Tech Ref Reviewer Pages

Contents
TOPIC # Chapter
I Background & Support
1 Systerm of Units pp. 1-1 to 1-10 10
1 Introduction p 1-1 Pound unit both for force & mass in E
2 Common Unit of Mass p 1-1 Gram, pound, kilogram and slug
3 Mass and Weight p 1-1 SI- kilogram (mass ) & Newton ( force
4 Acceleration of gravity p 1-2 g = 32.2 ft/sec2 = 9.81 m / s
5 Consistent Systems of Units p 1-2 M=Fd is OK…& F=ma si consistent; p
6 The English Engineering System p 1-2 Lb-mass & Lb-force are different as g
7 Other Formulas Affected by Inconsistencies p 1-3 Req's "g" term; Kinetic energy (E=mv2
8 Wight and Weight Density p 1-3 W=mg/gc; gamma = W/V = rho g / gc;
9 The English Gravitational Sytem p 1-3 Slug = lbf-sec2/ft = lbm/gc
10 The Absolute English System p 1-4 Poundal = 0.03108 lb force or 1/32.2
11 Metric System of Units p 1-4 Based on meters or any part of meter
12 The cgs System p 1-4 Unit of force = g-cm / sec2 = dyne
13 SI Units ( The mks System ) p 1-5 Base units: length (m); mass (kg); tim
Table 1.2 & 1.3 S. I. derived units; sol
14 Rules for Using SI Units p 1-6 Symbols are NOT pluralized; a period
15 Primary Dimensions p 1-7 (ML0T),mass(M),length(L),time(0) & t
16 Dimensionless Groups p 1-7 Ratio of 2 forces or quantities, notably
17 Lineal and Board Foot Measurements p 1-8 Bd. Ft = 12" x 12" x 1" = 144 cubic i
18 Dimensional Analysis p 1-8 Means of obtaining an equation that d
Table 1.8 - Common Dimensionless groups p 1-9 Example of Dimensionless Analysis
1 pp 1 - 20 Units,conversions, Mathematics, Probability

2 pp 21 - 40 Probability, statics, dynamics,mechanics
3 pp 41- 60 Mechanics,Fluid/Hydro, Thermodynamics
4 pp 61- 80 Thermo,heat transfer, transport,biology,chemistry
5 pp 81- 100 Chemistry,materials science,Mesayrements/control,computer,economics, ethics
6 pp101- 120 Chemical engineering, civil engineering
7 pp121- 140 Civil engineering
8 pp141- 160 Environmental, electrical & computer engineering
9 pp161- 180 Electrical & computer engineering
10 pp181- 200 Electrical & industrial engineering
11 pp201- 220 Mechanical Engineering & Index
1 Vectors p 7. Mathematics
2 Derivatives & intergrals p 9. Mathematics
3 Areas & volumes p 10 - 11 Mathematics
4 Confidence intervals, value of Za/2 p 19. Probability & Statistics
5 Distribution tables p 20 - 23 Probability & Statistics
6 Centroids & moment of inertia p 27 - 29 Statics
7 Mass & centroid, mass / inertia p 37. Dynamics
8 Beam deflection formulas p 43. Mechanics of Materials
9 Fluid measurements p 50 - 51 Fluid Mechanics
10 Properties of water p 53. Fluid Mechanics
11 Moody ( Stanton ) Diagram p 54. Fluid Mechanics
12 Reynolds Number / drag coeff p 55. Fluid Mechanics
13 Phase diagrams p 59. Thermodynamics
14 Thermo cycles/ engines p 61. Thermodynamics
15 Steam tables p 62 - 63 Thermodynamics
16 Refrigerant HFC-134a diagram p 64. Thermodynamics
17 ASHRAE Psychrometric chart p 65 Thermodynamics
18 Heat capacity tables p 66 Thermodynamics
19 Convection / radiation p 71 Heat Transfer
20 Characteristics of sel. Microbial cells p 75 Biology
21 Compositon data for biomass… p 76 Biology
22 Periodic table p 79 Chemistry
23 Organic compounds p 80 Chemistry
24 Corrosion reaction table p 81 Chemistry
25 Testing methods p 83 Materials Science / Matter
26 Half-life & materials characteristics p 85 Materials Science / Matter
27 Engineering economics table p 92 Engineering Economics
28 Modified ACRS factors p 93 Engineering Economics
29 Factor tables p 94 - 98 Engineering Economics
30 Common names & molecular formulas p 102 Chemical Engineering
31 Typ. Exponents for eqpt cost vs. cap p 109 Chemical Engineering
32 Unified soil classifications p 112 - 113 Civil Engineering
33 Reinf. Conc. Design p 115 - 120 Civil Engineering
34 Steel Structures p 121 - 134 Civil Engineering
35 Sewage flow ratio curves p 135 Civil Engineering
36 Hydraulic - elements graph for cir. p 136 Civil Engineering
37 Horizontal Curve formulas p 139 Civil Engineering
38 Highway pavement design p 141 Civil Engineering
39 Cyclone ratio: dim - body diam. p 146 Environmental Engineering
40 Baghouse, air-to-cloth ratio p 147 Environmental Engineering
41 Partiton coeff/steady state reactor p 149 Environmental Engineering
42 Half life, Sampling & monitoring p 151 Environmental Engineering
43 MSDS hazard assessment p 153 Environmental Engineering
44 Hazardous waste compatibilty chart p 154 Environmental Engineering
45 Carcinogens & noncarcinogens p 155 Environmental Engineering
46 Exposure & intake rates p 156 - 157 Environmental Engineering
47 Toxicology p 158 Environmental Engineering
48 Water treatment technology p 159 - 166 Environmental Engineering
49 AC power p 171 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
50 Laplace transform p 174 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
51 Digital signals/comm. Theory p 175 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
52 Fourier transform p 176 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
53 Analog Filter circuits p 179 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
54 band-Phase filters p 180 - 181 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
55 Amplifiers p 182 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
56 Device & schematic symbols p 183 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
57 N-channel JFE Transistors p 184 - 185 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
58 Enhancement MOSFET p 186 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
59 Number systems & codes p 187 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
60 Logic operations & Boolean p 187 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
61 Flip-flops p 188 Electrical & Computer Eng'g
62 Queueing models p 190 Industrial Engineering
63 Linear regressions p 192 Industrial Engineering
64 2nd factorial designs p 193 Industrial Engineering
65 Ergonomics p 194 Industrial Engineering
66 anova Tables p 196 Industrial Engineering
67 Probability & density functions p 197 Industrial Engineering
68 Ergonomics table p 200 Industrial Engineering
69 Spring & compression spring p 203 Mechanical Engineering
70 Inter & long columns p 204 Mechanical Engineering
71 Power transmission p 204 Mechanical Engineering
72 Rivets & fasteners p 205 Mechanical Engineering
73 Kinematics, dynamics & vibrations p 206 Mechanical Engineering
74 Performance of Components p 211 Mechanical Engineering
75 Cycles & processes p 212 Mechanical Engineering
76 Fluid machines p 215 Mechanical Engineering
77 Refrigeration & HVAC p 217 Mechanical Engineering
it both for force & mass in English System ( American )
und, kilogram and slug
am (mass ) & Newton ( force ), Wt = mg, mass & wt are NOT the same!
t/sec2 = 9.81 m / s
OK…& F=ma si consistent; problems fluid flow & thermo are solved in U.S. w/ inconsistent units.
& Lb-force are different as gallons & feet. Lb-force = Lb-mass / 32.1740 lbm-ft / s2
term; Kinetic energy (E=mv2/2g); Potential energy (E=mgz/g ); pressure ( p=pgh/g )= gamma h
; gamma = W/V = rho g / gc; p= gamma h
-sec2/ft = lbm/gc
= 0.03108 lb force or 1/32.2
meters or any part of meters, either mks or cgs
ce = g-cm / sec2 = dyne
s: length (m); mass (kg); time (sec); elect. Current(ampere); temp(K);amt. of substance(mole) & lum.Intensity (candela)
& 1.3 S. I. derived units; solid angle =sr = steradian
are NOT pluralized; a period after symbol is NOT used; use prefixes
ass(M),length(L),time(0) & temp(T); ML2/02 (kg-m2)/s2; FML0TQ=engineering dimensional system
forces or quantities, notably in fluid mechanics or heat transfer, ie: Reynolds, Mach & Froude numbers
2" x 12" x 1" = 144 cubic inches
obtaining an equation that describes some phenomenon w/out understanding the mechanism of the phenomenon
of Dimensionless Analysis
onomics, ethics
Contents
Topic Ch.
# 1 Background & Support
1 System of Units pp. 1-1 to 1-10 10
1 Introduction p 1-1 Pound unit both for force & mass in English System ( American )
3 Mass and Weight p 1-1 SI- kilogram (mass ) & Newton ( force ), Wt = mg, mass & wt are NOT the same!
4 Acceleration of gravity p 1-2 g = 32.2 ft/sec2 = 9.81 m / s; Earth's radius = 3,960 miles = 6, 370 Km = 6.37 x 10 meters.
5 Consistent Systems of Units p 1-2 M=Fd is OK…& F=ma si consistent; problems fluid flow & thermo are solved in U.S. w/ inconsistent units.
6 The English Engineering System p 1-2 Lb-mass & Lb-force are different as gallons & feet. Lb-force = Lb-mass / 32.1740 lbm-ft / s2
7 Other Formulas Affected by Inconsistencies p 1-3 Req's "g" term; Kinetic energy (E=mv2/2g); Potential energy (E=mgz/g ); pressure ( p=pgh/g )= gamma h
8 Weight and Weight Density p 1-3 W=mg/gc; gamma = W/V = rho g / gc; p= gamma h
11 Metric System of Units p 1-4 Based on meters or any part of meters, either mks or cgs
13 SI Units ( The mks System ) p 1-5 Base units: length (m); mass (kg); time (sec); elect. Current(ampere); temp(K);amt. of substance(mole) & lum.Intensity (candela)
Table 1.2 & 1.3 S. I. derived units; solid angle =sr = steradian
14 Rules for Using SI Units p 1-6 Symbols are NOT pluralized; a period after symbol is NOT used; use prefixes
15 Primary Dimensions p 1-7 (ML0T),mass(M),length(L),time(0) & temp(T); ML2/02 (kg-m2)/s2; FML0TQ=engineering dimensional system
16 Dimensionless Groups p 1-7 Ratio of 2 forces or quantities, notably in fluid mechanics or heat transfer, ie: Reynolds, Mach & Froude numbers
17 Lineal and Board Foot Measurements p 1-8 Bd. Ft = 12" x 12" x 1" = 144 cubic inches
18 Dimensional Analysis p 1-8 Means of obtaining an equation that describes some phenomenon w/out understanding the mechanism of the phenomenon
2 Engineering Drawing Practic pp. 2-1 to 2-4 4

1 Normal Views of Lines & Planes p 2-1 True length of a line is viewed and can be measured
2 Intersecting & Parallel Lines p 2-1 If two or more views show the lines as having the same common point, then the line intersects.
3 Types of Views p 2-1 ortographic, principal, auxilliary, oblique, cavalier projection, cabinet projection, clinographic projection
axonometric views, isometric, dimetric, trimetric, perspective views, parallel perspective, angular perspective
4 Principal ( Orthographic ) Views p 2-2 Also planar views, requires at least three (3) principal views & at most 6 principal views for complex objects.
Plan views & elevations
5 Auxilliary ( Orthographic ) Views p 2-2 Needed when an object has an inclined plane or curved feature. Only 1 of the 3 dimensions can be measured.
6 Oblique ( Orthographic ) Views p 2-2 If the object is turned so that 3 dimensions are visible, it can be illustrated by a single "oblique" view.
7 Axonometric ( Orthographic Oblique ) Views p 2-3 Projections: isometric, dimetric & trimetric.
8 Perspective Views p 2-3 Parallel perspective, angular perspective & oblique perspective
9 Sections p 2-3 "Imaginary" cut taken through an object to reveal the shape or interior construction.
10 Tolerances p 2-4 The total permissible variation between the acceptable limits, ie; +/- 0.001
11 Surface Finish p 2-4 Parameters are maximum allowable values. All lesser values are permitted.
3 Algebra pp. 3-1 to 3-12 12

1 Introduction p 3-1 One & first of the mathematical concepts needed by engineers.
2 Symbols used in this book p 3-1 Used to represent variables in the formulas throughout this book, ref. Table 3.2, p. 3.2
3 Greek Alphabet p 3-1 Alpha, beta, gamma, delta….omega
4 Types of Numbers p 3-1 Real numbers, rational real & irrational real; imaginary numbers are square roots of negative numbers; complex is combination of re
5 Significant Digits p 3-1 Include the leftmost, nonzero digits to the rightmost digit written. See Table 3.3 on p. 3.2
6 Equations p 3-2 It is a mathematical statement of equality; or variables ( Algebraic); "functional" form; parametric
7 Fundamental Algebraic Laws p 3-3 A + B = B + A ( commutative add ); AB=BA ( comm. Multi ); associative & distributive laws
8 Polynomials p 3-3 Rational expression, usually the sum of several variable terms; degree is highest power; binomial/factorial; Pascal's triangle.
9 Roots of Quadratic Equations p 3-3 x1 + x2 = - b/a; x1x2 = c/a; x1, x2 = ( -b +/- ( b x b - 4ac ) 1/2) / 2a
10 Roots of General Polynomials p 3-3 Techniques: inspection, graphing, numerical methods, factoring, special case ( Newton's method )
11 Extraneous Roots p 3-4 Extraneous roots does NOT establish equality in equations.
12 Descartes Rule of Signs p 3-4 Real roots of a polynomial equation.
13 Rules for Exponent & Radicals p 3-5 Equality with base & exponents
3 Algebra…Cont'd pp. 3-1 to 3-12 12
14 Logarithms p 3-5 log b a = n; b n =a are equivalent.Logarithm is exponent.
15 Logarithm Identities p 3-5 Useful equations, erspecially the solution for ln
16 Partial Fractions p 3-6 To transform a proper polynomial fraction of two polynomials into a sum of simpler expressions ( or "resolution )
17 Simultaneous Linear Equations p 3-7 Solution of "consistent system" by: graphing, substitution, reduction or by Cramer's rule. NOTE: review calculator solution
18 Complex Numbers p 3-7 Combination of real & imaginary numbers. Rectangular of trigonometric form ( a + bi ); exponential form ( a + bi = re ), is the argu
19 Operations on Complex Numbers p 3-8 Algebraic operations OK, except in equality operators.
20 Limits p 3-9 Value of a function approaches when an independent variable approaches a target value.
21 Sequences and Progressions p 3-10 A sequence is an ordered progression of numbers. Can be divergent or convergent.
22 Standard Sequences p 3-11 Geometric. Arithmetic, harmonic & p-sequence.
23 Series p 3-11 Sum of terms in a sequence. 2 types: finite & infinite series.Performance is based on standard sequences.
24 Tests for Series Convergence p 3-11 Finite series converge. Infinite series convergence can be determined by the limit of the sum. ( Note: <1 converge )
25 Series of Alternating Signs p 3-12 <1 converges; =1 is inconclusive; >1 diverges
4 Linear Algebra pp. 4-1 to 4-7 7

1 Matrices p 4-1 Convenient method of representing a set of numbers. m=rows x n=columns:Bold upper case letters.
2 Special types of Matrices p 4-1 cofactor, column, complex, diagonal, echelon ( row-reduced echelon ), identity, null, row,
scalar, singular, skew symmetric, square, symmetrical, triangular, unit ( or identity ), zero.
3 Row equivalent matrices p 4-2 …if matrix B is obtained by a finite sequence of elementary row operations on A
4 Minors & Cofactors p 4-2 Determinants of submatrices associated with particular entries in the original square matrix.
5 Determinants p 4-3 Scalar calculated from a square matrix. See rules.
6 Matrix Algebra p 4-3 matrix algebra differs from standard algebra. Equality, inequality, comm add'n & asso addn, asso muln, etc.
7 Matrix addition & subtraction p 4-4 Possible if both matrices have the same numbers of rows & columns.
8 Matrix multiplication p 4-4 Can be by a scalar. With another matrix provided that no. of col of left-hand matrix is same as the other matrix no. of rows.
9 Transpose p 4-4 At of an m x n matrix A is an n x m…the diagonal is "unchanged".
10 Singularity & Rank p 4-5 Singular matrix has zero determinants while nonsingular matrix has nonzero determinants
11 Classical adjoint p 4-5 The transpose of the cofactor matrix.
12 Inverse p 4-5 Only square matrices have inverses, but NOT all are invertible.Only nonsingula , nonzero matrices have inverse.
13 Writing simul linear eqs. In matrix forms p 4-6 Coefficient matrix, variable matrix & constant matrix.
14 Solving simul linear eqs. p 4-6 by Gauss-Jordan elimination & Cramer's rule
15 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors p 4-6 characteristic values & characteristic vectors of a square matrix are the scalars k and matrices X
5 Vectors pp. 5-1 to 5-5 5

1 Introduction p 5-1 A scalar has only magnitude. A vector is a directed straight line with a specific magnitude.
Force, momentum, displacement and velocity are examples of vectors.
2 Vectors in n-SPACE p 5-1 A vector can be spacified in terms of n coordinates of its two endpoints
3 Unit Vectors p 5-2 The unit vector a has the same direction as vector V but has a length of 1. This unit vector is
calculated by dividing the original vector V by its magnitude /V/
4 Vector Representation p 5-2 In rectangular form and/or phasor or polar form.
5 Conversion between systems p 5-2 coefficient of transformation, transformation matrix.
6 Vector addition p 5-3 By polygon method, where the sum is the "resultant vector".
7 Multiplication by Scalar p 5-3 Scalar multiplication is distributive.
8 Vector DOT Product p 5-3 If 2 vector magnitude characteristic are known, get relative directions by Cauchy-Schwartz theorem.
9 Vector Cross Product p 5-4 Cross product of 2 vectors is a vector that is orthogonal ( perpendicular ) to the plane of the 2 vectors.
10 Mixed Triple Product p 5-4 Mixed triple product of 3 vectors is a scalar qty representing the volume of parallelepiped & calculated as determinant.
11 Vector triple product p 5-5 Vector triple product is defined by Eq. 5.42.
12 Vector Functions p 5-5 A vector can be a function of another parameter, and can be differentiated or integrated.
3 Areas & volumes p 10 - Mathematics
5 Distribution tables p 20 Probability & Statistics
6 Centroids & moment of inertia p 27 Statics
9 Fluid measurements p 50 Fluid Mechanics
15 Steam tables p 62 Thermodynamics
29 Factor tables p 94 Engineering Economics
32 Unified soil classifications p 112Civil Engineering
33 Reinf. Conc. Design p 115Civil Engineering
34 Steel Structures p 121Civil Engineering
46 Exposure & intake rates p 156Environmental Engineering
48 Water treatment technology p 159Environmental Engineering
54 band-Phase filters p 180Electrical & Computer Eng'g
57 N-channel JFE Transistors p 184Electrical & Computer Eng'g
; time (sec); elect. Current(ampere); temp(K);amt. of substance(mole) & lum.Intensity (candela)
hat describes some phenomenon w/out understanding the mechanism of the phenomenon
tional real; imaginary numbers are square roots of negative numbers; complex is combination of real & imaginary.
sum of several variable terms; degree is highest power; binomial/factorial; Pascal's triangle.
y: graphing, substitution, reduction or by Cramer's rule. NOTE: review calculator solution
numbers. Rectangular of trigonometric form ( a + bi ); exponential form ( a + bi = re ), is the argument
matrix provided that no. of col of left-hand matrix is same as the other matrix no. of rows.
Contents : ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT
Topic Ch.
# 1 Background & Support
1 System of Units pp. 1-1 to 1-10 10
1 Acceleration of gravity p 1-2 g = 32.2 ft/sec2 = 9.81 m / s; Earth's radius = 3,960 miles = 6, 370 Km = 6.37 x 10 meters.
3 Consistent Systems of Units p 1-2 M=Fd is OK…& F=ma si consistent; problems fluid flow & thermo are solved in U.S. w/ inconsistent units.
4 Dimensional Analysis p 1-8 Means of obtaining an equation that describes some phenomenon w/out understanding the mechanism of the phenomenon
5 Dimensionless Groups p 1-7 Ratio of 2 forces or quantities, notably in fluid mechanics or heat transfer, ie: Reynolds, Mach & Froude numbers
6 Introduction p 1-1 Pound unit both for force & mass in English System ( American )
7 Lineal and Board Foot Measurements p 1-8 Bd. Ft = 12" x 12" x 1" = 144 cubic inches
8 Mass and Weight p 1-1 SI- kilogram (mass ) & Newton ( force ), Wt = mg, mass & wt are NOT the same!
9 Metric System of Units p 1-4 Based on meters or any part of meters, either mks or cgs
10 Other Formulas Affected by Inconsistencies p 1-3 Req's "g" term; Kinetic energy (E=mv2/2g); Potential energy (E=mgz/g ); pressure ( p=pgh/g )= gamma h
11 Primary Dimensions p 1-7 (ML0T),mass(M),length(L),time(0) & temp(T); ML2/02 (kg-m2)/s2; FML0TQ=engineering dimensional system
12 Rules for Using SI Units p 1-6 Symbols are NOT pluralized; a period after symbol is NOT used; use prefixes
13 SI Units ( The mks System ) p 1-5 Base units: length (m); mass (kg); time (sec); elect. Current(ampere); temp(K);amt. of substance(mole) & lum.Intensity (candela)
SI Units ( The mks System ) Table 1.2 & 1.3 S. I. derived units; solid angle =sr = steradian
16 The English Engineering System p 1-2 Lb-mass & Lb-force are different as gallons & feet. Lb-force = Lb-mass / 32.1740 lbm-ft / s2
18 Weight and Weight Density p 1-3 W=mg/gc; gamma = W/V = rho g / gc; p= gamma h
2 Engineering Drawing Practic pp. 2-1 to 2-4 4

