CH10 PDF

C H A P T E R 1 0
Series and Taylor Polynomials
Section 10.1 Sequences............................................................................................655
Section 10.2 Series and Convergence .....................................................................660
Section 10.3 p-Series and the Ratio Test ................................................................666
Quiz Yourself .............................................................................................................671
Section 10.4 Power Series and Taylor’s Theorem .................................................672
Section 10.5 Taylor Polynomials ............................................................................685
Section 10.6 Newton’s Method ...............................................................................690
Review Exercises .......................................................................................................698
Test Yourself .............................................................................................................714
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 1 0
Series and Taylor Polynomials
Section 10.1 Sequences
Skills Warm Up
1. lim
1
= 0 6.
n 2 + n − 12
=
( n + 4)( n − 3) = n − 3 ,
x →∞ x3 n 2 − 16 ( n + 4)(n − 4) n − 4
4x2 4 n ≠ −4, n ≠ 4
2. lim 2
= = 4
x →∞ x +1 1
3 1 3n 2 + 1
7. + 3 = , n ≠ 0
x3 − 1 n n n3
3. lim = ∞
x →∞ x2 + 2
1 1 n + 2 + n −1 2n + 1
8. + = = ,
1 n −1 n + 2 (n − 1)(n + 2) (n − 1)(n + 2)
4. lim = 0
x→∞ 5 x −1 n ≥ 2
5.
n2 − 4
=
(n + 2)(n − 2) = n − 2 ,
n 2 + 2n n ( n + 2) n
n ≠ −2, n ≠ 0
1. an = 4n − 3
( )
n
4. an = − 12
a1 = 4(1) − 3 = 1
= ( − 12 )
1
a1 = − 12
a2 = 4( 2) − 3 = 5
= ( − 12 )
2
a3 = 4(3) − 3 = 9 a2 = 1
4
a4 = 4( 4) − 3 = 13
= ( − 12 )
3
a3 = − 18
a5 = 4(5) − 3 = 17
= ( − 12 )
4
a4 = 1
16
2. an = 5n + 2
= ( − 12 )
5
a5 1
= − 32
a1 = 5(1) + 2 = 7
a2 = 5( 2) + 2 = 12 n
5. an =
a3 = 5(3) + 2 = 17 n +1
a4 = 5( 4) + 2 = 22 1 1
a1 = =
1+1 2
a5 = 5(5) + 2 = 27
2 2
a2 = =
n
2+1 3
3. an = 5 3 3
a3 = =
a1 = 51 = 5 3+1 4
a2 = 52 = 25 4 4
a4 = =
a3 = 53 = 125 4+1 5
5 5
a4 = 54 = 625 a5 = =
5+1 6
a5 = 55 = 3125
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 655
656 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
n −1 ( −1)n
6. an = 9. an = 1 +
n2 + 2 n2
1−1 0
a1 =
12 + 2
=
3
= 0
a1 = 1 +
(−1)1 = 1 + ( −1) = 0
12
2 −1 1
a2 = =
22 + 2 6 a2 = 1 +
(−1)2 =1+
1
=
5
3−1 2 22 4 4
a3 = =
32 + 2 11
a3 = 1 +
( −1)3  1
= 1 + −  =
8
4 −1 3 1 32  9 9
a4 = 2
= =
4 + 2 18 6
(−1)
4
1 17
5−1 4 a4 = 1 + =1+ =
a5 = = 4 2
16 16
52 + 2 27
(−1)
5
 1 24
a5 = = 1 + −  =
4n 52  25  25
7. an =
n!
41 4 1 1
a1 = = = 4 10. an = 5 − + 2
n n
1! 1
1 1
42 16 a1 = 5− + 2 = 5
a2 = = = 8 1 1
21 2 1 1 19
a2 = 5− + 2 =
43 64 32 2 2 4
a3 = = =
3! 6 3 1 1 43
a3 = 5− + 2 =
3 3 9
44 256 32
a4 = = = 1 1 77
4! 24 3 a4 = 5− + 2 =
4 4 16
5
4 1024 128 1 1 121
a5 = = = a5 = 5− + 2 =
5! 120 15 5 5 25
3n! 6
8. an = 11. This sequence converges because lim = 0.
( n − 1)! n→∞ n
3 ⋅ 1! 3
a1 = = = 3 n
(1 − 1)! 1 12. This sequence diverges because lim = ∞.
n→∞ 9
3 ⋅ 2! 6
a2 = = = 6
(2 − 1)! 1 13. This sequence converges because
3 ⋅ 3! 18  1
a3 = = = 9 lim  7 − n  = 7 − 0 = 7.
(3 − 1)! 2 n→∞  3 
3 ⋅ 4! 72
a4 = = = 12  1
(4 − 1)! 6 14. This sequence converges because lim  5 − n  = 5.
n→∞  4 
3 ⋅ 5! 360
a5 = = = 15
(5 − 1)! 24 15. This sequence converges because lim (0.5) = 0.
n
n →∞
1
16. This sequence converges because lim = 0.
n→∞ n3 2
n +1
n→∞ n
n +1
n→∞ n2 − 3
Section 10.1 Sequences 657
19. This sequence converges because n

32. The terms of the sequence an = seem to
2
n + 3n − 4 1 n+ 2
lim = . approach 1, so an converges to 1.
n →∞ 2n 2 + n − 3 2
n
lim an = lim = 1.
20. This sequence converges because n→∞ n→∞ n + 2
n n 1 1
lim = lim = = . 33. an = 3n − 2
n→∞ 9n + 8 n→∞ 9n + 8 9 3
34. an = 4n − 1
21. This sequence diverges because
n 2 − 25 5
lim = lim ( n − 5) = ∞. 35. an =
n →∞ n+5 n →∞ n
22. This sequence converges because 1

36. an =
n + 2 n2
lim = 0.
n → ∞ n2 + 1
n +1
37. an =
n+ 2
1 + ( −1)
n
n→∞ n n +1
38. an =
2n − 1
24. This sequence diverges because lim 6 + ( −1)  does
n +1
n →∞   n −1
39. an =
(−1)
not exist. It alternates {5, 7, 5, 7, }. 2n − 2
25. This sequence diverges because 2n −1

40. an =
n! 3n
lim = lim ( n − 1)! = ∞.
n→∞ n n→∞
1 n +1
41. an = 1 + =
26. This sequence converges because n n
n! 1 1
lim = lim = 0. 42. an = 1 +
n→∞ (n + 1)! n → ∞ n +1 2n
43. an = 2( −1)
n
27. This sequence converges because
lim
(n − 2)!
= lim
1
= 0. n +1
n→∞ n! n→∞ n( n − 1) 44. an = ( −1) (2n)
28. This sequence diverges because 4n

45. an =
n!
lim
(n + 1)!
= lim
(n + 1)n!
n→∞ n! n→∞ n! (−1) 3n
n
= lim ( n + 1) = ∞. 46. an =
n→∞ (n + 1)!
n n  47. Because an = 3n − 1, the next two terms are a5 = 14

29. This sequence diverges because lim ( −1)   does
n→∞  n + 1 and a6 = 17.
not exist.
n 11
48. Because an = 3 + , the next two terms are a5 =
n n  2 2
30. This sequence diverges because lim ( −1)  2  and a6 = 6.
n→∞  n + 1
does not exist. 1 2n 11
49. Because an = + , the next two terms are a5 =
3 3 3
31. The sequence an = ( −1) + 2 oscillates between 1 and
n
13
and a6 = .
3, so an diverges. lim an does not exist. 3
n→∞
3n
50. Because an = − 14 , the next two terms are 63. An = 2000(11) (1.1) − 1
n
4
 
a5 = 14 = 7 and a6 = 17 .
4 2 4 (a) A1 = $2200
A2 = $4620
( )
n −1
51. Because an = 3 − 12 , the next two terms are a5 = 3
16 A3 = $7282
3.
and a6 = − 32 A4 = $10,210.20
n −1 A5 = $13,431.22
52. Because an = 5( 2) , the next two terms are a5 = 80
A6 ≈ $16,974.34
and a6 = 160.
(b) A20 ≈ $126,005.00
53. Because an = 2 3 ( ), the next two terms are
n −1
(c) A40 ≈ $973,703.62
a5 = 162 and a6 = 486.
64. An = 100( 201) (1.005) − 1
n
 
( 23 )
n −1
54. Because an = 9 , the next two terms are (a) A1 = $100.50
16 32 A2 = $201.50
a5 = 9
and a6 = 27
.
A3 ≈ $303.01
1
55. The sequence is geometric because each term is 2
times A4 ≈ $405.03
()
n −1
the previous term. So, an = 20 1 . A5 ≈ $507.55
2
A6 ≈ $610.59
56. The sequence is arithmetic because the common (b) A60 ≈ $7011.89
difference is 8. So, an = 108 − 8n.
(c) A240 ≈ $46,435.11
57. The sequence is arithmetic because the common
65. (a) an = 2.2n + 390, n = 0 corresponds to 2010
difference is 23. So, an = 2 + 23 n.
(b) 410
58. The sequence is geometric because each term is − 13
( )
n −1
times the previous term. So, an = 378 − 13 .
3n + 1 0 5
59. One example is an = . 380
4n
The data fits the model well.
1 (c) a10 = 2.2(10) + 390 = 412 parts per million
60. One example is an = 100 − .
n
n n 66. The graph of (i) represents a sequence with alternating
 r  0.06 
 = 9000(1.005)
n
61. An = P 1 +  = 9000 1 + signs because the plotted points alternate above and
 12   12  below the n-axis as n increases.
A1 = $9045.00 A6 ≈ $9273.40
A2 ≈ $9090.23 A7 ≈ $9319.76 67. (a) an = 41.9n + 520, n = 0 corresponds to 2010
A3 ≈ $9135.68 A8 ≈ $9366.36 (b) 750
A4 ≈ $9181.35 A9 ≈ $9413.20
A5 ≈ $9227.26 A10 ≈ $9460.26
62. An = P(1 + r ) = 5000(1 + 0.08) = 5000(1.08)

n n n
0 5
500
A1 = $5400.00 A6 ≈ $7934.37
The data fits the model well.
A2 = $5832.00 A7 ≈ $8569.12
(c) a8 = 41.9(8) + 520 ≈ 855 stores
A3 = $6298.56 A8 ≈ $9254.65
A4 ≈ $6802.44 A9 ≈ $9995.02
A5 ≈ $7346.64 A10 ≈ $10,794.62
Section 10.1 Sequences 659
68. (a) an = 0.00217n3 − 0.02849n2 + 0.16752n + 3.01924, n = 0 corresponds to 2000

8
0 15
0
(b) a20 = 0.00217( 20) − 0.02849( 20) + 0.16752( 20) + 3.01924 ≈ $12.33 per pound.
3 2
69. (a) an = − 0.00874n3 + 0.1785n2 − 0.221n + 9.52, n = 0 corresponds to 2000

20
0 15
8
(b) a18 = − 0.00874(18) + 0.1785(18) − 0.221(18) + 9.52 ≈ $12.13 billion

3 2
( 23 )
n
70. an = 0.048n 2 + 0.26n + 5.5, n = 0 corresponds 71. (a) hn = 12
to 2000
(a) a 0 = $5.5 trillion (b) h1 = 12( 23 ) = 8 ft
a1 = $6.24 trillion
= 12( 23 ) = 16
2
h2 3
≈ 5.3 ft
a 2 = $7.94 trillion
= 12( 23 ) = 32
3
a3 = $10.6 trillion h3 9
≈ 3.6 ft
= 12( 23 ) = 27
4
64
h4 ≈ 2.4 ft
a5 = $18.8 trillion
= 12( 23 ) = 128
5
a 6 = $24.34 trillion h5 81
≈ 1.6 ft
= 12( 23 ) = 256
6
h6 243
≈ 1.1 ft
a8 = $38.3 trillion
a9 = $46.72 trillion (c) This sequence converges because
( 23 )
n
a10 = $56.1 trillion lim 12 = 0.
n→∞
a11 = $66.44 trillion
a12 = $77.74 trillion 72. (a) A1 = 4.5 − 0.2(4.5) = 4.5(0.8)
a13 = $90.0 trillion A2 = A1 − 0.2 A1 = 0.8 A1 = 4.5(0.8)
2
a14 = $103.22 trillion

A3 = 4.5(0.8)
3
(b) an 
An = 4.5(0.8)
110 n
100
(in trillions of dollars)
90
80
(b) A1 = $3.6 billion
Federal debt
70
A2 = $2.88 billion
60
50
40
30 A3 = $2.304 billion
20
10
n
A4 = $1.8432 billion
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
(c) A10 = 4.5(0.8)

Year (0 ↔ 2000) 10
≈ 0.483 billion or $483,000
(d) The sequence converges to 0.
lim 4.5(0.8) = 0
n
n→∞
n −1
73. (a) an = 36,000(1.05)
n
 1
74. an = 1 + 
4 −1  n
(b) a4 = 36,000(1.05) = $41,674.50
a1 = 2
or a10 ≈ 2.593742460
Year 1: $36,000 a100 ≈ 2.704813829
Year 2: (36,000)(1.05) = $37,800 a1000 ≈ 2.716923932
a10,000 ≈ 2.718145927
Year 3: (37,800)(1.05) = $39,690
Note: e ≈ 2.718281828
Year 4: (39,690)(1.05) = $41,674.50
(c) This sequence diverges because 75. Answers will vary.
n −1
lim 36,000(1.05) = ∞.
n →∞
Section 10.2 Series and Convergence
Skills Warm Up
1 1 
1. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 77 5
2 3 4 5 60 31
1 −   
2   2   31
2. 1 + 3
+ 4 + 5
= 73 6. = 64 =
4 6 8 24 1 1 32
1−
2 2
5
1 31
1−  3n 3
 2 32 31 7. lim =
3. = = n→∞ 4n + 1 4
1 1 16
1−
2 2
5n
8. lim = 0
n→∞ n2 + 4
 1 
4
31 −    80
  3   n! 1
4.  = 27 = 40 9. lim = =1
1 2 9
n →∞ n! − 3 1
1−
3 3
2n! + 1 2 1
10. lim = =
 1 
3 n →∞ 4n! − 1 4 2
21 −    63
  4   32 = 21
5. =
1 3 8
1−
4 4
1. 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 20 = 4(1) + 4( 2) + 4(3) + 4( 4) + 4(5)

5
=  4n
n =1
( 13 ) + 2( 13 ) ( 13 ) ( 13 ) ( 13 ) ( 13 )
2 3 4 5 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
2. 3
+ 9
+ 27
+ 81
+ 243
+ 729
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
6
 2( 13 )
n
=
n =1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3. + + + + + + = + + + + + +
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 2(1) − 1 2( 2) − 1 2(3) − 1 2( 4) − 1 2(5) − 1 2(6) − 1 2(7) − 1
7
1
=  2n − 1
n =1
Section 10.2 Series and Convergence 661
( ) (161 ) + 5(− 641 ) = 5(− 14 ) + 5(− 14 ) ( )

