active High)

9 Output Trigger Indication 1 On Board 3mm Red LED

10 Input Logic Level 2 Falling Voltage type (Active Low)

11 Output Logic Level 2 Rising Voltage type (Active High)

12 Output Trigger Indication 2 On Board 3mm Red LED1

Table 2 : Soil Moisture Sensor Parameters

4.3.6 LCD DISPLAY:-

Various display device such as seven segment display. LCD display, etc can be interfaced with microcontroller
to read the output directly. In our project we use a two line LCD display with 16 characters each.

LCD:-

Liquid crystal Display (LCD) displays temperature of the measured element, which is calculated by the
microcontroller. CMOS technology makes the device ideal for application in hand held, portable and other
battery instruction with low power consumption.

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GENERAL SPECIFICATION:

• Drive method: 1/16 duty cycle

• Display size: 16 character * 2 lines
• Character structure: 5*8 dots.
• Display data RAM: 80 characters (80*8 bits)
• Character generate ROM: 192 characters
• Character generate RAM: 8 characters (64*8 bits)
• Built in oscillator circuit.

Fig.18 LCD Display

JP1/JP14 Pins 1 – 8 Description JP1/JP14 Pins 9 -16 Description

Pin1 Ground Pin9 D2 (Not Used)

Pin2 VCC (+5) Pin10 D3 (Not Used)

Pin3 Contrast Pin11 D4

Pin4 Data/Command (R/S) Pin12 D5

Pin5 Read/Write (W) Pin13 D6

Pin6 Enable (E1) Pin14 D7

Pin7 D0 (Not Used) Pin15 VCC (LEDSV+)

Pin8 D1 (Not Used) Pin16 Ground

Table 3 : PIN Configuration of LCD

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4.3.7 BLUETOOTH MODULE:-

Fig.19 Bluetooth Module

Bluetooth HC 05/06 works on serial communication. In this project a serial Bluetooth module is used to
create a connection between Arduino Uno and an Android app that we created with MIT App Inventor .Here the
android app is designed to send data to the Arduino Bluetooth module when the button is pressed on the app.At
the other end Arduino Bluetooth module receives the data and sends it to the Ardunio through the TX pin of
Bluetooth module(connected to RX pin of Arduino). The code uploaded to Arduino checks the data received
from the Arduino Bluetooth and compares. If received data is 1 the LED turns ON and when it received data 0
it will turn off. You can open the serial monitor and watch the received data while connected. There are four
connection can be made between Bluetooth device and Arduino. For that for connection different pins are use,
combination of those pins are shown below[1]. Arduino Pins Bluetooth Pins RX (Pin 0) ———> TX TX (Pin
1) ———> RX 5V ———> VCC GND ———> GND Arduino listens for commands to light some LED's or show
its status.

The one we need to make the connection between Arduino and the Android phone is a Slave Module. To make
things very simple, there are two types of devices: Master and Slave; a Master can communicate with more than one Slave
while a Slave can communicate with a single Master at a time, Master-Master and Slave-Slave communication is not
allowed. Since the Bluetooth module in all smartphones is of Master type, the one we need for Arduino must be a
Slave.

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4.3.8 WEB APPLICATION

Graphical user interface software is developed for real time monitoring, controlling and
programming of irrigation based on soil moisture value and water level. The software application
allows the user to visualize graphically the data from every WSU online using any device with
Internet. The web application enabled the user direct programming of scheduled irrigation and
adjusting the trigger values in the WIU according to the crop species and season management.
All the data is stored in a database.

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4.4 SOFTWARE :-

4.4.1 FLOWCHART:-

Fig.20 Block diagram

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ALGORITHM :-

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Include header file for LCD

Step 3: Initialize global variable for moisture sensor 1

Step 4: Initialize global variable for moisture sensor 2

Step 5: Initialize global variable for dry run sensor

Step 6: Initialize global variable for low level semsor

Step 7: Initialize global variable for high level sensor

Step 8: Initialize global variable for field pump

Step 9: Initialize global variable for tank pump

Step 10: Initialize global input

Step 11: Initialize global output

Step 12: declare pin number 2 as input

Step 13: declare pin number 3 as input

Step 14: declare pin number 4 as input

Step 15: declare pin number 5 as output

Step 16: declare pin number 6 as output

Step 17: initialize serial port with 9600 baud rate

Step 18: initialize LCD

Step 19: Set cursor 0, 0

Step 20: Display “SMART VILLAGE”