1 Auxilliary ( Orthographic ) Views p 2-2 Needed when an object has an inclined plane or curved feature. Only 1 of the 3 dimensions can be measured.
2 Axonometric ( Orthographic Oblique ) Views p 2-3 Projections: isometric, dimetric & trimetric.
3 Intersecting & Parallel Lines p 2-1 If two or more views show the lines as having the same common point, then the line intersects.
4 Normal Views of Lines & Planes p 2-1 True length of a line is viewed and can be measured
5 Oblique ( Orthographic ) Views p 2-2 If the object is turned so that 3 dimensions are visible, it can be illustrated by a single "oblique" view.
6 Perspective Views p 2-3 Parallel perspective, angular perspective & oblique perspective
7 Principal ( Orthographic ) Views p 2-2 Also planar views, requires at least three (3) principal views & at most 6 principal views for complex objects.
Plan views & elevations
8 Sections p 2-3 "Imaginary" cut taken through an object to reveal the shape or interior construction.
9 Surface Finish p 2-4 Parameters are maximum allowable values. All lesser values are permitted.
10 Tolerances p 2-4 The total permissible variation between the acceptable limits, ie; +/- 0.001
11 Types of Views p 2-1 ortographic, principal, auxilliary, oblique, cavalier projection, cabinet projection, clinographic projection
12 Types of Views axonometric views, isometric, dimetric, trimetric, perspective views, parallel perspective, angular perspective
3 Algebra pp. 3-1 to 3-12 12

1 Complex Numbers p 3-7 Combination of real & imaginary numbers. Rectangular of trigonometric form ( a + bi ); exponential form ( a + bi = re ), is the argu
2 Descartes Rule of Signs p 3-4 Real roots of a polynomial equation.
3 Equations p 3-2 It is a mathematical statement of equality; or variables ( Algebraic); "functional" form; parametric
4 Extraneous Roots p 3-4 Extraneous roots does NOT establish equality in equations.
5 Fundamental Algebraic Laws p 3-3 A + B = B + A ( commutative add ); AB=BA ( comm. Multi ); associative & distributive laws
6 Greek Alphabet p 3-1 Alpha, beta, gamma, delta….omega
7 Introduction p 3-1 One & first of the mathematical concepts needed by engineers.
8 Limits p 3-9 Value of a function approaches when an independent variable approaches a target value.
9 Logarithm Identities p 3-5 Useful equations, erspecially the solution for ln
10 Logarithms p 3-5 log b a = n; b n =a are equivalent.Logarithm is exponent.
11 Operations on Complex Numbers p 3-8 Algebraic operations OK, except in equality operators.
12 Partial Fractions p 3-6 To transform a proper polynomial fraction of two polynomials into a sum of simpler expressions ( or "resolution )
13 Polynomials p 3-3 Rational expression, usually the sum of several variable terms; degree is highest power; binomial/factorial; Pascal's triangle.
3 Algebra…Cont'd pp. 3-1 to 3-12 12
14 Roots of General Polynomials p 3-3 Techniques: inspection, graphing, numerical methods, factoring, special case ( Newton's method )
15 Roots of Quadratic Equations p 3-3 x1 + x2 = - b/a; x1x2 = c/a; x1, x2 = ( -b +/- ( b x b - 4ac ) 1/2) / 2a
16 Rules for Exponent & Radicals p 3-5 Equality with base & exponents
17 Sequences and Progressions p 3-10 A sequence is an ordered progression of numbers. Can be divergent or convergent.
18 Series p 3-11 Sum of terms in a sequence. 2 types: finite & infinite series.Performance is based on standard sequences.
19 Series of Alternating Signs p 3-12 <1 converges; =1 is inconclusive; >1 diverges
20 Significant Digits p 3-1 Include the leftmost, nonzero digits to the rightmost digit written. See Table 3.3 on p. 3.2
21 Simultaneous Linear Equations p 3-7 Solution of "consistent system" by: graphing, substitution, reduction or by Cramer's rule. NOTE: review calculator solution
22 Standard Sequences p 3-11 Geometric. Arithmetic, harmonic & p-sequence.
23 Symbols used in this book p 3-1 Used to represent variables in the formulas throughout this book, ref. Table 3.2, p. 3.2
24 Tests for Series Convergence p 3-11 Finite series converge. Infinite series convergence can be determined by the limit of the sum. ( Note: <1 converge )
25 Types of Numbers p 3-1 Real numbers, rational real & irrational real; imaginary numbers are square roots of negative numbers; complex is combination of re
4 Linear Algebra pp. 4-1 to 4-7 7

1 Classical adjoint p 4-5 The transpose of the cofactor matrix.
2 Determinants p 4-3 Scalar calculated from a square matrix. See rules.
3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors p 4-6 characteristic values & characteristic vectors of a square matrix are the scalars k and matrices X
4 Inverse p 4-5 Only square matrices have inverses, but NOT all are invertible.Only nonsingula , nonzero matrices have inverse.
5 Matrices p 4-1 Convenient method of representing a set of numbers. m=rows x n=columns:Bold upper case letters.
6 Matrix addition & subtraction p 4-4 Possible if both matrices have the same numbers of rows & columns.
7 Matrix Algebra p 4-3 matrix algebra differs from standard algebra. Equality, inequality, comm add'n & asso addn, asso muln, etc.
8 Matrix multiplication p 4-4 Can be by a scalar. With another matrix provided that no. of col of left-hand matrix is same as the other matrix no. of rows.
9 Minors & Cofactors p 4-2 Determinants of submatrices associated with particular entries in the original square matrix.
10 Row equivalent matrices p 4-2 …if matrix B is obtained by a finite sequence of elementary row operations on A
11 Singularity & Rank p 4-5 Singular matrix has zero determinants while nonsingular matrix has nonzero determinants
12 Solving simul linear eqs. p 4-6 by Gauss-Jordan elimination & Cramer's rule
13 Special types of Matrices p 4-1 cofactor, column, complex, diagonal, echelon ( row-reduced echelon ), identity, null, row,
Special types of Matrices scalar, singular, skew symmetric, square, symmetrical, triangular, unit ( or identity ), zero.
14 Transpose p 4-4 At of an m x n matrix A is an n x m…the diagonal is "unchanged".
15 Writing simul linear eqs. In matrix forms p 4-6 Coefficient matrix, variable matrix & constant matrix.
5 Vectors pp. 5-1 to 5-5 5

1 Conversion between systems p 5-2 coefficient of transformation, transformation matrix.
2 Introduction p 5-1 A scalar has only magnitude. A vector is a directed straight line with a specific magnitude.
Introduction Force, momentum, displacement and velocity are examples of vectors.
3 Mixed Triple Product p 5-4 Mixed triple product of 3 vectors is a scalar qty representing the volume of parallelepiped & calculated as determinant.
4 Multiplication by Scalar p 5-3 Scalar multiplication is distributive.
5 Unit Vectors p 5-2 The unit vector a has the same direction as vector V but has a length of 1. This unit vector is
Unit Vectors calculated by dividing the original vector V by its magnitude /V/
6 Vector addition p 5-3 By polygon method, where the sum is the "resultant vector".
7 Vector Cross Product p 5-4 Cross product of 2 vectors is a vector that is orthogonal ( perpendicular ) to the plane of the 2 vectors.
8 Vector DOT Product p 5-3 If 2 vector magnitude characteristic are known, get relative directions by Cauchy-Schwartz theorem.
9 Vector Functions p 5-5 A vector can be a function of another parameter, and can be differentiated or integrated.
10 Vector Representation p 5-2 In rectangular form and/or phasor or polar form.
11 Vector triple product p 5-5 Vector triple product is defined by Eq. 5.42.
12 Vectors in n-SPACE p 5-1 A vector can be spacified in terms of n coordinates of its two endpoints
3 Areas & volumes p 10 - Mathematics
5 Distribution tables p 20 Probability & Statistics
6 Centroids & moment of inertia p 27 Statics
9 Fluid measurements p 50 Fluid Mechanics
15 Steam tables p 62 Thermodynamics
29 Factor tables p 94 Engineering Economics
32 Unified soil classifications p 112Civil Engineering
33 Reinf. Conc. Design p 115Civil Engineering
34 Steel Structures p 121Civil Engineering
46 Exposure & intake rates p 156Environmental Engineering
48 Water treatment technology p 159Environmental Engineering
54 band-Phase filters p 180Electrical & Computer Eng'g
57 N-channel JFE Transistors p 184Electrical & Computer Eng'g
hat describes some phenomenon w/out understanding the mechanism of the phenomenon
; time (sec); elect. Current(ampere); temp(K);amt. of substance(mole) & lum.Intensity (candela)
numbers. Rectangular of trigonometric form ( a + bi ); exponential form ( a + bi = re ), is the argument

sum of several variable terms; degree is highest power; binomial/factorial; Pascal's triangle.
y: graphing, substitution, reduction or by Cramer's rule. NOTE: review calculator solution
tional real; imaginary numbers are square roots of negative numbers; complex is combination of real & imaginary.
matrix provided that no. of col of left-hand matrix is same as the other matrix no. of rows.
Contents
Topic Ch.
# 2 Water Resources
14 Fluid Properties pp. 14-1 to 14-15 15
1 Characteristics of a Fluid p 14-1 Liquid & gases are "fluids".Compressibility; Shear Resistance = Zero; Shape & Volume (Density );
Characteristics of a Fluid Resistance to Motion ( Viscosity ); Molecular Spacing ( kinetic Energy ); Pressure : ( at a pt. is same in all directions).
2 Types of Fluid p 14-2 Ideal & Real; ( Newtonian ie; water, air, gas, steam, alcohol... & non-Newtonian ); Pseudoplastic, dilatant & Bingham
3 Fluid Pressure & Vacuum p 14-2 Absolute ( measured w/ respect to true zero pressure ref. ) Gage ( measured w/ respect to atmospheric pressure )
Pabs = Pgage + Patmos = Patmos - Pvacuum;
4 Density p 14-3 Mass per unit volume; = pressure,p / RT; Water = 62.4 lbm/cu. Ft = 999 kg / cu.m. (in S.I. = 1,000 kg / cu.m. ) mass / u. vol.
5 Specific Volume p 14-4 Volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid = 1/density; cu. Ft / lbm, cu. m / kg, cu. Ft. / lbmole.
6 Specific Gravity p 14-4 Is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid's density to some standard ref. density. K = C + 273 degrees
7 Specific Weight p 14-5 Weight of fluid per unit volume. = lbf / cu.ft. Wt / u. volume
8 Mole Fraction p 14-5 The mole fraction of component A is the number of moles of that component divided by the total number of moles
in the combined fluid; xA = nA / ( nA + nB + nC + … ). Mole fraction is a no. bet. 0-1.0, Mole percent is M.F. x 100.
9 Viscosity p 14-6 It is a measure of fluid's resistance to flow when acted upon by external force such as pressure differential or gravity.
Fluid shear , T = F/A = u ( dv/dy ); Pseudoplastic, plastic/Bingham; dilatant, Newtonian; u is in lbf-sec/Sq. Ft.
10 Kinematic Viscosity p 14-8 v, ratio of abs. viscosity to mass density = u / p, unit = Sq. Ft. / sec, centistokes, cSt…
11 Viscosity Conversions p 14-8 Pls. refer to table 14.5.; u = pv
12 Viscosity Index p 14-9 Measure of a fluid's sensitivity to change in viscosity w/ changes in temperature. Vis. Is measured in 2 temp: 100 & 210
13 Vapor Pressure p 14-9 Vaporization & condensation at constant temperature are equilibrium processes. The equilibrium pressure exerted
by these free molecules is known as the vapor pressure or saturation pressure.
14 Osmotic Pressure p 14-9 Pi = pgh = MR*T; R* = universal gas constant = 0.08205746 0r 0. 821 Lat/K-mol
15 Surface Tension p 14-10 Tension between 2 points a unit distance apart on the surface; lbf / ft ( ft-lbf / Sq. Ft. ) = F / 2L = F / (4 pi x r )
16 Capillary Action p 14-11 Name given to the behavior of a liquid in a thin-bore tube, caused by surface tension bet.liquid & a vert. solid surface.
17 Compressibility p 14-12 Is the fractional change in the vol. of afluid per unit change in pressure in a constant temperature process.
18 Bulk Modulus p 14-13 Reciprocal of "compressibility", & analogous to the Modulus of Elasticity of a solid. E = stress / strain
19 Speed of Sound p 14-14 = Sq. Rt (E / p ) = 1, 126 ft / sec @ 20 deg.C in dry air; = 369 m/s @ 66 deg C at std. atmospheric pressure.
20 Properties of Solutions p 14-15
mass / u. vol.
Wt / u. volume
Topic Ch.
# 2 Water Resources
14 Fluid Properties pp. 14-1 to 14-15 15
1 Bulk Modulus p 14-13 Reciprocal of "compressibility", & analogous to the Modulus of Elasticity of a solid. E = stress / strain
2 Capillary Action p 14-11 Name given to the behavior of a liquid in a thin-bore tube, caused by surface tension bet.liquid & a vert. solid surface.
3 Characteristics of a Fluid p 14-1 Liquid & gases are "fluids".Compressibility; Shear Resistance = Zero; Shape & Volume (Density );
Characteristics of a Fluid Resistance to Motion ( Viscosity ); Molecular Spacing ( kinetic Energy ); Pressure : ( at a pt. is same in all directions).
4 Compressibility p 14-12 Is the fractional change in the vol. of afluid per unit change in pressure in a constant temperature process.
5 Density p 14-3 Mass per unit volume; = pressure,p / RT; Water = 62.4 lbm/cu. Ft = 999 kg / cu.m. (in S.I. = 1,000 kg / cu.m. ) mass / u. vol.
6 Fluid Pressure & Vacuum p 14-2 Absolute ( measured w/ respect to true zero pressure ref. ) Gage ( measured w/ respect to atmospheric pressure )
Fluid Pressure & Vacuum Pabs = Pgage + Patmos = Patmos - Pvacuum;
7 Kinematic Viscosity p 14-8 v, ratio of abs. viscosity to mass density = u / p, unit = Sq. Ft. / sec, centistokes, cSt… Wt / u. volume
8 Mole Fraction p 14-5 The mole fraction of component A is the number of moles of that component divided by the total number of moles
Mole Fraction in the combined fluid; xA = nA / ( nA + nB + nC + … ). Mole fraction is a no. bet. 0-1.0, Mole percent is M.F. x 100.
9 Osmotic Pressure p 14-9 Pi = pgh = MR*T; R* = universal gas constant = 0.08205746 0r 0. 821 Lat/K-mol
10 Properties of Solutions p 14-15
11 Specific Gravity p 14-4 Is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid's density to some standard ref. density. K = C + 273 degrees
12 Specific Volume p 14-4 Volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid = 1/density; cu. Ft / lbm, cu. m / kg, cu. Ft. / lbmole.
13 Specific Weight p 14-5 Weight of fluid per unit volume. = lbf / cu.ft.
14 Speed of Sound p 14-14 = Sq. Rt (E / p )
15 Surface Tension p 14-10 Tension between 2 points a unit distance apart on the surface; lbf / ft ( ft-lbf / Sq. Ft. ) = F / 2L = F / (4 pi x r )
16 Types of Fluid p 14-2 Ideal & Real; ( Newtonian ie; water, air, gas, steam, alcohol... & non-Newtonian ); Pseudoplastic, dilatant & Bingham
17 Vapor Pressure p 14-9 Vaporization & condensation at constant temperature are equilibrium processes. The equilibrium pressure exerted
Vapor Pressure by these free molecules is known as the vapor pressure or saturation pressure.
18 Viscosity p 14-6 It is a measure of fluid's resistance to flow when acted upon by external force such as pressure differential or gravity.
Viscosity Fluid shear , T = F/A = u ( dv/dy ); Pseudoplastic, plastic/Bingham; dilatant, Newtonian; u is in lbf-sec/Sq. Ft.
19 Viscosity Conversions p 14-8 Pls. refer to table 14.5.;= 1, 126 ft / sec @ 20 deg.C in dry air; = 369 m/s @ 66 deg C at std. atmospheric pressure.
20 Viscosity Index p 14-9 Measure of a fluid's sensitivity to change in viscosity w/ changes in temperature. Vis. Is measured in 2 temp: 100 & 210
mass / u. vol.
Wt / u. volume
Contents
TopicCh.
# IV Geotechnical
35 Soil Properties & Testing pp. 35-1 to 35-30 30
1 Soil Particle Size Distribution p 35-2 Coarse-grained ( sand & gravel ) & fine-grained ( silt & clay ); Uniformity coeff, Cu =D60/D10; 4 or 5, >10
2 Soil Classification p 35-4 Depends mostly on the % of gravel, sand, silt & clay. A-1, A-3, A-2, A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7, & A-8.
3 AASHTO Soil Classification p 35-5 This is based on: Sieve analysis, liquid limit & plasticity index. A-1 is best for roadway subgrades.
Group Index, Ig…Eq. 35.23; Tables 35.2, 35.5
4 Unified Soil Classification p 35-5 W=well graded, C=significant amounts of clay, P=poorly graded, M=significant amount of silt
5 Mass-Volume Relationship p 35-7 porosity, void ratio, moisture ( or water ) content, degree of saturation, density…Sp. Gr. Of most soil = 2.65-2.70..Ref Table 35.7
6 Swell p 35-14 Swell occurs when clayey soils are used at lower loadings and/or higher moisture contents than existed before excavation.
7 Effective stress p 35-14 Sigma = gamma x ht. or pg x ht., consider pore pressure…
8 Standardized Soil Testing Procedures p 35-15 List per Table 35.8;
9 Standard Penetration Test ( SPT ) p 35-17 In-situ test w/c is part of drilling & sampling operations.Measures resistance to the penetration of a std. split-spoon sampler
that is driven by a 140-ldm hammer dropped from a height of 30". N blows req'd to drive sampler 12" after an initial 6".
10 Cone Penetrometer Test ( CPT ) p 35-17 An alternative to the SPT. Good for classifying both sands & clays. fR = qs/qc x 100 %
11 Proctor Test p 35-17 Usually accomplished by placing soil in lifts. RC =pd / p*d x 100 %
12 Modified Proctor test p 35-18 Similar to "Proctor Test ) but the soil is compacted in 5 layers w/ a 10 lbm hammer falling 18 "
13 In-Place Density Test p 35-20 Also known as " Field Density Test. A 3 to 5" deep hole with smooth sides is dug into the compacted soil.
14 Atterberg Limit Tests p 35-21 P.L. = water content corr. transition bet. semi-solid & plastic state; L.L. = bet. Plastic to liquid state. S.L. = brittle solid & sermi-solid
15 Permeability Tests p 35-22 Measure of continuous voids. (Darcy's law. Q=vAgross; v = Ki); { Hazen's formula ( K = VL / hAt ) }; K is in in / sec.
16 Consolidation tests p 35-23 Also known as "confined compression tests" or oedometer tests " start w/ a disc of soil confined by a metal ring.
The load versus the void ratio for all increments is ployyed as an e=log p curve. OCR = p'max / p'0
17 Direct Shear Tests p 35-24 To determine the relationship of shear strength to consolidation stress. S = tau = c + sigma tan phi
18 Triaxial Stress Test p 35-25 More sophisticated that the direct shear test. Dense & loose curves are plotted along with the Mohr's Circle of Stress.
19 Vane-Shear Test p 35-28 The shear strength of a low-strength, homogeneous cohesive soil ( e.g., clay ) can be neasured in-situ by use of a vane-shear apparatus
consisting of a four-bladed vane on a vertical shaft.
20 Unconfined Compressive Strength Test p 35-28 A cylinder of cohesive soil ( usually clay ) is loaded axially to compressive failure. Suc = P/A; su = Suc / 2
21 Sensitivity p 35-28 Clay will become softer as it is worked, and clay soil can turn into viscous liquids during construction. This tendency is "sensitivity".
22 California Bearing Ratio Test p 35-29 CBR = actual load / standard load x 100%. Used to determine the suitability of a soil for use as subbase.
23 Plate Bearing Value Test p 35-30 "performed on compacted soil in the field. The deflection prior to loading, the final deflection & the deflection per minute are recorded.
24 Hveem's Resistance Value Test p 35-30 To evaluate the suitability of a soil for use inn the pavement section (w/R-values …0 for water, 100 for steel).
25 Classification of Rocks p 35-30 Igneous, sedimentary & metamorphic.
36 Shallow Foundation pp. 36-1 to 36-10 10