2 3 ∞
4. 5 − 14 + 5 + 5 − 14 9. 7 = 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 +
n =1
3
 5(− 14 )
n
= This series diverges because Sn = n and the sequence
n =1
∞
of partial sums {Sn} diverges.
1
5.  n2
n =1 ∞
S1 = 1
10.  5
4
= 5
4
+ 5
4
+ 5
4
+ 5
4
+
n =1
1 5
S2 = 1 + 4
= 4
= 1.25 This series diverges because Sn = n and the sequence
S3 = 1 + 1
4
+ 1
9
= 49
36
≈ 1.361 of partial sums {Sn} diverges.
1 1 1 205
S4 = 1 + + + = ≈ 1.424
4 9 16 144 11. This series diverges by the Test for Convergence of a
1 1 1 1 5269
S5 = 1 + 4
+ 9
+ 16
+ 25
= 3600
≈ 1.464 Geometric Series because r = 5
> 1.
2
∞
7 12. This series diverges by the Test for Convergence of a
6.  4 n −1 Geometric Series because r = 4
n =1
3
> 1.
S1 = 7
7 35
13. This series diverges by the Test for Convergence of a
S2 = 7 + = = 8.75
4 4 Geometric Series because r = 1.055 > 1.
7 7 146 73
S3 = 7 + 4
+ 16
= 16
= 8
= 9.125
7 7 7 595
S4 = 7 + + + = ≈ 9.297
4 16 64 64 Geometric Series because r = −1.03 > 1.
7 7 7 7 2387
S5 = 7 + 4
+ 16
+ 64
+ 256
= 256
≈ 9.324
15. This series diverges by the nth-Term Test because
n +1 n
∞
(−1) lim = 1 ≠ 0.
7.  n!
n→∞ n + 1
n =1
S1 = 1
n 1
S2 = 1 − 1 = 1 = 0.5 lim = ≠ 0.
2 2 n → ∞ 2n + 3 2
S3 = 1 − 1 + 1 = 4 = 2 ≈ 0.6667
2 6 6 3 17. This series diverges by the nth-Term Test because
S4 = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 = 15 = 5 = 0.625
2 6 24 24 8 n2 + 5
lim 2 = 1 ≠ 0.
1 1 1 1 76 19 n →∞ n + 3n + 1
S5 = 1 − 2
+ 6
− 24
+ 120
= 120
= 30
≈ 0.6333
∞
3n
 (−1)
n +1
8. n
2n −1 lim = 1 ≠ 0.
n =1 n→∞ 2
n +1
S1 = 3
∞ ∞
8 1 1
S2 = 3 − 9
2
= − 32 = −1.5 19. Using Property 1,  5n = 8
5n
= 8  = 2.
 4
n =1 n =1
S3 = 3 − 9 + 27 = 21 = 5.25
2 4 4
∞ ∞
9 27 81 = − 39 7 1 1 7
S4 = 3 − 2
+ 4
− 8 8
= −4.875 20. Using Property 1,  6n = 7
6n
= 7  = .
5 5
9 27 81 243 165 n =1 n =1
S5 = 3 − 2
+ 4
− 8
+ 16
= 16
= 10.3125
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 1 1 9
21. Using Property 2,   5n +  =
6n 
  5n  +   6n  = +
4 5
=
20
.
n =1 n =1 n =1
∞ ∞ ∞
 15 3 1 1 1 1 3 9
22. Using Properties 1 and 2,   6n − n
5 
= 15   n  − 3   n  = 15  − 3  = 3 −
 6   5   5   4  4
= .
4
n =1 n =1 n =1
1 2
23. Because a = 3 and r = , you have 26. Because a = 2 and r = , you have
8 3
31 − (1 8)  2 1 − ( − 2 3)  2 1 − ( − 2 3) 
n +1 n +1 n +1
Sn =   Sn =   =  
1 − (1 8) 1 − ( − 2 3) 53
31 − (1 8)  6 
n +1 n +1
   2
= = 1 −  −  .
78 5   3 
6 
10
3 1 
n
 2
= 8 −   . S9 = 1 −  −   ≈ 1.179
7   8   5   3 
6 
13
3 1 
4  2
S 4 = 8 −    ≈ 3.428 S12 = 1 −  −   ≈ 1.206
7   8   5   3 
6  2 
19
3 1 
6
S6 = 8 −    ≈ 3.429 S18 = 1 −  −   ≈ 1.201
7   8   5   3  
3 1 
10
S10 = 8 −    ≈ 3.429 1
27. Because a = 7 and r = , you have
7   8   3
7 21
S = = .
3 1 − (1 3) 2
4
1
6 1 − (3 4) 
n +1
Sn =   4
1 − ( 3 4) 5 20
S = = .
6 1 − (3 4)
n +1
 1 − (1 4) 3
=  
14 3
= 24 1 − (3 4) .
n +1
8
 
5
S = = 8.
S3 = 241 − (3 4)  ≈ 16.406
4
1 − (3 8)
 
S8 = 241 − (3 4)  ≈ 22.198
9
  4
5
S30 = 241 − (3 4)  ≈ 23.997
31
  6
S = = 30.
1 − ( 4 5)
1
25. Because a = 5 and r = − , you have
2 ∞ ∞ n ∞ n
1 1 1 1
51 − ( −1 2) 
n +1
51 − ( −1 2) 
n +1 31.   2n −  =
3n 
  2  −   3 
Sn =   =   n=0 n=0 n=0
1 − ( −1 2) 32 1 1
= −
1 − (1 2) 1 − (1 3)
10  
n +1
 1
= 1 −  −  . 3 1
3   2  = 2− =
2 2
10   1 
6
S5 = 1 −  −   ≈ 3.281 ∞ ∞ n ∞ n
1 1 1 1
3   2   32.   3n +  =
4n 
  3  +   4 
n=0 n=0 n=0
10   1 
8
S7 = 1 −  −   ≈ 3.320 1 1
3  = +
 2   1 − (1 3) 1 − (1 4)
10   1 
11
3 4 17
S10 = 1 −  −   ≈ 3.335 = + =
3   2   2 3 6
∞ ∞ ∞ 42. This series diverges by the Test for Convergence of a

 (0.7) + (0.9)  =  (0.7)  (0.9)
n n n n
33. + Geometric Series because
n=0
 n=0 n=0
∞ ∞
3n  1 
=
1
+
1
 100 =   100 3n and r = 3 > 1.
1 − 0.7 1 − 0.9 n =1 n =1
10 40
= + 10 = 43. This series converges by the Test for Convergence of
3 3
∞ ∞ n
8 1
∞ ∞ ∞
a Geometric Series because  5n
=  8 5  and
 (0.4) − (0.8)  =  (0.4)  (0.8)
n n n n n=0 n=0
34. −

n=0 n=0 n=0 1
r = < 1.
1 1 5
= −
1 − 0.4 1 − 0.8
5 10 44. This series converges by the Test for Convergence of a
= −5 = − Geometric Series because
3 3
∞ ∞ n
4 1 1
35. The infinite series  2n
=  4  and r =
 2 2
< 1.
n=0 n=0
∞
 4
9
= 4
9
+ 4
9
+ 4
9
+ 4
9
+
n =1
diverges because Sn = n and the sequence of partial n! + 1

lim = 1 ≠ 0.
n→∞ n!
sums {Sn} diverges.
36. The infinite series
3n! + 1
∞ lim = 3 ≠ 0.
n!
 12
n→∞
= 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 
n =1
∞
0.4 0.4 4
 (0.4)(0.1)
n
diverges because Sn = n and the sequence of partial 47. 0.4 = = = =
n=0 1 − 0.1 0.9 9
sums {Sn} diverges.
∞
0.2 0.2 2
 (0.2)(0.1)
n
37. This series converges by the Test for Convergence of a 48. 0.2 = = = =
n=0 1 − 0.1 0.9 9
Geometric Series because r = − 0.9 < 1.
∞
0.81 0.81 9
 0.81(0.01)
n
49. 0.81 = = = =
Geometric Series because r = 1.075 > 1. n=0 1 − 0.01 0.99 11
∞
0.21 0.21 7
 0.21(0.01)
n
39. This series diverges by the nth-Term Test because 50. 0.21 = = = =
n=0 1 − 0.01 0.99 33
n +1 1
lim = ≠ 0.
n→∞ 2n − 1 2 60 n
 0.09 
51. (a) A =  1001 + 12 

n =1
n
4n − 7 4 60
 0.09 
lim
n → ∞ 3n + 1
=
3
≠ 0. = −100 +  1 +
 12 

n=0
41. This series converges by the Test for Convergence of 100(1 − 1.007561 )
∞ ∞ n (b) A = −100 + ≈ $7598.98
1 1 1 − 1.0075
a Geometric Series because  6n
=  1 6  and
n=0 n=0 n
72
 0.015 
r =
1
< 1.
52. (a) A =  1501 + 12 

6 n =1
72 n
 0.015 
= −150 +  1501 + 12 
n=0
150(1 − 1.0012571 )
(b) A = −150 + ≈ $10,979.62
1 − 1.00125
  r  
N +1
n n
P 1 − 1 +  
N
 r  N
 r    12  
53. A =  P1 + 12  = −P +  P1 +

 = −P +
12   r 
n =1 n=0 1 − 1 + 
 12 
12  r    r  
N +1 N +1
 12 12 
= −P − P 1 − 1 +   = P −1 − + 1 +  
r   12    r r 12  
  12  12  r  r  
N
  12   12  r  
N
= P −1 +  + 1 + 1 +   = P  − 1 + +
  + 11 +  
  r  r 12  12     r  r  12  
  r  
N
12   r 
N
 12 
= P −1 + 1 +  1 +  = P 1 +  − 1 1 + 
  12    r   12    r 
54. The total profit is positive because the difference for ∞

58. t = 1 + 2 (0.9)
n
each year between revenues (in black) and costs (in red)
n =1
sum to a positive value over the five-year period.
 ∞
n
(n −1) + 1 
= 1 + 2 −1 +  (0.9) 
n −1 8000 1 − (0.9)  n=0 
 
 8000(0.9)
i
55. (a) =  1 
i=0 1 − 0.9 = −1 + 2 
 1 − 0.9 
= 80,000(1 − 0.9n )
 1 
= −1 + 2 
S9 = 80,0001 − (0.9) 
9  0.1 
  = −1 + 20 = 19 seconds
≈ 49,006 units
∞
500
 500(0.75)
∞ n
8000 59. A = = = $2000 million
 8000(0.9) =
i
(b) = 80,000 units 1 − 0.75
i=0 1 − 0.9 n=0
∞
(n −1) + 1  500
80001 − (0.75)  500(0.60)
n
n −1
 60. A = = = $1250 million

 8000(0.75) 1 − 0.60
i
56. (a) = n=0
i=0 1 − 0.75
= 32,000(1 − 0.75n ) 61. Vn = 225,000(1 − 0.3) = 225,000(0.7)
n n
V5 = 225,000(0.7) = $37,815.75
5
S9 = 32,0001 − (0.75) 
9
 
≈ 25,597 units
62. Vn = 225,000(1 − 0.25) = 225,000(0.75)
n n
∞
8000
 8000(0.75)
i
V5 = 225,000(0.75) ≈ $53,393.55
5
(b) = = 32,000 units
i =1 1 − 0.75
63. T0 = 40,000
57. D1 = 16
D2 = 0.81(16) + 0.81(16) = 32(0.81) T1 = 40,000(1 + 0.04)
T2 = 40,000(1 + 0.04)
2
D3 = 32(0.81)
2
 
Tn = 40,000(1 + 0.04)
∞ n
 32(0.81)
n
D = −16 +
40,000(1 − 1.0440 )
n=0
39
 40,000(1 + 0.04)
n
32 =
= −16 + 1 − 1.04
1 − 0.81 n=0
32 ≈ $3,801,020.63
= −16 +
0.19
2896
= ≈ 152.42 feet
19
64. T0 = 0.01
T1 = 2(0.01) = 0.02
T2 = 4(0.01) = 0.04

Tn = (0.01)( 2n )
28 0.01(1 − 229 )
(a) After 29 days:  (0.01)(2n ) =
1−2
≈ $5,368,709.11
n=0
29 0.01(1 − 230 )
(b) After 30 days:  (0.01)(2n ) =
1−2
≈ $10,739,418.23
n=0
30 0.01(1 − 231 )
(c) After 31 days:  (0.01)(2n ) =
1−2
≈ $21,474,836.47
n=0
∞ n ∞ n
1 1 1
65.   2  = −1 +   2  = −1 +
1
=1
n =1 n=0 1−
2
∞
 n( 12 ) ( 14 ) + 3( 81 ) + 4(161 ) + 5( 321 ) + 6( 641 ) + 
n
66. = 1 + 2
2
n =1
1 1 3 1 5 3
= 2
+ 2
+ 8
+ 4
+ 32
+ 32
+
= 2
n 10
1 1 
67. P( n) =  
70. (a)  880 = (10)(880) = $8800
2 2  i =1
2 168
1 1  1
P ( 2) =   =
2 2  8
(b)  880 = (168)(880) = $147,840
i =1
1 1 So, 147,840 − 100,000 = $47,840 more.

∞ n
1 1 
   =
2 2 
2
1
= 2 =1
1 ∞ n
1− 1
 n 2  2 
n=0
2 2 71. = 6
n =1
n
1 2  ∞
68. P( n) =
 2n3 ( 15 )
n
  72. = 115
≈ 1.7969
3 3  64
n =1
2
1 2  4
P( 2) =   = ∞
3 3  27 1
73.  (2n)! ≈ 0.5431
n =1
1 1
∞ n
1 2  3
   = = 3 =1 ∞ n
3 3  2 1 4 44
n=0 1−
3 3
74.  n 11 =
49
≈ 0.8980
n =1
69. At factory: 500 ∞

1
1 mile away: (0.85)500
75. False. For example,  n
diverges even though
n =1
1
2 miles away: (0.85) 500
2
lim = 0.
n→∞ n
12 miles away: (0.85) 500 ≈ 71.12 ppm
12
76. False. The summation must begin at n = 0.
Section 10.3 p-Series and the Ratio Test
Skills Warm Up
n! 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3  ( n − 1) ⋅ n 1 3n +1 n 3n ⋅ 3 ⋅ n 3n
1. = = 3. ⋅ n = =
( n + 1) 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3  ( n − 1) ⋅ n ⋅ ( n + 1)
! n +1 n +1 3 3 ( n + 1)
n n +1
(n + 1)! 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3  ( n − 1) ⋅ n ⋅ ( n + 1)
2. = = n +1
n! 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3  ( n − 1) ⋅ n
(n + 1)
2
n! 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3  ( n − 1) ⋅ n ⋅ ( n + 1) ⋅ ( n + 1) n +1
4. ⋅ = =
(n + 1)! n 2
1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3  ( n − 1) ⋅ n ⋅ ( n + 1) ⋅ n 2 n2
(n + 1)
2
n 2 + 2n + 1 1 5n +1 5n ⋅ 5
5. lim = lim = lim = 1 6. lim n
= lim = lim 5 = 5
n →∞ n2 n →∞ n2 n →∞ 1 n →∞ 5 n →∞ 5n n →∞
 5 
 5 5  + 1  = lim 5n 5
7. lim  ÷  = lim  n  = lim = 1
n→∞  n + 1 n n→∞ 5 n → ∞ 5( n + 1) n→∞ 5
 
 n 
 ( n + 1)3 
 ( n + 1)  n +1 
n3  3n ( n + 1) 3n ( n + 1) (n + 1) = 1
3 3 3 3
8. lim  n + 1 ÷ n  = lim  3 3  = lim = lim = lim
n→∞  3

3 

n→∞ 
 3n 
n  ( ) n → ∞ 3n ⋅ 3n3 n → ∞ 3n3
n → ∞ 3n + 1 n 3 3
 
∞ ∞
1 1
9. The series  4n
is geometric because a = 1 and 10. The series  n8
is not geometric because it is not of
n =1 n =1
1 ∞
r = .
4
the form  ar n .
n =1
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 1
1. The series  n2 is a p-series with p = 2. 6.  n3n
is not a p-series. It is not of the form  np
.
n =1 n =1 n =1
∞
1 7. The series
2. The series  n6 is a p-series with p = 6.
1 1 1 ∞
1 ∞
1
n =1 1+ 4
2
+ 4 + 4
3 4
+ =  4
n
=  n1 4
n =1 n =1
n
∞
1 1 ∞ 1
3. The series   1 5  is not a p-series.
= is a p-series with p = .
n =1 n =1 5n 4
1
This series is geometric with r = . 1 1 1 ∞
1
5 8. The series 1 + +
4 16
+
64
+ =  4n
is not a
n=0
∞
1 3 1
4.  n3 4
is a p-series with p = .
4
p-series. This series is geometric with r =
4
.
n =1
∞
∞ 1
5. The series 
1 1 1 1
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +  is not a 9. The series  n1.03 converges because p = 1.03 > 1.
n =1 nn 2 3 4 n =1
p-series. The exponent changes with each term. ∞

1
10. The series  n 0.99
diverges because p = 0.99 ≤ 1.
n =1
Section 10.3 p-Series and the Ratio Test 667
∞ n
1 1 21. Because an = n 4 , you have
11. The series  n1 6
diverges because p =
6
≤ 1.
n =1
an +1 n + 1 4n
lim = lim n +1 ⋅
∞
1 n →∞ an n →∞ 4 n
12. The series  nπ
converges because p = π > 1.
n +1 1
n =1
= lim = <1
n →∞ 4n 4
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 1 and the series converges.
13. The series  n3 n
=  12 13
n n
=  n5 6
n =1 n =1 n =1
5 n2
diverges because p = ≤ 1. 22. Because an = , you have
6 8n
(n + 1)
2
∞ ∞ ∞ an + 1 8n
1 1 1 lim = lim ⋅
14. The series  =  n ⋅ n3 4
=  n7 4
n→∞ an n→∞ 8 n +1
n2
n =1 n 4 n3 n =1 n =1
7 n 2 + 2n + 1 1
converges because p = > 1. = lim = <1
4 n→∞ 8n 2 8
and the series converges.
15. The series
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 1 9n
1+
2
+
3
+
4
+ =  n
=  n1 2
23. Because an = , you have
n =1 n =1 n5
1
diverges because p = ≤ 1. an +1 9n + 1 n5
2 lim = lim ⋅
(n + 1)
5
n→∞ an n→∞ 9n
∞
1 1 1 1 1
16. The series 1 + + +
4 9 16
+
25
+ =  n2 = lim
9n 5
= 9 >1
(n + 1)
n =1 n→∞ 5
converges because p = 2 > 1.

and the series diverges.
∞
1 1 1 1 1
17. The series 1 + + +
16 81 256
+
625
+ =  n4 24. Because an = n! 3n , you have
n =1
converges because p = 4 > 1.

lim
an + 1
= lim
(n + 1)! ⋅ 3n
n →∞ an n →∞ 3n +1 n!
∞
1 1 1 1
18. The series 1 + 3
4
+ 3 + 3
9 16
+ =  n2 3 = lim
n+1
= ∞
n =1
n →∞ 3
2
diverges because p = ≤ 1. and the series diverges.
3
25. Because an = n(3 4) , you have

n
6n
n! an +1 ( n + 1)3n +1 ⋅ 4n
lim = lim
an + 1 6 n +1 n! n →∞ an n →∞ 4 n +1 n3n
lim = lim ⋅ n
n→∞ an n→∞ ( n + 1)! 6 3( n + 1)
= lim
6 n →∞ 4n
= lim = 0 <1
n→∞ n +1 3
= <1
and the series converges. 4
and the series converges.
7n
26. Because an = n(3 2) , you have
n
n!
lim
an + 1
= lim
7 n +1
⋅
n!
lim
an +1
= lim
( n + 1)3n +1 ⋅ 2n
n→∞ an n→∞ ( n + 1)! 7n n →∞ an n →∞ 2 n +1 n3n
= lim
7
= 0 <1 3( n + 1) 3
= lim = >1
n→∞ n +1 n →∞ 2n 2
and the series converges. and the series diverges.
27. Because an = ( −1) e− n , you have

n
an + 1 1 n3 2
33. lim = lim ⋅
(n + 1)
32
n +1 n→∞ an n→∞ 1
a
lim n +1 = lim
(−1) ⋅
en
32
n →∞ a
n
n →∞ e n +1 ( −1)n  n 
= lim   =1
n → ∞  n + 1
1 1
= lim = <1
n →∞ e e So, the Ratio Test is inconclusive.
∞
and the series converges. 1
The series is a p-series. The series  n3 2
converges
n =1
(−1)
n
2n 3
28. Because an = , you have because p = > 1.
n! 2
lim
an + 1
= lim
(−1)n +1 2n +1 ⋅ n!
n→∞ an n→∞ (n + 1)! (−1)n 2n an + 1 1 n1 2
34. lim = lim ⋅
(n + 1)
12
n→∞ an n→∞ 1
2
= lim = 0 <1 12
n→∞ n + 1  n 
= lim   =1
and the series converges. n → ∞  n + 1
So, the Ratio Test is inconclusive.

