Prepared by

Shailendra Kumar Jain

Assistant Professor - II
Traffic Engineering and Management
CEE411

Q1. Write short notes on following:

(i)Tidal flow operation

Ans. Tidal flow operation is a traffic management process whereby the carriageway width is
shared between the two directions of travel in near proportion to the flow in each direction.

(ii)Exclusive bus lanes

Ans. An Exclusive bus lane or bus only lane is a lane restricted to buses, often on certain days
and times, and generally used to speed up public transport that would be otherwise held up
by traffic congestion. Certain other vehicles may also be permitted, such as taxis, high
occupancy vehicles, motorcycles, or bicycles. Bus lanes are a key component of a high-
quality bus rapid transit (BRT) network.

Q2. Define the following in brief.

(a) Head on Collision

(b) Brush / Side Swipe

(c) Grievously injured person

A person who has received grievous injuries (in accidents) such as fractures, concussions,
internal lesions, crushing, severe cuts and lacerations, severe general shock requiring medical
treatment and any other serious lesions requiring detention in hospital.
(d) Road Accident
Ans. An accident (collision, overturning or slipping) which occurred or originated on a road
open to public traffic resulting in either injury or loss of life, or damage to property, in which at
least one moving vehicle was involved.

(e) Passenger
Ans. Any person, other than a driver, who is in or on a vehicle.

(f) Right turn collision

Q4. Explain the various preventive measures to reduce accidents.

It is better to be safe than to be sorry. Prevent accidents by taking all the precautions you
can.
1. As they say speed thrills and also kills. Keep a rein on your speed, so that one is in better
control of the vehicle. Find out what causes you to speed up? Is there an urge to speed when you
have a driver close behind? Or, is it an effort to keep up with the traffic flow. Or, do you simply
enjoy over-taking? It is especially important to lower speed while nearing schools, on narrow
roads, hilly areas, rural areas and when visibility is poor. Wet roads and speed is a perfect recipe
for an accident.

2. Obey traffic rules. Traffic rules have been designed with safety foremost in mind. It takes
into account safety for all, including pedestrians. Follow the lane, and keep the required distance
between vehicles. It is important to display appropriate indications/signals especially while
changing lanes or before a turn. Respect for other drivers on the road is sacrosanct to road safety.

3. Wear seat belts. Seat belts are life saving. A statistic has revealed that 63% of those who died
in accidents had not strapped on their seat belts. According to the National Highway
Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA), lap-shoulder belt systems cut the risk of serious
injury and fatality by 50 percent. Seat belts help in protecting the internal organs in a crash as it
restrains the forward movement of the body to a great extent. It protects against head and neck
injuries by minimizing head contacts and keeps the passenger in place.

4. Pedestrians and children come first – Preference is to be given to pedestrians and children
crossing the road.

5. Read caution signs: Caution signs are very important as they warn about accident prone spots
so that the driver can reduce the speed of the vehicle. Signboards on the road are vital clues
about road design so that the person behind the wheel can exercise caution.

6. Adopt antiskid break systems in the cars, so that the risk of cars skidding can be reduced.
7. Air bags in vehicles are a must to cushion the impact in case of accidents.

8. Reflectors to be used on the rear of the vehicle. Ensure all lamps are in working condition.
Hazard lamp should be switched on when the vehicle is parked on a highway.

9. Vehicle must be in good working condition- there should be no compromise on the quality of
brakes and tyres. Further, it is imperative to inflate tyres with the right air pressure to avoid tyre
bursts on road.

10. Roads should be in good condition with proper sign boards. It is vital to install reflectors on
roads so that deviations and medians are clearly visible to drivers.

11. Avoid drugs and alcohol while driving. Drugs and alcohol can slow down reflexes, disrupt
accurate judgments, and cause mental alertness to dip. They have been the reason behind many
fatal road accidents.

12. Falling asleep behind the wheel has led to many grave mishaps on the road. Drivers must
rest well as the lack of it can have an adverse effect on mental alertness, slow down reflexes, and
even cause momentary sleepiness behind the wheel. What follows is a disaster.

The Road Ahead

Road safety is a collective effort of the government and people. While the government
administration must leave no stone unturned in ensuring proper condition of the roads and
enforcing strict adherence to traffic rules, responsible driving and the right attitude of people
with respect to traffic rules is perhaps the first step on the long road to 100% safety on the
roads.
Q5. Write short notes on traffic forecasting. Furthermore, Explain any technique in detail.
Ans.
Traffic forecasting is the process of estimating the number of vehicles or people that will use a
specific transportation facility in the future. For instance, a forecast may estimate the number of
vehicles on a planned road or bridge, the ridership on a railway line, the number of passengers
visiting an airport, or the number of ships calling on a seaport. Traffic forecasting begins with the
collection of data on current traffic. This traffic data is combined with other known data, such as
population, employment, trip rates, travel costs, etc., to develop a traffic demand model for the
current situation. Feeding it with predicted data for population, employment, etc. results in
estimates of future traffic, typically estimated for each segment of the transportation
infrastructure in question, e.g., for each roadway segment or railway station.

Traffic forecasts are used for several key purposes in transportation policy, planning,
and engineering: to calculate the capacity of infrastructure, e.g., how many lanes a bridge should
have; to estimate the financial and social viability of projects, e.g., using cost–benefit
analysis and social impact assessment; and to calculate environmental impacts, e.g., air pollution
and noise.