1 Shallow Foundations p 36-1 Df/B <= 1. Bearing capacity, settlement & the "damaging" differential settlement. Exc. Settlements -minor damage, B.C failures=collapse
2 Sand Versus clay p 36-1 Sand is strong & drains quickly, but behaves poorly in excavations due to lack of cohesion. Clay good un excavations but poor in foundations.
3 General Considerations for Footings p 36-2 Footing is an enlargement at the base of a load-supporting column that is designed to transmit forces to the soil. Types: spread footing
(individual or isolated ); Continuous or wall footing; Combined ; Catilever. Should be safe against OT, sliding, uplift. All. S.pressure NOT be exceeded.
4 Allowable Bearing Capacity p 36-2 Also known as "net allowable or safe B. P." ( From Table 36.1, Typ. All. Soil B. P. Ranges from 0.50 to 2 tons / sq. ft.
5 General Bearing Capacity equation p 36-3 Terzaghi-Meyerhof Equation; qult = 1(/2)pgBNgamma + cNc + (pq + pgDf)Nq = 1(/2)gammaBNgamma + cNc + (pq + gammaDf)Nq
See Tables 36.4 & 36.5 for Bearing Capacity Factor Multipliers for various values of B/L
6 Bearing Capacity of Clay p 36-4 Angle of internal friction, phi = 0. Su = c Suc/2; qa = qnet / F = cNc / F; wgere F = total (net) foundation loads.
7 Bearing Capacity of sand p 36-6 The cohesion, c, =0; qult = (/2)gammaBNgamma + 0 + (pq + gammaDf)Nq ; qnet = qult - pgDf; qa = qnet / F = 0.11CnN
8 Bearing Capcity of Rock p 36-7 For most rocks, the design will be based on settlement characteristics, NOT strength.
9 Effects of Water table on Footing Design p 36-7 May or may not affect bearing capacity. There are three (3) general principles.
10 Eccentric Loads on Rectagular Footings p 36-8 eB = MB / P & eL = ML/P; pmin, pmax = (P/BL) (1 +- 6e/B )
11 General Considerations for Rafts p 36-8 Rafts, or mat, or pad…(when spread footing area would constitute 1/2 or more than 50% of the area beneath the building.
12 Rafts on Clay p 36-9 Consider factor of safety ( F ) & clay equations 36.21 & Tables 36.2 & 36.4.
13 Rafts on sand p 36-10 Well protected against bearing capacity. Settlement will govern in design. Qa=0.22CnN.
TopicCh.
# IV Geotechnical
37 Rigid Retaining Walls pp. 37-1 to 37-8 8
1 Types of Retaining walls p 37-1 Gravity walls, semi-gravity walls, Buttress walls, Counterfort walls, Cantilever Walls.
2 Cohesive & Granular Soils p 37-2 The nature of the backfilled or retained soil greatly affects the design of retaining walls, angle of internal friction & cohesion
3 Earth Pressure p 37-2 Force per unit area exerted by soil of retaining wall. "Active"(or tensioned or forward ), "Passive" (or compressed or backward )
4 Vertical Soil Pressure p 37-3 Caused by the soil's own weight; pv = gammaH
5 Active Soil Pressure p 37-3 ka=coefficient of active earth pressure ( by Coulomb or Rankine ); Ra = 1/2 pa H = 1/2 ka gamma Hsquared
By graphical method, see appendix 37.A.
6 Passive soil Pressure p 37-4 kp=coefficient of passive earth pressure ( by Coulomb or Rankine ); Rp = 1/2 pp H = 1/2 kp gamma Hsquared
7 At-Rest Soil Pressure p 37-4 ko=coefficient of earth pressure at rest ( w/c varies from 0.4 to 0.50.; Ro = 1/2 ko gamma Hsquared
8 Graphical Solutions p 37-5 Appendix 37.A; Ra,h = 1/2KhHsquared; Ra,v = 1/2KvHsquared
9 Surcharge Loading p 37-5 An additional force applied at the exposed upper surface of the restrained soil. A surcharge can result from a uniform load (q),
point, line or strip load. Pq = kaq; Rq = kaqH x (wall width ) acting @ H/2 above the base.Also, consider m & n.
10 Effective Stress p 37-6 The equivalent specific weight of water behind a retaining wall is taken @ 45 lbf/cu.ft.
11 Cantilever Retaining Walls: Analysis p 37-6 9 steps for reference.
12 Retaining Walls : Design p 37-8 Steps & assumptions to make in the design of retaining wall.
38 Piles and deep Foundation pp. 38-1 to 38-6 8
1 Introduction p 38-1 Piles, slender members that are drilled or jetted into the ground.Ultimate static bearing capacity, Qult= Qp + Qf; Qa = Qult/F
2 Pile Capacity from Driving Data p 38-2 Safe load ( safe bearing value ) can be calculated empirically using ENR equations: Qa=(2WxH)/(S+0.1)S-A-H or 2E / (S+0.1)D-A.
3 Theoretical Point Bearing Capacity p 38-2 Also known as " Tip resistance & point capacity "; Qp = Ap ( 1/2gammaBNgamma +cNc + gammaDfNq ) or ApgammaDNq or ApcNc
4 Theoretical Skin Friction Capacity p 38-3 Also known as " Side resistance, skin resistance & shaft capacity "; Qf = Asfs = pfsLe = pfs (L-seasonal variation).
5 H-Piles p 38-3 Skin perimeter is the "block" perimeter of the pile, assuming that the soil between the flages moves with the pile.
6 Tensile capacity p 38-5 Tension piles pullout capacity includes the weight of the pile + shaft resistance (or skin friction w/c is taken as 50 % - 75% of equiv value in compression)
7 Capacity of Pile Groups p 38-5 Spacing = 3 - 3.5x the pile dia apart.Qs=2(b+w)Lec1; Qp=9c2bw; Qult = Qs + Qp; Qa = Qult / F
8 Settlement of Piles & Pile groups p 38-5 Pile in clay may experience significant settling. Can be estimated by assuming that the support block extends to a depth of only 2/3L
9 Downdrag and Adfreeze forces p 38-6
10 Micropiles p 38-6 Used when traditional pile driving is prevented by restricted access, usually in urban areas & seismic retrofits.About 4"-10" diam
11 Piers p 38-6 Deep foundation with significant cross-sectional area.
40 Special Soil topics pp. 40-1 to 40-11 11

1 Pressure from Applied Loads: p 40-1 The increase in vertical pressure caused by an application of a point load,P,;pv = (3hcubeP)/(2piztothe 5th)
Boussinesq's Equation when h>2B; pls. refer to Eq. 40.1
2 Pressure from Applied Loads: p 40-2 Delta pv = P/A wher A = area at influence depth "h"
Zone of Influence
3 Pressure from Applied Loads: p 40-2 For footing or mat foundation, pls. see chart on p. 40-3.
Influence Chart
4 Settling p 40-3 Generally due to "consolidation" ( decrease in void fraction ) of the supporting soil. 3 types: a. Immediate or elastic; b. Primary & c. Secondary
Since settling is greater for higher foundation pressures, specific settlement limits ( e.g. 1") are directly realted to the max. allow. Pressures.
5 Clay Condition p 40-3 "Consolidation curve" shows a recompression segment and the virgin compression branch.
6 Consolidation Parameters p 40-4 Along the recompression line, the recompression index,Cr, is the logarithmic slope of the recompression segment. Also, Cc.
7 Primary Consolidation p 40-4 When clay layers are loaded to a higher pressure, water is squeezed from the voids.Primary consolidation,Sprimary=(Hdeltae)/(1+eo)
8 Primary Consolidation Rate p 40-5 Consolidation of clay is a continuous process, thothe rate decreases with time. ; t=; Cv=; av= Tv=;
9 Secondary Consolidation p 40-5
10 Slope Stability in Saturated Clay p 40-7 "Taylor slope stability chart"; Typesof Slope failures=slope circle; toe circle; base circle.
11 Loads on Buried pipes p 40-8 Ref: factor h/B yields valus of C for each Backfill materials.
12 Allowable Pipe Loads p 40-9 w allowable = (known pipe crushing strength) x (LF/F)
13 Slurry Trench and Walls p 40-9 Slurry trenches are "non-structural" barriers created by chemically solidifying soils: to dewater construction sites, contain hazardous groundwater
contaminants, & hydraulically isolate holding ponds and lagoons.
Slurry walls are reinforced semistructural walls used for more seepage control than can be provided by H-pile or sheetpile construction.
Slurry walls are constructedby excavating a trenc h, support it with bentonite slurry to prevent ground collapse inserting a pre-fab rebar cage
and displacing the slurry with cast-in-place tremie concrete.
14 Cofferdams and Caissons p 40-10 Cofferdam is a temporary structure built to enclose a construction site; Caisson is a permanent structure built in place to support a bridge or bldg.
15 Geotextiles p 40-10 Also known as filter cloth, reinforcing fabric and support membrane are fabrics used to stabilize, support and retain soils.
16 Soil Nailing p 40-11 It is a slope-stabilization method that involves installing closely spaced nails in the soil/rock face to increase iys overall shear strength.
17 Trenchless Methods p 40-11 Trenchless method include pipe jacking, microtunneling, auger boring and impact ramming.
18 Liquefaction p 40-11 Is a sudden drop in shear strength that can occur in soils of saturated cohesionless particles such as sand. When sher strength drops to
zero, the sand liquefies. In effect, the soil turns into a liquid, allowing everything it previously supported to sink.
wall footing; Combined ; Catilever. Should be safe against OT, sliding, uplift. All. S.pressure NOT be exceeded.
he weight of the pile + shaft resistance (or skin friction w/c is taken as 50 % - 75% of equiv value in compression)
TopicCh.
# IV Geotechnical
35 Soil Properties & Testing pp. 35-1 to 35-30 30
1 AASHTO Soil Classification p 35-5 This is based on: Sieve analysis, liquid limit & plasticity index. A-1 is best for roadway subgrades.
AASHTO Soil Classification Group Index, Ig…Eq. 35.23; Tables 35.2, 35.5
2 Atterberg Limit Tests p 35-21 P.L. = water content corr. transition bet. semi-solid & plastic state; L.L. = bet. Plastic to liquid state. S.L. = brittle solid & sermi-solid
3 California Bearing Ratio Test p 35-29 CBR = actual load / standard load x 100%. Used to determine the suitability of a soil for use as subbase.
4 Classification of Rocks p 35-30 Igneous, sedimentary & metamorphic.
5 Cone Penetrometer Test ( CPT ) p 35-17 An alternative to the SPT. Good for classifying both sands & clays. fR = qs/qc x 100 %
6 Consolidation tests p 35-23 Also known as "confined compression tests" or oedometer tests " start w/ a disc of soil confined by a metal ring.
Consolidation tests The load versus the void ratio for all increments is ployyed as an e=log p curve.
7 Direct Shear Tests p 35-24 To determine the relationship of shear strength to consolidation stress.
8 Effective stress p 35-14 Sigma = gamma x ht. or pg x ht., consider pore pressure…
9 Hveem's Resistance Value Test p 35-30 To evaluate the suitability of a soil for use inn the pavement section (w/R-values …0 for water, 100 for steel).
10 In-Place Density Test p 35-20 Also known as " Field Density Test. A 3 to 5" deep hole with smooth sides is dug into the compacted soil.
11 Mass-Volume Relationship p 35-7 porosity, void ratio, moisture ( or water ) content, degree of saturation, density…Sp. Gr. Of most soil = 2.65-2.70..Ref Table 35.7
12 Modified Proctor test p 35-18 Similar to "Proctor Test ) but the soil is compacted in 5 layers w/ a 10 lbm hammer falling 18 "
13 Permeability Tests p 35-22 Measure of continuous voids. (Darcy's law. Q=vAgross; v = Ki); { Hazen's formula ( K = VL / hAt ) }; K is in in / sec.
14 Plate Bearing Value Test p 35-30 "performed on compacted soil in the field. The deflection prior to loading, the final deflection & the deflection per minute are recorded.
15 Proctor Test p 35-17 Usually accomplished by placing soil in lifts. RC =pd / p*d x 100 %
16 Sensitivity p 35-28 Clay will become softer as it is worked, and clay soil can turn into viscous liquids during construction. This tendency is "sensitivity".
17 Soil Classification p 35-4 Depends mostly on the % of gravel, sand, silt & clay. A-1, A-3, A-2, A-4, A-5, A-6, A- OCR = p'max / p'0
18 Soil Particle Size Distribution p 35-2 Coarse-grained ( sand & gravel ) & fine-grained ( silt & clay ); Uniformit S = tau = c + sigma tan phi
19 Standard Penetration Test ( SPT ) p 35-17 In-situ test w/c is part of drilling & sampling operations.Measures resistance to the penetration of a std. split-spoon sampler
Standard Penetration Test ( SPT ) that is driven by a 140-ldm hammer dropped from a height of 30". N blows req'd to drive sampler 12" after an initial 6".
20 Standardized Soil Testing Procedures p 35-15 List per Table 35.8;
21 Swell p 35-14 Swell occurs when clayey soils are used at lower loadings and/or higher moisture contents than existed before excavation.
22 Triaxial Stress Test p 35-25 More sophisticated that the direct shear test. Dense & loose curves are plotted along with the Mohr's Circle of Stress.
23 Unconfined Compressive Strength Test p 35-28 A cylinder of cohesive soil ( usually clay ) is loaded axially to compressive failure. Suc = P/A; su = Suc / 2
24 Unified Soil Classification p 35-5 W=well graded, C=significant amounts of clay, P=poorly graded, M=significant amount of silt
25 Vane-Shear Test p 35-28 The shear strength of a low-strength, homogeneous cohesive soil ( e.g., clay ) can be neasured in-situ by use of a vane-shear apparatus
Vane-Shear Test consisting of a four-bladed vane on a vertical shaft.
36 Shallow Foundation pp. 36-1 to 36-10 10

1 Allowable Bearing Capacity p 36-2 Also known as "net allowable or safe B. P." ( From Table 36.1, Typ. All. Soil B. P. Ranges from 0.50 to 2 tons / sq. ft.
2 Bearing Capacity of Clay p 36-4 Angle of internal friction, phi = 0. Su = c Suc/2; qa = qnet / F = cNc / F; wgere F = total (net) foundation loads.
3 Bearing Capacity of sand p 36-6 The cohesion, c, =0; qult = (/2)gammaBNgamma + 0 + (pq + gammaDf)Nq ; qnet = qult - pgDf; qa = qnet / F = 0.11CnN
4 Bearing Capcity of Rock p 36-7 For most rocks, the design will be based on settlement characteristics, NOT strength.
5 Eccentric Loads on Rectagular Footings p 36-8 eB = MB / P & eL = ML/P; pmin, pmax = (P/BL) (1 +- 6e/B )
6 Effects of Water table on Footing Design p 36-7 May or may not affect bearing capacity. There are three (3) general principles.
7 General Bearing Capacity equation p 36-3 Terzaghi-Meyerhof Equation; qult = 1(/2)pgBNgamma + cNc + (pq + pgDf)Nq = 1(/2)gammaBNgamma + cNc + (pq + gammaDf)Nq
General Bearing Capacity equation See Tables 36.4 & 36.5 for Bearing Capacity Factor Multipliers for various values of B/L
8 General Considerations for Footings p 36-2 Footing is an enlargement at the base of a load-supporting column that is designed to transmit forces to the soil. Types: spread footing
General Considerations for Footings (individual or isolated ); Continuous or wall footing; Combined ; Catilever. Should be safe against OT, sliding, uplift. All. S.pressure NOT be exceeded.
9 General Considerations for Rafts p 36-8 Rafts, or mat, or pad…(when spread footing area would constitute 1/2 or more than 50% of the area beneath the building.
10 Rafts on Clay p 36-9 Consider factor of safety ( F ) & clay equations 36.21 & Tables 36.2 & 36.4.
11 Rafts on sand p 36-10 Well protected against bearing capacity. Settlement will govern in design. Qa=0.22CnN.
12 Sand Versus clay p 36-1 Sand is strong & drains quickly, but behaves poorly in excavations due to lack of cohesion. Clay good un excavations but poor in foundations.
13 Shallow Foundations p 36-1 Df/B <= 1. Bearing capacity, settlement & the "damaging" differential settlement. Exc. Settlements -minor damage, B.C failures=collapse
TopicCh.
# IV Geotechnical
37 Rigid Retaining Walls pp. 37-1 to 37-8 8
1 Active Soil Pressure p 37-3 ka=coefficient of active earth pressure ( by Coulomb or Rankine ); Ra = 1/2 pa H = 1/2 ka gamma Hsquared
Active Soil Pressure By graphical method, see appendix 37.A.
2 At-Rest Soil Pressure p 37-4 ko=coefficient of earth pressure at rest ( w/c varies from 0.4 to 0.50.; Ro = 1/2 ko gamma Hsquared
3 Cantilever Retaining Walls: Analysis p 37-6 9 steps for reference.
4 Cohesive & Granular Soils p 37-2 The nature of the backfilled or retained soil greatly affects the design of retaining walls, angle of internal friction & cohesion
5 Earth Pressure p 37-2 Force per unit area exerted by soil of retaining wall. "Active"(or tensioned or forward ), "Passive" (or compressed or backward )
6 Effective Stress p 37-6 The equivalent specific weight of water behind a retaining wall is taken @ 45 lbf/cu.ft.
7 Graphical Solutions p 37-5 Appendix 37.A; Ra,h = 1/2KhHsquared; Ra,v = 1/2KvHsquared
8 Passive soil Pressure p 37-4 kp=coefficient of passive earth pressure ( by Coulomb or Rankine ); Rp = 1/2 pp H = 1/2 kp gamma Hsquared
9 Retaining Walls : Design p 37-8 Steps & assumptions to make in the design of retaining wall.
10 Surcharge Loading p 37-5 An additional force applied at the exposed upper surface of the restrained soil. A surcharge can result from a uniform load (q),
Surcharge Loading point, line or strip load. Pq = kaq; Rq = kaqH x (wall width ) acting @ H/2 above the base.Also, consider m & n.
11 Types of Retaining walls p 37-1 Gravity walls, semi-gravity walls, Buttress walls, Counterfort walls, Cantilever Walls.
12 Vertical Soil Pressure p 37-3 Caused by the soil's own weight; pv = gammaH
38 Piles and deep Foundation pp. 38-1 to 38-6 8
1 Capacity of Pile Groups p 38-5 Spacing = 3 - 3.5x the pile dia apart.Qs=2(b+w)Lec1; Qp=9c2bw; Qult = Qs + Qp; Qa = Qult / F
2 Downdrag and Adfreeze forces p 38-6
3 H-Piles p 38-3 Skin perimeter is the "block" perimeter of the pile, assuming that the soil between the flages moves with the pile.
4 Introduction p 38-1 Piles, slender members that are drilled or jetted into the ground.Ultimate static bearing capacity, Qult= Qp + Qf; Qa = Qult/F
5 Micropiles p 38-6 Used when traditional pile driving is prevented by restricted access, usually in urban areas & seismic retrofits.About 4"-10" diam
6 Piers p 38-6 Deep foundation with significant cross-sectional area.
7 Pile Capacity from Driving Data p 38-2 Safe load ( safe bearing value ) can be calculated empirically using ENR equations: Qa=(2WxH)/(S+0.1)S-A-H or 2E / (S+0.1)D-A.
8 Settlement of Piles & Pile groups p 38-5 Pile in clay may experience significant settling. Can be estimated by assuming that the support block extends to a depth of only 2/3L
9 Tensile capacity p 38-5 Tension piles pullout capacity includes the weight of the pile + shaft resistance (or skin friction w/c is taken as 50 % - 75% of equiv value in compression)
10 Theoretical Point Bearing Capacity p 38-2 Also known as " Tip resistance & point capacity "; Qp = Ap ( 1/2gammaBNgamma +cNc + gammaDfNq ) or ApgammaDNq or ApcNc
11 Theoretical Skin Friction Capacity p 38-3 Also known as " Side resistance, skin resistance & shaft capacity "; Qf = Asfs = pfsLe = pfs (L-seasonal variation).
40 Special Soil topics pp. 40-1 to 40-11 11