Step 21: give delay for 5 seconds

Step 22: Start of infinite loop

Step 22.1: Read dry run sensor

Step 22.2: Read moisture sensor 1

Step 22.3: Read moisture sensor 2

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Step 22.4: Read low level sensor

Step 22.5: Read high level sensor

Step 22.6 : if dry run sensor is low

Step 22.6.1: set cursor to 0, 1

Step 22.6.2: print “DRY RUN DETECTED”

Step 22.6.3: Give delay for 1 second

Step 22.6.4: set cursor to 0, 1

Step 22.6.5: print “ALL SYSTEM OFF”

Step 22.6.6: Give delay for 1 second

Step 22.6.7: print “1”

Step 22.6.3: Give delay for 5 seconds

Step 22.7: else if dry run sensor is high

Step 22.7.1: if moisture sensor 1 is low and moisture sensor 2 is low

Step 22.7.1.1: set cursor to 0, 1

Step 22.7.1.2 : print “Field pump ON”

Step 22.7.1.3: digital write pump tank high

Step 22.7.1.4: serial print “2”

Step 22.7.1.5: Give delay for 5 seconds

Step 22.7.2: if low level sensor is low and full level sensor is low

Step 22.7.2.1: set cursor to 0, 1

Step 22.7.2.2 : print “Tank pump OFF”

Step 22.7.2.3: digital write pump tank low

Step 22.7.2.4: serial print “3”

Step 22.7.2.5: Give delay for 5 seconds

Step 22.7.3: if low level sensor is high and full level sensor is high

Step 22.7.3.1: set cursor to 0, 1

Step 22.7.3.2 : print “Tank pump OFF”

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 Step 22.7.3.3: digital write pump tank low

Step 22.7.3.4: serial print “4”

Step 22.7.3.5: Give delay for 5 seconds

Step 22.7.4: else

Step 22.7.4.1: set cursor to 0, 1

Step 22.7.4.2: print “Tank pump OFF”

Step 22.7.4.3: digital write pump tank low

Step 22.7.4.4: Give delay for 5 seconds

Step 22.7.4.1: set cursor to 0, 1

Step 22.7.4.2: print “Field pump OFF”

Step 22.7.4.3: digital write pump field low

Step 22.7.4.4: Give delay for 5 seconds

Step 22.8: stop

Step 23: Stop

Step 24: Stop

Step 25: Stop

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4.4.2 PROGRAM:-

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

int moisture_1_sensor=A0;

int moisture_2_sensor=A1;

int dry_run_sensor=2;

int level_low=3;

int level_full=4;

int pump_field=5;

int pump_tank=6;

LiquidCrystal lcd(8,9,10,11,12,13);

void setup()

pinMode(2, INPUT);

pinMode(3, INPUT);

pinMode(4, INPUT);

pinMode(5, OUTPUT);

pinMode(6, OUTPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

delay(50);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

delay(50);

lcd.print(" SMART VILLAGE ");

35
 delay(5000);

void loop() // this is the infinite loop for the entire program

dry_run_sensor= digitalRead(2); // check whether dry run sensor has been triggered or not

moisture_1_sensor= digitalRead(A0); // check whether dry run sensor has been triggered or not

moisture_2_sensor= digitalRead(A1); // check whether dry run sensor has been triggered or not

level_low= digitalRead(3); // check whether dry run sensor has been triggered or not

level_full= digitalRead(4); // check whether dry run sensor has been triggered or not

if(dry_run_sensor==LOW) // if dry run sensor is triggered

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("DRY RUN DETECTED"); // display status

delay(1000); // wait for sometime

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("ALL SYSTEM OFF ");

delay(1000);

Serial.print("1");

delay(5000);

while(1); // infinite loop for system halt (wait till system reset)