4n
29. Because an = , you have ∞
1

n
3 +1 The series is a p-series. The series diverges
n =1 n1 2
an +1 4 n +1 3n + 1
lim = lim n +1 ⋅ 1
n →∞ an n →∞ 3 +1 4n because p = ≤ 1.
2
4(3n ) + 4 4
= lim = >1
n →∞ 3(3n ) + 1 3 an + 1 1 n8
35. lim = lim ⋅
(n + 1)
8
n→∞ an n→∞ 1
8
 n 
3n = lim   =1
30. Because an = , you have n → ∞  n + 1
n +1
So, the Ratio Test is inconclusive.
an +1 3n +1 n +1
lim = lim ⋅ ∞
1
n→∞ an n→∞ ( n + 1 ) + 1 3n The series is a p-series. The series  n8
converges
n =1
 n + 1 because p = 8 > 1.
= lim 3  = 3 >1
n→∞  n + 2 
and the series diverges. an + 1 1 n9

36. lim = lim ⋅
(n + 1)
9
n→∞ an n→∞ 1
n5n
31. Because an = , you have 9
n!  n 
= lim   =1
lim
an + 1
= lim
( n + 1)5n +1 ⋅ n! n → ∞  n + 1
n →∞ an n →∞ ( n + 1)! n5n So, the Ratio Test is inconclusive.

∞
5 1
= lim
n →∞ n
= 0 <1 The series is a p-series. The series  n9
converges
n =1
and the series converges. because p = 9 > 1.
2n! ∞
32. Because an = , you have 1 1 1 1 1 2035
n5 37.  n3
≈ + +
1 8 27
+
64
=
1728
≈ 1.1777
n =1
an + 1 2( n + 1)! n5
lim = lim ⋅ The error is less than or equal to
( n + 1) 2n!
5
n →∞ an n →∞
1 1 1
= = .
 n 
= lim ( n + 1)
5
( p − 1) N p −1 (3 − 1)43 −1 32
 = ∞ >1
n →∞  n + 1
Section 10.3 p-Series and the Ratio Test 669
∞
1 1 1 1
38.  n4
≈1+
16
+ +
81 256
≈ 1.0788
n =1
The error is less than or equal to

1 1 1
= = .
( p − 1) N p −1 ( 4 − 1)44 −1 192
∞
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
39.  n7 2
≈ 1 + 7 2 + 7 2 + 7 2 + 7 2 + 7 2 + 7 2 + 7 2 + 7 2 + 7 2 ≈ 1.1256
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
n =1

1 1 1 2 1 10
= = = = = ≈ 0.0013.
(p − 1) N p −1 (7 2 − 1)10(7 2 −1) (5 2)105 2 500 10 250 10 2500
∞
1 1 1 1 1
40.  n7 ≈ 1+
27
+ 7 + 7 + 7 ≈ 1.0083
3 4 5
n =1

1 1 1 1
= = = ≈ 0.00001.
( p − 1) N p −1
( 7 − 1 )5 7 −1
()
6 5 6
93,750
∞ ∞ ∞
2 2 2 2 1
41.  4 3
=  n 34
= 2 +
23 4
+ 46.  n2
= 2 + +
2
n =1 n n =1 n =1
 3  Converges ( p-series with p = 2 > 1)

Diverges  p-series with p = < 1
 4  Matches (c).
Matches (a).
∞
2n
∞
2 2
47. The series  n +1
diverges by the nth-Term Test
42.  n
= 2+1+ +
3
n =1
n =1 2n
because lim = 2 ≠ 0.
Diverges (harmonic series) n→∞ n +1
Matches (d). ∞
5
∞
2 ∞
2 2
48. The series  n
diverges by the p-Series Test because
43.  =  n5 2
= 2 + 52 + 
2 p = 1 ≤ 1.
n =1
n =1 n5 n =1
 5  ∞ ∞
Converges  p-series with p = > 1 4 4
 2  49. The series  n 4
n
=  n5 4
converges by the
n =1 n =1
Matches (e). 5
p-Series Test because p = > 1.
∞ ∞ 4
2 2 2
44.  5 2
=  n 25
= 2 + 25 + 
2
n =1 n n =1 ∞
1 ∞
1
 2 
50. The series  n 3
n
=  n4 3
converges by the
n =1 n =1
Diverges  p-series with p = < 1
 5  4
Matches (b). 3
∞ n
∞
2 ∞
2 2  3
45.  =  = 2 + + 51. The series   − 4  converges by the Geometric Series
n =1 n n n =1 n3 2 23 2 n =1
3
 3  Test because r = < 1.
Converges  p-series with p = > 1 4
 2 
Matches (f ).
∞ n ∞ ∞ ∞
7 1 1 1 1
52. The series   6  diverges by the Geometric Series 55. Both series   n2 −  =
n3 
 n2
−  n3
are
n=0 n =1 n =1 n =1
7 convergent p-series, p = 2 > 1 and p = 3 > 1, so their

Test because r = > 1.
6 difference is convergent.
∞
( −1) 3n
∞ n n ∞
2  2n
53. The series  =   −  converges by the
56. The series  converges by the Ratio Test
n=0 3n n=0  3 n = 0 ( n − 1)!
2 2 n 3n 3n
Geometric Series Test because r = − = < 1. because an = = and
3 3 n! (n − 1)!
an +1 3n +1 ( n − 1)! 3
∞ lim = lim ⋅ = lim = 0 < 1.
54. The series  ln n diverges by the nth-Term Test n→∞ an n→∞ n! 3n n→∞ n
n=0
because lim ln n = ∞ ≠ 0. ∞ n
5
  4 
n→∞
57. The series diverges by the Geometric Series
n=0
5
Test because r = > 1.
4
∞
 n(0.4) converges by the Ratio Test because an = n(0.4) and
n n
58. The series
n =1
n +1
lim
an +1
= lim
(n + 1)(0.4) = lim
0.4( n + 1)
= 0.4 < 1.
n(0.4)
n
n →∞ an n→∞ n →∞ n
∞
n! n!
59. The series  4 n −1
diverges by the Ratio Test because an =
4n −1
and
n =1
lim
an +1
= lim
(n + 1)!
⋅
4n −1
= lim
n +1
= ∞ > 1.
n
n→∞ an n→∞ 4 n! n→∞ 4
∞ ∞
n n!
60. The series  3n − 2 diverges by the nth-Term Test 64. The series  6n! + 7 diverges by the nth-Term Test
n =1 n =1
n 1 n! 1
because lim = ≠ 0. because lim = ≠ 0.
n → ∞ 3n − 2 3 n→∞ 6n! + 7 6
∞
6n 65. No, although the terms approach zero, the series diverges
61. The series  6n +1 + 1 diverges by the nth-Term Test because the partial sums approach infinity.
n =1
6n 1 66. The first graph shows that as n increases, the sequence of

because lim n +1
= ≠ 0.
n →∞ 6 +1 6 partial sums Sn is also increasing and not converging to
∞ ∞
a finite sum. The second graph shows that as n increases,
 1n
62.  2e − n = 2    converges by the the sequence of partial sums Sn is converging to a finite
n =1 n =1  e  sum of about 2.
1
Geometric Series Test because r = < 1.
e
∞ ∞ n ∞ n
2n 1  2  2
63.  5n − 1
=    =
5−1  5 
 5  5  converges by the
n =1 n =1 n =1
2
Geometric Series Test because r = < 1.
5
Chapter 10 Quiz Yourself 671
Chapter 10 Quiz Yourself
 −1 
n
6n
1. an =   5. This sequence converges because lim = 1.
4 n →∞ 6n − 5
1
 −1  1 n 1
a1 =   = − 6. This sequence converges because lim = .
4 4 n→∞ 2n + 3 2
2
 −1  1 2
a2 =   = 7. This sequence converges because lim = 0.
4 16 n→∞ (n + 1)!
3
 −1  1
a3 =   = −
( −1)
n
 
4 64
8. This sequence diverges because lim does
 −1  1
4 n→∞ 2
a4 =   = not exist.
4 256
5
 −1  1 n −1
a5 =   = − 9. Sample answer: an = , starting at n = 1
4
  1024 n3
10. Sample answer: an = ( −1) 31 n , starting at n = 1

n
n +1
2. an =
n +3
n
1+1 2 1 11. Sample answer: an = 2(−1) , starting at n = 1
a1 = = =
1+3 4 2
∞
2+1 3 n −1
a2 =
2+3
=
5
12.  n!
n =1
3+1 4 2 S1 = 0
a3 = = =
3+3 6 3
1 1
4+1 5 S2 = 0 + = = 0.5
a4 = = 2 2
4+3 7
1 1 5
5+1 6 3 S3 = 0 + + = = 0.83
a5 = = = 2 3 6
5+3 8 4
1 1 1 23
S4 = 0 + + + = = 0.9583
2 3 8 24
3. an = 5( −1)
n
1 1 1 1 119
S5 = 0 + + + + = = 0.9916
a1 = 5( −1) = −5
1
2 3 8 30 120
a2 = 5( −1) = 5
2
n
 (−1)
n +1
13.
a3 = 5( −1) = −5
3
4n −1
S1 = 1
a4 = 5( −1) = 5
4
1 1
a5 = 5( −1) = −5
5 S2 = 1 − = = 0.5
2 2
1 3 11
n−2 S3 = 1 − + = = 0.6875
4. an = 2 16 16
n!
1 3 1 5
1− 2 S4 = 1 − + − = = 0.625
a1 = = −1 2 16 16 8
1!
1 3 1 5 165
2−2 S5 = 1 − + − + = = 0.64453125
a2 = = 0 2 16 16 256 256
2!
3−2 1
a3 = =
3! 6
4−2 2 1
a4 = = =
4! 24 12
5−2 3 1
a5 = = =
5! 120 40
n ∞
∞
1 1
14.  7  6  19. The series  n 0.01
diverges by the p-Series Test
n=0 n =1
 1
1 
3
because p = 0.01 = ≤ 1.
n
7  1 −   100
3
1   6   1813
S3 =  7  =
6 1
=
216
≈ 8.361
∞
1 ∞
1
1−
 
n=0
6 20. The series = converges by the
n =1
3
n 5
n =1 n5 3
 1 
5
5
n
7  1 −    p-Series Test because p = > 1.
5
1   6   65,317 3
S5 =  7  =
 
6 1
=
7776
≈ 8.399
n=0 1− ∞
n
6 21. The series  (n − 1)! converges by the Ratio Test
 1 
7 n =1
7 1 −   
n n
7
1   6   2,351,461 because an = and
S7 =  7  =  = ≈ 8.4 ( n − 1)!
6 1 279,936
n=0 1−
6 an + 1 n + 1 ( n − 1)!
lim = lim ⋅
n→∞ an n→∞ n! n
∞ ∞ n
3 1 3 3 15
15.  5n
=  3  =
5 1 − (1 5)
=
4
=
4 = lim
n +1
= 0 < 1.
n=0 n=0 n→∞ n2
5
∞ ∞ n ∞ ∞ n
1 1  1 1  2
16.   3n −  =
3n + 1 
  3  −  3 ⋅ 3n
22. The series    n! diverges by the Ratio Test
 3
n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0
∞ n ∞ n n
1 1 1  2
=    −   
 3 3n=0  3
because an =   n! and
 3
n=0
  an +1 2n ⋅ 2 ⋅ ( n + 1)! 3n
1 1  1 lim = lim n
⋅ n
= −   =1
n→∞ an n→∞ 3 ⋅3 2 ⋅ n!
1 31 − 1 
1−   2( n + 1)
3  3 = lim = ∞.
n→∞ 3
∞
2n 2 − 1
17. The series  n2 + 1
diverges by the nth-Term Test 36
 0.06 
n 36
  200(1.005)
n
n =1 23. (a) A = 2001 +  =
2
2n − 1 n =1  12  n =1
n →∞ n2 + 1 36 36
 200(1.005)  200(1.005)
n n
(b) = − 200 +
n =1 n=0
∞ n
 2
18. The series 
  converges by the Geometric Series 200(1 − 1.00537 )
n=0  7  = − 200 +
1 − 1.005
1
Test because r = < 1. ≈ $7906.56
2
Section 10.4 Power Series and Taylor’s Theorem
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = x − 1 2. f ( x) = 3x, g ( x) = 2 x + 1
f ( g ( x)) = ( x − 1)
2
f ( g ( x)) = 3( 2 x + 1) = 6 x + 3
g ( f ( x)) = x 2 − 1 g ( f ( x)) = 2(3 x) + 1 = 6 x + 1
Section 10.4 Power Series and Taylor’s Theorem 673
Skills Warm Up —continued—
3. f ( x) = x + 4, g ( x) = x 2 7. f ( x) = 3e 2 x
f ′( x) = 6e 2 x
f ( g ( x) ) = x2 + 4
f ′′( x ) = 12e 2 x
( )
2
g ( f ( x)) = x+4 = x + 4, x ≥ −4 f ′′′( x) = 24e 2 x
f (4) ( x ) = 48e 2 x
4. f ( x) = e x , g ( x) = x 2
f ( g ( x)) = e x
2 8. f ( x) = ln 2 x
2
f ′( x) =
g ( f ( x)) = (e x ) = e2 x
2
x
2
f ′′( x) = −
5. f ( x) = e − 5 x x2
f ′( x) = − 5e − 5 x 4
f ′′′( x) = 3
x
f ′′( x ) = 25e − 5 x
12
f ′′′( x) = −125e − 5 x f (4) ( x) = − 4
x
f (4) ( x) = 625e − 5 x
6n +1 6n 6n +1 n!
9. ÷ = ⋅ n
6. f ( x) = ln x (n + 1)! n! (n + 1)! 6
1 6n + 1 n!
f ′( x) = = ⋅
x 6n ( n + 1)!
1 6 1 6
f ′′( x) = − = ⋅ =
x2 1 n +1 n +1
2
f ′′′( x) = 3
x
10.
n!
÷
(n + 1)! = n! ⋅ (n + 3)!
( 4)
f ( x) = − 4
6 (n + 2)! (n + 3)! (n + 2)! (n + 1)!
x n! ⋅ ( n + 2)! ⋅ ( n + 3)
=
(n + 2)! ⋅ n! ⋅ ( n + 1)
n +3
=
n +1
∞ n
 x
1. The series   4  is centered at 0.
n=0
∞ n 2 3 4
 x x  x  x  x
   =1+ +  +  +  +
4 4  4  4 4
n=0
(−1) ( x − 6)
∞ n n
is centered at 6.
n =1
(−1) ( x − 6) (x − 6) (x − 6) (x − 6) (x − 6) (x − 6)
∞ n n 2 3 4 5
 3n
= −
3
+
9
−
27
+
81
−
243
+
n =1
n +1
(−1) ( x + 8)
∞ n
3. The series  n!
is centered at − 8.
n=0
n +1
(−1) ( x + 8) (x + 8) (x + 8) (x + 8)
∞ n 2 3 4
 n!
= −1 + ( x + 8) −
2
+
6
−
24
+
n=0
(−1)
n
∞ xn
4. The series  (n − 1)! is centered at 0.
n =1
(−1) x n
∞ n
x3 x4 x5
 (n − 1)! = − x + x2 −
2
+
6
−
24
+
n =1
n +1
 x
an + 1 x n +1   xn +1 6n x
= lim   n
6
5. lim = lim ⋅ n + 1 = lim <1 x < 6
n→∞ an x n n→∞
 x n→∞ x n
6 n→∞ 6
 
6
n +1
an +1x n +1
= lim
( x 5) = lim
x
<1 x < 5
6. lim
( x 5)
n
n →∞ an x n n →∞ n →∞ 5
Radius = 5
n +1
an +1x n +1
=
(−1) xn +1 (n + 1) = lim xn < 1  x < 1
7. lim lim
(−1) xn n
n
n →∞ an x n n →∞ n →∞ n + 1
Radius = 1
n+2
an +1x n +1
= lim
(−1) (n + 1) xn +1 = lim (n + 1) x < 1  x < 1
8. lim n +1
n →∞ an x n n →∞
(−1) nxn n →∞ n
Radius = 1
x5n + 5
9. lim
5n + 5
an + 1 x
= lim
( n + 1)! = lim x5 = 0  − ∞ < x < ∞
n→∞ an x5 n n→∞ x5n n→∞ n + 1
n!
Radius = ∞
n +1
an +1x n +1
= lim
(3x) (n + 1)! = lim 3x = 0  −∞ < x < ∞
10. lim
(3x) n!
n n n →∞ n + 1
n →∞ an x n →∞
Radius = ∞
an +1x n +1
= lim
(n + 1)!x n +1 2n +1 = lim (n + 1) x = ∞
11. lim n
n →∞ an x n →∞ n!x n 2n n →∞ 2
This series converges only at x = 0.
Radius = 0
(−1)n +1 x n +1
an + 1 x n +1
= lim
(n + 2)(n + 3)
12. lim
(−1) x n
n
n→∞ an x n n→∞
(n + 1)(n + 2)
(−1)n +1 x n +1
= lim
(n + 2)(n + 3)
(−1) x n
n→∞ n
(n + 1)(n + 2)
= lim
(−1)n +1 x n +1 ⋅ (n + 1)(n + 2)
n→∞ (n + 2)(n + 3) (−1) x n
n
x n +1
= lim ⋅ <1 x <1
n→∞ 1 n +3
Radius = 1
n+2
an +1x n +1
=
(−1) x n +1 4n +1 = lim x < 1  x < 4
13. lim lim n +1
n →∞ an x n n →∞
(−1) xn 4n n →∞ 4
Radius = 4
n +1 n +1 n +1
an +1 ( x − 4) (−1) (n + 1)!( x − 4) 3n +1 (n + 1)( x − 4)
14. lim = lim = lim = ∞
an ( x − 4) (−1) (n!)( x − 4)
n n n
n →∞ n →∞ 3 n n →∞ 3
This series converges only at x = 0.