1 Allowable Pipe Loads p 40-9 w allowable = (known pipe crushing strength) x (LF/F)
2 Clay Condition p 40-3 "Consolidation curve" shows a recompression segment and the virgin compression branch.
3 Cofferdams and Caissons p 40-10 Cofferdam is a temporary structure built to enclose a construction site; Caisson is a permanent structure built in place to support a bridge or bldg.
4 Consolidation Parameters p 40-4 Along the recompression line, the recompression index,Cr, is the logarithmic slope of the recompression segment. Also, Cc.
5 Geotextiles p 40-10 Also known as filter cloth, reinforcing fabric and support membrane are fabrics used to stabilize, support and retain soils.
6 Liquefaction p 40-11 Is a sudden drop in shear strength that can occur in soils of saturated cohesionless particles such as sand. When sher strength drops to
zero, the sand liquefies. In effect, the soil turns into a liquid, allowing everything it previously supported to sink.
7 Loads on Buried pipes p 40-8 Ref: factor h/B yields valus of C for each Backfill materials.
8 Pressure from Applied Loads: p 40-1 The increase in vertical pressure caused by an application of a point load,P,;pv = (3hcubeP)/(2piztothe 5th)
Boussinesq's Equation when h>2B; pls. refer to Eq. 40.1
9 Pressure from Applied Loads: p 40-2 Delta pv = P/A wher A = area at influence depth "h"
Zone of Influence
10 Pressure from Applied Loads: p 40-2 For footing or mat foundation, pls. see chart on p. 40-3.
Influence Chart
11 Primary Consolidation p 40-4 When clay layers are loaded to a higher pressure, water is squeezed from the voids.Primary consolidation,Sprimary=(Hdeltae)/(1+eo)
12 Primary Consolidation Rate p 40-5 Consolidation of clay is a continuous process, thothe rate decreases with time. ; t=; Cv=; av= Tv=;
13 Secondary Consolidation p 40-5
14 Settling p 40-3 Generally due to "consolidation" ( decrease in void fraction ) of the supporting soil. 3 types: a. Immediate or elastic; b. Primary & c. Secondary
Since settling is greater for higher foundation pressures, specific settlement limits ( e.g. 1") are directly realted to the max. allow. Pressures.
15 Slope Stability in Saturated Clay p 40-7 "Taylor slope stability chart"; Typesof Slope failures=slope circle; toe circle; base circle.
16 Slurry Trench and Walls p 40-9 Slurry trenches are "non-structural" barriers created by chemically solidifying soils: to dewater construction sites, contain hazardous groundwater
Slurry Trench and Walls contaminants, & hydraulically isolate holding ponds and lagoons.
Slurry Trench and Walls Slurry walls are reinforced semistructural walls used for more seepage control than can be provided by H-pile or sheetpile construction.
Slurry Trench and Walls Slurry walls are constructedby excavating a trenc h, support it with bentonite slurry to prevent ground collapse inserting a pre-fab rebar cage
Slurry Trench and Walls and displacing the slurry with cast-in-place tremie concrete.
17 Soil Nailing p 40-11 It is a slope-stabilization method that involves installing closely spaced nails in the soil/rock face to increase iys overall shear strength.
18 Trenchless Methods p 40-11 Trenchless method include pipe jacking, microtunneling, auger boring and impact ramming.
wall footing; Combined ; Catilever. Should be safe against OT, sliding, uplift. All. S.pressure NOT be exceeded.
he weight of the pile + shaft resistance (or skin friction w/c is taken as 50 % - 75% of equiv value in compression)
Contents
Topic Ch.
# V STRUCTURAL
41 Determinate Statics pp. 41-1 to 41-21 21
1 Introduction to statics p 41-1 To be stationary, a rigid body has to be in static equilibrium…has no unbalanced forces acting on it.
2 Internal & External Forces p 41-2 External force is a force acting on a R.B. caused by other bodies; internal F is that holds part of the R.B. together.
3 Unit Vectors p 41-2 It is a vector of unit length directed alonga coordinate axis. In rec. coord. Sys, there are 3 unit vectors, I, j & k corresp to the 3 coord axes.
x, y & z respectively. Unit vectors are used in vector equations to indicate direction without affecting magnitude.
4 Concentrated Forces p 41-2 Also known as a point force, is a vector having magnitude, direction & location; e.g. F = Fxi + Fyj + Fzk; F = Fu; F = Sq. Rt….
5 Moments p 41-2 Moment is the name given to the tendency of a force to rotate, turn or twist a rigid body about an actual ( or assumed ) pivot point.
6 Moment of a Force about a Point p 41-2 Moments are vectors. Mo cross product of force F and position vector, r; Mo = r x F x sin theta = d x F
7 Varignon's Theorem p 41-3 "The sum of individual moments about a point caused by multiple concurrent forces is equal to the moment of result F about the point.
8 Moment of a Force about a Line p 41-3 Most rotating machines, motors, pemps, flywheels, etc, turn or rotate about a line. In particular, moment about a line is a scalar.
9 Components of a Moment p 41-3 Mx = Mcosthex; My = Mcosthey; Mz = Mcosthez; Mx =yFz -zFy; My = zFx-xFz; Mz= xFy - yFx; M=Sq. Rt….
10 Couples p 41-4 Any pair of equal, opposite & parallel forces constitute a couple; Mo = 2rFsin = Fd
11 Equivalence of Forces & Force-Couple Sy p 41-4 If a force,F, is moved a distance "d" from the original point of application, a couple,M, equal to Fd must added to counteract the couple.
12 Resultant Force-Couple Systems p 41-4 Any collection of forces and moments in three-dimensional space is statically equiv. to a single resultant force vector plus a S.R mom. Vector
13 Linear Force Systems p 41-4 Is one in w/c all forces are paralle a & applied along a straight line. A straight beam loaded by sev. concentrated forces ( loads ) is example.
14 Distributed Loads p 41-4 If an object is "continuously" loaded over a portion of its length, it is subject to a "distributed" load e.g.; dead load; hydrostatic pressure…
15 Moment from Distributed Loads p 41-6 M = 1/2 (w) xsq ; = product of the total force and the distance to the centroid of the distributed loads
16 Types of Force Systems p 41-6 Concurrent ( acting on same pt.); Collinear ( share same line of action); parallel; co-planar ( all F are in a plane ); gen. 3 dimension sys.
17 Condition of Equilibrium p 41-6 An obnject is static when it is stationary; when all of the forces on the object must be in equilibrium! Sum of all forces =0, Sum of M=0.
18 Two & Three force Members p 41-6 In most cases, two-force members are loaded axially, and the lines of action coincides with the member's longitudinal axis.
19 Reactions, types of supports p 41-6 The first step in solving most statics problems is to determine the reaction forces. Conventional symbols are used to define type of supports
20 Determinacy p 41-7 When the equations of equilib are independent, a rigid body force system is "statically determinate. When the body has more supports
than are necessary for equilibrium, the force system is said to be statically indeterminate.
21 Types of Determinate Beams p 41-7 see Fig. 41.8 ( 4 types illustrated ).
22 Free-Body Diagrams (F.B.D.) p 41-7 F.B.D. is a representation of a body in equilibrium. It shows all applied forces, moments & reactions. F.B.D. don't consider the internal structure
23 Finding Reactions in Two Dimensions p 41-8 There are 9 steps to follow.
24 Couples and Free Moments p 41-9 Once a couple on a body is known, the derivation & source of the couple is irrelevant. There are NO applied vertical ( or horizontal ) forces.
25 Influence Lines for Reactions p 41-10 It is a graph of the magnitude of a reaction as a function of the load placement. By convention, the load is taken as one (1) force unit.
Influence diagrams can also be drawn for moments, shears & deflections.
26 Hinges p 41-10 Hinges are added to structures to prevent translation while permitting rotation. A frictionless hinge can support a force, but it cannot transmit
a moment. Since the moment is zero, a structure can be sectioned at the hinge and the remainder of the structure can be replaced only by a force.
27 Levers p 41-10 Simple mechanical machine/s w/ ability to increase an applied force; The ratio of load-bearing force to the applied force is Mech'l Advantage
28 Pulleys p 41-11 (Also a sheave) is used to change the direction of an applied tensile force.A series of pulleys working together can also provide mech'l advantage
29 Axial members p 41-11 Is capable of supporting axial forces only & is loaded only @ its joints/ends. Can be in either tension or compression.
30 Forces in Axial Members p 41-11 A horizontal member carries only horizontal loads. It can not carry vertical loads. Similar to vertical members.
31 Trusses p 41-12 A set of pin-connected axial members.For truss to be stable, all of the structural cells must be triangles.
32 Determinate Trusses p 41-13 No. of members = 2(no. of joints) - 3.
33 Zero-Force Members p 41-13 3rd member framing into a jnt already connecting 2 collinear members carries NO internal force, unless there is a load applied at that jnt.
34 Method of Joints p 41-14 This method is useful when most or all truss member forces are to be calculated.
35 Cut-and-Sum Method p 41-15 Method can be used to find forces in inclined mambers. This is strictly an application of the vertical equilibrium condition; Sum Vf = 0.
36 Method of Sections p 41-15 It is a direct approach to finding forces in any truss member.
37 Superposition of Loads p 41-16
38 Transverse Truss Member Loads p 41-16 Nontraditional transverse loading can actually occur e.g. ; a truss member's own weight or a severe ice build-up.
39 Cables Carrying Concentrated Loads p 41-16 An ideal cable is assumed to be completely flexible, massless and incapable of elongation. The method of joints & sections can be used…
40 Parabolic Cables p 41-17 If the distributed load / unit length, w, on a cable is constant w/ respect to the horiz. axis, the cable will be parabolic in shape.
41 Cables Carrying Distributed Loads p 41-18
42 Catenary Cables p 41-18 If a distributed load is constant along the length of the cable, as it as w/ a loose cable loaded by its own wt., it will have a "catenary" shape
43 Cables with Ends at Different Elevations p 41-19 A cable will be asymmetrical if its ends are at different elevations.
44 Two-Dimensional Mechanisms p 41-19 A two-dimensional mechanism is a nonrigid structure.In order to determine an unknown force, 1 or more components is considrre F.B. (D.)
45 Equilibrium in Three dimensions p 41-20 There are 5 steps to follow.
46 Tripods p 41-21 It is a simple 3-dimensional truss that consists of 3 axial members.
Topic Ch.
# V STRUCTURAL
42 Properties of Areas pp. 42-1 to 42- 8 8
1 Centroid of An Area p 42-1 Pls. APP 42.a on page A-74
2 First Moment of the Area p 42-2
3 Centroid of a line p 42-2
4 Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus p 42-3 Surface & volume of revolution.
5 Moment of Inertia of an Area p 42-3 The centroidal moment of inertia, (Icx or Icy ) is the smallest possible moment of inertia for the shape.
6 Parallel Axis Theorem p 42-4 I parallel axis = Ic + A (d) squared.
7 Polar Moment of Inertia p 42-5 "J" is required in torsional stress calculations.
8 Radius of Gyration p 42-6 The radius of gyration is an imaginary distance from the centroidal axis at w/c the entire area can be assumed to exist without affecting
the moment of inertia.; I = r (squared ) A; r square root ( I/A ).
9 Product of Inertia p 42-6
10 Section Modulus, S p 42-7 In the analysis of beams, the outer compressive surface is known as the extreme fiber. The distance,c, from the c entroidal axis of the
beam x-section to the extreme fiber is the "distance to the extreme fiber." S combines the Ic and the distance to the extreme fiber.
11 Rotation of Axes p 42-7
12 Principal Axes p 42-7
13 Mohr's Circle p 42-8
43 Material Properties & Testin pp. 43-1 to 43-16 16

1 Tensile Test p 43-1 Elongation is plotted against the applied load; stress (s) = F/Ao; stain(e) = elongation/Lo; Strain-Stress Limits…A-Proportionality;
B-Elastic; C-Yield Point; D-Ultimate Strength; E- Fracture Point; O'-Permanent Set. By Hooke's Law; Slope of line along "proportionality limit"
is known as the Modulus of Elasticity, E = s/e; s = Ee; "Lower yield strength" is commonly reported as the yield strength.
2 Stress-Strain Char.:Non-Ferrous Metals p 43-3 Non-ferrous metals : aluminum, magnesium, copper & other FCC and HCP metals, no not have well-defined yield points.
3 Stress-Strain Char.:Brittle Materials p 43-3 Glass, cast-iron and ceramics, can only support small strains before they fail catastrophically (w/out warning ). NOT ductile.
4 Secant modulus p 43-4 It is the slope of the straight line connecting the "orogin" and the point of operation.
5 Poisson's Ratio p 43-4 It is the ratio of the lateral strain (diameter ) to the axial strain (length ), w/c is taken 0.3 for most metals; v = [(Do-Df)/Do]/[(Lo-Lf)/Lf]
6 Strain Hardening & Necking Down p 43-4 When the applied stress exceeds the yield strength, specimen u/goes plastic deformation and will strain harden. Then, neck down begins
7 True Stress & Strain p 43-5 True stress or physical stress is known as the stress calculated from the instantaneous area. T. strain must be calculated from the
areas or diameters, NOT length. E = 2ln ( Do/D); True stress ( sigma ) = K (e to the nth)
8 Ductility p 43-5 A material that deforms & elongates a great deal before failure is a ductile material. The % elongation is the total plastic strain @ failure.
Percent elongation = (Lf -Lo) / Lo x 100% = ef x 100%. (Reduction in Area = (Ao-Af) / Ao x 100%)
9 Strain Energy p 43-6 Also known as interal work, is the energy per unit volume stored in a deformed material. W = sigma e + C
10 Resilience p 43-6 Able to absorb & release strain without permanent deformation. It is measured by Modulus of Resilience or elastic toughness = (Syey)/2.
11 Toughness p 43-6 A tough material will be able to withstand occasional stresses w/out fracturing. UT = (Sy + Su)/2 (eu)
12 Unloading & Reloading p 43-7 The apparent yield stress of reloaded specimen will be higher. This extra strength is the result of the strain hardening that had occurred.
13 Compressive Strength p 43-7 Compressive strength ( ultimate strength in compression ) of "brittle" materials, e.g. concrete & cast iron, are much greater than their
tensile strengths, while the comp. strengths of ductile matls such as steel are the same as their tensile yield strengths.
14 Torsion Test p 43-7 Shear stress, tau, = G(theta); theta is shear strain. Angle of twist ( radians ) = TL/JG = tau (L) / r (G); Shear strength,Ss or Sys = 0.577Syt
15 Relationship between the Elastic Constant p 43-8 E=Mod. Of Elasticity; v = Piosson's ratio; G = Shear Modulus or Modulus of Elasticityof Shear; B= Bulk Modulus.
16 Fatigue Testing p 43-8 A material can fail after repeated stress loadings even if stress level never exceeds the ultimate strength, a condition known as fatigue failure.
A specimen is loaded repeatedly to a sp. Stress amplitude,s, & the number of applications of that stress req'd to cause failure,N is counted
17 Testing of Plastics p 43-10 Plastic tests are used to determine material specifications, NOT performance specifications.
18 Nondestructive Testing p 43-11 Used when it is impractical or uneconimical to perform destructive sampling on manufactured products & their parts. Magnetic particle,
eddy current, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic imaging, acoustic emission, infrared testing & radiography.
19 Hardness Testing p 43-12 Hardness tests measure the capacity of a surface to resist deformation, to verify heat treatments…Brinnell Hardness Test…with
Brinell Hardness Number, BHN = P/pi Dt = (2P) / [ pi D ( D- {Sq. Rt ( Dsquared - dsqueared }) ], SEE TABULATION of each TESTS
20 Toughness Testing p 43-14 Toughness is a measure of the material's ability to yield & absorb highly localized applied stresses. Notch Toughness,impact energy;
Charpy Test,falling pendulum striker; Izod Test.
21 Creep Test p 43-15 Creep or creep starin is the continuous yielding of a material under constant stress. During a creep test, a low tensile load of constant
magtitude is applied to a specimen, and the strain is measured as a function of time.
22 Effects of Impurities & Strain on Mech'l Prop 43-16 These produce stronger materials.
23 Classification of Materials p 43-16 Soft & weak; Strong & tough; Weak & brittle; Hard & strong.
Topic
# V STRUCTURAL
44 Strength of Materials pp. 44-1 to 44-19 19
1 Basic Concepts p 44-2 Stress is force per unit area, s=F/A; With normal stress, the area is normal to the force; W/ shear stress, the area is parallel to the force.
2 Hooke's Law p 44-2 Hooke's Law is a relationship between elastic stress & strain; For normal strain, the proportionality constant is E, the Modulus of Elasticity;
& for the shear stress, the constant of proportionality is the shear Modulus.
3 Elastic Deformation p 44-2 Since stress is F/A & strain is (elong) "delta"/Lo, Hooke's law can be rearranged; "delta" = (Lo"sigma")/E = LoF/EA; L = Lo + elong "delta".
4 Total Strain Energy p 44-2 below the proportionality limit, the total strain energy for a member loaded in tension or compression;U=FsqrdLo/2AE = sigmasqrdLoA/2E
5 Stiffness and Rigidity p 44-2 Stiffness is the amount of force req'd to cause a unit of deformation and is referred to as spring constant; k = F/"delta" (general form)
k= AE/Lo ( normal stress form ), lb / inch.Rigidities have NO units. A ratio of two (2) rigidities, however, indicates how much stiffer one
member is compared to another; Rj = kj / Sum of k (on a joint ). SEE table 44.1 for deflection & stiffness of various systems.
6 Thermal Deformation, w/ coeff. List. p 44-3 If the temperature of an object is changed, the object will experience length, area & volume change, the magnitude of which will depend
on the coefficient of linear expansion, "alpha". "delta"L = "alpha"Lo ( T2-T1); "delta" V = "beta"Vo ( T2-T1); Thermal strain = "delta"L/Lo
7 Stress Concentrations p 44-4 A geometric stress concentration occurs whenever there is a discontinuity or non-uniformity in an object.
8 Combined Stresses ( Biaxial Loading ) p 44-5 "normal stress"=1/2(n.stress x + n stress y) = +or- shear stress 1; principal shear stress = +or-1/2 ( sq rt. (n.s. x- n.s. y)sqrd + …
9 Mohr's Circle for Stress p 44-6 See 8 steps to draw "Mohr's" circle….
10 Impact Loading p 44-7 If a load is applied to a strcuture suddenly, the structure's response will be composed of two (20 parts); a transient response w/c decays
to zero, and a steady-state response. The total change in potential energy of the mass from the change in elev & deflection :See Sec 4 )
11 Shear & Moment p 44-7 Shear at a point is the sum of all vertical forces acting on an object. Typical application is shear at a pnt. on a beam. Moment at a
point is the total bending moment acting on an object.
12 Shear & Bending Moment Diagrams p 44-8 Maximum moment occurs at the point of zero shear.
13 Shear Stress in Beams p 44-9 Shear stress is NOT the limiting factor in most designs However, it can control in wood and conc. beams & in thin tubes.Ss or tau=V/A
For a rectangular beam; Ss or tau = 3V/2bh; Beam w/ circular x-section = 4V/3pirsqrd; a hollow cylinder used as a beam=2V/A
14 Bending Stress in Beams p 44-10 "sigma"b = Mc/I = M/S; S=bhsqrd/6…
15 Strain Energy Due to Bending Moment p 44-11 U =1/(2EI)…
16 Eccentric Loading of Axial Members p 44-11 Stress = F/A +or- Mc/I = F/A +or- Fe(c/I) = F/A +or- M/S
17 Beam Deflection: Doub. Integration Metho p 44-13 OK…See example
18 Beam Deflection: Moment Area Method p 44-14 …
19 Beam Deflection: Strain Energy Method p 44-15 …
20 Beam Deflection: Conjugate Beam Methodp 44-16 …
21 Beam Deflection: Table Look-up Method p 44-16 See Appendix 44.A & 47.A
22 Beam Deflection: superposition p 44-16
23 Inflection Points p 44-16 Point of contraflexure…
24 Truss Deflection: Strain Energy Method p 44-17 Req'd: All member forces are known!
25 Truss Deflection: Virtual Work Method p 44-17 "delta"=Sum of (SuL / AE )
26 Modes of Beam Failures p 44-18 Excessive deflection or elastic failure; lateral / vertical buckling, web crippling, rotation (plastic hinge)
27 Curved Beams p 44-19 See Table 44.4 for "correction" factors
28 Composite Structures p 44-19 There are 9 steps to follow. Use "transformed" sections; n = Emax / E weakest
45 Basic Elements of Design pp. 45-1 to 45-19 19

1 Slender Columns p 45-2 Sideways buckling failure or Critical load or Euler load.; "sigma"e= Fe/A = (pisqrdE)/(KL/r)sqrd…NOTE: Consider factor of safety.
GIVEN: E, SyT & r…Solve (SR)T by getting Kvalus from Table 45.1. Check if Long Column; L/r > (SR)T;then compute allow Fv,
2 Intermediate Columns p 45-3 W/ reference to "curve-fit" constants a and b…and Critical slenderness ratio.
3 Eccentrically Loaded Columns p 45-3 Use secant formula. For a given eccentricity,e, & an assumed buclking load,F, eq. 45.9 is solved by trial & error.
"sigma" max = (F/A) / {1 + (ec/rsqrd)sec phi}
4 Thin-walled cylindrical tanks p 45-3 Wall thickness-to-internal diam. Ratio; t/di or t/2ri < 0.1; St=pr/t; Sa=pr/2t; Sb=Mc/I; I = (d/2)cube pi t; Ssum = St + Sb + Sa
5 Thick-walled cylinders p 45-4
6 Thin-walled spherical tanks p 45-5 Stress = pr/2t
7 Interference fits, cylinders w/in cylinders p 45-5 It is the outer pice, while inner pc is called the shrink fit. Idiam=2Iradial=do(inner)-di(outer); Tmax=2pifprsqrd(L)
8 Stress Concentration for Press-Fitted shaftp 45-7 When a shaft carrying apress-fitted hub is loaded in flexure, there will be an increase in shaft bending stress in the vic. Of the inner hub edge.
9 Bolts p 45-8 American National (Unified) thread is specified by the sequence of parameters S(xL)-N-F-A-(H-E) where S is the thread outside diameter
(nominal size), L=optional shank length; N=number of threads per inch; F=thread pitch family; A= the class (allowance) & H and E
are optional hand and engagement length designations. Proof load = Proof Strength x bolt x-sectional area.
10 Rivet & Bolt Connections p 45-10 tension lap : Failure-shear @ connectors: Ss=F/A & n=Ss/allow shear stress; Plate fails in tension: At=t (b-nd) & St=F/At
Plate fails in bearing: (bolt bearing area)…Sb=F/dt & n=Sb/allow bearing stress; Plate fails by shear tear-out;Ss=F/[(2t)(L-d/2)]
11 Bolt preload p 45-11 An effective method of reducing the alternating stress in bolted tension connections. Fbolt=Fi + [(kbolt)(Fapplied)/(kbolt + kparts)]
12 Bolt torque to Obtain Preload p 45-12 "Maney formula"; Installation torque,T = KtdboltFi=…; tan (theta) = (lead per revolution)/(2 pi r t)
13 Fillet welds p 45-13 y=weld size; Stress=F/(bte) where te =0.707y.Weld (filler) m etal should have a strength equal to or greater thanthe base material.
Topic
# V STRUCTURAL
14 Circular shaft design p 45-13 Torsional stress…
15 Torsion in thin-walled, non circular shells p 45-14
16 Torsion in Solid, NonCircular members p 45-15 I-beam included….
17 Shear Center of Beams p 45-15 The shear center is a point that does not experience rotation when the beam is in torsion
18 Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections p 45-16 Torsional shear stress = Fer/J to be resolved into "x" & "y" components. Vertical load shear stress = F/nA; Total stress = …
19 Eccentrically Loaded Welded Connections p 45-18 Assume: each weld is a line & assuming an arbitrary thickness, "t". Torsional shear stress = Mr/J; See App. 45.A for "r' & "J" values.
20 Flat Plates p 45-18 "Built-in" or simply supported. Find t, bending stress or internal pressure… ex : t= sqrt [(3prsqrd)/(4allow bending stress)]
21 Springs p 45-19 The ideal spring is assumed to be elastic w/in its working range; F=k(delta); k = ( F1-F2)/(delta1-delta2), etc
22 Wire Rope p 45-19 n strands x m wires x diameter wire rope
46 Structural analysis pp. 46-1 to 46-13 13

1 Introduction to Indeterminate Statics p 46-1 Equations of statics are NOT sufficient to determine all reactions, momemts & internal forces. Additional formulas involving deflection are req'd
2 Degree of Indeterminacy p 46-1 Is equal to the number of reactions or members that wud have to be removed to make the structure statically determinate.
3 Indeterminate Beams p 46-1 Continuous beams; propped cantilever beam; fixed-end beam
4 Review of Elastic Deformation p 46-1 Deformation= FL/AE = "alpha"Lo (T2-T1)
5 Consistent Deformation Method p 46-2 F=Fc + Fst; Deform"c" = Deform"st"; Fc = F / [( 1 + (AstEst/AcEc)]; Similarly, Fst = …
6 Superposition Method p 46-4 There are at least 4 steps to follow.
7 Three-Moment equation p 46-5 M1L1 +2M2(L1+L2) + M3L2 = -6 {A1a/L1 + A2b/L2}; Aa=Ab=Flcube/16 ( Conc.Ld @ midspan); Aa=Ab=wLto the 4th/24 (uniform L)
8 Fixed-End Moments p 46-6 Fixed-end beams are inherently indeterminate. SEE APP 47.A
9 Indeterminate Trusses p 46-6 Dummy unit Load method. Draw the truss twice & follow the six steps.
10 Influence Diagrams p 46-7 Shear, moment & reaction influence diagrams (influence lines) can be drawn for any point on a beam or truss.
Influence Diagram for Beam reactions; Finding Reaction Influence Diagrams Graphically; Influence Diagrams for Beam Shears;
Shear Influence Diagrams by Virtual displacement; Moment Influence Diagrams by Virtual displacement; Shear Influence Diagrams
on Cross-Beam Decks; Influence Diagrams on Cross-Beam Decks; Influence Diagrams for Truss Members
11 Moving Loads on Beams p 46-13 There are at least 5 steps to follow.