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/************************************************************************** field pump
control section
*****************************************************************************/

else if(dry_run_sensor==HIGH) // if sensor is not triggered

if((moisture_1_sensor==LOW)&&(moisture_2_sensor==LOW)) // if one moisture sensor is triggered

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Field Pump ON ");

digitalWrite(pump_field,HIGH);

Serial.print("2");

delay(5000);

/************************************************************************** water level pump

control section ***********************************************************************/

if((level_low==LOW)&&(level_full==LOW)) // if one moisture sensor is triggered

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(" Tank Pump ON ");

digitalWrite(pump_tank,HIGH);

Serial.print("3");

delay(5000);

37
 if((level_low==HIGH)&&(level_full==HIGH)) // if another moisture sensor is triggered

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(" Tank Pump OFF ");

digitalWrite(pump_tank,LOW);

Serial.print("4");

delay(5000);

else // when all sensors are normal

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(" Tank Pump OFF ");

digitalWrite(pump_tank,LOW);

delay(500);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(" Field Pump OFF ");

digitalWrite(pump_field,LOW);

delay(500);

38
 Chapter 5

RESULTS , ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

39
5.1 Results:-

40
5.2 Advantages:-

1. By continuously monitoring the status of the soil, we can control the flow of water and thereby reduce
the wastage.
2. By knowing the status of moisture through GSM with the use of moisture sensors, water flow can be
controlled by just sending a message from our mobile.
3. Conservation of water and labor: Since the systems are automatic, they do not require continuous
monitoring by labor.
4. Consumes less power and low cost

5.3 Limitations:-

1. Automated irrigation system uses only one parameter of soil that is soil moisture , other parameters
humidity, light, air moisture, soil ph value not taken for decision making. This system works on soil
threshold value. It just shows the soil condition and system take decision on threshold value these are
previously stated. Sometime system irrigate farm with more or less water not as per crop requirement.
Maximum profit scenario is not considered as per crops type and available water.
2. Not useful in Monsoon days.
3. Aging effect on components.

41
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION, FUTURE SCOPE &

REFERENCES

42
CONCLISION:-

In this paper, This project presents the optimized results for designing a soil moisture sensor based
automated water irrigation system. this system avoids over irrigation, under irrigation, top soil erosion and reduce
the wastage of water. The main advantage is that the system’s action can be changed according to the situation
(crops, weather conditions, soil etc.). By implementing this system, agricultural, horticultural lands, parks,
gardens, golf courses can be irrigated. Thus, this system is cheaper and efficient when compared to other type of
automation system. In large scale applications, high sensitivity sensors can be implemented for large areas of
agricultural lands. A stand by battery or solar cells can be implemented which comes into use in case of power
cuts. The GSM technology has been used for long distance wireless communication. The proposed system
eliminates the manual switching mechanism used by farmers or users to ON/OFF an irrigation or similar watering
system.

FUTURE SCOPE:-
The Arduino device can further be attached with the camera module that can be placed in different
locations of fields to take the snapshots of the plant at predefined intervals of time. Now these images can be
used by the farmer to monitor the growth of the plant. We can also use GSM instead of Bluetooth module, it will
results in use of only one Smartphone instead of two. We can also make Internet controlled duplex
communication which can provides a powerful decision making device concept for adaptation to several
cultivation scenarios. The Internet link allows the supervision through mobile telecommunication devices, such
as a smart phone. Besides the monetary savings in water use, the importance of the preservation of this natural
resource justify the use of this kind of irrigation systems. The system offers a cost effective solution for
controlling the irrigation process and boosting the crop yield.. These data can be further used by irrigation experts
for analytical studies and improving irrigation decisions to enhance agricultural yield. The system can be further
enhanced by using RF chips and repeaters to enable long range communication and eliminate the use of GSM
altogether.