Radius = 0
n+2 n +1
an + 1 ( x − 5)
n +1
(−1) ( x − 5) ( n + 1)5n +1 
15. lim = lim n +1
an ( x − 5) (−1) ( x − 5) n5n 
n→∞ n n→∞ n
x −5 n +1 x −5
= lim ⋅  x −5 < 5  <1 x −5 < 5
n→∞ 5 n 5
Radius = 5
n+2
( x − 7)
n+2
an +1 ( x − 7) (n + 2)8n + 2
16. lim n +1
= lim n +1
n→∞ an ( x − 7) n→∞
( x − 7)
( n + 1)8n +1
n+2
= lim
( x − 7) ⋅
( n + 1)8n +1
n→∞ (n + 2)8n + 2 ( x − 7)n +1
= lim
( x − 7) ⋅ n + 1 ⋅ 1  x −7
<1 x −7 < 8
n→∞ 1 n + 2 8 8
Radius = 8
n +1
an +1( x − 1) (−1)n + 2 ( x − 1)n + 2 (n + 2) n +1
17. lim = lim n +1 n +1
= lim (x − 1) = lim x − 1 < 1  x − 1 < 1
an ( x − 1) (−1) ( x − 1) (n + 1)
n
n →∞ n →∞ n →∞ n+ 2 n →∞
Radius = 1
an +1( x − 2)
n +1
(−1)n +1( x − 2)n +1 (n + 1)2n +1 ( x − 2)n x − 2
18. lim = lim = lim <1 <1 x −2 < 2
n →∞ an ( x − 2)
n n→∞
(−1)n +1( x − 2)n n2n  n→∞ (n + 1)2 2
Radius = 2
n +1
an +1( x − 3) ( x − 3)
n
3n x−3
19. lim = lim n −1
= lim <1 x−3 < 3
an ( x − 3) ( x − 3)
n
n →∞ n →∞ 3n −1 n →∞ 3
Radius = 3
n +1
an +1x n +1
=
(−1) x2n + 3 (2n + 3) = lim x2 (2n + 1) < 1  x2 < 1  x < 1
20. lim lim
(−1) x2n +1 (2n + 1)
n
n →∞ an x n n →∞ n →∞ 2n + 3
Radius = 1
an +1x n +1
= lim
( n + 1)( −2 x) ( n + 2) = lim −2 x(n + 1)
n 2
< 1  −2 x < 1  −
1
< x <
1
21. lim
n →∞ an x n n →∞ n( −2 x)
n −1
( n + 1) n →∞ n( n + 2) 2 2
1
Radius =
2
(−1) x2(n +1) (n + 1)! = lim x2 = 0  −∞ < x < ∞

n +1
an +1x n +1
22. lim = lim
(−1) x2n n!
n
n →∞ an x n n →∞ n →∞ n + 1
Radius = 0
x 3n + 4
23. lim
an +1 x3( n + 1) + 1
= lim
(3n + 4)!
n→∞ an x3n + 1 n→∞ x 3n + 1
(3n + 1)!
x3n + 4 (3n + 1)!
= lim ⋅
n→∞ x3n +1 (3n + 4)!
x3 1
= lim ⋅ = 0  −∞ < x < ∞
n→∞ 1 (3n + 4)(3n + 3)(3n + 2)
Radius = ∞
∞ ∞
n!x n xn
24. Note the series can be simplified as follows:  4n!
=  4
.
n=0 n=0
n +1
x
a xn +1 4 x n +1 4 x
lim n + 1 n = lim = lim ⋅ = lim <1
n→∞ an x n→∞ xn n→∞ x n
4 n → ∞ 1
4
Radius = 1
25. f ( x) = e x f (1) = e
f ′( x) = e x
f ′(1) = e
f ′′( x) = e x f ′′(1) = e
 
f ( n) ( x ) = e x f (n) (1) = e
The power series for f is

f ′′(1) x 2
e x = f (1) + f ′(1) x + +
2!
e( x − 1) e( x − 1) e( x − 1) e( x − 1)
2 3 n
= e + + + ++ +
1! 2! 3! n!
(x − 1)
∞ n
= e .
n=0 n!
n +1
lim
( x − 1) (n + 1)! = lim
x −1
= 0  R = ∞
( x − 1) n!
n
n →∞ n →∞ n +1
1
26. f ( x) = e − x f (1) =
e
1
f ′( x) = − e − x f ′(1) = −
e
1
f ′′( x) = e − x f ′′(1) =
e
1
f ′′′( x) = − e − x f ′′′(1) = −
e

f (n) (1) =
( −1)n
e

f ′′(1) x 2
e − x = f (1) + f ′(1) x + +
2!
1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1) ( x − 1) +  + ( x − 1) + 
2 3 n
= − + −
e e ⋅ 1! e ⋅ 2! e ⋅ 3! e ⋅ n!
1 ∞
(−1)n ( x − 1)
n
=
e
 n!
.
n=0
n +1 n +1
lim
(−1) ( x − 1) (n + 1)! = lim
x −1
= 0  R = ∞
(−1) ( x − 1) n!
n n
n →∞ n →∞ n +1
27. f ( x ) = e3 x f ( 0) = 1 29. f ( x) =
1 f ( 0) = 1
x +1
f ′( x) = 3e 3x
f ′(0) = 3
1
f ′′( x) = 9e 3x
f ′′(0) = 9 f ′( x ) = − f ′(0) = −1
( x + 1)
2
f ′′′( x) = 27e3 x f ′′′(0) = 27 2

f ′′( x ) = f ′′(0) = 2
 ( x + 1)
3
f (n) (0) = 3n 6
f ′′′( x ) = − f ′′′(0) = −6
(x + 1)
4

f ′′(0) x 2
e3 x = f (0) + f ′(0) x + +
f (n) (0) = ( −1) n!
n
2!
= 1 + 3x +
9x2
+
27 x3
++
(3 x ) +  n
2! 3! n! 1 f ′′(0) x 2
= f (0) + f ′(0) x + +
(3 x )
∞ n
x +1 2!
=  n!
.
n=0
=1− x +
2x2
−
6 x3
++
(−1) n!x n + n
n +1 2! 3! n!
lim
(3x) (n + 1)! = lim
3x
= 0  R = ∞ = 1 − x + x 2 − x3 + 
(3x) n!
n
n →∞ n →∞ n +1
∞
 (−1)
n
= xn.
28. f ( x) = e −4x
f ( 0) = 1 n=0
n +1
f ′( x) = − 4e −4x
f ′(0) = − 4 lim
(−1) xn +1 = lim x < 1  R = 1
(−1) xn
n→∞ n n→∞
f ′′( x) = 16e − 4 x f ′′(0) = 16
f ′′′( x) = − 64e − 4 x f ′′′(0) = − 64
−1 1
30. f ( x) = ( 2 − x) f ( 0) =
 2
f (n) (0) = ( −1) 4n
n 1
f ′( x) = ( 2 − x)
−2
f ′(0) =
4
The power series for f is 2
−3
f ′′( x) = 2( 2 − x) f ′′(0) =
f ′′(0) x 2 8
e − 4 x = f (0) + f ′(0) x + +
2! −4 6
f ′′′( x) = 6( 2 − x) f ′′′(0) =
= 1 − 4x +
16 x 2
++
(−1) 4 x +  n n n 16
2! n! 
( n) n!
∞
(−1)
n
4n x n ∞
(− 4 x)
n
f ( 0) = n + 1
=  n!
=  n!
. 2
n=0 n=0
n +1
lim
(− 4 x) (n + 1)! = lim
− 4x
= 0 R = ∞ 1 f ′′(0) x 2
= f (0) + f ′(0) x + +
(− 4 x) n!
n
n →∞ n →∞ n +1 2− x 2!
1 1 2x2 6 x3
= + x + + +
2 4 8 ⋅ 2! 16 ⋅ 3!
1 x x2 x3 xn
= + 2 + 3 + 4 +  + n +1 + 
2 2 2 2 2
∞
xn
=  n +1 .
n=0 2
x n +1 2 n + 2 x
lim = lim <1 x < 2  R = 2
n →∞ x n 2 n +1 n →∞ 2
31. f ( x) = x f (1) = 1
1 1
f ′( x) = f ′(1) =
2 x 2
1 1
f ′′( x) = − f ′′(1) = −
4x x 4
3 3
f ′′′( x) = f ′′′(1) =
8x2 x 8
15 15
f (4) ( x) = − f ( 4) (1) = −
16 x 3 x 16
n −1 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  ( 2n − 3)
The general pattern (for n ≥ 2) is f (n) (1) = ( −1) .
2n
The power series for f ( x ) = x is
f ′′(1)( x − 1)
2
1 1 1
f (1) + f ′(1)( x − 1) + ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + 
2 3
+ =1+
2! 2 8 16
n +1
1 ∞
(−1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅  ⋅ ( 2n − 3)
( x − 1) +  (x − 1) .
n
=1+
2 n=2 2n n!
n +1
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅  ⋅ ( 2n − 1)( x − 1) 2
n +1
(n
+ 1)! (2n − 1)( x − 1)  x − 1 < 1  R = 1
lim = lim
n→∞ 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅  ⋅ ( 2n − 3)( x − 1)
n
2 n!
n n → ∞ 2( n + 1)
32. f ( x) = x f ( 4) = 2
1 1
f ′( x) = f ′( 4) =
2 x 4
1 1
f ′′( x) = − f ′′( 4) =
4x x 32
3 3
f ′′′( x) = f ′′′( 4) =
8x2 x 256
15 15
f (4) ( x) = − f (4) ( 4) =
16 x 3 x 2048
n1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  ( 2n − 3)
The general pattern (for n ≥ 2) is f (n) ( 4) = ( −1) . The power series for f is
23n −1
f ′′( 4)( x − 4) x − 4 ( x − 4) 3( x − 4) 3 ⋅ 5( x − 4)
2 2 3 4
x = f ( 4) + f ′( 4)( x − 4) + + = 2+ − + − +
2! 4 32 ⋅ 2! 256 ⋅ 3! 2048 ⋅ 4!
(−1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  (2n − 3)( x − 4)
∞ n n
x − 4
= 2+
4
−  23n −1 n!
.
n=2
(−1)n +11 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  (2n − 1)( x − 4)n +1 23n + 2 ( n + 1)! ( 2n − 1)( x − 4)

lim = lim  x − 4 < 4  R = 4
n→∞
(−1)n1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  (2n − 3)( x − 4)n 23n −1 n! n→∞ 8( n + 1)
∞
xn
33. Because the power series for e x is e x =  n!
, it follows that the power series for e5 x is
n=0
(5 x )
2 3 4 ∞ n ∞
25 x 125 x 625 x 5n x n
e5 x = 1 + 5 x +
2!
+
3!
+
4!
+ =  n!
=  n!
.
n=0 n=0
∞
xn
, it follows that the power series for e − 3 x
n=0
( − 3x) (−1)
∞ n ∞ n n n
9x2 27 x3 81x 4 3 x
is e−3 x = 1 − 3x +
2!
−
3!
+
4!
− =  n!
=  n!
.
n=0 n=0
∞
xn

4
35. Because the power series for e x is e x = , it follows that the power series for e − x
n=0 n!
(− x 4 )
n
x8 x12 x16 ∞ ∞
(−1)n x 4n .
 
4
is e− x = 1 − x 4 + − + − = =
2! 3! 4! n=0 n! n=0 n!
∞
xn

1 2
36. Because the power series for e x is e x = , it follows that the power series for e x
n=0 n!
( x1 2 )
n
x x x 32 2 ∞ ∞
x(1 2)x
is e x1 2
=1+ x 12
+
2!
+
3!
+
4!
+ =  n!
=  n!
.
n=0 n=0
1 −2
37. = (1 + x)
(1 + x)
2
= 1 + ( − 2) x +
(− 2)(− 3) x 2 +
(− 2)(− 3)(− 4) x3 +
2! 3!
= 1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4 x3 + 
∞
 (−1) (n + 1) x n
n
=
n=0
1 −4
38. = (1 + x)
(1 + x)
4
= 1 + ( − 4) x +
(− 4)(− 5) x 2 +
(− 4)(− 5)(− 6) x3 +
2! 3!
20 2 120 3
= 1 − 4x + x − x +
2 6
= 1 − 4 x + 10 x 2 − 20 x3 + 
(−1) n( n + 1)( n + 2) x
n n
∞
=1+  6
n =1
1 −1 3
39. 3
= (1 + x)
1+ x
(− 13 )(− 43 ) x 2
(− 13 )(− 43 )(− 73 ) x 3
( )
= 1 + − 13 x +
2!
+
3!
+
x 4x2 28 x3
=1− + − +
3 9 ⋅ 2! 27 ⋅ 3!
∞ (−1)n 1 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 7  (3n − 2) x n
=1+  n
3 ⋅ n!
n =1
1 + x = (1 + x)
4 14
40.
( 14 )(− 34 ) x 2
( 14 )(− 34 )(− 74 ) x 3
=1+ ( 14 ) x + 2!
+
3!
+
x 3x 2 21x3
=1+ − + +
4 16 ⋅ 2! 64 ⋅ 3!
n +1
1 ∞ (−1) 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11  ( 4n − 5) x
n
=1+
4
x +  n
4 ⋅ n!
n=2
∞
xn 46. Because the power series for ln x is
,
n −1
(−1) ( x − 1)
n=0 ∞ n
it follows that the power series for 3 + e 4x ln x =  n