1 Introduction to Structural Analysis p 47-1
2 Traditional Methods p 47-2 Indeterminate structural analysis procedures can be classified as either force method or displacement method.
The classical moment distribution & slope deflection methods are displacement - based solutions. The stiffness method is also
displacement method. The flexibility method is a force-based approach.
3 Review of Work & Energy p 47-3 W= PV (linear displacement); W=T0 (rotation); W = U2 - U1.
4 Review of Linear Deformation p 47-3 Deformation = PL/AE.
5 Thermal Loading p 47-3 Thermal induced axial load in a constrained member with a uniform temperature change is: coeff. Of thermal expansion(T2-T1)(LAE/L)
or = coeff. Of thermal expansion (T2-T1)AE
6 Dummy Unit Load Method ( D.U.L.M. ) p 47-3 Or the energy method is based on the virtual work principle.
7 Beam Deflections by the D.U.L.M. p 47-4 See example 47.1, with "beam" F.B.D. & deflection - work done by a unit load.
8 Truss Deflections by the D.U.L.M. p 47-4 See example 47.2, with "truss" F.B.D. & deflection - work done by a unit load.
9 Frame Deflections by the D.U.L.M. p 47-5 See example 47.3, with a "frame" F.B.D. & deflection - work done by a unit load.
10 Conjugate Beam Method p 47-6 See example 47.4, with real beam & conjugate beam.
11 Introduction to the Flexibility Method p 47-7 Also known as the method of consistent deformations. ( w/ three-span continuous beam w/ arbitrary / random loading.
12 Basic Flexibility Method Procedure p 47-7 There are at least 5 steps to follow.
13 Systematic Flexibility Method Procedure p 47-8 There are at least 4 steps to follow.
14 Stiffness Method p 47-10 Solve by Simultaneous Linear Equation.
15 Moment Distribution Method p 47-13 COF-Carry Over factor; DF-Distribution Factor
16 Moment Distribution Procedure: NO Side p 47-13 There are at least 8 steps to follow.
17 Structures with Sidesway p 47-15
18 Second Order ( P-V ) Analysis p 47-16
19 Simplified Second-Order Analysis p 47-16
20 Plastic Analysis p 47-17
21 Plastic Analysis of Beams p 47-17
22 Appox. Method : Assumed Inflection Point p 47-18
23 Appox. Method : Moment Coefficients p 47-19
24 Appox. Method : Shear Coefficients p 47-19
25 Appox. Method : Envelope of Max. Shear p 47-20
ero, a structure can be sectioned at the hinge and the remainder of the structure can be replaced only by a force.
the direction of an applied tensile force.A series of pulleys working together can also provide mech'l advantage
Topic Ch.
# V STRUCTURAL
41 Determinate Statics pp. 41-1 to 41-21 21
1 Axial members p 41-11 Is capable of supporting axial forces only & is loaded only @ its joints/ends. Can be in either tension or compression.
2 Cables Carrying Concentrated Loads p 41-16 An ideal cable is assumed to be completely flexible, massless and incapable of elongation. The method of joints & sections can be used…
3 Cables Carrying Distributed Loads p 41-18
4 Cables with Ends at Different Elevations p 41-19 A cable will be asymmetrical if its ends are at different elevations.
5 Catenary Cables p 41-18 If a distributed load is constant along the length of the cable, as it as w/ a loose cable loaded by its own wt., it will have a "catenary" shape
6 Components of a Moment p 41-3 Mx = Mcosthex; My = Mcosthey; Mz = Mcosthez; Mx =yFz -zFy; My = zFx-xFz; Mz= xFy - yFx; M=Sq. Rt….
7 Concentrated Forces p 41-2 Also known as a point force, is a vector having magnitude, direction & location; e.g. F = Fxi + Fyj + Fzk; F = Fu; F = Sq. Rt….
8 Condition of Equilibrium p 41-6 An obnject is static when it is stationary; when all of the forces on the object must be in equilibrium! Sum of all forces =0, Sum of M=0.
9 Couples p 41-4 Any pair of equal, opposite & parallel forces constitute a couple; Mo = 2rFsin = Fd
10 Couples and Free Moments p 41-9 Once a couple on a body is known, the derivation & source of the couple is irrelevant. There are NO applied vertical ( or horizontal ) forces.
11 Cut-and-Sum Method p 41-15 Method can be used to find forces in inclined mambers. This is strictly an application of the vertical equilibrium condition; Sum Vf = 0.
12 Determinacy p 41-7 When the equations of equilib are independent, a rigid body force system is "statically determinate. When the body has more supports
Determinacy than are necessary for equilibrium, the force system is said to be statically indeterminate.
13 Determinate Trusses p 41-13 No. of members = 2(no. of joints) - 3.
14 Distributed Loads p 41-4 If an object is "continuously" loaded over a portion of its length, it is subject to a "distributed" load e.g.; dead load; hydrostatic pressure…
15 Equilibrium in Three dimensions p 41-20 There are 5 steps to follow.
16 Equivalence of Forces & Force-Couple Sy p 41-4 If a force,F, is moved a distance "d" from the original point of application, a couple,M, equal to Fd must added to counteract the couple.
17 Finding Reactions in Two Dimensions p 41-8 There are 9 steps to follow.
18 Forces in Axial Members p 41-11 A horizontal member carries only horizontal loads. It can not carry vertical loads. Similar to vertical members.
19 Free-Body Diagrams (F.B.D.) p 41-7 F.B.D. is a representation of a body in equilibrium. It shows all applied forces, moments & reactions. F.B.D. don't consider the internal structure
20 Hinges p 41-10 Hinges are added to structures to prevent translation while permitting rotation. A frictionless hinge can support a force, but it cannot transmit
Hinges a moment. Since the moment is zero, a structure can be sectioned at the hinge and the remainder of the structure can be replaced only by a force.
21 Influence Lines for Reactions p 41-10 It is a graph of the magnitude of a reaction as a function of the load placement. By convention, the load is taken as one (1) force unit.
Influence Lines for Reactions Influence diagrams can also be drawn for moments, shears & deflections.
22 Internal & External Forces p 41-2 External force is a force acting on a R.B. caused by other bodies; internal F is that holds part of the R.B. together.
23 Introduction to statics p 41-1 To be stationary, a rigid body has to be in static equilibrium…has no unbalanced forces acting on it.
24 Levers p 41-10 Simple mechanical machine/s w/ ability to increase an applied force; The ratio of load-bearing force to the applied force is Mech'l Advantage
25 Linear Force Systems p 41-4 Is one in w/c all forces are paralle a & applied along a straight line. A straight beam loaded by sev. concentrated forces ( loads ) is example.
26 Method of Sections p 41-15 It is a direct approach to finding forces in any truss member.
27 Method of Joints p 41-14 This method is useful when most or all truss member forces are to be calculated.
28 Moment from Distributed Loads p 41-6 M = 1/2 (w) xsq ; = product of the total force and the distance to the centroid of the distributed loads
29 Moment of a Force about a Line p 41-3 Most rotating machines, motors, pemps, flywheels, etc, turn or rotate about a line. In particular, moment about a line is a scalar.
30 Moment of a Force about a Point p 41-2 Moments are vectors. Mo cross product of force F and position vector, r; Mo = r x F x sin theta = d x F
31 Moments p 41-2 Moment is the name given to the tendency of a force to rotate, turn or twist a rigid body about an actual ( or assumed ) pivot point.
32 Parabolic Cables p 41-17 If the distributed load / unit length, w, on a cable is constant w/ respect to the horiz. axis, the cable will be parabolic in shape.
33 Pulleys p 41-11 (Also a sheave) is used to change the direction of an applied tensile force.A series of pulleys working together can also provide mech'l advantage
34 Reactions, types of supports p 41-6 The first step in solving most statics problems is to determine the reaction forces. Conventional symbols are used to define type of supports
35 Resultant Force-Couple Systems p 41-4 Any collection of forces and moments in three-dimensional space is statically equiv. to a single resultant force vector plus a S.R mom. Vector
36 Superposition of Loads p 41-16
37 Transverse Truss Member Loads p 41-16 Nontraditional transverse loading can actually occur e.g. ; a truss member's own weight or a severe ice build-up.
38 Tripods p 41-21 It is a simple 3-dimensional truss that consists of 3 axial members.
39 Trusses p 41-12 A set of pin-connected axial members.For truss to be stable, all of the structural cells must be triangles.
40 Two & Three force Members p 41-6 In most cases, two-force members are loaded axially, and the lines of action coincides with the member's longitudinal axis.
41 Two-Dimensional Mechanisms p 41-19 A two-dimensional mechanism is a nonrigid structure.In order to determine an unknown force, 1 or more components is considrre F.B. (D.)
42 Types of Determinate Beams p 41-7 see Fig. 41.8 ( 4 types illustrated ).
43 Types of Force Systems p 41-6 Concurrent ( acting on same pt.); Collinear ( share same line of action); parallel; co-planar ( all F are in a plane ); gen. 3 dimension sys.
44 Unit Vectors p 41-2 It is a vector of unit length directed alonga coordinate axis. In rec. coord. Sys, there are 3 unit vectors, I, j & k corresp to the 3 coord axes.
Unit Vectors x, y & z respectively. Unit vectors are used in vector equations to indicate direction without affecting magnitude.
45 Varignon's Theorem p 41-3 "The sum of individual moments about a point caused by multiple concurrent forces is equal to the moment of result F about the point.
46 Zero-Force Members p 41-13 3rd member framing into a jnt already connecting 2 collinear members carries NO internal force, unless there is a load applied at that jnt.
Topic Ch.
# V STRUCTURAL
42 Properties of Areas pp. 42-1 to 42- 8 8
1 Centroid of a line p 42-2
Centroid of An Area p 42-1 Pls. APP 42.a on page A-74
2 First Moment of the Area p 42-2
3 Mohr's Circle p 42-8
4 Moment of Inertia of an Area p 42-3 The centroidal moment of inertia, (Icx or Icy ) is the smallest possible moment of inertia for the shape.
5 Parallel Axis Theorem p 42-4 I parallel axis = Ic + A (d) squared.
6 Polar Moment of Inertia p 42-5 "J" is required in torsional stress calculations.
7 Principal Axes p 42-7
8 Product of Inertia p 42-6
9 Radius of Gyration p 42-6 The radius of gyration is an imaginary distance from the centroidal axis at w/c the entire area can be assumed to exist without affecting
Radius of Gyration the moment of inertia.; I = r (squared ) A; r square root ( I/A ).
10 Rotation of Axes p 42-7
11 Section Modulus, S p 42-7 In the analysis of beams, the outer compressive surface is known as the extreme fiber. The distance,c, from the c entroidal axis of the
Section Modulus, S beam x-section to the extreme fiber is the "distance to the extreme fiber." S combines the Ic and the distance to the extreme fiber.
12 Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus p 42-3 Surface & volume of revolution.
43 Material Properties & Testin pp. 43-1 to 43-16 16

1 Classification of Materials p 43-16 Soft & weak; Strong & tough; Weak & brittle; Hard & strong.
2 Compressive Strength p 43-7 Compressive strength ( ultimate strength in compression ) of "brittle" materials, e.g. concrete & cast iron, are much greater than their
Compressive Strength tensile strengths, while the comp. strengths of ductile matls such as steel are the same as their tensile yield strengths.
3 Creep Test p 43-15 Creep or creep starin is the continuous yielding of a material under constant stress. During a creep test, a low tensile load of constant
Creep Test magtitude is applied to a specimen, and the strain is measured as a function of time.
4 Ductility p 43-5 A material that deforms & elongates a great deal before failure is a ductile material. The % elongation is the total plastic strain @ failure.
Ductility Percent elongation = (Lf -Lo) / Lo x 100% = ef x 100%. (Reduction in Area = (Ao-Af) / Ao x 100%)
5 Effects of Impurities & Strain on Mech'l Prop 43-16 These produce stronger materials.
6 Fatigue Testing p 43-8 A material can fail after repeated stress loadings even if stress level never exceeds the ultimate strength, a condition known as fatigue failure.
Fatigue Testing A specimen is loaded repeatedly to a sp. Stress amplitude,s, & the number of applications of that stress req'd to cause failure,N is counted
7 Hardness Testing p 43-12 Hardness tests measure the capacity of a surface to resist deformation, to verify heat treatments…Brinnell Hardness Test…with
Hardness Testing Brinell Hardness Number, BHN = P/pi Dt = (2P) / [ pi D ( D- {Sq. Rt ( Dsquared - dsqueared }) ], SEE TABULATION of each TESTS
8 Nondestructive Testing p 43-11 Used when it is impractical or uneconimical to perform destructive sampling on manufactured products & their parts. Magnetic particle,
Nondestructive Testing eddy current, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic imaging, acoustic emission, infrared testing & radiography.
9 Poisson's Ratio p 43-4 It is the ratio of the lateral strain (diameter ) to the axial strain (length ), w/c is taken 0.3 for most metals; v = [(Do-Df)/Do]/[(Lo-Lf)/Lf]
10 Relationship between the Elastic Constant p 43-8 E=Mod. Of Elasticity; v = Piosson's ratio; G = Shear Modulus or Modulus of Elasticityof Shear; B= Bulk Modulus.
11 Resilience p 43-6 Able to absorb & release strain without permanent deformation. It is measured by Modulus of Resilience or elastic toughness = (Syey)/2.
12 Secant modulus p 43-4 It is the slope of the straight line connecting the "orogin" and the point of operation.
13 Strain Energy p 43-6 Also known as interal work, is the energy per unit volume stored in a deformed material. W = sigma e + C
14 Strain Hardening & Necking Down p 43-4 When the applied stress exceeds the yield strength, specimen u/goes plastic deformation and will strain harden. Then, neck down begins
15 Stress-Strain Char.:Brittle Materials p 43-3 Glass, cast-iron and ceramics, can only support small strains before they fail catastrophically (w/out warning ). NOT ductile.
16 Stress-Strain Char.:Non-Ferrous Metals p 43-3 Non-ferrous metals : aluminum, magnesium, copper & other FCC and HCP metals, no not have well-defined yield points.
17 Tensile Test p 43-1 Elongation is plotted against the applied load; stress (s) = F/Ao; stain(e) = elongation/Lo; Strain-Stress Limits…A-Proportionality;
Tensile Test B-Elastic; C-Yield Point; D-Ultimate Strength; E- Fracture Point; O'-Permanent Set. By Hooke's Law; Slope of line along "proportionality limit"
Tensile Test is known as the Modulus of Elasticity, E = s/e; s = Ee; "Lower yield strength" is commonly reported as the yield strength.
18 Testing of Plastics p 43-10 Plastic tests are used to determine material specifications, NOT performance specifications.
19 Torsion Test p 43-7 Shear stress, tau, = G(theta); theta is shear strain. Angle of twist ( radians ) = TL/JG = tau (L) / r (G); Shear strength,Ss or Sys = 0.577Syt
20 Toughness p 43-6 A tough material will be able to withstand occasional stresses w/out fracturing. UT = (Sy + Su)/2 (eu)
21 Toughness Testing p 43-14 Toughness is a measure of the material's ability to yield & absorb highly localized applied stresses. Notch Toughness,impact energy;
Toughness Testing Charpy Test,falling pendulum striker; Izod Test.
22 True Stress & Strain p 43-5 True stress or physical stress is known as the stress calculated from the instantaneous area. T. strain must be calculated from the
True Stress & Strain areas or diameters, NOT length. E = 2ln ( Do/D); True stress ( sigma ) = K (e to the nth)
23 Unloading & Reloading p 43-7 The apparent yield stress of reloaded specimen will be higher. This extra strength is the result of the strain hardening that had occurred.
Topic Ch.
# V STRUCTURAL
1 Basic Concepts p 44-2 Stress is force per unit area, s=F/A; With normal stress, the area is normal to the force; W/ shear stress, the area is parallel to the force.
2 Beam Deflection: Conjugate Beam Methodp 44-16 …
3 Beam Deflection: Doub. Integration Metho p 44-13 OK…See example
4 Beam Deflection: Moment Area Method p 44-14 …
5 Beam Deflection: Strain Energy Method p 44-15 …
6 Beam Deflection: superposition p 44-16
7 Beam Deflection: Table Look-up Method p 44-16 See Appendix 44.A & 47.A
8 Bending Stress in Beams p 44-10 "sigma"b = Mc/I = M/S; S=bhsqrd/6… SEE table 44.1 for deflection & stiffness of various systems.
9 Combined Stresses ( Biaxial Loading ) p 44-5 "normal stress"=1/2(n.stress x + n stress y) = +or- shear stress 1; principal shear stress = +or-1/2 ( sq rt. (n.s. x- n.s. y)sqrd + …
10 Composite Structures p 44-19 There are 9 steps to follow. Use "transformed" sections; n = Emax / E weakest
11 Curved Beams p 44-19 See Table 44.4 for "correction" factors
12 Eccentric Loading of Axial Members p 44-11 Stress = F/A +or- Mc/I = F/A +or- Fe(c/I) = F/A +or- M/S
13 Elastic Deformation p 44-2 Since stress is F/A & strain is (elong) "delta"/Lo, Hooke's law can be rearranged; "delta" = (Lo"sigma")/E = LoF/EA; L = Lo + elong "delta".
14 Hooke's Law p 44-2 Hooke's Law is a relationship between elastic stress & strain; For normal strain, the proportionality constant is E, the Modulus of Elasticity;
Hooke's Law & for the shear stress, the constant of proportionality is the shear Modulus.
15 Impact Loading p 44-7 If a load is applied to a strcuture suddenly, the structure's response will be composed of two (20 parts); a transient response w/c decays
Impact Loading to zero, and a steady-state response. The total change in potential energy of the mass from the change in elev & deflection :See Sec 4 )
16 Inflection Points p 44-16 Point of contraflexure…
17 Modes of Beam Failures p 44-18 Excessive deflection or elastic failure; lateral / vertical buckling, web crippling, rotation (plastic hinge)
18 Mohr's Circle for Stress p 44-6 See 8 steps to draw "Mohr's" circle….
19 Shear & Bending Moment Diagrams p 44-8 Maximum moment occurs at the point of zero shear.
20 Shear & Moment p 44-7 Shear at a point is the sum of all vertical forces acting on an object. Typical application is shear at a pnt. on a beam. Moment at a
Shear & Moment point is the total bending moment acting on an object.
21 Shear Stress in Beams p 44-9 Shear stress is NOT the limiting factor in most designs However, it can control in wood and conc. beams & in thin tubes.Ss or tau=V/A
Shear Stress in Beams For a rectangular beam; Ss or tau = 3V/2bh; Beam w/ circular x-section = 4V/3pirsqrd; a hollow cylinder used as a beam=2V/A
22 Stiffness and Rigidity p 44-2 Stiffness is the amount of force req'd to cause a unit of deformation and is referred to as spring constant; k = F/"delta" (general form)
Stiffness and Rigidity k= AE/Lo ( normal stress form ), lb / inch.Rigidities have NO units. A ratio of two (2) rigidities, however, indicates how much stiffer one
Stiffness and Rigidity member is compared to another; Rj = kj / Sum of k (on a joint ).
23 Strain Energy Due to Bending Moment p 44-11 U =1/(2EI)…
24 Stress Concentrations p 44-4 A geometric stress concentration occurs whenever there is a discontinuity or non-uniformity in an object.
25 Thermal Deformation, w/ coeff. List. p 44-3 If the temperature of an object is changed, the object will experience length, area & volume change, the magnitude of which will depend
Thermal Deformation, w/ coeff. List. on the coefficient of linear expansion, "alpha". "delta"L = "alpha"Lo ( T2-T1); "delta" V = "beta"Vo ( T2-T1); Thermal strain = "delta"L/Lo
26 Total Strain Energy p 44-2 below the proportionality limit, the total strain energy for a member loaded in tension or compression;U=FsqrdLo/2AE = sigmasqrdLoA/2E
27 Truss Deflection: Strain Energy Method p 44-17 Req'd: All member forces are known!
28 Truss Deflection: Virtual Work Method p 44-17 "delta"=Sum of (SuL / AE )

1 Bolt preload p 45-11 An effective method of reducing the alternating stress in bolted tension connections. Fbolt=Fi + [(kbolt)(Fapplied)/(kbolt + kparts)]
2 Bolt torque to Obtain Preload p 45-12 "Maney formula"; Installation torque,T = KtdboltFi=…; tan (theta) = (lead per revolution)/(2 pi r t)
3 Bolts p 45-8 American National (Unified) thread is specified by the sequence of parameters S(xL)-N-F-A-(H-E) where S is the thread outside diameter
Bolts (nominal size), L=optional shank length; N=number of threads per inch; F=thread pitch family; A= the class (allowance) & H and E
Bolts are optional hand and engagement length designations.
4 Circular shaft design p 45-13 Torsional stress…
5 Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections p 45-16 Torsional shear stress = Fer/J to be resolved into "x" & "y" components. Vertical load shear stress = F/nA; Total stress = …
6 Eccentrically Loaded Columns p 45-3 Use secant formula. For a given eccentricity,e, & an assumed buclking load,F, eq. 45.9 is solved by trial & error.
Eccentrically Loaded Columns "sigma" max = (F/A) / {1 + (ec/rsqrd)sec phi}
7 Eccentrically Loaded Welded Connections p 45-18 Assume: each weld is a line & assuming an arbitrary thickness, "t". Torsional shear stress = Mr/J; See App. 45.A for "r' & "J" values.
8 Fillet welds p 45-13 y=weld size; Stress=F/(bte) where te =0.707y.Weld (filler) m etal should have a strength equal to or greater thanthe base material.
9 Flat Plates p 45-18 "Built-in" or simply supported. Find t, bending stress or internal pressure… ex : t= sqrt [(3prsqrd)/(4allow bending stress)]
10 Interference fits, cylinders w/in cylinders p 45-5 It is the outer pice, while inner pc is called the shrink fit. Id Proof load = Proof Strength x bolt x-sectional area.
11 Intermediate Columns p 45-3 W/ reference to "curve-fit" constants a and b…and Critical slenderness ratio.
12 Rivet & Bolt Connections p 45-10 tension lap : Failure-shear @ connectors: Ss=F/A & n=Ss/allow shear stress; Plate fails in tension: At=t (b-nd) & St=F/At
Rivet & Bolt Connections Plate fails in bearing: (bolt bearing area)…Sb=F/dt & n=Sb/allow bearing stress; Plate fails by shear tear-out;Ss=F/[(2t)(L-d/2)]
13 Shear Center of Beams p 45-15 The shear center is a point that does not experience rotation when the beam is in torsion
14 Slender Columns p 45-2 Sideways buckling failure or Critical load or Euler load.; "sigma"e= Fe/A = (pisqrdE)/(KL/r)sqrd…NOTE: Consider factor of safety.
Slender Columns GIVEN: E, SyT & r…Solve (SR)T by getting Kvalus from Table 45.1. Check if Long Column; L/r > (SR)T;then compute allow Fv,
Topic Ch.
# V STRUCTURAL
15 Springs p 45-19 The ideal spring is assumed to be elastic w/in its working range; F=k(delta); k = ( F1-F2)/(delta1-delta2), etc
16 Stress Concentration for Press-Fitted shaftp 45-7 When a shaft carrying apress-fitted hub is loaded in flexure, there will be an increase in shaft bending stress in the vic. Of the inner hub edge.
17 Thick-walled cylinders p 45-4
18 Thin-walled cylindrical tanks p 45-3 Wall thickness-to-internal diam. Ratio; t/di or t/2ri < 0.1; St=pr/t; Sa=pr/2t; Sb=Mc/I; I = (d/2)cube pi t; Ssum = St + Sb + Sa
19 Thin-walled spherical tanks p 45-5 Stress = pr/2t
20 Torsion in Solid, NonCircular members p 45-15 I-beam included….
21 Torsion in thin-walled, non circular shells p 45-14
22 Wire Rope p 45-19 n strands x m wires x diameter wire rope
46 Structural analysis pp. 46-1 to 46-13 13

