AIM: - Study of the Frequency Division Multiplexing

Equipment Required: -

1. Scientech 2211 TechBook with Power Supply cord

2. Oscilloscope with connecting probe
3. Patch cords

Theory: -
Frequency division multiplexing is the process of combining several information channels
by shifting their signals to different frequency groups within the frequency spectrum so
that they can all be transmitted over a common transmission channel.
The information signals are shifted in different frequency groups by making them modulate
carrier signals at different frequencies The deriving of two or more simultaneous,
continuous channels from a transmission medium by assigning a separate portion of the
available frequency spectrum to each of the individual channels is known as FDM.It is
possible by simultaneous transmission of multiple separate signals through a shared
medium such as a wire, optical fiber, or light beam by modulating, at the transmitter. These
separate signals have separable frequency bands and by adding those results linearly either
before transmission or within the medium. While thus combined, all the signals may be
amplified, conducted, translated in frequency and routed toward a destination as a single
signal.
This technique is cost effective, which are the motivation for multiplexing. Apparatus at
the receiver separates the multiplexed signals by means of frequency passing or rejecting
filters, and demodulates the results individually, each in the manner appropriate for the
modulation scheme used for that band or group.
e.g. Let us suppose two information signals occupy a frequency range of 300 - 3400Hz
speech signal. Only lower side band is transmitted. The first signal modulates a 64 kHz
carrier; the modulated signal occupies a frequencies band of 60.6 kHz to 63.7 kHz. The
second signal modulates a 68 kHz carrier; the modulated signal occupies a frequency band
of 64.6 kHz to 67.7 kHz. As it can be seen from above example, the modulated signals
occupy different frequency ranges in the frequency spectrum. Hence they can be
transmitted over the same channel as Seen in figure 2
 FIGURE 2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
At receiver, filters having different pass band frequency range are used to separate the
various information signals. The pass band is chosen so as to extract the information from
one channel. A separation between two modulated signals in frequency band reduces call
interference and also allows for the gradual roll-off gradient of the filters. Each channel
occupies a fraction of the bandwidth of the link. A channel is defined by its center
frequency, and its bandwidth. Example: radio and television signal transmission.

Procedure:
1. Set the modulating frequency of channel 1 with the help of potentiometer to 2 KHz
and channel 2 to 4 KHz.
2. Connect the channel 1 output to left input of modulator channel 1.
3. Connect the channel 1 output to left input of modulator channel 2.
4. Connect carrier generator outputs 100 KHz and 200KHZ to CH 1 and CH 2
respectively. Observed wave forms at the carrier frequency 100 KHz and 200 KHz on
the oscilloscope are shown in figure 3.

FIGURE 3 CHANNEL 1 of 2KHz & CAHNNEL 2 of 4KHz MODULATING

SIGNALS
5. Connect the modulator output of channel 1 and channel 2 to adder circuit as shown in
figure 4, the Observed output of the adder on oscilloscope is shown in figure 4.

FIGURE 4 MODULATED SIGNAL

6. Connect the adder output to demodulator. The demodulated signal observed is shown
in figure 5.

FIGURE 5 DEMODULATED SIGNAL

7. Connect the output of demodulator of channel 1 and channel 2 to LPF 1 and LPF 2
as shown in figure 6.The Observed output and its comparison with the modulating
signal after passing through LPF is shown in figure 6.

FIGURE 6 SIGNALS AFTER PASSING FROM LOW PASS FILTERS

MATLAB CODE:-

% Design and simulation of Frequency Division Multiplexing in

MATLAB
clc;
clear all
close all
samples=1000;
% number of users
nos=8;
% modulating signal frequency in Hz
mfreq=[30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100];
% carrier frequency allocated to the different users in Hz
cfreq=[300 600 900 12000 1500 1800 2100 2400];
% choose frequency deviation
freqdev=10;
% generate modulating signal
t=linspace(0,1000,samples);
parfor i=1:nos
m(i,:)=sin(2*pi*mfreq(1,i)*t)+2*sin(pi*8*t);
end
% Generate the modulated signal
parfor i=1:nos
y(i,:)=fmmod(m(i,:),cfreq(1,i),10*cfreq(1,i),freqdev);
end
% pass the modulated signal through the channel
ch_op=awgn(sum(y),0,'measured');
% demodulate the received signal at the base station
parfor i=1:nos
z(i,:)=fmdemod(y(i,:),cfreq(1,i),10*cfreq(1,i),freqdev);
end
% display the transmitted signal and received signal at the
base station
% figure
C = {'k','b','r','g','y',[.5 .6 .7],[.8 .2 .6],[.3 .2 .2]}; %
Cell array of colros.
for i=1:nos
figure (1)
hold on
plot(y(i,:),'color',C{i});
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('Signal
from different users combined in the channel');
figure
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(m(i,:)) % modulating signal
 xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('modulating
Signal from user');
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(y(i,:),'color',C{i}); % modulated signal
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('modulated
Signal from user');
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(z(i,:),'color',C{i}); % demodulated signal
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('demodulated Signal from user at the base station');
end
figure
plot(ch_op) % combination of all modulated signals passed
through the channel
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('Signal after
passing through the channel');

FIGURE 7 MODULATING SIGNAL FROM USER

FIGURE 8 SIGNAL FROM DIFFERENT USERS COMBINED IN THE CHANNEL

FIGURE 9 SIGNAL AFTER PASSING THROUGH CHANNEL

CONCLUSION:
1. We have obtained waveforms at CRO of channel 1 and 2 of frequencies 2KHz and 4KHz
respectively as shown in figure 3.
2. We have obtained waveform of modulated ADDED signal of channel 1 and 2 at CRO as
shown in figure 4.
3. We have obtained waveform of demodulated signal at CRO as shown in figure 5.
4. We have obtained waveform of channel 1 and 2 at CRO after passing them from low pass
filter as shown in figure 6.
5. Waveforms obtained Figure-7,8,9 using MATLAB code matches with the one obtained
using CRO and Scientech 2211 TechBook kit.
QUESTIONS:

1. What do you mean by FDM?

2. What do you mean by Modulation?
3. Why to modulate the analog signals?
5. What is amplitude modulation?
6. What is depth of modulation?
7. How modulation index is classified?
8. What are double side bands?
9. What is band width required for AM signal?
10. What are the various signals present in AM spectrum?