, it follows that the
n=0
( 4 x)
n
∞ ∞
4n x n power series for ln x 2 is
is 3 + e4 x = 3 +  n!
= 3+  n!
.
n −1
(−1) ( x − 1)
∞ n
n=0 n=0
ln x 2 = 2 ln x = 2  n
.
∞ n n=0
x
,
∞
n=0 1
 (−1)
n
47. Because the power series for is xn ,
it follows that the power series for 5 − e −4x 1+ x n=0
∞
( − 4 x)
n ∞
(−1)
n n n
4 x 2x
it follows that the power series for is
is 5 − e− 4 x = 5 −  n!
= 5−  n!
. 1+ x
n=0 n=0
∞ ∞
( 2 x)  ( −1)  (−1)
n n
∞ n xn = 2 x n + 1.
x
, n=0 n=0
n=0
∞
1
 (−1)
n
it follows that the power series for e − 6 x + 7 48. Because the power series for = xn ,
1+ x n=0
( − 6 x) ( −1)
∞ n ∞ n n n
6 x 1
is e− 6 x + 7 = e− 6 xe7 = e7  n!
= e7  n!
. it follows that the power series for
1 + x2
n=0 n =0
∞ ∞
1
is f ( x 2 ) =  (−1) ( x 2 )
n
 (−1)
n n
∞ = = x2n .
xn 1 + x2
, n=0 n=0
n=0
3x
Then the power series for is
it follows that the power series for e − 6 x + 7 1 + x2
(5 x )
∞ n ∞ ∞
5n x n 3x f ( x 2 ) = 3x  ( −1) x 2 n
n
is e5 x + 0.5 = e5 x e0.5 = e0.5  n!
= e0.5  n!
.
n=0
n=0 n=0
∞
 (−1) (3x)x 2n
n
45. Because the power series for ln x is =
n=0
n −1 ∞
(−1) ( x − 1)
∞ n
 (−1) 3x2n +1.
n
ln x =  n
, it follows that the =
n=0
n=0
power series for ln 4x is

n −1
(−1) ( x − 1)
∞ n
ln 4 x = ln 4 + ln x = ln 4 +  n
.
n=0
∞ n ∞
 x xn
49. (a) f ( x) =   3  =  3n
n=0 n=0
n +1
lim
( x 3) 
x
<1 x < 3
( x 3)
n
n →∞ 3
R = 3
∞
nx n −1
(b) f ′( x) =  3n
n =1
lim
(n + 1) x n 3n +1
= lim
n+1
x = lim
n +1 x
⋅ 
x
<1 x < 3
n →∞ nx n −1 3n n →∞ 3n n →∞ n 3 3
R = 3
∞ n( n − 1) x n − 2
(c) f ′′( x) =  3n
n=2
lim
(n + 1)nx n −1 3n +1 = lim
n +1 x
⋅ 
x
<1 x < 3
n →∞ n( n − 1) x n − 2 3n n →∞ n −1 3 3
R = 3
∞
x n +1
(d)  f ( x) dx =  +C
n = 0 ( n + 1)3
n
x n + 2 ( n + 2)3n +1 n +1 x x
lim = lim ⋅  <1 x < 3
n →∞ x n +1
(n + 1)3 n n →∞ n + 2 3 3
R = 3
∞
xn
50. (a) f ( x) =  n7 n
n =1
lim
x n +1
(n + 1)7 n +1
= lim
nx
= lim
n
⋅
x
=
x
<1 x < 7
n →∞ x n7n n n →∞ 7( n + 1) n →∞ n +1 7 7
R = 7
∞
x n −1
(b) f ′( x) =  7n
n =1
x 7 n +1
n
x
lim  <1 x < 7
n→∞ x n −1 7 n 7
R = 7
∞
(n − 1) x n − 2
(c) f ′′( x) =  7n
n=2
nx n −1 7 n +1 nx n x x
lim = lim = lim ⋅  <1 x < 7
n →∞ ( n − 1 ) x n−2
7 n n →∞ 7( n − 1) n →∞ n − 1 7 7
R = 7
∞
x n +1
(d)  f ( x) dx = C +  (n + 1)n7 n
n =1
lim
x n+2
(n + 2)( n + 1)7 n +1
= lim
nx
= lim
n
⋅
x

x
<1 x < 7
n →∞ x n +1
(n + 1)n7n n →∞ 7( n + 2) n →∞ n + 2 7 7
R = 7
n +1
∞
(x + 1)
51. (a) f ( x) =  n +1
n=0
n+2
( x + 1) (n + 2) n +1
lim n +1
= lim ( x + 1)  x + 1 < 1
n →∞
( x + 1) (n + 1) n →∞ n+2
R =1
∞
(b) f ′( x) =  ( x + 1)
n
n=0
n +1
lim
( x + 1)  x +1 <1
( x + 1)
n→∞ n
R =1
∞
 n( x + 1)
n −1
(c) f ′′( x) =
n =1
(n + 1)( x + 1)
n
n+1
lim n −1
= lim ( x + 1)  x + 1 < 1
n →∞ n( x + 1) n →∞ n
R =1
n+2
∞
(x + 1)
(d)  f ( x) dx =  (n + 2)(n + 1) +C
n=0
n+3
( x + 1) ( n + 3)(n + 2) (x + 1)( n + 1)
lim = lim  x +1 <1
n →∞ n+2
( x + 1) (n + 2)(n + 1) n→∞ (n + 3)
R =1
n +1
( −1) ( x − 1)
∞ n
52. (a) f ( x) =  n
n=0
n+2 n +1
lim
(−1) ( x − 1) (n + 1) = lim
n( x − 1)
 x −1 < 1
n +1
(−1) ( x − 1) n
n
n →∞ n →∞ n +1
R =1
∞
 (−1) ( x − 1)
n +1 n −1
(b) f ′( x) =
n =1
lim
(−1)n + 2 ( x − 1)n  x −1 <1
n +1 n −1
n →∞
(−1) ( x − 1)
R =1
∞
 (−1) (n − 1) x n − 2
n +1
(c) f ′′( x) =
n=2
(−1) (n)( x n −1 )
n+2
nx
lim = lim  x <1
(−1) (n − 1)( x n − 2 )
n +1
n →∞ n →∞ n −1
R =1
n +1 n +1
(−1) ( x − 1) + C
∞
(d)
 f ( x) dx =  n( n + 1)
n=0
n+2 n+2
lim
(−1) ( x − 1) (n + 1)(n + 2) = lim
n( x − 1)
 x −1 < 1
n +1 n +1
n →∞
(−1) ( x − 1) n(n + 1) n →∞ n+2
R =1
∞ ∞
1 1
 (−1)  (−1) ( x − 1) , it
n n n
53. Because the power series for is x n , it 54. Because the power series for is
1+ x n=0 x n=0
n +1
(−1) ( −1) ( x − 1)
∞ n n +1 ∞ n
1 x 1
follows that ln (1 + x) =  1 + x dx =  n +1
. follows that ln x =  x
dx =  n +1
.
n=0 n=0
1
55. Because the power series for − is
x
∞
 (−1) ( x − 1) , it follows that
n +1 n
n=0
∞
d  1 1
 (−1)
n +1 n −1
− = 2 = n( x − 1) .
dx  x  x n =1
∞ ∞
xn xn x2 x3 x4
56. Because the power series for e x is  n!
, it follows that  n!
=1+ x +
2!
+
3!
+
4!
+  and
n=0 n=0
2 3
d x 2x 3x 4x x2 x3
e  = 0 + 1 + + + + =1+ x + + +  = ex .
dx 2! 3! 4! 2! 3!
∞
 x
n 58. (a) (iii); The sequence of partial sums of the series
57. (a) Let f ( x) =   4  . Then ∞
1
n
n=0
n n
  3  is less than the sequence of partial sums
∞ ∞ n=0
5 5 2 5
f  =
2
   =
 4 
   .
8
∞
 2
n
1 2
n=0 n=0 of the series    because is less than .
 3 3 3
n=0
a 1 8
So, S = = = .
1− r 1 − (5 8) 3 (b) (i); The sequence of partial sums of the series
∞ n
 2
3
   is greater than the sequence of partial
 3
n=0
∞ n
1 2
sums of the series   3  because
3
is greater
n=0
1
0 6 than .
0
3
∞ n ∞
 x
 (1) . So, each
n
(b) Let f ( x) =   4  . Then (c) (ii); Because x = 3, the series is
n=0
n=0
∞ n ∞ n partial sum is 1 more than the previous partial sum.
 5  −5 2   5
f −  =
 2
 
 4 
 =  −  .
 8 (d) (iv); The series is alternating.
n=0 n=0
a 1 8
So, S = = = .
1− r 1 − ( − 5 8) 13
1.2
0 6
0
(c) In part (a), the rate of convergence is slower but all

of the partial sums approach the line from below.
In part (b), the partial sums approach the sum more
quickly, but they oscillate above and below the line.
Section 10.5 Taylor Polynomials 685
Section 10.5 Taylor Polynomials
Skills Warm Up
(3 x ) (3 x ) (3 x )
2 3 4 ∞
3n x n
1. f ( x) = e3x = 1 + (3 x ) +
2!
+
3!
+
4!
+ =  n!
n=0
(− 6 x) ( − 6 x) (− 6 x)
2 3 4
n 6x 
∞ n n
2. f ( x ) = e −6 x = 1 + ( − 6 x) +
2!
+
3!
+
4!
+ =  (−1)  
n=0  ! 
n
∞
4
3. f ( x) = = 4 1 − ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) +  = 4  ( −1) ( x − 1)
2 3 n n
x   n=0
n −1
(x − 1) (x − 1) (x − 1) ( −1) ( x − 1)
2 3 4 ∞ n
4. f ( x) = ln 5 x = ln 5 + ln x = ln 5 + ( x − 1) − + − +  = ln 5 + 
2 3 4 n =1 n
x 3x 2 3 ⋅ 7 x3 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11x 4
5. f ( x) = (1 + x )
14
=1+ − + − +
4 16 ⋅ 2! 64 ⋅ 3! 256 ⋅ 4!
x x2 1 ⋅ 3x3 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 x 4
6. f ( x) = 1 + x = (1 + x )
12
−1+ + + + +
2 4 ⋅ 2! 8 ⋅ 3! 16 ⋅ 4!
1
 1 1 1 1  47
 0 (1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 ) dx =  x − x 2 + x3 − x 4 + x 5  =
1
7.
 2 3 4 5 0 60
12
12  x x2 5 x3   x2 x3 5x4  311
8. 0 1 + −
 3 9
+
27 
 dx =  x +
 6
− + 
27 108  0
=
576
2  ( x − 1) + ( x − 1)  dx =  x 2 − x − x3 + x 2 − x + x 4 − x3 + x 2 − x 
2 3 2
9. 1 ( x − 1) −  
 2 3  2 6 2 2 12 3 2 31

2
 x4 x3 3x 2 11x  1  3 5
=  − + −  = − − −  =
12 2 2 6 1 3  
4 12
3 2
1 − ( x − 1) + ( x − 1)2 − ( x − 1)3  dx =  x − x + x + x − x 2 + x − x + x3 − 3x + x
3 2 2 3 4 2
10. 1    2 3 4 2 1
3 2
 x4 4 x3  159 25 72
= − + − 3 x 2 + 4 x = − =
 4 3 1 64 12 192
1. 1 1 3
x 0 1
4 2 4
f ( x) = e x 2 1 1.1331 1.2840 1.4550 1.6487
x
1+ 1 1.125 1.25 1.375 1.5
2
x x2
1+ + 1 1.1328 1.2813 1.4453 1.625
2 8
x x2 x3
1+ + + 1 1.1331 1.2839 1.4541 1.6458
2 8 48
x x2 x3 x4
1+ + + + 1 1.1331 1.2840 1.4549 1.6484
2 8 48 384
2. 1 1 3
x 0 1
4 2 4
f ( x) = ln( x 2 + 1) 0 0.06062 0.22314 0.44629 0.69315
x2 0 0.0625 0.25 0.5625 1
x4
x2 − 0 0.06055 0.21875 0.40430 0.5
2
2 x4 x6
x − + 0 0.06063 0.22396 0.46362 0.83333
2 3
x4 x6 x8
x2 − + − 0 0.06062 0.22298 0.43859 0.58333
2 3 4
( x5 ) (3x4 )
n n
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
x5n 3n x 4 n
3. e x5
=  n!
=  n!
6. e 3 x4
=  n!
=  n!
n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0
(a) S1 ( x) = 1 + x5 (a) S1 ( x) = 1 + 3 x 4
x10 9 8
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 + x 5 + (b) S 2 ( x) = 1 + 3 x 4 + x
2 2
x10 x15 9 8 9
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + x 5 + + (c) S3 ( x) = 1 + 3 x 4 + x + x12
2 6 2 2
x10 x15 x 20 9 8 9 27 16
(d) S 4 ( x) = 1 + x5 + + + (d) S 4 ( x) = 1 + 3 x 4 + x + x12 + x
2 6 24 2 2 8
n −1 n
∞
(−1) xn
n ∞
(−1) x
4. e −x 2
=  7. ln ( x + 1) =  n
n=0 2n ⋅ n! n =1
x (a) S1 ( x ) = x
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 −
2
x2
2 (b) S2 ( x) = x −
x x 2
(b) S 2 ( x ) = 1 − +
2 8
x2 x3
x x x 2 3 (c) S3 ( x) = x − +
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 − + − 2 3
2 8 48
x2 x3 x4
x x2 x3 x4 (d) S4 ( x) = x − + −
(d) S4 ( x) = 1 − + − + 2 3 4
2 8 48 384
n −1
(−1) ( 2 x)
∞ n
∞
2n x n 8. ln ( 2 x + 1) = 
5. e 2x
=  n!
n =1 n
n=0
(a) S1 ( x ) = 2 x
(a) S1( x) = 1 + 2 x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 2 x − 2 x 2
(b) S2 ( x) = 1 + 2 x + 2 x 2
8 x3
4 (c) S3 ( x) = 2 x − 2 x 2 +
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + 2 x + 2 x + x 3 2
3
3
8 x3
4 2 (d) S4 ( x) = 2 x − 2 x 2 + − 4x4
(d) S 4 ( x) = 1 + 2 x + 2 x + x 3 + x 4 2
3
3 3
∞ ∞
x x2 3x3 3 ⋅ 5x4 4x
14. f ( x ) = = 4  ( −1) x ⋅ x n = 4  ( −1) x n + 1
n n
9. x +1 =1+ − + −
2 ⋅ 1! 4 ⋅ 2! 8 ⋅ 3! 16 ⋅ 4! x +1 n=0 n=0
x (a) S1 ( x) = 4 x − 4 x 2
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 +
2
x x2 (b) S 2 ( x) = 4 x − 4 x 2 + 4 x3
(b) S2 ( x) = 1 + −
2 8 (c) S3 ( x) = 4 x − 4 x 2 + 4 x3 − 4 x 4
2 3
x x x
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + − + (d) S 4 ( x) = 4 x − 4 x 2 + 4 x3 − 4 x 4 + 4 x5
2 8 16
x x2 x3 5x4
(d) S4 ( x) = 1 + − + − 1 ∞
 (−1)
n
2 8 16 128 15. = x2n
1 + x2 n=0
10. 3 x
x +1 =1+ −
2x2
+
2 ⋅ 5 x3
−
2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 8x4 (a) S 2 ( x) = 1 − x 2
3 9 ⋅ 2! 27 ⋅ 3! 81 ⋅ 4!
(b) S 4 ( x) = 1 − x 2 + x 4
x
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 +
3 (c) S6 ( x) = 1 − x 2 + x 4 − x 6
2
x x
(b) S2 ( x) = 1 + − (d) S8 ( x) = 1 − x 2 + x 4 − x 6 + x8
3 9
x x2 5 x3
(− 4 x 2 )
n
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + − + ∞ ∞
(−1)n 4n x 2 n
3 9 81 16. e −4 x 2
=  n!
=  n!
n=0 n=0
x x2 5 x3 10 x 4
(d) S4 ( x) = 1 + − + −
3 9 81 243 (a) S 2 ( x) = 1 − 4 x 2
1 ∞ (b) S 4 ( x) = 1 − 4 x 2 + 8 x 4
 (−1) (n + 1) x
n n
11. =
(x + 1)
2
n=0 32 x6
(c) S6 ( x) = 1 − 4 x 2 + 8 x 4 −
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 − 2 x 3
32 x6 32 x8
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 − 2 x + 3x 2 (d) S8 ( x) = 1 − 4 x 2 + 8 x 4 − +
3 3
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4 x3
1
(d) S 4 ( x) = 1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x3 + 5 x 4 17. f ( x) = 3
x +1
x 2 x 2 14 x3 35 x 4
1 ∞
(−1)n x n ( n + 2)( n + 1) S 4 ( x) = 1 − + − +
12. =  3 9 81 243
(x + 1)
3
n=0 2
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 − 3 x 18. f ( x) = xe x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 − 3 x + 6 x 2 x3 x4
S4 ( x) = x + x 2 + +
2 6
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 − 3 x + 6 x 2 − 10 x3
19. y = − 12 x 2 + 1 is a parabola through (0, 1); matches (d).
(d) S 4 ( x) = 1 − 3 x + 6 x 2 − 10 x3 + 15 x 4
1 x4 − 12 x2 + 1 is a fourth-degree polynomial
x 1 ∞ 20. y = 8
13. f ( x) =  (−1) x n
n
=1− =1−
x +1 x +1 n =1 through (0, 1); matches (c).
(a) S1 ( x ) = x
21. y = e −1 2 ( x + 1) + 1 is a line; matches (a).
(b) S 2 ( x) = x − x 2
22. y = e −1 2  13 ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) + 1 is cubic; matches (b).