1 Consistent Deformation Method p 46-2 F=Fc + Fst; Deform"c" = Deform"st"; Fc = F / [( 1 + (AstEst/AcEc)]; Similarly, Fst = …
2 Degree of Indeterminacy p 46-1 Is equal to the number of reactions or members that wud have to be removed to make the structure statically determinate.
3 Fixed-End Moments p 46-6 Fixed-end beams are inherently indeterminate. SEE APP 47.A
4 Indeterminate Beams p 46-1 Continuous beams; propped cantilever beam; fixed-end beam
5 Indeterminate Trusses p 46-6 Dummy unit Load method. Draw the truss twice & follow the six steps.
6 Influence Diagrams p 46-7 Shear, moment & reaction influence diagrams (influence lines) can be drawn for any point on a beam or truss.
Influence Diagrams Influence Diagram for Beam reactions; Finding Reaction Influence Diagrams Graphically; Influence Diagrams for Beam Shears;
Influence Diagrams Shear Influence Diagrams by Virtual displacement; Moment Influence Diagrams by Virtual displacement; Shear Influence Diagrams
Influence Diagrams on Cross-Beam Decks; Influence Diagrams on Cross-Beam Decks; Influence Diagrams for Truss Members
7 Introduction to Indeterminate Statics p 46-1 Equations of statics are NOT sufficient to determine all reactions, momemts & internal forces. Additional formulas involving deflection are req'd
8 Moving Loads on Beams p 46-13 There are at least 5 steps to follow.
9 Review of Elastic Deformation p 46-1 Deformation= FL/AE = "alpha"Lo (T2-T1)
10 Superposition Method p 46-4 There are at least 4 steps to follow.
11 Three-Moment equation p 46-5 M1L1 +2M2(L1+L2) + M3L2 = -6 {A1a/L1 + A2b/L2}; Aa=Ab=Flcube/16 ( Conc.Ld @ midspan); Aa=Ab=wLto the 4th/24 (uniform L)

1 Appox. Method : Assumed Inflection Point p 47-18
2 Appox. Method : Envelope of Max. Shear p 47-20
3 Appox. Method : Moment Coefficients p 47-19
4 Appox. Method : Shear Coefficients p 47-19
5 Basic Flexibility Method Procedure p 47-7 There are at least 5 steps to follow.
6 Beam Deflections by the D.U.L.M. p 47-4 See example 47.1, with "beam" F.B.D. & deflection - work done by a unit load.
7 Conjugate Beam Method p 47-6 See example 47.4, with real beam & conjugate beam.
8 Dummy Unit Load Method ( D.U.L.M. ) p 47-3 Or the energy method is based on the virtual work principle.
9 Frame Deflections by the D.U.L.M. p 47-5 See example 47.3, with a "frame" F.B.D. & deflection - work done by a unit load.
10 Introduction to Structural Analysis p 47-1
11 Introduction to the Flexibility Method p 47-7 Also known as the method of consistent deformations. ( w/ three-span continuous beam w/ arbitrary / random loading.
12 Moment Distribution Method p 47-13 COF-Carry Over factor; DF-Distribution Factor
13 Moment Distribution Procedure: NO Side p 47-13 There are at least 8 steps to follow.
14 Plastic Analysis p 47-17
15 Plastic Analysis of Beams p 47-17
16 Review of Linear Deformation p 47-3 Deformation = PL/AE.
17 Review of Work & Energy p 47-3 W= PV (linear displacement); W=T0 (rotation); W = U2 - U1.
18 Second Order ( P-V ) Analysis p 47-16
19 Simplified Second-Order Analysis p 47-16
20 Stiffness Method p 47-10 Solve by Simultaneous Linear Equation.
21 Structures with Sidesway p 47-15
22 Systematic Flexibility Method Procedure p 47-8 There are at least 4 steps to follow.
23 Thermal Loading p 47-3 Thermal induced axial load in a constrained member with a uniform temperature change is: coeff. Of thermal expansion(T2-T1)(LAE/L)
Thermal Loading or = coeff. Of thermal expansion (T2-T1)AE
24 Traditional Methods p 47-2 Indeterminate structural analysis procedures can be classified as either force method or displacement method.
Traditional Methods The classical moment distribution & slope deflection methods are displacement - based solutions. The stiffness method is also
Traditional Methods displacement method. The flexibility method is a force-based approach.
25 Truss Deflections by the D.U.L.M. p 47-4 See example 47.2, with "truss" F.B.D. & deflection - work done by a unit load.
ero, a structure can be sectioned at the hinge and the remainder of the structure can be replaced only by a force.
the direction of an applied tensile force.A series of pulleys working together can also provide mech'l advantage
Contents
Topic Ch.
# VI Transportation
71 properties of Solid Bodies pp. 71-1 to 71-2 2
1 Center of Gravity p 71-1 A solid body will have both a center of gravity and a centroid. But NOT necessarily coincide w/ one another.
2 Mass & Weight p 71-1 Mass = mass density x volume; Weight depends on the strength of gravitational field.
3 Inertia p 71-1 inertia, ma, is the resistance the object offers to attempts to accelerate it in a linear direction.
4 Mass Monent of Inertia p 71-2 The mass moment of inertia measures a solid object's resistance to changes in rotational speed about a specific axis.
5 Parallel axis Theorem p 71-2 Once the centroidal moment of inertia is known, this is used to find mmi about any parallel axis.
6 Radius of gyration p 71-2 Represents the distance from the rotational axis at w/c the entire can be loacted w/out changing the mmi
7 Principal Axes p 71-2 Axes for w/c the product of inertia are zero.Eqpt. Rotating about a principal axis will draw min. power during speed changes.
72 Kinematics pp. 72-1 to 72-13 13

1 Introduction p 72-1 Dynamics is study of moving objects: Kinematics & Kinetics, Kinema-study of a body's motion independent of the forces in the body.
2 Particles and Rigid Bodies p 72-1 Bodies in motion: Particles if rotation is absent or insignificant.Rigid bodies does NOT deform when loaded.
3 Coordinate systems p 72-1 The position of a particle.Rectangular, polar, cylindrical or spherical
4 Convention of Representation p 72-2 Particle position can be specified in 3 primary forms: vector form, rectangular coordinate or unit vector form.
5 Linear Particle Motion p 72-2 Particles move only in straight line.position, velocity and acceleration are known as instantaneous values.
6 Distance and speed p 72-2 Displacement' and 'distance' have different meanings in kinematics. 'Velocity' and 'speed' have different meanings
7 Uniform Motion p 72-3 Means uniform velocity & acceleration is zero.
8 Uniform Acceleration p 72-3 Acceleration is constant. ( See Table 72.1 - Uniform Acceleration Formula ) & sample 72.3
9 Linear Acceleration p 72-4 Acceleration increases uniformly with time.
10 Projectile motion p 72-4 a projectile is placed in motion by an initial impulse. ( NOTE: Kinematics deals only with dynamics during the flight ).
11 Rotational Particle Motion p 72-6 Motion of a particle around a circular path. Angular position, angular velicity and angular acceleration
12 Linear & Rotational Variables p 72-7 Linear variables can be obtained by multiplying the rotational variables by the path radius, r.
13 Normal Acceleration p 72-7 "Inward acceleration" is towards the "center".
14 Coriolis Acceleration p 72-8 The particle's tangential velocity will increase as it moves away from the center of roration
15 Particle Motion in Polar Coordinates p 72-8 With radial & transverse components.
16 Relative Motion p 72-9 Relative motion is used when motion of a particle is described w/ respect to something else in motion.
17 Dependent Motion p 72-11 Block & Pulley.
18 General Plane Motion p 72-11 Roling wheels, gear sets and linkages.
19 Rotation about a Fixed Axis p 72-12 For a rolling wheel, the instantaneous center is the point of contact with the supporting surface.
20 Instantaneous Center of Acceleration p 72-13 Used to compute the absolute acceleration of a point as if a body were in pure rotation about that point.
21 Slider Rods p 72-13 The absolute velocity at any point on a slider rod assembly can be found from the instantaneous center concept.
22 Slider-crank Assemblies p 72-13 The velocity of any point on the rod can be found if the distance to the instantaneous center is known.
73 Kinetics pp. 73-1 to 73-20 20

1 Introduction p 73-2 Kinetics is study of motion and the forces that cause motion, includes an analysis of relationship between the force & mass…
2 Rigid Body Motion p 73-2 5 types: pure translayion, rotation about a fixed axis, general plane motion, motion about afixed point, general motion.
3 Stability of Equilibrium Positions p 73-2 Stable equilibrium, neutral equilibrium & unstable equilibrium.
4 Constant Forces p 73-2 Force is a push or pull that 1 body exerts on another; forces that do NOT vary with time is constant forces : External & internal.
5 Linear Momentum p 73-2 p=mv; Momentum has umits of force x time ( lbf-sec or N-s ) Momentum is conserved when NO external forces act on a particle.
6 Ballistic Pendulum p 73-3 A projectile of known mass but unknown velocity is fired into a hanging target ( the pendulum ).
7 Angular Momentum p 73-3 The vector angular momentum taken about a point "O" is the moment of linear momentum vector. DxFxt = Ft-lbf-sec
8 Newton's First Law of Motion p 73-4 A particle will remain in a state of rest or will continue to move with constant velocity unless unbalanced external forces act on it.
9 Newton's Second law of Motion p 73-4 The acceleration of a particle is directly proportional to the force acting on it & inversely prop'l to the particle mass.
10 Centripetal Force p 73-5 Ref. to Newton's Second Law, for a body moving around a curved path, total acceleration can be separated into: tangential & normal.
The centripetal force is the force associated with the normal acceleration. Centrifugal is an apparent force on the body directed AWAY from the center
11 Newton's Third Law of Motion p 73-5 For every acting force between 2 bodies, there is an equal & opposite reacting force in the sqame line of action.
12 Dynamic Equilibrium p 73-5 An accelerating body is said to be in "dynamic equilibrium". Summation F - ma = 0
13 Flat Friction p 73-6 Friction is a force that always resists motion or impending motion.
14 Wedges p 73-7 Wedges are machines thatb are able to raise heavy loads.
15 Belt Friction p 73-7 Belt friction is responsible for the transfer of torque.
16 Rolling Resistance p 73-7 Rolling resistance is a force that opposes motion but it is NOT friction. Fr = fr w cos theta.
17 Motion of Rigid Bodies p 73-8 Block & Pulley.
18 Constrained Motion p 73-9 Roling wheels, gear sets and linkages.
19 Cable tension from a Suspended Mass p 73-11 For a rolling wheel, the instantaneous center is the point of contact with the supporting surface.
Topic Ch.
# VI Transportation
73 Kinetics…cont'd pp. 73-1 to 73-20 20
20 Impulse p 73-12 Used to compute the absolute acceleration of a point as if a body were in pure rotation about that point.
21 Impulse-Momentum Principle p 73-13 The absolute velocity at any point on a slider rod assembly can be found from the instantaneous center concept.
22 Impulse-Momentum Principle in Open syst p 73-13 The velocity of any point on the rod can be found if the distance to the instantaneous center is known.
23 Impacts p 73-15 In an impact or collision, contact is very brief and the effect of external forces is insignificant, therefore momentun is conserved.
24 Coefficient of Restitution, e p 73-15 A way to determine impact; inelastic if ,1.0, perfectly inelastic if e=0, elastic if e=1.0
25 Rebound from Stationary Planes Complex p 73-15 When an object is dropped from height h & rebounded to a height h'…h' < h
26 Complex Impacts p 73-16 When the velocities of the bodies are not along the same line, the impact is 'oblique" impact
27 Velocity Dependent Force p 73-16 Velocity dependent force, linear; Fb=Cv, Quadratic; Fb=Cv2
28 Varying Mass p 73-17
29 Central Force Fields p 73-17
30 Newton's Law of Gravitation p 73-18 Gravitation constant
31 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion p 73-18 3 laws: the law of orbits, the law of the areas, the law of periods
32 Space Mechanics p 73-18 Escape velocity, perigee, apogee, perihelion, aphelion distances
33 Roadway Banking p 73-19 superelevation & side friction
74 Roads and Highways: Capacitpp. 74-1 to 74-28 28

1 Standard Traffic References p 74-2 HCM ( Highway capacity Manual), "Green Book", AASHTO & Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
2 Abbreviation & Units p 74-2 Table 74.1
3 Facilities Terminology p 74-2 Freeway, highway, gen. classification of roadways;Road designation vs. ADT
4 Design Vehicles p 74-3 Table 74.3
5 Levels of Service p 74-3 Table 74.4; LOS evaluations focus on the peak 15 minute of flow.
6 Speed Parameters p 74-3 Terrain: level, rolling, mountanous, SEE Table 74.5
7 Spot Speed Studies p 74-4 Mean, mode & median speeds;ie; 50th percentile ( median ) speed, 85th percentile ( design ) speed. Pace interval, range or race.
8 Volume Parameters p 74-4 Ave. daily traffic ( ADT ), Ave. annual daily traffic (AADT). Design hour volume (DHV) or 30th hr vol. is evaluated for the design year.
K=DHV/AADT; DDHV=D(DHV)=DK(AADT); Peak hour factor=PHF
9 Trip Generation p 74-5 ATR=automatic traffic recorders, "axles"
10 Speed, Flow & density Relationship p 74-6 Free Flow Speed ( Sf or FFS) < 1300 ( or 1400 ) pcphpl pass. cars per hr per lane, density, critical dens., jam dens..
11 Lane distribution p 74-6 Lane distribution values are provided in the HCM.
12 Vehicle equivalents p 74-6 Equivalent passenger car volumes, E is dependaent to , SEE Table 74.6
13 Freeways p 74-7 fHV, PHF, fP, FFS, D,LOS, Lot of equations, calculations.
14 Multilane Highways p 74-10 FFS is determined from BFFS,fM, fLW, fLC & fA, vp is determined from max. density @ LOS & FFS.
15 Signalized intersections p 74-12 per HCM Ch.16. 1, 2, 3 & 4-phase signal. Saturation flow rate,s=s0N(all lane adjustments ); platooon ratio, Rp
16 warrants for Intersection Signalling p 74-14 Needs knowledge of speed limits, accident history, local needs of the elderly & disabled and geometric designs.
17 Fixed Time Cycles p 74-15 Fixed-time controllers are least expensive and simplest to use.
18 Time-space Diagrams p 74-15 To minimize frustrations of drivers…it's desirable to coordinate adjacent fixed-time signals, w/ graphical solutions/procedures.
19 Traffic Activated Timing p 74-16 Initial period, vehicle period, maximum period, amber period, green period.
20 Walkways p 74-17 Average walking speed = 4.0 ft/sec.; pedestrian unit flow; pedestrian density, platoon. ; v=vp,15/(15WE) = S/M = SD.
21 Crosswalks p 74-17 Refer to "walkways" & Table 74.11.
22 Parking p 74-18 Parallel praking design, Parking Lot Layout, "accessible parking requirements.
23 Highway Interchanges p 74-20 Miscellaneous interchanges design, See Figures 74.11 & 74.12.
24 Weaving Areas p 74-22 Minimum number of required lane changes, Type "A", "B", & "C", w/ Fig. 74.13, 74.14 & 74.15.
25 Traffic Calming p 74-22 Introduced to slow the flow of traffic.Traffic circles,narrow streets, curb extensions & textured crosswalks.
26 Economic Evaluation p 74-23 Road user costs, annual benefits, annual capital, safety.
27 Congestion Pricing p 74-23 CP, is the charging of higher tolls during peak hours. ( or toll fees ).
28 Queuing Models p 74-23 Average time between arrivals, average service time, utilization factor….
29 M/M/1 Single-Server Model p 74-23 Service time, arrival rates, probability….w/ sample calculation.
30 M/M/s Multi-server model p 74-24 Optimum number of maintenance workers.
31 Airport runway designation p 74-26 Runway designations are usually based on the magnetic azimuth
32 Detours p 74-26 detours and diversions.
33 Temporary Traffic Control Zones p 74-26 areas of roadway where normal conditions are changed by police & other authorized officials.w/ table 74.15.
Topic Ch.
# VI Transportation
75 Vehicle Dynamics and accidenpp. 74-1 to 74-28 7
1 Vehicle Dynamics p 75-1 5 forms of resistance: inertia, grade, rolling, curve and air resistance. ( Taborek, 1957 ); grade resistance, tractive force, grade9%).
2 Dynamics of Steel-Wheeled Railroad Rollin p 75-3 Drawbar Pull (DBP) is "net" tractive force (behind the locomotive )."modified davis Equation"…incidental resistances
3 Coefficient of Friction p 75-4 f= Ff / N, See table 75.1 for Ff ( Coefficient of skidding friction )
4 Anti lock Brakes p 75-5 Primary benefit is to be able to steer; as "skidding" w/out ABS unables the driver to steer.
5 Stopping Distance p 75-5 Includes the distance traveled before the brakes are applied as well as the distance during the break maneuver. Ref.Example 72.3 0n p. 72.4
6 Braking & Deceleration rates p 75-5 Max = 25 ft / s2... a = f x 32.2 fps2
7 Braking & skidding distance p 75-5 sb = v2 / ( 2g ( fcostheta + sin theta )
8 Speed degradation on uphill grades p 75-7 Mass-to-power ratio…
9 analysis of accident data p 75-7 Accidents are classified into 3 severity categories : property damage only (PDO), personal injury or fatalities.
Accident rate, R=(no.of accidents( x 10 to the 6 / ADT x no. of years x 365 days / year.
10 Road safety Features p 75-7 Installation of illumination, guardrails, impact attenuators & relocation of dangerous facilities.
76 Flexible Pavement Design pp. 76-1 to 76-24 24

1 Asphalt concrete pavement p 76-1 A full-depth asphalt pavement consists of asphalt mixtures in all courses above the sub-grade.
Using deep-lifts to place layers of hot-mix asphalt contretec has at least 5 advantages ( than thin lifts ).
2 Other asphalt applications p 76-2 Emulsified asphalt (ss-1?), cutback asphalt ( RC, MC, SC ), cold-mix asphalt, recycled road mixtures, surface treatments
3 Asphalt Grades p 76-2 softer grades (in cloder climates ) & harder grades ( in warmer climates ). See table 76.1
4 Aggregate p 76-3 Coarse-retained on a no.8 sieve; fine-passing thru a no. 8 sieve; mineral filler- at least 70% passes thru a no. 200 sieve.
5 Pavement Properties p 76-3 Stability, Durability, fkexibility, fatigue resistance, impermeability & workability.
6 Problems & Defects p 76-4 Alligator cracks;bleeding;blowing or pumping;blow-up, channeling (or rutting),…at least 30 items.
7 asphalt Modifiers p 76-5 Are added to improve the reliability and characteristics of the asphalt binder, improve the performance of HMA & to reduce costs.
mineral fillers; extenders; rubbers; plastics; fibers; oxidants; antioxidants; hydrocarbons; antistrip materials; synthetic latex
8 asphalt mixers & plants p 76-6 The highest-quality asphalt mixtures are produced in stationary mixing plants, referred to as plant mixes
9 Weight - Volume Relationship p 76-6 Total wt = wt of asphalt & agg; total vol = vol. of agg. + asphalt NOT absorbed by the aggregate + air voids.
The surface area method can be used as a starting point in mix design to determine % of asphalt needed.
10 placement & paving equipment p 76-7 High-density, self-widening screeds, lift placement/forward speed…Length of spread. Plant production rate, Rp.
11 Rolling equipment p 76-8 depends on lift thickness.Pneumatic (rubber-tired) rollers provide a kneading action in the finish roll.
12 Characteristics of Asphalt Concrete p 76-8 apparent sp. Gr.; bulk sp. Gr.; max. sp. Gr. Effective asphalt content; total air voids, voids filled w/ asphalts
13 Marshall mix test procedures p 76-9 Density voids analysis and a stability-flow test of the compacted test specimen
14 Traffic p 76-12 ESALs, LEFs, terminal serviceability indices (pt) assumed @ 2.5
15 Truck factors p 76-12 TFs = ave. LEFs for a given classof vehicle & computed using loadometer data.= ESALs / no. of trucks.
16 Design traffic p 76-13 ESALs, growth rate factor, Directional dist. Factor, Lane dist. Factor ( Table 76.6 ), w18.
17 Std. Vehicle Classifications & designations p 76-13 H20, HS20, single-axle ( single or dual-tire ), tandem axle (dual-tire).
18 AASHTO method of Flexible Pavement p 76-14 Basis of design: time, traffic, reliability & environment…standard deviation, s0= 0.4 to 0.5
19 Performance Criteria p 76-15 Change in pavement serviceability index = p0-pt.
20 Layer Strengths p 76-15 Effective roadbed soil resilient modulus, MR, must be determined.relative damage value, uf = (1.18 x 10 to the 8th ) x MR to the neg. 2.32.power
21 Pavement Structural Number p 76-18 design SN = SN1 + SN2 + SN3; SN1 = a1D1
22 Aphalt Inst. Method of Full-Depth Flexible p 76-19 18 kip ESAL, graphs, CBR (1500), etc.
23 Asphalt Pavement recycling p 76-22 Recycled asphalt Pavement (RAP), Profiling (surface recycling), cold palning, hot in-place recycling, hot-mix recycling, microwave.
24 Superpave p 76-23 superior performing asphalt pavement,Level1, level 2, level 3
25 Stone Matrix Asphalt p 76-23 SMA, uses single-sized cubical stones.
26 Advanced, Alternative & Experimental Flex p 76-23 Asphalt rubber, AR, combines virgin or reclaimed rubber with asphalt cement, fast tract pavement, white-topping, roller compacted concrete (RCC)
27 Subgrade Drainage p 76-24 When these conditions exist: high groundwater levels that reduce subgrade stability and provide a source of water for
frost action; subgrade soild of silt and very fine sands that become quick or spongy when saturated; wateer seepage
from underlying water-bearing strata; drainage path of higher elev. Intercepts sag curves w/ low permeability soild below.
28 Damage from Frost & Freezing p 76-24 Prevent by: a) constructing stronger and thicker pavement sections; b) lowering the water table by use of subdrains
and drainage ditches; c) using layers of course sands or waterproofing sheets beneath the pavement surface to reduce
capillary action; d) removing & replacing frost-susceptible materials to a level beneath the zone of frost penetration, and
e) using rigid foam sheets to insulate and reduce the depth of frost penetration.
Topic Ch.
# VI Transportation
77 Rigid Pavement design pp. 77-1 to 77-10 10
1 Rigid Pavement p 77-1 PCC, slip-form construction, JCP, JRCP, CRCP, PCP
2 Mixture Proportioning p 77-2 7 steps…1. slump, 2.max. agg size,3.water-cem ratio,4.mixing water & air void,5.cement content,6.coarse,7.fine agg.
3 AASHTO Method of Rigid Pavement designp 77-4 Basis of design: time, traffic, reliability & environment…standard deviation, s0= 0.35.plus: soil modulus; concrete
4 Layer material strengths p 77-4 Mod. Of subgrade reaction,k=MR/19.4; mod. Of rupture; mod. Of elasticity, subgrade & sub-base k values w/ table.
5 Pavement Drainage p 77-5 drainage coeff.,Cd ; Poor = 0.7; dry = 1.25; Not specified = 1.0
6 Load Transfer & dowel p 77-5 Load coeff. Or J-value is affected by use & placement of dowels; aggregate interlock & tied shoulders.
7 Pavement design Methodology p 77-5 See Fig. 77.2
8 Steel reinforcing p 77-5 Reinf. Is expressed as a percentage Ps of the x-sectional area & transverse reinforcement, Pt
9 Pavement Joints p 77-9 Contraction joints, construction joints, hinge joints, isolation joints, dowel bars
10 Surface sealing p 77-10 To prevent chloride ions ( from deicing salt )from penetrating the concrete & corroding the steel reinforcement
11 Recycling p 77-10 Most trecycling is done on-site.
12 Pavement grooving p 77-10 Method of increasing skid resistance and reducing hydroplaning on all types of pavements.
13 Advanced, Alternative & experimental pav p 77-10 dual-layer, flyash, rubcrete, latex modified conc., steel fiber-reinforced concrete.
78 Plane surveying pp. 78-1 to 78-19 19