Within the rational planning framework, transportation forecasts have traditionally followed the
sequential four-step model or urban transportation planning (UTP) procedure, first implemented
on mainframe computers in the 1950s at the Detroit Metropolitan Area Traffic Study
and Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS).

Land-use forecasting starts the process. Typically, forecasts are made for the region as a whole,
e.g., of population growth. Such forecasts provide control totals for the local land use analysis.
Typically, the region is divided into zones and by trend or regression analysis, the population and
employment are determined for each.

The four steps of the classical urban transportation planning system model are:

• Trip generation determines the frequency of origins or destinations of trips in each zone
by trip purpose, as a function of land uses and household demographics, and other socio-
economic factors.
• Trip distribution matches origins with destinations, often using a gravity model function,
equivalent to an entropy maximizing model. Older models include the fratar model.
• Mode choice computes the proportion of trips between each origin and destination that
use a particular transportation mode. (This modal model may be of the logit form, developed
by Nobel Prize winner Daniel McFadden.)
• Route assignment allocates trips between an origin and destination by a particular mode
to a route. Often (for highway route assignment) Wardrop's principle of user equilibrium is
applied (equivalent to a Nash equilibrium), wherein each driver (or group) chooses the
shortest (travel time) path, subject to every other driver doing the same. The difficulty is that
travel times are a function of demand, while demand is a function of travel time, the so-
called bi-level problem. Another approach is to use the Stackelberg competition model,
where users ("followers") respond to the actions of a "leader", in this case for example a
traffic manager. This leader anticipates on the response of the followers.

After the classical model, there is an evaluation according to an agreed set of decision criteria
and parameters. A typical criterion is cost–benefit analysis. Such analysis might be applied after
the network assignment model identifies needed capacity: is such capacity worthwhile? In
addition to identifying the forecasting and decision steps as additional steps in the process, it is
important to note that forecasting and decision-making permeate each step in the UTP process.
Planning deals with the future, and it is forecasting dependent.
Q6. Explain the following terms in details with figures:
(a) Trumpet interchange
Trumpet interchange is a popular form of three leg interchange. If one of the legs of the
interchange meets a highway at some angle but does not cross it, then the interchange is called
trumpet interchange. A typical layout of trumpet interchange is shown in figure 6.1

Fig: 6.1 Trumpet interchange

(b) Diamond interchange

Diamond interchange is a popular form of four-leg interchange found in the urban locations
where major and minor roads crosses. The important feature of this interchange is that it can be
designed even if the major road is relatively narrow. A typical layout of diamond interchange is
shown in figure 6.2

Fig: 6.2 Diamond interchange

(c) Clover leaf interchange
It is also a four leg interchange and is used when two highways of high volume and speed
intersect each other with considerable turning movements. The main advantage of cloverleaf
intersection is that it provides complete separation of tra_c. In addition, high speed at
intersections can be achieved. However, the disadvantage is that large area of land is required.
Therefore, cloverleaf interchanges are provided mainly in rural areas. A typical layout of this
type of interchange is shown in figure 6.3

Fig: 6.3 Clover interchange

Q.7 The following table gives the particulars collected for a section of road 0.9km during the
course of a moving observer study:

Journey: North bound

Vehicle met with in the Vehicle in the same direction
Opposite direction
Stopped Times
Journey Times

Car Bus Truck Over taking Over taken

(Minutes)

(Minutes)
Run No.

vehicles vehicles

1 1.01 0.04 11 0 5 1 0
2 0.92 0.10 13 0 0 2 1
3 0.77 0.08 19 2 11 1 1
4 1.03 0.14 14 2 4 1 0
5 0.84 0.08 2 0 11 0 1
6 1.06 0.13 19 1 7 2 1

Journey: South bound

Vehicle met with in the Vehicle in the same direction
Opposite direction
Stopped Times
Journey Times

Car Bus Truck Over taking Over taken

(Minutes)

(Minutes)
Run No.

vehicles vehicles

1 1.00 0.05 10 0 2 1 1
2 0.87 0.07 2 0 3 1 0
3 1.20 0.11 23 1 6 2 1
4 1.18 0.12 7 0 1 2 0
5 1.06 0.09 8 0 1 1 1
6 1.02 0.10 11 0 8 2 0

Calculate the flow in PCU per hour in both direction of traffic assuming an equivalency factor of
one per car, 3 for bus and 2 for trucks. Calculate the journey speed and running speed.
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Q8 Explain the following elements of the rotary design with the help of a proper figure.

Fig: Rotary Elements

(i) At grade intersection
An intersection where all roadways join or cross at the same level.
(ii) Diverging
The dividing of a single stream of traffic into separate streams.
(iii) Intersection angle
The angle between two intersection legs.
(iv) Merging
The conversing of separate streams of traffic into a single stream.
(v) Rotary intersection
A road junction laid out for movement of traffic in one direction round a central island.
(vi) Rotary island
A traffic island located in the centre of an intersection to compel movement in a clock - wise
direction and thus substitute weaving of traffic around the island instead of direct crossing of
vehicle pathways.

(vii) Weaving
The combined movement of merging and diverging of traffic streams moving in the same
general direction.
(viii) Weaving Length
The length of a section of a rotary in which weaving occurs.

Q9. Explain in detail human factors affecting transportation with the help of the PIEV
Theory.
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