3
(c) S3 ( x) = x − x 2 + x3  
(d) S 4 ( x) = x − x 2 + x3 − x 4
23. f ( x) = e − x , c = 0
x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
S6 ( x) = 1 − x + − + − +
2 6 24 120 720
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9,210,721
f  ≈ 1− + − + − + = ≈ 0.81873
5 5 50 750 15,000 375,000 11,250,000 11,250,000
(1 5)
7
1
R6 ≤
7!
(e0 ) = 393,750,000
≈ 0.0000000025
24. f ( x) = e6 x , c = 0
324 x 5 324 x 6
S6 ( x ) = S6 ( x) = 1 + 6 x + 18 x 2 + 36 x 3 + 54 x 4 +
+
5 5
 3 18 81 243 2187 19,683 59,049 9,792,629
f  = 1 + + + + + + = ≈ 7.8341
 10  5 50 250 5000 5,125,000 51,250,000 1,250,000
(3 10)
7
R6 ≤
7!
(6 7
⋅ e6 (3 10) )
(3 10)
7
R6 ≤
7!
( 6 7 ⋅ e9 5 )
531,441
R6 ≤ ⋅ e9 5 ≈ 0.073486
43,750,000
25. f ( x) = ln x, c = 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
S6 ( x) = ln 2 + ( x − 2) − ( x − 2) + ( x − 2) − ( x − 2) + ( x − 2) − ( x − 2)
2 3 4 5 6
2 8 24 64 160 384
 3 1  1  1 1  1  1 11 1  1 1 1
f   = ln 2 +  −  −   + −  −   + −  −   ≈ 0.4055
 2 2  2  8  4  24  8  64  16  160  32  384  64 
(1 2)  720 
7
R6 ≤   ≈ 0.000065
7!  (3 2)7 
 
26. f ( x) = x, c = 4
S6 ( x) = 2 +
x − 4
−
( x − 4) + ( x − 4) − 5( x − 4) + 7( x − 4) − 21( x − 4)
2 3 4 5 6
4 64 512 16,384 131,072 2,097,152

1 1 1 5 7 21
f (5) = 2 + − + − + − ≈ 2.2361
4 64 512 16,384 131,072 2,097,152
(1)  10,395 
7
R6 ≤   ≈ 0.0000020
7!  128( 4)13 2 
 
f (6) ( z ) e− z 6 f (6) ( z ) ( x − 1)
6
( x − 1) =
6
27. R5 ≤ x6 = x 28. R5 ≤
6! 6! 6! z7
In the interval [0, 1], it follows that
(1) = 1.
6
 1
In the interval 0,  , it follows that R5 ≤
(1)
7
1  2
R5 ≤ ≈ 0.00139.
6!
29. The ( n + 1) derivative of f ( x) = e x is e x . The maximum value of f n +1( x) on the interval [0, 2] is e 2 < 8.
So the nth remainder is bounded by

8 n +1
Rn ≤ ( x − 1) , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
(n + 1)!
8
Rn ≤ (1).
( + 1)!
n
8
When n = 7, = 1.98 × 10 −4 ≈ 0.000198 < 0.001, so n = 7 will approximate e x with an error
(7 + 1)!
less than 0.001 in [0, 2].
30. The ( n + 1) derivative of f ( x ) = 1 x is
f (n + 1) ( x) =
(−1)n +1 (n + 1)!
.
xn + 2
The maximum value of f (n +1) ( x) in the interval [1, 3 2] is f (n + 1) (1) = ( n + 1)!.
Therefore, the nth remainder is bounded by

(n + 1)! n +1
Rn ≤ (x − 1)
(n + 1)!
1
Rn ≤ n +1
.
2
When n = 9, 1 210 ≈ 0.00098 < 0.001, so n = 9 will approximate 1 x with an error less than 0.001 in [1, 3 2].
x6
31. S6 ( x ) = 1 − x 3 +
2
1
1 3 1  x6   x4 x7  23
0 e − x dx ≈  0 1 − x3 +
2
 dx =  x −
 4
+
14
 =
0 28
≈ 0.82143
x4 x6
32. S6 ( x) = x 2 − +
2 3
14
 2 x4 x6   x3 x5 x7 
ln ( x 2 + 1) dx ≈
14 14
 −1 4  −1 4 x −
 2
+
3
 dx =  −
3 10
+ 
21 −1 4
≈ 0.0102
1 2 3 5 6
33. S6 ( x) = 1 − x + x4 − x
2 8 16
12
12 1 12  1 2 3 4 5 6  x3 3x5 5x7 
0 1 + x2
dx ≈ 0 1 − x + x −
 2 8
x  dx =  x −
16   6
+
40
− 
112  0
≈ 0.481
1 2 2 14 6
34. S6 ( x) = 1 − x + x4 − x
3 9 81
12
12 1 12  x2 2x4 14 x 6   x3 2 x5 2 x7 
0 3
1 + x2
dx ≈ 0 1 −
 3
+
9
−
81 
 dx =  x −
 9
+
45
− 
81  0
≈ 0.4873
35. (a) For f ( x) = e x , 36. P1 is a first-degree polynomial. The graph of P1 is a line.
x2 x3 x4 P2 is a second-degree polynomial. The graph of P2 is

P4 ( x) = 1 + x + + + . a parabola.
2 6 24
For g ( x) = xe x , P3 is a third-degree polynomial. The graph of P3 has the
shape of a cubic function.
x3 x4 x5
Q5 ( x) = x + x 2 + + + . In addition, as the degree of the polynomial
2 6 24 approximations increases, the better fit the
Therefore, Q5 ( x ) = xP4 ( x ). approximation is to the original function f.
y
(b) For h( x) = x 2 e x ,
10 f
x4 x5 x6
P6 ( x) = x + x +2 3 8 P1
+ + is of degree 6. P2
2 6 24 6
4
(c) For n( x) = e x x , 2
x
1 x x2 x3
P3 ( x) =
− 20 10 20
+1+ + + is of degree 3. P3 −2
x 2 6 24 −4
Section 10.6 Newton’s Method
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = x 2 − 4 x − 1, f ( 2.7) = − 4.51 8. 2 x + 7 ≤ 0.01
f ′( x) = 2 x − 4, f ′( 2.7) = 1.4 −0.01 ≤ 2 x + 7 ≤ 0.01
−7.01 ≤ 2 x ≤ −6.99
2. f ( x) = x − 2 x + 1, f ( −0.6) = 0.064
3 2
−3.505 ≤ x ≤ −3.495
f ′( x) = 3x − 4 x, f ′( −0.6) = 3.48
2
9. y = x 2 − x − 2, y = 2 x − 1
3. f ( x) = e 2 x − 2, f (0.35) = e 0.7 − 2 ≈ 0.014 x2 = x − 2 = 2x − 1
f ′( x) = 2e 2 x , f ′(0.35) = 2e0.7 ≈ 4.028 x 2 − 3x − 1 = 0

3± 9 − 4(1)( −1)
2 x =
4. f ( x ) = e x − 7 x + 3, f (1.4) = e1.96 − 6.8 ≈ 0.299 2
x2 3± 13
f ′( x ) = 2 xe − 7, f ′(1.4) = 2.8e1.96 − 7 ≈ 12.878 =
2
5. x − 5 ≤ 0.1 Points of intersection:
−0.1 ≤ x − 5 ≤ 0.1  3 + 13   3 − 13 
 , 2 + 13 ,  , 2 − 13 
4.9 ≤ x ≤ 5.1  2   2 
6. 4 − 5 x ≤ 0.01 10. y = x 2 , y = x + 1
− 0.01 ≤ 4 − 5 x ≤ 0.01 x2 = x + 1
− 4.01 ≤ −5 x ≤ −3.99
x2 − x − 1 = 0
0.802 ≥ x ≥ 0.798
1± 1 − 4(1)( −1)
x =
x 2
7. 2 − ≤ 0.01
3 1± 5
=
x 2
−0.01 ≤ 2 − ≤ 0.01
3 Points of intersection:
x 1 + 5 3 + 5  1 − 5 3 − 5 
−2.01 ≤ − ≤ −1.99
3  , ,  , 
 2 2   2 2 
6.03 ≥ x ≥ −5.97
Section 10.6 Newton’s Method 691
1. f ( x) = x 2 − 5, f ′( x) = 2 x 2. f ( x) = 2 x3 − 4, f ′( x) = 6 x 2
f ( x1 ) ( 2) − 5 = 2.25
2
f ( x1 ) 2(1) − 4
3
x2 = x1 − = 2− 4
f ′( x1 ) 2( 2) x2 = x1 − =1− =
f ( x1 )
′ 6(1)
2
3
f ( x2 ) ( 2.25) − 5 ≈ 2.2361
2
( ) −4
3
x3 = x2 − = 2.25 − f ( x2 ) 4 2 4 91
f ( x2 )
′ 2( 2.25) x3 = x2 − = − 3 = ≈ 1.26839
f ′( x2 )
( 43 )
2
3 6 72
3. f ( x) = x3 + x − 1, f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + 1
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0.5 −0.375 1.75 −0.2143 0.7143
2 0.7143 0.0787 2.5306 0.0311 0.6832
3 0.6832 0.0021 2.4002 0.0009 0.6823
Approximation: x ≈ 0.682
4. f ( x) = x5 + x − 1, f ′( x) = 5 x 4 + 1
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0.5 −0.46875 1.3125 −0.3571 0.8571
2 0.8571 0.3196 3.6983 0.0864 0.7707
3 0.7707 0.0426 2.7640 0.0154 0.7553
4 0.7553 0.0011 2.6272 0.0004 0.7549
1
5. f ( x ) = ln x + x, f ′( x ) = +1
x
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0.6 0.0892 2.6667 0.0334 0.5666
2 0.5666 −0.0015 2.7649 −0.0005 0.5671
3 0.5671 −0.0001 2.7634 −0.00004 0.5675
1 1 1 x +1
6. f ( x) = ln x − , f ′( x) = + 2 =
x x x x2
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 1.5 −0.2612 1.1111 −0.2351 1.7351
2 1.7351 −0.0253 0.9085 −0.0278 1.7629
3 1.7629 −0.0003 0.8890 −0.0003 1.7632
1 x2
7. f ( x) = e x 2 + x 2 − 3, f ′( x) = e + 2x
2
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 −1.5 −0.2776 −2.7638 0.1005 −1.6005
2 −1.6005 0.0108 −2.9764 −0.0036 −1.5969
3 −1.5969 0.0001 −2.9688 −0.00004 −1.5969
Approximation: x ≈ −1.5969
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 1.0 −0.3513 2.824 −0.1244 1.1244
2 1.1244 0.0188 3.1261 0.0060 1.1184
3 1.1184 0.00009 3.1114 0.00003 1.1184
2 2
8. f ( x) = e − x − x 2 , f ′( x) = −2 xe− x − 2 x = −2 x e− x + 1 ( 2
)
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0.8 −0.1127 −2.4437 0.0461 0.7539
2 0.7539 −0.0019 −2.3619 0.0008 0.7531
Approximations: x ≈ ±0.753
9. Let 2 x + 1 = x + 4 and define h( x) = 2 x + 1 − x + 4.
1
Then h′( x) = 2 − .
2 (x + 4)
3
h ( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h′( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 1 0.763932023 1.95527864 0.390702382 0.609297618
2 0.609297618 0.071667753 1.949473656 0.036762617 0.572535001
3 0.572535001 0.00672134 1.948863094 0.003448852 0.569086149
4 0.569086149 0.000630217 1.948805184 0.000323387 0.568762763
5 0.568762763 5.90901E-05 1.948799749 3.03213E-05 0.568732442
1
10. Let 3 − x = and define
( 2
x +1 )
1 2x
h( x ) = + x − 3. Then h′( x) = − + 1.
( )
2
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
h ( xn ) h( xn )
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 3 0.1 0.94 0.1064 2.8936
2 2.8936 0.0003 0.9341 0.0003 2.8933
11. Let 2 x = e − 0.5 x and define h( x) = 2 x − e − 0.5 x .

Then h′( x) = 2 + 0.5e − 0.5 x .
h ( xn ) h( xn )
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 1 1.39346934 2.60653066 0.534606925 0.465393075
2 0.465393075 0.138392152 2.792393999 0.049560396 0.415832679
3 0.415832679 0.01939037 2.812274989 0.006894905 0.408937774
4 0.408937774 0.002795447 2.815080101 0.000993026 0.407944748
5 0.407944748 0.000404597 2.815484899 0.000143704 0.407801044
12. Let − x + 2 = ln x and define h( x ) = − x + 2 − ln x.

1
Then h′( x ) = −1 − .
x
h ( xn ) h( xn )
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 1.5 0.0945 −1.6667 −0.0567 1.5567
2 1.5567 0.0007 −1.6424 −0.0004 1.5571
3 1.5571 0.00007 −1.6422 −0.00005 1.5571
13. From the graph, there are two real zeros near x = −1 and x = 2.
1
f ( x) = x 4 − 3x − 3
2 n 1 2 3 4
f ′( x ) = 2 x 3 − 3
xn −1 −0.9 −0.8937 −0.8937
xn + 1 = xn −
(1 2) xn4 − 3xn − 3
=
3 xn4 + 6
2 xn3 − 3 4 xn3 − 6
8
n 1 2 3 4
xn 2 2.0769 2.0720 2.0720

−12 12
−8
Zeros: x ≈ −0.894, 2.072
14. From the graph, there are two real zeros near x = 1.1 and x = 8.
f ( x) = 3 x − 1 − x
n 1 2 3 4
3
f ′( x) = −1
2 x −1 xn 1.1 1.1404 1.1458 1.1459
6( xn − 1) − 2 xn xn − 1
xn + 1 = xn −
3− 2 xn − 1 n 1 2 3 4
3 xn − 6 xn 8 7.8551 7.8541 7.8541
=
2 xn − 1 − 3
2
0 10
−2
Zeros: x ≈ 1.146, 7.854
15. From the graph, there is one real zero near x = 0.5. 17. From the graph, there is one real zero near x = 1.
f ( x) = 5 xe − 4
x
f ( x) = x3 − cos x
f ′( x) = 5 xe x + 5e x f ′( x) = 3x 2 + sin x
5 xn e xn − 4 xn3 − cos xn
x n + 1 = xn − xn +1 = xn −
5 xn e xn + 5e xn 3xn2 + sin xn
2
cos xn + xn sin xn + 2 xn3
=
−5 2 sin xn + 3 xn2
2
−6 −1 2
Zero: x ≈ 0.490
−2
n 1 2 3
xn 0.5 0.49015 0.49007 Zero: x ≈ 0.866
n 1 2 3 4
16. From the graph, there is one real zero near x = 2.
xn 1 0.8803 0.8657 0.8655
f ( x) = x − 3 + ln x
1
f ′( x) = 1 +
x
xn ( xn − 3 + ln xn ) 4 xn − xn ln xn
xn + 1 = xn − =
xn + 1 x +1
6
−9 9
−6
Zero: x ≈ 2.208
n 1 2 3 4
xn 2 2.2046 2.2079 2.2079
18. From the graph, there are three real zeros near x = 0.5, x = 1, and x = 1.5.
f ( x) = sin π x + x − 1
f ′( x) = π cos π x + 1 n 1 2 3 4 5
sin π xn + xn − 1 xn 0.5 0 0.2415 0.2630 0.2635
xn +1 = xn −
π cos π xn + 1
π xn cos(π xn ) − sin (π xn ) + 1 n 1 2
=
π cos(π xn ) + 1
xn 1 1
2
n 1 2 3 4 5
−3 3
xn 1.5 2 1.7585 1.7370 1.7365
−2
Zeros: x ≈ 0.264, 1, 1.737
19. y = 2 x3 − 6 x 2 + 6 x − 1
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
y′ = 6 x 2 + 12 x + 6 n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
Newton’s Method fails because f ′( x1 ) = 0. 1 1 1 0 undefined undefined
20. y = x3 − 2 x − 2
y′ = 3 x 2 − 2
Newton’s Method fails because the function fails to converge.
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0 −2 −2 1 −1
2 −1 −1 1 −1 0
3 0 −2 −2 1 −1
4 −1 −1 1 −1 0
21. Let f ( x) = x 2 − a. Then f ′( x ) = 2 x.
xn2 − a x2 + a
xn + 1 = xn − = n
2 xn 2 xn
xn2 − a x2 + a
n xn xn +1 = xn − = n
2 xn 2 xn
1 3 3.166666667
2 3.166666667 3.162280702
3 3.162280702 3.16227766
Approximation: 10 ≈ 3.162
22. Let f ( x) = x n − a. Then f ′( x) = nx n −1.
xn +1 = xn −
xnn − a
=
nxnn − xnn + a
=
(n − 1) xnn + a
n −1 n −1
nxn nxn nxnn −1
n xn xn + 1 =
(n − 1) xnn + a
nxnn −1
1 2 1.916666667
2 1.916666667 1.912938458
3 1.912938458 1.912931183
3
Approximation: 7 ≈ 1.913
(x − 1) + ( y − 0)
2 2
23. d =
− 1) + ( 4 − x 2 )
2
= (x 2
= x 2 − 2 x + 1 + 16 − 8 x 2 + x 4
Find critical numbers of

f ( x) = x 4 − 7 x 2 − 2 x + 17.
f ′( x) = 4 x 3 − 14 x − 2
y
f ′′( x) = 12 x 2 − 14 3 f(x) = 4 − x2
2
4 xn3 − 14 xn − 2 4 xn3 +1 1
xn + 1 = xn − = (1, 0)
x
12 xn2 − 14 6 xn2 −7 −4 −3 −1
−1
1 3 4
−2
n 1 2 3 4 −3
−4
xn 2 1.9412 1.9385 1.9385 The point closest to (1, 0) is approximately (1.939, 0.240).
x2 + 4 x 2 − 6 x + 10
24. The time is T = + .
3 4
To minimize the time, set dT dx equal to zero and solve for x. This produces the equation
7 x 4 − 42 x3 + 43x 2 + 216 x − 324 = 0.
Let f ( x) = 7 x 4 − 42 x3 + 43 x 2 + 216 x − 324. Then f ′( x) = 28 x3 − 126 x 2 + 86 x + 216.
Because f (1) = −100 and f ( 2) = 56, the solution is in the interval (1, 2).
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 1.7 19.5887 135.624 0.1444 1.5556