1 Error Ana: Measurements of = weight p 78-1 Emean = ( 0.6745s ) / Sq, root of k; = E total / Sq. root of k NOTE: angles measured. Get error. Proportion error among measurements.
2 Error Ana: Measurements of "un"= weight p 78-2 Probable error, Ep = 0.6745 x sq. rt of (Summ (wi ( maen x - x1) squared) / (k-1) (summ wi )
NOTE: angles measured 5 times. Get weight value by relative "frequency" of observed measurements.Sum of squared errors are used
3 Errors in computed quantities p 78-4 When independent quantities w/ known errors are added or subtracted; use Esum & Eproduct.
4 Orders of Accuracy p 78-4 First, second & third order. Refer to Table 78.1
5 Types of Surveys p 78-5 Plane surveys, geodetic, zoned surveys
6 Surveying methods p 78-5 Stadia, plane table, total station, triangulation, trilateration, photogrammetric, airborne LIDAR
7 Global Positioning system p 78-6 GPS uses precisely synchronized clocks on each end. There are 2 modes os accuracies.
8 Inertial survey systems p 78-6 ISS determine a position on the earth by analyzing the movement of vehicle in which it is installed.
9 Geographic Information Systems p 78-6 GIS: is a computerized database management system used to capture, store, retieve, retrieve analyze & display spatial data.
10 Units p 78-7 Distance:Foot & decimals; angles: degrees, minutes & seconds.
11 Positions p 78-7 2 methods: a) by latitude & longitude; b) by rectangular ( Cartesian ) coordinates measured from a reference point.
12 Benchmarks p 78-7 Benchmark-name given to permanent monuments of known vertical positions, measured above a reference surface or datum (MSL)
For small project, a local datum on a temporary benchmark can be used.
13 Distance Measurement : taping p 78-7 Tapes are used when measuring or staking short distances. Readings are affected by temp., tension & sag, w/c requires correction.
14 Distance Measurement : Tachyometry p 78-8 Involves sighting through a small angle at a distant scale. x = K(R2-R1) + C ; C=center of instrument (=0 for internal focusing types)
15 Distance Measurement : EDM p 78-8 Capable of measuring lines up to 10 mi. long in less than 1 sec. ( w/ optical plummet ).
16 Stationing p 78-8 Length of 100 ft. or 100 m. Length meaning-"length of curve is 4 sta"; Location meaning - 'pt. of intersection is at sta 4."
Interval stakes along an estalished route are laid down @ "full station intervals…ie; 825 ft from sta 0+00 is labeled "8+25".
17 Levels p 78-8 Automatic & self-leveling laser levels have all but replaced the optical level, w/c can rotate & project a laser plane 300' to 2000' dia.
18 Elevation Measurement p 78-9 hc=(2.4 x 10-8) x2; hr=(3.0 x 10-9) x2; ha = Robserved + hr - hc = Robserved - (2.1 x 10-8) x2
19 Elev. Measurement : Dir. Leveling p 78-9 A level is set up at a pt. approx. midway bet. The 2 pts. w/c diff. in elev. Is being desired. yA-B =yA-L + yL-B = RA - RB.
20 Elev. Measurement : Differential Leveling p 78-9 Diff. leveling is a consecutive application of direct leveling. HI=BMelev + B.S.; TP1elev = H1-F.S.
21 Elev. Measurement : Indirect Leveling p 78-11 Does NOT require a backsite.yA-B= 1/2 (measured dist) (tan Alpha + tan Beta )
22 Equpt. & methods used to measure angles p 78-11 Transit ( vert & hor angles); Theodilite ( telescpoe, compass, hor/vert angles & optical plummet )
23 Direction specifications p 78-11 Direction can be specified by an angle bet. A line & another ref. line known as a meridian.Magnetic declination is the difference
between a "true meridian" vs. a magnetic meredian. True meredian is a true north-to south line passing thru the true north.
Direction can be specified in several ways: azimuth; deflection angle; angle to the right; azimuths from the back line; bearing.
24 Latitudes & Departures p 78-12 Latitude extends in a north or south direction ( to N = +, to S = - ). Departure extends in an east or west direction (to E =+, to W=-).
25 Traverses p 78-13 Sum of defletion angles = 360; Sum of the interior angles of a ploygon w/ "n" sides is (n-2)(180); Defl. Angle= angle bet. A line & prolongation of a prec
26 Balancing p 78-13 Used to accommodate the mathematical necessitybof having a balanced column of figures.
27 Balancing closed traverse angles p 78-13 Due to measurement errors, variations in magnetic inclination, local magnetic attractions, the sum of interior angles may NOT = (n-2)(180)
Pls. see steps nos. 1- 6 to balance closed traverse angles.
28 Balancing closed traverse distances p 78-14 The algebraic sum of latitudes =0; algebraic sums of departures = 0. Use at least 2 methods in balancing; compass rule, transit rule, Crandall method
29 Reconstructing missing sides and angles p 78-15 1 leg missing: Angle & length of missing side can be reconstructed from geometric & trigonometric priciples.
30 Traverse are: Method of Coordinates p 78-15 A=1/2 ( algebraic sum of full line products - algebraic sum of broken line products )
31 Traverse area : Double Meridian Distance p 78-16 DMD : the DMD of the 1st course is the departure of that course, DMD of the last course is the negative of its own departure.
DMDbc = DMD ab + departure ab + departure bc.; Area = 1/2 ( algebraic sum of lat x DMD )
32 Areas bounded by Irregular Boundaries p 78-17 Such as creek banks has to be determined by "approximation" methods; ie; Simpson's Rule. When the irregular side can be divided
into a series of cells of width d, iether the trapezoidal or Simpson's 1/3 rules can be used.
33 Photogrammetry p 78-17 Scale = (focal length)/altitude; consider % overlap & % end lap.
34 Public Land system p 78-18 Tracts, Townships, Sections & quarters ( of quarters ).
35 Topographic Maps p 78-19 "graphic representations of the surface of the earth". ; USGS mapping symbols, map scales, contour lines.
Topic Ch.
# VI Transportation
79 Horiz.,Compound, Vert. & Spipp. 79-1 to 79-19 19
1 Horizontal Curves p 79-1 A horizontal circular curve is a circular arc between two staright lines known as tangents. "elemnts" of a curve;
2 Degree of Curve p 79-2 Degree of curve is related to an arc of 100 Ft; D=360x100/2Pi R; R=5729.578/D, See Eq. no. 79-1 to 79-7.
3 Stationing of Horizontal Curve p 79-3 Sta. PT= sta PC + L; sta PC = sta PI - T
4 Curve Layout by Deflection Angle p 79-3 The deflec angle bet a tangent & a chord is 1/2 of the arc's subtended angle; C= 2Rsin(beta / 2)= 2R ( sin alpha )
5 Tangent Offsets p 79-4 y&x
6 Curve Layout by Tangent Offsets p 79-5 NOTE: Used for short curves, Ref. short chord distance ;C=hypo = 2R sin alpha; tangent offset = (2Rsin alpha)(sin alpha )
7 Curve Layout by Chord Offset p 79-5 NOTE: Used for short curves, Ref. short chord distance ;NR = C cos (I/2-alpha); RQ ( chord offset 0 =csin I/2-alpha)
8 Horizontal Curves Through Points p 79-5 Calculate : angle alpha, m, angle gamma, angle theta & curve radius R
9 Compound Horizontal Curves p 79-6 Comprises of 2 or more curves of different radii that share a common tangent pt., where the PT for the 1st curve & PC of 2nd coincides
10 Superelevation p 79-6 Here, e is a decimal number. E=v2/gR or (v2/gR-fs)
11 Transitions to Superelevation p 79-7 tangent runout,TR; superelevation runoff, L; superelevation runoff rate (SRR); w=lane width, p = rate of cross slope; 2/3 & 1/3 distances
12 Superelevation of Railroad Lines p 79-9 E = (Geff v2) / gR; Geff is the center-to-center rail spacing
13 Stopping Sight Distance p 79-9 It is the dist. Req'd by a vehicle travelling @ the design speed to stop before reaching a stationary object w/c suddenly appeared on its path.
14 Passing Sight Distance p 79-9 Exhibit 3-7 of AASHTO Green Book
15 Minimum Horizontal Curve Length for p 79-9 S & M values can be calculated
Stopping Distance
16 Vertical Curves p 79-10 R = ( G2-G1 ) / L; elevx = (R/2)x2 + G1x + elevBVC
17 Vertical Curves Through Points p 79-12 Constant s, =sq rt ( elevE-eleG)/elevE-elevF); Curve Length,L = (2d(s + 1 )) / (s-1)
18 Vertical Curve to Pass Through TP p 79-13 Vert. curve L = (2(elevV-elevTP))/(G1((G1/(G2-G1)+1))
19 Min. Vert. Curve Length for Sight Distance p 79-13 ( Crest Curve ), are generally determined based on the stopping sight distances. S<L or S>L, see formula.
20 Design of Crest Curve using K-value p 79-13 K = L/A = L / ( G2-G1) (always positive); S<L or S>L, see formula.
21 Min. Vert. Curve Length for H/LightSight Di p 79-15 ( Sag Curves ) Should be designed so that a vehicle's haedlight will illuminate a min. distance equiv. to the stopping sight distance
22 Min. Vert. Curve Length for Comfort p 79-15 ( Sag Curves ) L= Av2 / 46.5
23 Design of Sag Curve using K-value p 79-15
24 Unequal Tangent (Unsymmetrical ) Vert. C p 79-15
25 Spiral Curves p 79-17
26 Airport Pavement Grades p 79-19 Grades are limited to 1.5% for transport airports & 2.0% for utility airports.
27 Railroad Grades p 79-19 See table 79.6
Topic
# VI 80 Construction, Earthwork, Sta pp. 80-1 to 80-6 6
1 Volume of Piles p 80-1 Angle of repose…; cone volume, wedge & frustrum of a rectangular pyramid
2 Earthwork Volumes p 80-2 Vol. calculations: the average end area method & 2. prismoidal formula method; Vpyramid = Labase/3
3 Average End Area Method p 80-2 V= L(A1+A2)/2; Vpyramid = Lbase/3
4 Prismoidal Formula method p 80-2 V=(L/6)(A1+4Am+A2)
5 Mass Diagrams p 80-2 Profile diag, mass diag, balance line, haul distance, free haul distance = 500 ft to 1000 ft., overhaul.
6 Staking p 80-3 W/ construction stakes, alignment stakes, offset stakes, grade stakes & slope stakes, half-lath stakes, hubs, guineas
7 Stake Markings p 80-3 Offsets, horizontal distances & elevations
8 Establishing Slope Stake Markings p 80-6 Ground rod is used to determineH.I. ( H.I. = elev ground + ground rod ); Grade rod is used for grade elev. determination (Grade rod = H.I. - elev grade
th the normal acceleration. Centrifugal is an apparent force on the body directed AWAY from the center of rotation.
must be determined.relative damage value, uf = (1.18 x 10 to the 8th ) x MR to the neg. 2.32.power
ed rubber with asphalt cement, fast tract pavement, white-topping, roller compacted concrete (RCC)
NOTE: angles measured. Get error. Proportion error among measurements.
rior angles of a ploygon w/ "n" sides is (n-2)(180); Defl. Angle= angle bet. A line & prolongation of a preceeding line.
ums of departures = 0. Use at least 2 methods in balancing; compass rule, transit rule, Crandall method & least squares.
ev ground + ground rod ); Grade rod is used for grade elev. determination (Grade rod = H.I. - elev grade)
Topic Ch.
# VI Transportation
71 properties of Solid Bodies pp. 71-1 to 71-2 2
1 Center of Gravity p 71-1 A solid body will have both a center of gravity and a centroid. But NOT necessarily coincide w/ one another.
2 Inertia p 71-1 inertia, ma, is the resistance the object offers to attempts to accelerate it in a linear direction.
3 Mass & Weight p 71-1 Mass = mass density x volume; Weight depends on the strength of gravitational field.
4 Mass Monent of Inertia p 71-2 The mass moment of inertia measures a solid object's resistance to changes in rotational speed about a specific axis.
5 Parallel axis Theorem p 71-2 Once the centroidal moment of inertia is known, this is used to find mmi about any parallel axis.
6 Principal Axes p 71-2 Axes for w/c the product of inertia are zero.Eqpt. Rotating about a principal axis will draw min. power during speed changes.
7 Radius of gyration p 71-2 Represents the distance from the rotational axis at w/c the entire can be loacted w/out changing the mmi
72 Kinematics pp. 72-1 to 72-13 13

1 Convention of Representation p 72-2 Particle position can be specified in 3 primary forms: vector form, rectangular coordinate or unit vector form.
2 Coordinate systems p 72-1 The position of a particle.Rectangular, polar, cylindrical or spherical
3 Coriolis Acceleration p 72-8 The particle's tangential velocity will increase as it moves away from the center of roration
4 Dependent Motion p 72-11 Block & Pulley.
5 Distance and speed p 72-2 Displacement' and 'distance' have different meanings in kinematics. 'Velocity' and 'speed' have different meanings
6 General Plane Motion p 72-11 Roling wheels, gear sets and linkages.
7 Instantaneous Center of Acceleration p 72-13 Used to compute the absolute acceleration of a point as if a body were in pure rotation about that point.
8 Introduction p 72-1 Dynamics is study of moving objects: Kinematics & Kinetics, Kinema-study of a body's motion independent of the forces in the body.
9 Linear & Rotational Variables p 72-7 Linear variables can be obtained by multiplying the rotational variables by the path radius, r.
10 Linear Acceleration p 72-4 Acceleration increases uniformly with time.
11 Linear Particle Motion p 72-2 Particles move only in straight line.position, velocity and acceleration are known as instantaneous values.
12 Normal Acceleration p 72-7 "Inward acceleration" is towards the "center".
13 Particle Motion in Polar Coordinates p 72-8 With radial & transverse components.
14 Particles and Rigid Bodies p 72-1 Bodies in motion: Particles if rotation is absent or insignificant.Rigid bodies does NOT deform when loaded.
15 Projectile motion p 72-4 a projectile is placed in motion by an initial impulse. ( NOTE: Kinematics deals only with dynamics during the flight ).
16 Relative Motion p 72-9 Relative motion is used when motion of a particle is described w/ respect to something else in motion.
17 Rotation about a Fixed Axis p 72-12 For a rolling wheel, the instantaneous center is the point of contact with the supporting surface.
18 Rotational Particle Motion p 72-6 Motion of a particle around a circular path. Angular position, angular velicity and angular acceleration
19 Slider Rods p 72-13 The absolute velocity at any point on a slider rod assembly can be found from the instantaneous center concept.
20 Slider-crank Assemblies p 72-13 The velocity of any point on the rod can be found if the distance to the instantaneous center is known.
21 Uniform Acceleration p 72-3 Acceleration is constant. ( See Table 72.1 - Uniform Acceleration Formula ) & sample 72.3
22 Uniform Motion p 72-3 Means uniform velocity & acceleration is zero.
73 Kinetics pp. 73-1 to 73-20 20

1 Angular Momentum p 73-3 The vector angular momentum taken about a point "O" is the moment of linear momentum vector. DxFxt = Ft-lbf-sec
2 Ballistic Pendulum p 73-3 A projectile of known mass but unknown velocity is fired into a hanging target ( the pendulum ).
3 Belt Friction p 73-7 Belt friction is responsible for the transfer of torque.
4 Cable tension from a Suspended Mass p 73-11 For a rolling wheel, the instantaneous center is the point of contact with the supporting surface.
5 Central Force Fields p 73-17
6 Centripetal Force p 73-5 Ref. to Newton's Second Law, for a body moving around a curved path, total acceleration can be separated into: tangential & normal.
7 Coefficient of Restitution, e p 73-15 A way to determine impact; inelastic if ,1.0, perfectly inelastic if e=0, elastic if e=1.0
8 Complex Impacts p 73-16 When the velocities of the bodies are not along the same line, the impact is 'oblique" impact
9 Constant Forces p 73-2 Force is a push or pull that 1 body exerts on another; forces that do NOT vary with time is constant forces : External & internal.
10 Constrained Motion p 73-9 Roling wheels, gear sets and linkages.
11 Dynamic Equilibrium p 73-5 An accelerating body is said to be in "dynamic equilibrium". Summation F - ma = 0
12 Flat Friction p 73-6 Friction is a force that always resists motion or impending motion.
13 Impacts p 73-15 In an impact or collision, contact is very brief and the effect of external forces is insignificant, therefore momentun is conserved.
14 Impulse p 73-12 Used to compute the absolute acceleration of a point as if a body were in pure rotation about that point.
15 Impulse-Momentum Principle p 73-13 The absolute velocity at any point on a slider rod assembly can be found from the instantaneous center concept.
16 Impulse-Momentum Principle in Open syste p 73-13 The velocity of any point on the rod can be found if the distance to the instantaneous center is known.
17 Introduction p 73-2 Kinetics is study of motion and the forces that cause motion, includes an analysis of relationship between the force & mass…
18 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion p 73-18 3 laws: the law of orbits, the law of the areas, the law of periods
19 Linear Momentum p 73-2 p=mv; Momentum has umits of force x time ( lbf-sec or N-s ) Momentum is conserved when NO external forces act on a particle.
Topic Ch.
# VI Transportation
73 Kinetics…cont'd pp. 73-1 to 73-20 20
20 Motion of Rigid Bodies p 73-8 Block & Pulley.
21 Newton's First Law of Motion p 73-4 A particle will remain in a state of rest or will continue to move with constant velocity unless unbalanced external forces act on it.
22 Newton's Law of Gravitation p 73-18 Gravitation constant
23 Newton's Second law of Motion p 73-4 The acceleration of a particle is directly proportional to the force acting on it & inversely prop'l to the particle mass.
24 Newton's Third Law of Motion p 73-5 For every acting force between 2 bodies, there is an equal & opposite reacting force in the sqame line of action.
25 Rebound from Stationary Planes Complex I p 73-15 When an object is dropped from height h & rebounded to a height h'…h' < h
26 Rigid Body Motion p 73-2 5 types: pure translayion, rotation about a fixed axis, general plane motion, motion about afixed point, general motion.
27 Roadway Banking p 73-19 superelevation & side friction
28 Rolling Resistance p 73-7 Rolling resistance is a force that opposes motion but it is NOT friction. Fr = fr w cos theta.
29 Space Mechanics p 73-18 Escape velocity, perigee, apogee, perihelion, aphelion distances
30 Stability of Equilibrium Positions p 73-2 Stable equilibrium, neutral equilibrium & unstable equilibrium.
31 Varying Mass p 73-17
32 Velocity Dependent Force p 73-16 Velocity dependent force, linear; Fb=Cv, Quadratic; Fb=Cv2
33 Wedges p 73-7 Wedges are machines thatb are able to raise heavy loads.
74 Roads and Highways: Capacitpp. 74-1 to 74-28 28