43
References:-

IEEE papers

[1]Lei Xiao , Lejiang Guo, “The Realization of Precision Agriculture Monitoring System Based on Wireless
Sensor Network” from Air Force Radar AcademyWuhan,4300194, China presented at 201O International
Conference on Computer and Communication Technologies in Agriculture Engineering

[2]Beza Negash Getu, Hussain A. Attia ,”Automatic Control of Agricultural Pumps Based on Soil Moisture
Sensing” from Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering American University of
Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah, UAE , 978-1-4799-7498-6/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE

[3] Dr.K.S.Vijula Grace, Silja Kharim, P. Sivasakthi,“Wireless Sensor Based Control System in Agriculture
Field”Proceedings of 2015 Global conference on communication technologies(GCCT 2015)

[4] Pulkit Hanswal, Ojaswi Dale, Deepika Gupta, R. N. Yadav, “Designing a central Control unit and soil
moisture sensor based irrigation water pump system”,2013 Texas Instruments India Educators' Conference

[5] Genghuang Yang, Yuliang Liu, Li Zhao, Shigang Cui, Qingguo Meng and Hongda Chen, “Automatic
Irrigation System Based on Wireless Network”, 2010 8th IEEE International Conference on Control and
Automation Xiamen, China, June 9-11, 2010

[6] Jianfa Xia, Zhenzhou Tang, *Xiaoqiu Shi, Lei Fan, Huaizhong Li, “An environment monitoring system for
precise agriculture based on wireless sensor networks”, 2011 Seventh International Conference on Mobile Ad-
hoc and Sensor Networks

[7] Jia Uddin, S.M. Taslim Reza, Qader Newaz, Jamal Uddin, Touhidul Islam, and Jong-Myon
Kim,“Automated Irrigation System Using Solar Power” ©2012 IEEE

BOOKS

[1]“Getting Started with Arduino”,By Massimo Banzi, Publisher: O'Reilly Media

WEBSITES

[1] https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-an-Arduino

[2] https://www.slideshare.net/RahulWagh5/automated-irrigation-system-using-zig-bee

44
CHAPTER 7

APPENDIX

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COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:-

RELAYS :-

Fig.21 Relay

The simplest relay, is the Single Pole, Single Throw (spst) relay. It is nothing more than an electrically controlled
on-off switch. It's biggest property, is the ability to use a very small current, to control a much larger current.
this is desireable because we can now use smaller diameter wires, to control the current flow through a much
larger wire, and also to limit the wear and tear on the control switch.

Fig.22 Simple relay circuit

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Above is a simple relay control. Now, here what is happening.....

Fig.23 Working of relay circuit

The control circuit (GREEN) powers the coil inside the relay, using a small amount of current. It flows
from the battery, thru the fuse ( for protection) to a switch, (say, a light switch) then to the coil in the relay,
energizing it. The coil, now energized becomes an electromagnet, and attracts the metal strip with the

contacts, which closes, providing a secondary heavy current path ( RED ) to the device ( say,
the fog lights).Turning off the switch, opens the circuit to the coil, removes current flow, and the
electromagnet is no longer a magnet, the secondary path is opened, and the lights extinguish.

Relay Driver:-ULN2803

The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays are ideally suited for interfacing between
low logic level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current/voltage
requirements of lamps, relays, printer hammers or other similar loads for a broad range of computer, industrial,
and consumer applications. All devices feature open–collector outputs and free wheeling clamp diodes for
transient suppression.

The ULN2803 is designed to be compatible with standard TTL families while the ULN2804 is optimized for 6
to 15 volt high level CMOS or PMOS.

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Features:-

1. Eight darling tons with common emitters;

2. Output current to 500 Ma;
3. Output voltage to 50 V;
4. Integral suppression diodes;
5. Versions for all popular logic families;
6. Output can be paralleled;
7. Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify board layout.

Fig.24 Pin connection

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Description

The ULN2801A-ULN2805A each contains eight Darlington transistors with common emitters and
integral suppression diodes for inductive loads. Each Darlington features a peak load current rating of 600mA
(500mA continuous) and can withstand at least 50V in the off state. Outputs maybe paralleled for higher current
capability. Five versions are available to simplify interfacing to standard logic families: the ULN2801A is
designed for general purpose applications with a current limit resistor; the ULN2802A has a 10.5k input resistor
and zener for 14-25V PMOS; the ULN2803A has a 2.7k input resistor for 5V TTL and CMOS; the ULN2804A
has a 10.5k input resistor for 6-15V CMOS and the ULN2805A is designed to sink a minimum of 350mA for
standard and Schottky TTL where higher output current is required. All types are supplied in an 18-lead plastic
DIP with a copper lead from and feature the convenient input opposite-output pinout to simplify board layout.