2 1.5556 −1.0480 150.2780 −0.0070 1.5626
3 1.5626 0.0014 149.591 0.000009 1.5626
Approximation: x ≈ 1.563 miles

You should row toward a point approximately 1.563 miles down the coast from the boat’s nearest point to the coast.
25. P = −76 x3 + 4830 x 2 − 320,000

2,500,000 = −76 x3 + 4830 x 2 − 320,000
76 x3 − 4830 x 2 + 2,820,000 = 0
Let f ( x) = 76 x3 − 4830 x 2 + 2,820,000. Then f ′( x) = 228 x 2 − 9660 x. From the graph, let x1 = 35.
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 35 161,750 −58,800 −2.7509 37.7509

2 37.7509 25,417.6649 −39,743.9512 −0.6395 38.3904
3 38.3904 1565.0112 −34,819.6628 −0.0449 38.4353
4 38.4353 9.5240 −34,466.9168 −0.0003 38.4356
Approximation: x ≈ $384,356
The smaller of the advertising amounts that yield $2,500,000 profit is approximately $384,356.
26. C = 0.0001x + 0.02 x 2 + 0.4 x + 800

C 800
Average cost: C = = 0.0001x 2 + 0.02 x + 0.4 +
x x
To minimize C , set d C dx equal to zero and solve for x.
800 0.0002 x3 + 0.02 x 2 − 800
This produces the equation C′ = 0.0002 x + 0.02 − 2
= = 0.
x x2
Let f ( x) = 0.0002 x3 + 0.02 x 2 − 800. Then f ′( x) = 0.0006 x 2 + 0.04 x.
Because f (130) = −22.6 and f (132) = 8.4736, the solution is in the interval (130, 132).
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 131 −7.1618 15.5366 −0.4610 131.4610

2 131.4610 0.0215 15.6276 0.0014 131.4596
3 131.4596 −0.0003 15.6274 −0.00002 131.4596
Approximation: x ≈ 131 units

To minimize the average cost per unit, make the production level 131 units.
3t 2 + t
27. C =
50 + t 3
3t 4 + 2t 3 − 300t − 50
To maximize C, set dC dt equal to zero and solve for t. This produces the equation C ′ = − = 0.
(50 + t 3 )
2
Let f (t ) = 3t 4 + 2t 3 − 300t − 50. Then f ′(t ) = 12t 3 + 6t 2 − 300. Because f ( 4) = −354 and f (5) = 575, the solution is
in the interval ( 4, 5).
f (t n ) f (t n )
n tn f (t n ) f ′(t n ) tn −
f ′(tn ) f ′(tn )
1 4.5 12.4375 915 0.0136 4.4864

2 4.4864 0.0658 904.3822 0.00007 4.4863
Approximation: t ≈ 4.486 hours

The concentration is the greatest after approximately 4.486 hours.
28. Newton’s Method will fail to converge for x = − 3 and x = 2 because f ′( − 3) = f ′( 2) = 0.
x2 − 1
29. False. Let f ( x) = .
x −1
30. True
Review Exercises for Chapter 10

1. an = 3n + 4 2n
5. an =
a1 = 3(1) + 4 = 7 n!
a2 = 3( 2) + 4 = 10 21
a1 = = 2
1!
a3 = 3(3) + 4 = 13
22 4
a2 = = = 2
a4 = 3( 4) + 4 = 16 2! 2
a5 = 3(5) + 4 = 19 23 8 4
a3 = = =
3! 6 3
2. an = ( − 6)
n
24 16 2
a4 = = =
4! 24 3
a1 = ( − 6) = − 6
1
25 32 4
a5 = = =
a2 = ( − 6) = 36
2
5! 120 15
a3 = ( − 6) = − 216
3
6. an =
(−1)n
a4 = ( − 6) = 1296
4
n3
(−1)
1
a5 = ( − 6) = − 7776
5
a1 = 3
= −1
1
(−1)
2
( 32 )
n
3. an = 1
a2 = 3
=
2 8
= ( 32 )
1
a1 = 3
(−1)
3
2 1
a3 = = −
= ( 32 )
2 3
a2 = 9 3 27
4
(−1)
4
1
= ( 32 ) a4 = =
3
a3 = 27 3
8 4 64
( −1)
5
= ( 32 )
4
a4 = 81 1
16 a5 = 3
= −
5 125
= ( 32 )
5
a5 = 243
32
n +1
n − 2 n→∞ n2
4. an =
n2 + 3 5n + 2
1− 2 1 n→∞ n
a1 = = −
12 + 3 4
n3
2− 2 0 9. This sequence diverges because lim = ∞.
a2 = = = 0 n →∞ 2
n +1
22 + 3 7
3− 2 1 10
a3 = 2
= 10. This sequence converges because lim = 0.
3 +3 12 n→∞ en
4− 2 2
a4 = =
42 + 3 19  1
11. This sequence converges because lim  8 + n  = 8.
5− 2 3 n→∞  7 
a5 = =
52 + 3 28
n
n→∞
n2 + 1
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 699
1 24. An = 2500(1 + 0.04)

n
n→∞ n4 3
A1 = $2600
14. This sequence diverges because lim 9 + ( −1) 
n +1
A2 = $2704
n→∞  
does not exist because the terms alternate between 10 A3 = $2812.16
if n is odd and 8 if n is even; {10, 8, 10, 8, 10, }. A4 = $2924.65
A5 = $3041.63
15. This sequence diverges because
A6 = $3163.30
n!
lim = lim ( n)( n − 1)( n − 2) = ∞. A7 = $3289.83
n → ∞ ( n − 3)! n→∞
A8 = $3421.42
16. This sequence converges because
A9 = $3558.28
lim
(n − 1)!
= lim
1
= 0. A10 = $3700.61
n→∞ (n + 1)! n → ∞ (n + 1)n
( 34 )
n
25. (a) hn = 16
17. an = 2n + 5, n = 1, 2, 3, 
(b) h1 = 12 ft
18. an = 5n + 2, n = 0, 1, 2,  h2 = 9 ft
27
h3 = = 6.75 ft
11 4
19. an = , n = 1, 2, 3,  OR 81
n! h4 = 16
≈ 5.06 ft
11 243
an = , n = 0, 1, 2,  h5 = ≈ 3.80 ft
( + 1)!
n 64
( 34 )
n
(c) The sequence converges; lim 16 = 0.
n n→∞
20. an = 2 , n = 1, 2, 3,  OR
n +1
n +1 26. (a) a1 = 15,000
an = , n = 0, 1, 2, 
(n + 1) + 1
2 a2 = 15,000 + 10,000(1)
a3 = 15,000 + 10,000( 2)
n −1  2 n −1
21. an = ( −1)  n , n = 1, 2, 3,  OR 
 3  an = 15,000 + 10,000( n − 1)
n 2 
n
an = ( −1)  n + 1 , n = 0, 1, 2,  (b) a1 = $15,000
3 
a2 = $25,000
n −1
 2 a3 = $35,000
22. an =   , n = 1, 2, 3,  OR
5 a4 = $45,000
n
 2 a5 = $55,000
an =   , n = 0, 1, 2, 
5 a6 = $65,000
(c) The sequence diverges.
23. An = 1000(1 + 0.0025)
n
A1 = $1002.50 27. S1 = 4
≈ 1.333
3
A2 = $1005.01 4 16 28
S2 = 3
+ 9
= 9
≈ 3.111
A3 = $1007.52
4 16 64 148
A4 = $1010.04 S3 = 3
+ 9
+ 27
= 27
≈ 5.481
4 16 64 256 700
A5 = $1012.56 S4 = 3
+ 9
+ 27
+ 81
= 81
≈ 8.642
A6 = $1015.09 S5 = 4
+ 16
+ 64
+ 256
+ 1024
= 3124
≈ 12.856
3 9 27 81 243 243
A7 = $1017.63
A8 = $1020.18
A9 = $1022.73
A10 = $1025.28
1
28. S1 = 2
= 0.5
S2 = 1 − 1 = 1 = 0.25
2 4 4
1 1 1 5
S3 = 2
− 4
+ 6
= 12
≈ 0.4167
1 1 1 1 7
S4 = 2
− 4
+ 6
− 8
= 24
≈ 0.2917
1 1 1 1 1 47
S5 = 2
− 4
+ 6
− 8
+ 10
= 120
≈ 0.3917
1
29. S1 = = 0.5
2
1 1 11
S2 = − = ≈ 0.4583
2 24 24
1 1 1 331
S3 = − + = ≈ 0.4597
2 24 720 720
1 1 1 1 18,535
S4 = − + − = ≈ 0.4597
2 24 720 40,320 40,320
1 1 1 1 1 1,668,151
S5 = − + − + = ≈ 0.4597
2 24 720 40,320 3,628,800 3,628,800
30. S1 = 1 n 2 + 6n + 1 1
33. lim = ≠ 0, and the series diverges.
1 9 n →∞ 3n 2 − 2n − 1 3
S2 = 1 + = = 1.125
8 8
n 1
1 1 251 34. lim = ≠ 0, and the series diverges.
S3 = 1 + + = ≈ 1.1620 n→∞ 2
4n + 1 2
8 27 216
1 1 1 2035 2
S4 = 1 + + + = ≈ 1.1777 35. Because a = 2 and r = , you have
8 27 64 1728 3
1 1 1 1 256,103
2 1 − ( 2 3)  2 1 − ( 2 3) 
n +1 n +1
S5 = 1 + + + + = ≈ 1.1857
8 27 64 125 216,000 Sn =   =  .
1− 23 13
2n 130
S3 = 6 1 − ( 2 3)  =
4
31. lim = 2 ≠ 0, and the series diverges. ≈ 4.8148
n→∞ n + 5   27
1330
S5 = 6 1 − ( 2 3)  =
6
n3 ≈ 5.4733
32. lim = −1 ≠ 0, and the series diverges.   243
n →∞ 1 − n3 350,198
S10 = 6 1 − ( 2 3)  =
11
≈ 5.9306
  59,049
31 − ( −1 5)  31 − ( −1 5) 
n +1 n +1
1
36. Because a = 3 and r = − , you have Sn =   =  
5 1 − ( −1 5) 65
5 1563
1 − ( −1 5)  =
5
S4 = = 2.5008
2  625
5 4,882,812
S9 = 1 − ( −1 5)  =
10
≈ 2.5000
2  1,953,125
5 238,418,579,101,563
1 − ( −1 5)  =
21
S 20 = ≈ 2.5000
2   95,367,431,640,625
n ∞
 3(− 43 )
∞ n
5
37. The geometric series   6  converges because 38. The geometric series
n=0
diverges because
n=0
5 r = 4 ≥ 1.
r = < 1. 3
6
∞
1
 14 (4) diverges because
n
S = = 6 39. The geometric series
1 − 56 n=0
r = 4 ≥ 1.
∞ n ∞ n
 1 1
40. The geometric series  6  − 7  converges because 44. The geometric series   3  converges because
n=0 n=0
1 r = 1
< 1.
r = < 1. 3
7
∞
6 6 21
 5 (− 87 )
n
S = = = 45 The geometric series diverges because
1− ( )− 17 8
7
4 n =1
8
r = 7
≥ 1.
41. The sum of the two geometric series
∞
 (0.5) + (0.2)  converges because each series
n n ∞ n
1
n=0 46. The geometric series  10  9  converges because
n =1
converges: r = 0.5 < 1, and r = 0.2 < 1.
1
r = < 1.
The sum S is 9
∞
1 1
 (0.5) + (0.2) 
n n 10 10
= + 9 9 5
n=0 1 − 0.5 1 − 0.2 S = 1
= 8
=
1− 9 9
4
5 13
= 2 + = .
4 4 ∞
 2 (0.25)
n +1
47. The geometric series converges because
42. The sum of the two geometric series n=0
∞ r = 0.25 < 1.
 (1.5) + (0.2)  diverges because the first series
n n
n=0

∞
n3
diverges: r = 1.5 ≥ 1. 48. The series  n
diverges by the nth-Term Test
n =1
∞ 2
n +1 n3
43. The series  n(n + 1) diverges by the nth-Term Test because lim
n→∞ n
= lim
n→∞
n = ∞ ≠ 0.
n =1
n2 + 1
n→∞ n( n + 1)
36 n 36
 0.045 
 2501 +  250(1.00375)
n
49. (a)  =
n =1 12  n =1
48 (1 − 1.0037549 )
 250(1.00375) = − 250 + 250
n
(b) − 250 + = $13,170.16
n=0 1 − 1.00375
50. (a) After 1 year: 9000

2 years: 9000 + 9000( 0.85) = 9000(1 + 0.85)
3 years: 9000 + 0.859000(1 + 0.85)
= 9000(1 + 0.85 + 0.852 )

n years: 9000 1 + 0.85 + 0.852 +  + 0.85n −1 
 1 − 0.85n 
= 9000 
 1 − 0.85 
= 60,000(1 − 0.85n )
So, 60,000(1 − 0.85n ) units will be in use after n years. After the eighth year, 60,000 (1 − 0.858 ) ≈ 43,651 units
will be in use.
(b) The stabilization level is 60,000 units.
51. 1st person: 500(0.75) = 375 55. (a) Vn = 120,000(0.7 )

n
2nd person: 500(0.75) = 281.25

2
(b) V5 = 120,000(0.7 ) = $20,168.40
5
3 person: 500(0.75) = 210.94

rd 3
 56. T1 = 50,000
n th person: 500(0.75)
n T2 = 50,000 + 50,000(0.055) = 50,000(1 + 0.055)
T3 = 50,000(1 + 0.05)
∞ 2
 500(0.75)
n
= $1500
n =1 
n −1
52. 1st person: 250(0.80) = 200 Tn = 50,000(1 + 0.055)
2nd person: 250(0.80) = 160

2 40 50,000(1 − 1.05540 )
 50,000(1 + 0.055)
n −1
=
3rd person: 250(0.80) = 128
3 n =1 1 − 1.055
≈ 6,830,280.70

n th person: 250(0.80)
n The compensation over the 40-year period is
∞
approximately $6,830,280.70.
 250(0.80)
n
= $1000 ∞
1
n =1
57. The series  diverges by the p-Series Test
n =1 n 0.56
53. 1st person: 600(0.725) = 435 because p = 0.56 ≤ 1.
2nd person: 600(0.725) ≈ 315.38
2
∞
2
3rd person: 600(0.725) ≈ 228.65
3 58. The series  n2 3
diverges by the p-Series Test because
n =1
 2
n th person: 600(0.725)
n p = < 1.
3
∞
 600(0.725)
n
≈ $1581.82 ∞
1
n =1 59. The series  n2 converges by the p-Series Test
n =1
54. 1st person: 450(0.775) = 348.75 because p = e > 1.
2nd person: 450(0.775) ≈ 270.28

2
∞ ∞
1 1
3 person: 450(0.775) ≈ 209.47
rd 3 60. The series  n4 n
=  n5 4 converges by the
n =1 n =1
 5
n th person: 450(0.775)
n 4
∞
 450(0.775)
∞
n
≈ $1550 n 4n
n =1
converges by the Ratio Test because
n =1
lim
(n + 1)4n +1 ⋅
n!
= lim
4
= 0 < 1.
n→∞ (n + 1)! n4 n n → ∞ n
∞
n!
diverges by the Ratio Test because
n=0
lim
(n + 1)! 8n
⋅ = lim
(n + 1)!
⋅
8n
= lim
n +1
= ∞.
n +1
n→∞ 8 n! n→∞ n! 8n + 1 n→∞ 8
(−1)
∞ n n
3
63. The series  n
diverges by the Ratio Test because
n =1
n +1 n +1
lim
(−1) 3
⋅
n
= lim
3n
= 3 > 1.
(−1)
n n
n→∞ n +1 3 n→∞ n +1
∞
11n
64. The series  diverges by the Ratio Test because
n =1 n
11n + 1 n 11n + 1 n 11n

lim ⋅ n = lim ⋅ = lim = 11 > 1.
n→∞ n + 1 11 n → ∞ 11n n +1 n→∞ n + 1
∞
n2
65. The series  7n converges by the Ratio Test because
n =1
(n + 1) (n + 1) (n + 1)
2 2 2
7n 7n 1 1
lim n +1
⋅ = lim ⋅ = lim ⋅ = < 1.
n→∞ 7 n2 n→∞ n 2
7 n +1 n→∞ n 2
7 7
∞
2n
66. The series  1 − 4n converges by the Ratio Test because
n =1
2( n + 1) 1 − 4n n + 1 4n − 1  1
lim ⋅ = lim  n +1  = < 1.
n→∞ 1 − 4(n + 1) 2n n→∞ n 4 − 1 4
∞ ∞
3 3
67.  n
matches (b). The series diverges by the p-Series 69.  n
matches (a). The series diverges by the p-Series
n =1 n =1
1 Test because p = 1 (the harmonic series).