1 Abbreviation & Units p 74-2 Table 74.1
2 Airport runway designation p 74-26 Runway designations are usually based on the magnetic azimuth
3 Congestion Pricing p 74-23 CP, is the charging of higher tolls during peak hours. ( or toll fees ).
4 Crosswalks p 74-17 Refer to "walkways" & Table 74.11.
5 Design Vehicles p 74-3 Table 74.3
6 Detours p 74-26 detours and diversions.
7 Economic Evaluation p 74-23 Road user costs, annual benefits, annual capital, safety.
8 Facilities Terminology p 74-2 Freeway, highway, gen. classification of roadways;Road designation vs. ADT
9 Fixed Time Cycles p 74-15 Fixed-time controllers are least expensive and simplest to use.
10 Freeways p 74-7 fHV, PHF, fP, FFS, D,LOS, Lot of equations, calculations.
11 Highway Interchanges p 74-20 Miscellaneous interchanges design, See Figures 74.11 & 74.12.
12 Lane distribution p 74-6 Lane distribution values are provided in the HCM.
13 Levels of Service p 74-3 Table 74.4; LOS evaluations focus on the peak 15 minute of flow.
14 M/M/1 Single-Server Model p 74-23 Service time, arrival rates, probability….w/ sample calculation.
15 M/M/s Multi-server model p 74-24 Optimum number of maintenance workers.
16 Multilane Highways p 74-10 FFS is determined from BFFS,fM, fLW, fLC & fA, vp is determined from max. density @ LOS & FFS.
17 Parking p 74-18 Parallel praking design, Parking Lot Layout, "accessible parking requirements.
18 Queuing Models p 74-23 Average time between arrivals, average service time, utilization factor….
19 Signalized intersections p 74-12 per HCM Ch.16. 1, 2, 3 & 4-phase signal. Saturation flow rate,s=s0N(all lane adjustments ); platooon ratio, Rp
20 Speed Parameters p 74-3 Terrain: level, rolling, mountanous, SEE Table 74.5
21 Speed, Flow & density Relationship p 74-6 Free Flow Speed ( Sf or FFS) < 1300 ( or 1400 ) pcphpl pass. cars per hr per lane, density, critical dens., jam dens..
22 Spot Speed Studies p 74-4 Mean, mode & median speeds;ie; 50th percentile ( median ) speed, 85th percentile ( design ) speed. Pace interval, range or race.
23 Standard Traffic References p 74-2 HCM ( Highway capacity Manual), "Green Book", AASHTO & Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
24 Temporary Traffic Control Zones p 74-26 areas of roadway where normal conditions are changed by police & other authorized officials.w/ table 74.15.
25 Time-space Diagrams p 74-15 To minimize frustrations of drivers…it's desirable to coordinate adjacent fixed-time signals, w/ graphical solutions/procedures.
26 Traffic Activated Timing p 74-16 Initial period, vehicle period, maximum period, amber period, green period.
27 Traffic Calming p 74-22 Introduced to slow the flow of traffic.Traffic circles,narrow streets, curb extensions & textured crosswalks.
28 Trip Generation p 74-5 ATR=automatic traffic recorders, "axles"
29 Vehicle equivalents p 74-6 Equivalent passenger car volumes, E is dependaent to , SEE Table 74.6
30 Volume Parameters p 74-4 Ave. daily traffic ( ADT ), Ave. annual daily traffic (AADT). Design hour volume (DHV) or 30th hr vol. is evaluated for the design year.
31 Volume Parameters p 74-4 K=DHV/AADT; DDHV=D(DHV)=DK(AADT); Peak hour factor=PHF
32 Walkways p 74-17 Average walking speed = 4.0 ft/sec.; pedestrian unit flow; pedestrian density, platoon. ; v=vp,15/(15WE) = S/M = SD.
33 warrants for Intersection Signalling p 74-14 Needs knowledge of speed limits, accident history, local needs of the elderly & disabled and geometric designs.
34 Weaving Areas p 74-22 Minimum number of required lane changes, Type "A", "B", & "C", w/ Fig. 74.13, 74.14 & 74.15.
Topic Ch.
# VI Transportation
75 Vehicle Dynamics and accidenpp. 74-1 to 74-28 7
1 Analysis of accident data p 75-7 Accidents are classified into 3 severity categories : property damage only (PDO), personal injury or fatalities.
2 Anti lock Brakes p 75-5 Primary benefit is to be able to steer; as "skidding" w/out ABS unables the driver to steer.
3 Braking & Deceleration rates p 75-5 Max = 25 ft / s2... a = f x 32.2 fps2
4 Braking & skidding distance p 75-5 sb = v2 / ( 2g ( fcostheta + sin theta )
5 Coefficient of Friction p 75-4 f= Ff / N, See table 75.1 for Ff ( Coefficient of skidding friction )
6 Dynamics of Steel-Wheeled Railroad Rolling p 75-3 Drawbar Pull (DBP) is "net" tractive force (behind the locomotive )."modified davis Equation"…incidental resistances
7 Road safety Features p 75-7 Installation of illumination, guardrails, impact attenuators & relocation of dangerous facilities.
8 Speed degradation on uphill grades p 75-7 Mass-to-power ratio…
9 Stopping Distance p 75-5 Includes the distance traveled before the brakes are applied as well as the distance during the break maneuver. Ref.Example 72.3 0n p. 72.4
10 Vehicle Dynamics p 75-1 5 forms of resistance: inertia, grade, rolling, curve and air resistance. ( Taborek, 1957 ); grade resistance, tractive force, grade9%).
76 Flexible Pavement Design pp. 76-1 to 76-24 24

1 AASHTO method of Flexible Pavement p 76-14 Basis of design: time, traffic, reliability & environment…standard deviation, s0= 0.4 to 0.5
2 Advanced, Alternative & Experimental Flexi p 76-23 Asphalt rubber, AR, combines virgin or reclaimed rubber with asphalt cement, fast tract pavement, white-topping, roller compacted concrete (RCC)
3 Aggregate p 76-3 Coarse-retained on a no.8 sieve; fine-passing thru a no. 8 sieve; mineral filler- at least 70% passes thru a no. 200 sieve.
4 Aphalt Inst. Method of Full-Depth Flexible p 76-19 18 kip ESAL, graphs, CBR (1500), etc.
5 Asphalt concrete pavement p 76-1 A full-depth asphalt pavement consists of asphalt mixtures in all courses above the sub-grade.
6 Asphalt Grades p 76-2 softer grades (in cloder climates ) & harder grades ( in warmer climates ). See table 76.1
7 asphalt mixers & plants p 76-6 The highest-quality asphalt mixtures are produced in stationary mixing plants, referred to as plant mixes
8 asphalt Modifiers p 76-5 Are added to improve the reliability and characteristics of the asphalt binder, improve the performance of HMA & to reduce costs.
9 Asphalt Pavement recycling p 76-22 Recycled asphalt Pavement (RAP), Profiling (surface recycling), cold palning, hot in-place recycling, hot-mix recycling, microwave.
10 Characteristics of Asphalt Concrete p 76-8 apparent sp. Gr.; bulk sp. Gr.; max. sp. Gr. Effective asphalt content; total air voids, voids filled w/ asphalts
11 Damage from Frost & Freezing p 76-24 Prevent by: a) constructing stronger and thicker pavement sections; b) lowering the water table by use of subdrains
12 Design traffic p 76-13 ESALs, growth rate factor, Directional dist. Factor, Lane dist. Factor ( Table 76.6 ), w18.
13 Layer Strengths p 76-15 Effective roadbed soil resilient modulus, MR, must be determined.relative damage value, uf = (1.18 x 10 to the 8th ) x MR to the neg. 2.32.power
14 Marshall mix test procedures p 76-9 Density voids analysis and a stability-flow test of the compacted test specimen
15 Other asphalt applications p 76-2 Emulsified asphalt (ss-1?), cutback asphalt ( RC, MC, SC ), cold-mix asphalt, recycled road mixtures, surface treatments
16 Pavement Properties p 76-3 Stability, Durability, fkexibility, fatigue resistance, impermeability & workability.
17 Pavement Structural Number p 76-18 design SN = SN1 + SN2 + SN3; SN1 = a1D1
18 Performance Criteria p 76-15 Change in pavement serviceability index = p0-pt.
19 Placement & paving equipment p 76-7 High-density, self-widening screeds, lift placement/forward speed…Length of spread. Plant production rate, Rp.
20 Problems & Defects p 76-4 Alligator cracks;bleeding;blowing or pumping;blow-up, channeling (or rutting),…at least 30 items.
21 Rolling equipment p 76-8 depends on lift thickness.Pneumatic (rubber-tired) rollers provide a kneading action in the finish roll.
22 Std. Vehicle Classifications & designations p 76-13 H20, HS20, single-axle ( single or dual-tire ), tandem axle (dual-tire).
23 Stone Matrix Asphalt p 76-23 SMA, uses single-sized cubical stones.
24 Subgrade Drainage p 76-24 When these conditions exist: high groundwater levels that reduce subgrade stability and provide a source of water for
25 Superpave p 76-23 superior performing asphalt pavement,Level1, level 2, level 3
26 Traffic p 76-12 ESALs, LEFs, terminal serviceability indices (pt) assumed @ 2.5
27 Truck factors p 76-12 TFs = ave. LEFs for a given classof vehicle & computed using loadometer data.= ESALs / no. of trucks.
28 Weight - Volume Relationship p 76-6 Total wt = wt of asphalt & agg; total vol = vol. of agg. + asphalt NOT absorbed by the aggregate + air voids.
Topic Ch.
# VI Transportation
77 Rigid Pavement design pp. 77-1 to 77-10 10
1 AASHTO Method of Rigid Pavement design p 77-4 Basis of design: time, traffic, reliability & environment…standard deviation, s0= 0.35.plus: soil modulus; concrete
2 Advanced, Alternative & experimental pavemp 77-10 dual-layer, flyash, rubcrete, latex modified conc., steel fiber-reinforced concrete.
3 Layer material strengths p 77-4 Mod. Of subgrade reaction,k=MR/19.4; mod. Of rupture; mod. Of elasticity, subgrade & sub-base k values w/ table.
4 Load Transfer & dowel p 77-5 Load coeff. Or J-value is affected by use & placement of dowels; aggregate interlock & tied shoulders.
5 Mixture Proportioning p 77-2 7 steps…1. slump, 2.max. agg size,3.water-cem ratio,4.mixing water & air void,5.cement content,6.coarse,7.fine agg.
6 Pavement design Methodology p 77-5 See Fig. 77.2
7 Pavement Drainage p 77-5 drainage coeff.,Cd ; Poor = 0.7; dry = 1.25; Not specified = 1.0
8 Pavement grooving p 77-10 Method of increasing skid resistance and reducing hydroplaning on all types of pavements.
9 Pavement Joints p 77-9 Contraction joints, construction joints, hinge joints, isolation joints, dowel bars
10 Recycling p 77-10 Most trecycling is done on-site.
11 Rigid Pavement p 77-1 PCC, slip-form construction, JCP, JRCP, CRCP, PCP
12 Steel reinforcing p 77-5 Reinf. Is expressed as a percentage Ps of the x-sectional area & transverse reinforcement, Pt
13 Surface sealing p 77-10 To prevent chloride ions ( from deicing salt )from penetrating the concrete & corroding the steel reinforcement
78 Plane surveying pp. 78-1 to 78-19 19

1 Areas bounded by Irregular Boundaries p 78-17 Such as creek banks has to be determined by "approximation" methods; ie; Simpson's Rule. When the irregular side can be divided
2 Balancing p 78-13 Used to accommodate the mathematical necessitybof having a balanced column of figures.
3 Balancing closed traverse angles p 78-13 Due to measurement errors, variations in magnetic inclination, local magnetic attractions, the sum of interior angles may NOT = (n-2)(180)
4 Balancing closed traverse distances p 78-14 The algebraic sum of latitudes =0; algebraic sums of departures = 0. Use at least 2 methods in balancing; compass rule, transit rule, Crandall method
5 Benchmarks p 78-7 Benchmark-name given to permanent monuments of known vertical positions, measured above a reference surface or datum (MSL)
6 Direction specifications p 78-11 Direction can be specified by an angle bet. A line & another ref. line known as a meridian.Magnetic declination is the difference
7 Distance Measurement : EDM p 78-8 Capable of measuring lines up to 10 mi. long in less than 1 sec. ( w/ optical plummet ).
8 Distance Measurement : Tachyometry p 78-8 Involves sighting through a small angle at a distant scale. x = K(R2-R1) + C ; C=center of instrument (=0 for internal focusing types)
9 Distance Measurement : taping p 78-7 Tapes are used when measuring or staking short distances. Readings are affected by temp., tension & sag, w/c requires correction.
10 Elev. Measurement : Differential Leveling p 78-9 Diff. leveling is a consecutive application of direct leveling. HI=BMelev + B.S.; TP1elev = H1-F.S.
11 Elev. Measurement : Dir. Leveling p 78-9 A level is set up at a pt. approx. midway bet. The 2 pts. w/c diff. in elev. Is being desired. yA-B =yA-L + yL-B = RA - RB.
12 Elev. Measurement : Indirect Leveling p 78-11 Does NOT require a backsite.yA-B= 1/2 (measured dist) (tan Alpha + tan Beta )
13 Elevation Measurement p 78-9 hc=(2.4 x 10-8) x2; hr=(3.0 x 10-9) x2; ha = Robserved + hr - hc = Robserved - (2.1 x 10-8) x2
14 Equpt. & methods used to measure angles p 78-11 Transit ( vert & hor angles); Theodilite ( telescpoe, compass, hor/vert angles & optical plummet )
15 Error Ana: Measurements of "un"= weight p 78-2 Probable error, Ep = 0.6745 x sq. rt of (Summ (wi ( maen x - x1) squared) / (k-1) (summ wi )
16 Error Ana: Measurements of = weight p 78-1 Emean = ( 0.6745s ) / Sq, root of k; = E total / Sq. root of k NOTE: angles measured. Get error. Proportion error among measurements
17 Errors in computed quantities p 78-4 When independent quantities w/ known errors are added or subtracted; use Esum & Eproduct.
18 Geographic Information Systems p 78-6 GIS: is a computerized database management system used to capture, store, retieve, retrieve analyze & display spatial data.
19 Global Positioning system p 78-6 GPS uses precisely synchronized clocks on each end. There are 2 modes os accuracies.
20 Inertial survey systems p 78-6 ISS determine a position on the earth by analyzing the movement of vehicle in which it is installed.
21 Latitudes & Departures p 78-12 Latitude extends in a north or south direction ( to N = +, to S = - ). Departure extends in an east or west direction (to E =+, to W=-).
22 Levels p 78-8 Automatic & self-leveling laser levels have all but replaced the optical level, w/c can rotate & project a laser plane 300' to 2000' dia.
23 Orders of Accuracy p 78-4 First, second & third order. Refer to Table 78.1
24 Photogrammetry p 78-17 Scale = (focal length)/altitude; consider % overlap & % end lap.
25 Positions p 78-7 2 methods: a) by latitude & longitude; b) by rectangular ( Cartesian ) coordinates measured from a reference point.
26 Public Land system p 78-18 Tracts, Townships, Sections & quarters ( of quarters ).
27 Reconstructing missing sides and angles p 78-15 1 leg missing: Angle & length of missing side can be reconstructed from geometric & trigonometric priciples.
28 Stationing p 78-8 Length of 100 ft. or 100 m. Length meaning-"length of curve is 4 sta"; Location meaning - 'pt. of intersection is at sta 4."
29 Surveying methods p 78-5 Stadia, plane table, total station, triangulation, trilateration, photogrammetric, airborne LIDAR
30 Topographic Maps p 78-19 "graphic representations of the surface of the earth". ; USGS mapping symbols, map scales, contour lines.
31 Traverse are: Method of Coordinates p 78-15 A=1/2 ( algebraic sum of full line products - algebraic sum of broken line products )
32 Traverse area : Double Meridian Distance p 78-16 DMD : the DMD of the 1st course is the departure of that course, DMD of the last course is the negative of its own departure.
33 Traverses p 78-13 Sum of defletion angles = 360; Sum of the interior angles of a ploygon w/ "n" sides is (n-2)(180); Defl. Angle= angle bet. A line & prolongation of a pre
34 Types of Surveys p 78-5 Plane surveys, geodetic, zoned surveys
35 Units p 78-7 Distance:Foot & decimals; angles: degrees, minutes & seconds.
Topic Ch.
# VI Transportation
79 Horiz.,Compound, Vert. & Spipp. 79-1 to 79-19 19
1 Airport Pavement Grades p 79-19 Grades are limited to 1.5% for transport airports & 2.0% for utility airports.
2 Compound Horizontal Curves p 79-6 Comprises of 2 or more curves of different radii that share a common tangent pt., where the PT for the 1st curve & PC of 2nd coincides
3 Curve Layout by Chord Offset p 79-5 NOTE: Used for short curves, Ref. short chord distance ;NR = C cos (I/2-alpha); RQ ( chord offset 0 =csin I/2-alpha)
4 Curve Layout by Deflection Angle p 79-3 The deflec angle bet a tangent & a chord is 1/2 of the arc's subtended angle; C= 2Rsin(beta / 2)= 2R ( sin alpha )
5 Curve Layout by Tangent Offsets p 79-5 NOTE: Used for short curves, Ref. short chord distance ;C=hypo = 2R sin alpha; tangent offset = (2Rsin alpha)(sin alpha )
6 Degree of Curve p 79-2 Degree of curve is related to an arc of 100 Ft; D=360x100/2Pi R; R=5729.578/D, See Eq. no. 79-1 to 79-7.
7 Design of Crest Curve using K-value p 79-13 K = L/A = L / ( G2-G1) (always positive);
8 Design of Sag Curve using K-value p 79-15
9 Horizontal Curves p 79-1 A horizontal circular curve is a circular arc between two staright lines known as tangents. "elemnts" of a curve;
10 Horizontal Curves Through Points p 79-5 Calculate : angle alpha, m, angle gamma, angle theta & curve radius R
11 Min. Vert. Curve Length for Comfort p 79-15 ( Sag Curves ) L= Av2 / 46.5
12 Min. Vert. Curve Length for H/LightSight Dis p 79-15 ( Sag Curves ) Should be designed so that a vehicle's haedlight will illuminate a min. distance equiv. to the stopping sight distance
13 Min. Vert. Curve Length for Sight Distance p 79-13 ( Crest Curve ), are generally determined based on the stopping sight distances.
14 Minimum Horizontal Curve Length for Stoppi p 79-9 S & M values can be calculated
15 Passing Sight Distance p 79-9 Exhibit 3-7 of AASHTO Green Book
16 Railroad Grades p 79-19 See table 79.6
17 Spiral Curves p 79-17
18 Stationing of Horizontal Curve p 79-3 Sta. PT= sta PC + L; sta PC = sta PI - T
19 Stopping Sight Distance p 79-9 It is the dist. Req'd by a vehicle travelling @ the design speed to stop before reachi S<L or S>L, see formula.
20 Superelevation p 79-6 Here, e is a decimal number. E=v2/gR or (v2/gR-f S<L or S>L, see formula.
21 Superelevation of Railroad Lines p 79-9 E = (Geff v2) / gR; Geff is the center-to-center rail spacing
22 Tangent Offsets p 79-4 y&x
23 Transitions to Superelevation p 79-7 tangent runout,TR; superelevation runoff, L; superelevation runoff rate (SRR); w=lane width, p = rate of cross slope; 2/3 & 1/3 distances
24 Unequal Tangent (Unsymmetrical ) Vert. Curp 79-15
25 Vertical Curve to Pass Through TP p 79-13 Vert. curve L = (2(elevV-elevTP))/(G1((G1/(G2-G1)+1))
26 Vertical Curves p 79-10 R = ( G2-G1 ) / L; elevx = (R/2)x2 + G1x + elevBVC
27 Vertical Curves Through Points p 79-12 Constant s, =sq rt ( elevE-eleG)/elevE-elevF); Curve Length,L = (2d(s + 1 )) / (s-1)
Topic Ch.
# VI Transportation
80 Construction, Earthwork, Sta pp. 80-1 to 80-6 6
1 Average End Area Method p 80-2 V= L(A1+A2)/2; Vpyramid = Lbase/3
2 Earthwork Volumes p 80-2 Vol. calculations: the average end area method & 2. prismoidal formula method; Vpyramid = Labase/3
3 Establishing Slope Stake Markings p 80-6 Ground rod is used to determineH.I. ( H.I. = elev ground + ground rod ); Grade rod is used for grade elev. determination (Grade rod = H.I. - elev grade
4 Mass Diagrams p 80-2 Profile diag, mass diag, balance line, haul distance, free haul distance = 500 ft to 1000 ft., overhaul.
5 Prismoidal Formula method p 80-2 V=(L/6)(A1+4Am+A2)
6 Stake Markings p 80-3 Offsets, horizontal distances & elevations
7 Staking p 80-3 W/ construction stakes, alignment stakes, offset stakes, grade stakes & slope stakes, half-lath stakes, hubs, guineas
8 Volume of Piles p 80-1 Angle of repose…; cone volume, wedge & frustrum of a rectangular pyramid
ed rubber with asphalt cement, fast tract pavement, white-topping, roller compacted concrete (RCC)
must be determined.relative damage value, uf = (1.18 x 10 to the 8th ) x MR to the neg. 2.32.power
ms of departures = 0. Use at least 2 methods in balancing; compass rule, transit rule, Crandall method & least squares.
NOTE: angles measured. Get error. Proportion error among measurements.

ior angles of a ploygon w/ "n" sides is (n-2)(180); Defl. Angle= angle bet. A line & prolongation of a preceeding line.
v ground + ground rod ); Grade rod is used for grade elev. determination (Grade rod = H.I. - elev grade)

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Contents

1 pp 1 - 20 Units,conversions, Mathematics, Probability

2 Engineering Drawing Practic pp. 2-1 to 2-4 4

3 Algebra pp. 3-1 to 3-12 12

4 Linear Algebra pp. 4-1 to 4-7 7

5 Vectors pp. 5-1 to 5-5 5

2 Engineering Drawing Practic pp. 2-1 to 2-4 4

3 Algebra pp. 3-1 to 3-12 12

4 Linear Algebra pp. 4-1 to 4-7 7

5 Vectors pp. 5-1 to 5-5 5

; time (sec); elect. Current(ampere); temp(K);amt. of substance(mole) & lum.Intensity (candela)

numbers. Rectangular of trigonometric form ( a + bi ); exponential form ( a + bi = re ), is the argument

y: graphing, substitution, reduction or by Cramer's rule. NOTE: review calculator solution

36 Shallow Foundation pp. 36-1 to 36-10 10

40 Special Soil topics pp. 40-1 to 40-11 11

36 Shallow Foundation pp. 36-1 to 36-10 10

40 Special Soil topics pp. 40-1 to 40-11 11

43 Material Properties & Testin pp. 43-1 to 43-16 16

45 Basic Elements of Design pp. 45-1 to 45-19 19

46 Structural analysis pp. 46-1 to 46-13 13

47 Strength of Materials pp. 47-1 to 47-20 19

43 Material Properties & Testin pp. 43-1 to 43-16 16

45 Basic Elements of Design pp. 45-1 to 45-19 19

46 Structural analysis pp. 46-1 to 46-13 13

47 Strength of Materials pp. 47-1 to 47-20 19

72 Kinematics pp. 72-1 to 72-13 13

73 Kinetics pp. 73-1 to 73-20 20

74 Roads and Highways: Capacitpp. 74-1 to 74-28 28

76 Flexible Pavement Design pp. 76-1 to 76-24 24

78 Plane surveying pp. 78-1 to 78-19 19

72 Kinematics pp. 72-1 to 72-13 13

73 Kinetics pp. 73-1 to 73-20 20

74 Roads and Highways: Capacitpp. 74-1 to 74-28 28

76 Flexible Pavement Design pp. 76-1 to 76-24 24

78 Plane surveying pp. 78-1 to 78-19 19

NOTE: angles measured. Get error. Proportion error among measurements.

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