LM7805:-Series Voltage Regulators

A voltage regulator is an electricalregulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.
It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the
design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. With the exception of shunt regulators, all
voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some internal fixed reference voltage. Any
difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element. This forms a negative feedbackservo control
loop. If the output voltage is too low, the regulation element is commanded to produce a higher voltage. If the
output voltage is too high, the regulation element is commanded to produce a lower voltage. In this way, the
output voltage is held roughly constant.

Fig.25 LM7805

49
FEATURES

• Output current in excess of 1A

• Internal thermal overload protection
• No external components required
• Output transistor safe area protection
• Internal short circuit current limit
• Available in the aluminum TO-3 package

Voltage Range:-
• LM7805C 5V
• LM7812C 12V
• LM7815C 15V

Typical Application Circuit:-

Fig.26 Typical Application Circuit

In our project we require power supply of 5V. From the mains supply we get 230V, 50 Hz. So to convert that
configuration into the required configuration we need to use following circuits with signal conditioners:

• STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

• FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
• FILTER CONDENSER
• D.C. REGULATED 3 PIN I .C.
Transformer here used is the CENTER TAPPED STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER. The primary winding
turns are greater than that of the secondary. Input supply to primary is 230V, 50 Hz that produces the 0-
24V at the secondary. Secondary of the transformer is connected to the FULL WAVE BRIDGE.

50
RECTIFIER:-
It gives unipolar waveform of the transformer output. It converts the a.c. supply into d.c. voltage. Output
at the bridge rectifier is:
Vdc=2*(Vin)/pi

Vrms=Vm/√2

But output obtained from the rectifier is not complete ripple free and contains the ac nature. Thus it needs
to be smoothened using FILTER CONDENSER. Here the capacitor assembly allows only its rated voltage
through it for one cycle. Property of capacitor to be insensitive to the high frequency at the input side helps to
have smooth output.Sometimes, due to mains power supply fluctuation and the ageing of the circuit components
the output fails to remain at constant level. Thus we need to add the VOLTAGE REGULATORS. Due to the
high voltage operating temperatures there may be heat generation, which leads to the sparks or may even catch
fire and damage the whole circuitry. Thus we use heat sink. All the output is then connected to the connector to
provide the supply for remaining circuit.

Power Supply

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity
to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down
into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.

For example a 5V regulated supply:

Fig.27 Block diagram of power supply

51
Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

 Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

 Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
 Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
 Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

Power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram and a graph of their output:

 Transformer only
 Transformer + Rectifier
 Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing
 Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

52
TECHNOVISION:
On 5th of October 2016 there was Paper Presentation Competition called “TECHNOVISION 2016” in
K.C.College of Engineering & Management Studies & Research. We had attended this Presentation and also
Presented a paper on our project topic named “Smart Irrigation System using Wireless Sensor Network”. It was
a great experience to be in competition. We get to know many things from the judges and faculties available
there. We got a chance to learn lots of things and share our knowledge with the other groups available there and
also gained a lot of knowledge from there as well. We also got Participation certificate, which we have attached.

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55
56
57
Project Exhibition:

On 18th February 2017, there was a Fest held in K.C.College of Engineering & Management Studies &
Research. The guests were invited from GERMAN Universities.We had displayed our projects in front of them.
The guest came and saw our project we explained them what the project was all about and also showed the
prototype how it works. They were asking us questions and we trying to make them understand the concept of
our project. It was really a big day as so much big people came and praised our work. They liked our ideas and
appreciated our talents. It was a great moment for all of us.

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE:
We had gone for an international conference on 4th March 2017 held in Shree L.R.Tiwari College of
Engineering Mira Road(E). It was called as “International Conference on Emanationsin Modern Technology &
Engineering. Here we presented a paper on “Smart Irrigation System using Wireless Sensor Networks”. Our
paper is being published by their Organization. The judges also announced best papers of the day. They liked
our ideas that we presented. We were standing at 2nd position. We also got participation certificate.

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