Test because p = < 1.
2 ∞
3
∞
3
70.  matches (c). The series converges by the
68.  3
matches (d). The series converges by the n =1 n3
n =1 n4 3
4 p-Series Test because p = > 1.
p-Series Test because p = > 1. 2
3
(x − 7)
∞ n
is centered at c = 7.
n =1
(x − 7) ( x − 7 ) + ( x − 7) + ( x − 7 ) + ( x − 7) + 
∞ n 2 3 4 5
x − 7
 2 n
=
2
+
4 8 16 32
n =1
(x + 5)
∞ n
is centered at c = − 5.
n=0
(x + 5) (x + 5) (x + 5) (x + 5)
∞ n 2 3 4
 n!
= 1 + ( x + 5) +
2
+
6
+
24
+
n=0
n +1
(−1)
n
∞ xn ( x 10) x x
73. The series  is centered at c = 0. 75. lim = lim  < 1  x < 10
( x 10)
n
n =1 3n n →∞ n→∞ 10 10
∞
( −1)
n
xn x x2 x3 x4 x5 R = 10
 3 n
= −
3
+
9
−
27
+
81
−
243
+
n =1
76. lim
( 2 x) n + 1 = lim 2 x  2 x < 1  x <
1
∞
(−1)
n +1
xn
n→∞
( 2 x)n n→∞ 2
74. The series  is centered at c = 0.
n = 0 ( n + 1)!
1
R =
n +1
2
∞
(−1) x n x x2 x3 x4
 (n + 1)! = −1 +
2
−
6
+ −
24 120
+ 4n +1 x n +1 n! 4x
n=0 77. lim ⋅ = lim = 4 x (0) < 1, for
n→∞ (n + 1)! 4n x n n → ∞ n + 1
all x.
R = ∞
n +1 n +1
(−1) ( x − 2) (n + 2) (n + 1) ( x − 2)
2 2
78. lim = lim  x − 2 <1
(−1) ( x − 2) (n + 1) (n + 2)
n →∞ n n 2 n→∞ 2
R =1
n +1
3n + 1 ( x − 2) (n + 1) 3n( x − 2) 1
79. lim = lim  3 x − 2 <1x − 2 <
3 ( x − 2) n
n
n→∞ n n→∞ n +1 3
1
R =
3
n +1
(n + 1)!( x − 3)
80. lim = lim (n + 1)( x − 3) = ∞
n!( x − 3)
n→∞ n n→∞
R = 0
n +1
(x + 5)
n +1
81. lim 5n + 1 = lim
( x + 5) ⋅
5n
= lim
(x + 5)
<1 x +5 < 5
( x + 5) ( x + 5) 5n + 1
n n
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ 5
n
5
R = 5
n +1 2 n + 2
82. lim
(−1) x
⋅
(2n)! = lim
x2
= x 2 (0) < 1, for all x.
n→∞ ( 2n + 2)! ( −1) x 2 n
n n→∞ (2n + 2)(2n + 1)
R = ∞
83. f ( x ) = e −0.5 x f ( 0) = 1
1 1
f ′( x ) = − e −0.5 x f ′(0) = −
2 2
1 −0.5 x 1
f ′′( x ) = e f ′′(0) =
4 4
1 1
f ′′′( x ) = − e −0.5 x f ′′′(0) = −
8 8

n
 1
f ( n ) ( 0) =  − 
 2
∞ n
1 1 x2 1 x3  1  xn
The power series for f is e−0.5 x = 1 −
2
x + ⋅
4 2!
− ⋅
8 3!
+ =   − 2  n!
.
n=0
n +1 n +1
(−1) x 2n n! x x
lim ⋅ = lim = (0) < 1, for all x.
n→∞ 2n + 1( n + 1)! (−1)
n
x n n→∞ 2( n + 1) 2
R = ∞
84. f ( x) = e − x 3 f ( 0) = 1
1 1
f ′( x ) = − e − x 3 f ′(0) = −
3 3
1 −x 3 1
f ′′( x) = e f ′′(0) =
9 9
1 −x 3 1
f ′′′( x) = − e f ′′′(0) = −
27 27

n
 1
f ( n ) ( 0) =  − 
 3
(−1)
n
x x2 x3 ∞ xn
The power series for f is e − x 3 = 1 −
3
+ 2 − 3
3 ⋅ 2! 3 ⋅ 3!
+ =  n
3 n!
.
n=0
n +1 n +1
(−1) x 3n ⋅ n! x x
lim ⋅ = lim = (0) < 1, for all x.
n→∞ 3n + 1 ( n + 1)! (−1)
n
xn n→∞ 3( n + 1) 3
R = ∞
85. f ( x) = x −1 2 f (1) = 1
1 1
f ′( x) = − x −3 2 f ′(1) = −
2 2
3 3 1⋅3
f ′′( x) = x −5 2 f ′′(1) = = 2
4 4 2
15 −7 2 15 1⋅3⋅5
f ′′′( x) = − x f ′′′(1) = − = −
8 8 23

f (n) (1) =
( −1)n +11 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  ( 2n − 1)
, ( n ≥ 1)
n
2
( −1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  ( 2n − 1)( x − 1)
∞ n n
1 1 3 3⋅5
( x − 1) + 2 ( x − 1) − 3 ( x − 1) +  = 1 + 
2 3
The power series for f is =1− .
x 2 2 2! 2 3! n =1 2n n!
n +1 n +1
lim
(−1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  ( 2n + 1)( x − 1)
⋅
2n ⋅ n!
= lim
(2n + 1)( x − 1) = x −1 < 1  R = 1
n →∞ 2 n +1
(n + 1)! (−1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  (2n − 1)( x − 1)
n n n →∞ 2( n + 1)
1
86. f ( x) = f ( −1) = −1
x
1
f ′( x) = − f ′( −1) = −1
x2
2
f ′′( x) = 3 f ′′( −1) = −2
x
6 f ′′′( −1) = −6
f ′′′( x) = − 4
x

f (n) ( −1) = −( n!)
2( x + 1) 6( x + 1)
2 3 ∞
1
= −1 − ( x + 1) − −  = − 1 + ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) +  = −  ( x + 1) .
2 3 n
−
x 2! 3!   n=0
n +1
lim
( x + 1) = lim x + 1 = x + 1 < 1  R = 1
( x + 1)
n→∞ n n→∞
87. f ( x) = (1 + x)
14
f (0) = 1
1 1
f ′(0) =
−3 4
f ′( x) = (1 + x)
4 4
3 3 3
f ′′(0) = −
−7 4
f ′′( x) = − (1 + x) = − 2
16 16 4
21 21 3⋅7
f ′′′(0) =
−11 4
f ′′′( x) = (1 + x) =
64 64 43

(−1) 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11  ( 4n − 5)
n
f (n) (0) = , ( n ≥ 2)
4n
( −1) 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11  ( 4n − 5) x n
∞ n
1 3 3⋅7 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 4 x
4
1+ x =1+
4
x − 2 x 2 + 3 x3 −
4 2! 4 3! 4 4 4!
x + =1+
4
−  4 n n!
.
n=2
n +1
lim
(−1) 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11  ( 4n − 1) x n + 1
⋅
4n ⋅ n!
= lim
(4n − 1) x = x <1 R =1
n→∞ 4 n +1
(n + 1)! (−1) 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11  (4n − 5) x n
n n→∞ 4( n + 1)
1
88. f ( x) = f ( 0) = 1
(1 + x)
3
3
f ′( x) = − f ′(0) = − 3
(1 + x)
4
12
f ′′( x) = f ′′(0) = 12
(1 + x)
5
60
f ′′′( x) = − f ′′′(0) = − 60
(1 + x)
6

( n)
( 0) = ( −1) 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5( n + 2), ( n ≥ 1)
n
f
1 3 ⋅ 4x2 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 x3 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6x4 ∞
(−1)n 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5  (n + 2) x n
= 1 − 3x + − + − =1−  .
(1 + x)3 2! 3! 4! n =1 n!
n +1
lim
(−1) 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5  ( n + 3) x n + 1
⋅
n!
= lim
(n + 3) x
= x <1 R =1
n→∞ (n + 1)! (−1) 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5  (n + 2) x n
n n→∞ n +1
 x  x  1 1 1 3 1 4 ∞
xn
 (−1)
n +1
89. ln ( x + 2) = ln 2 + 1 = ln 2 + ln  + 1 = ln 2 + x − x 2 + x − x +  = ln 2 +
 2  2  2 8 24 64 n =1 2n n
 ( 4 x) +  =
2 ∞
(4 x)
n ∞
4n x n
90. e 4 x + 5 = e5 ⋅ e 4 x = e 1 + 4 x +
 2! 
 e5 n!
=  e5 n!
n=0 n=0
(7 x ) (7 x ) (7 x ) (7 x )
2 3 4 ∞ n ∞ n n
n +1 7 x
 (−1)  (−1) n
n +1
91. ln (7 x + 1) = 7 x − + − + = =
2 3 4 n =1 n n =1
( − 8 x) ( −1)
n n n
∞ ∞ 8 xn
92. f ( x) = 9 + e −8 x = 9 +  n!
= 9 +  n!
n=0 n=0
∞ ∞
1
 (−1) ( x1 2 )  (−1) x( )
n n n 12 n
93. 12
= 1 − x1 2 + x − x 3 2 +  = =
x +1 n=0 n=0
94. f ( x) =
1
= ( x + 1)
−6
= 1 − 6x +
( − 6)(− 7) ⋅ x2
+
(− 6)( − 7)(− 8) x3 −
(x + 1)
6
2! 3!
∞
xn  x2  ∞
xn + 2
95. f ( x) = x 2e x = x 2  = x 2 1 + x + +  = 
n=0 n!  2!  n=0 n!
∞ ∞
x
96. f ( x) = x  ( −1) x n =  (−1) x n + (1 2)
n n
=
x +1 n=0 n=0
1
97. f ( x) = e − 4 x f (0) = 1 a0 = =1
0!
−4
f ′( x) = − 4e − 4 x f ′(0) = − 4 a1 = = −4
1!
16
f ′′( x) = 16e − 4 x f ′′(0) = 16 a2 = = 8
2!
− 64 32
f ′′′( x) = − 64e − 4 x f ′′′(0) = − 64 a3 = = −
3! 3
256 32
f (4) ( x) = 256e− 4 x f (4) (0) = 256 a4 = =
4! 3
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 − 4 x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 − 4 x + 8 x 2
32 3
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 − 4 x + 8 x 2 − x
3
32 3 32 4
(d) S4 ( x) = 1 − 4 x + 8 x 2 − x + x
3 3
e
98. f ( x) = e x + 1 f (0) = e a0 = = e
0!
e
f ′( x) = e x +1 f ′(0) = e a1 = = e
1!
e e
f ′′( x) = e x +1 f ′′(0) = e a2 = =
2! 2
e e
f ′′′( x) = e x +1 f ′′′(0) = e a3 = =
3! 6
e e
f (4) ( x) = e x +1 f (4) (0) = e a4 = =
4! 24
(a) S1 ( x ) = e + ex
ex 2
(b) S 2 ( x ) = e + ex +
2
ex 2 ex3
(c) S3 ( x) = e + ex + +
2 6
ex 2 ex3 ex 4
(d) S4 ( x) = e + ex + + +
2 6 24
ln 3
99. f ( x) = ln ( x + 3) f (0) = ln 3 a0 = = ln 2
0!
1
1 1 1
f ′( x) = f ′(0) = a1 = 3
=
x +3 3 1! 3
1 1 − 19 1
f ′′( x) = − f ′′(0) = − a2 = = −
(x + 3)
2
9 2! 18
2
2 2 1
f ′′′( x) = f ′′′(0) = a3 = 27
=
(x + 3)
3
27 3! 81
3
− 27
6 3 1
f ( 4) ( x ) = − f (4) (0) = − a4 = =
( x + 3)
4
27 4! 324
x
(a) S1 ( x ) = ln 3 +
3
x x2
(b) S2 ( x) = ln 3 + −
3 18
x x2 x2
(c) S3 ( x) = ln 3 + − +
3 18 81
x x2 x3 x4
(d) S4 ( x) = ln 3 + − + −
3 18 81 324
1
f ( x) = ( x + 1) f ( 0) = 1
15
100. a0 = =1
0!
1
1 −4 5 1 1
f ′( x) = ( x + 1) f ′(0) = a1 = 5
=
5 5 1! 5
4
− 25
4 −9 5 4 2
f ′′( x) = − ( x + 1) f ′′(0) = − a2 = = −
25 25 2! 25
36
36 36 6
f ′′′( x) = ( x + 1)−14 5 f ′′′(0) = a3 = 125
=
125 125 3! 125
504 504 − 504 21
f ( 4) ( x ) = − f (4) (0) = −
−19 5
( x + 1) a4 = 625
= −
625 625 4! 625
1
(a) S1 ( x) = 1 + x
5
1 2 2
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 + x − x
5 25
1 2 2 6 3
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + x − x + x
5 25 125
1 2 2 6 3 21 4
(d) S 4 ( x) = 1 + x − x + x − x
5 25 125 625
−8 1
101. f ( x) = ( x + 1) f (0) = 1 a0 = =1
0!
−9 −8
f ′( x) = − 8( x + 1) f ′(0) = − 8 a1 = = −8
1!
−10 72
f ′′( x) = 72( x + 1) f ′′(0) = 72 a2 = = 36
2!
−11 − 720
f ′′′( x) = − 720( x + 1) f ′′′(0) = − 720 a3 = = −120
3!
7920
f (4) ( x) = 7920( x + 1) f (4) (0) = 7920
−12
a4 = = 330
4!
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 − 8 x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 − 8 x + 36 x 2
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 − 8 x + 36 x 2 − 120 x3
(d) S 4 ( x) = 1 − 8 x + 36 x 2 − 120 x3 + 330 x 4
−2 3
102. f ( x) = 3( x + 1) f (0) = 3 a0 = = 3
0!
−3 −6
f ′( x) = − 6( x + 1) f ′(0) = − 6 a1 = = −6
1!
−4 18
f ′′( x) = 18( x + 1) f ′′(0) = 18 a2 = = 9
2!
−5 − 72
f ′′′( x) = − 72( x + 1) f ′′′(0) = − 72 a3 = = −12
3!
360
f (4) ( x) = 360( x + 1) f (4) (0) = 360
−6
a4 = = 15
4!
(a) S1 ( x ) = 3 − 6 x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 3 − 6 x + 9 x 2
(c) S3 ( x) = 3 − 6 x + 9 x 2 − 12 x3
(d) S 4 ( x) = 3 − 6 x + 9 x 2 − 12 x3 + 15 x 4
103. f ( x) = e x 3 , c = 0
x x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
f ( x) ≈ 1 + + + + + +
3 18 162 1944 29,160 524,880
1.25 (1.25) (1.25) + (1.25) + (1.25) + (1.25) ≈ 1.5169
2 3 4 5 6
f (1.25) ≈ 1 + + +
3 18 162 1944 29,160 524,880
f (n +1) ( z ) n +1
Error = Rn = (x − c)
(n + 1)!
ex 3
f ( x ) = e x 3  f ( 7) ( x ) =
2187
f (7) (1.25)(1.25)
7
R6 = ≈ 0.00000066
7!
1
104. f ( x) = , c =1
x
x − 1 3( x − 1) 5( x − 1) 35( x − 1) 63( x − 1) 231( x − 1)

2 3 4 5 6
f ( x) ≈ l − + − + − +
2 8 16 128 256 1024
1.15 − 1 3(1.15 − 1) 5(1.15 − 1) 35(1.15 − 1) 63(1.15 − 1) 231(1.15 − 1)

2 3 4 5 6
f (1.15) ≈ 1 − + − + − + ≈ 0.9325
2 8 16 128 256 1024
f (n +1) ( z ) n +1
Error = Rn = ( x − c)
( n + 1)!
1 135,135
f ( x) =  f ( 7) ( x ) = −
x 128 x15 2
f (7) (1.15)(0.15)
7
R6 = ≈ 0.00000013
7!
105. f ( x ) = ln (1 + x ), c = 1
x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) − ( x − 1)
2 3 4 5 6
f ( x) ≈ ln 2 + − +
2 8 24 64 160 384
1.5 − 1 (1.5 − 1) (1.5 − 1) − (1.5 − 1) + (1.5 − 1) − (1.5 − 1) ≈ 0.9163

2 3 4 5 6
f (1.5) ≈ ln 2 + − +
2 8 24 64 160 384
f (n +1) ( z )
Error = Rn = ( x − c ) n +1
( n + 1)!
720
f ( x) = ln (1 + x)  f (7) ( x) =
(x + 1)
7
f (7) (1)(0.5)
7
R6 = ≈ 0.0000087
7!
106. f ( x) = e x −1, c = 0
1 x x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
f ( x) ≈ + + + + + +
e e 2e 6e 24e 120e 720e
1 1.75 1.752 1.753 1.754 1.755 1.756
f (1.75) ≈ + + + + + + ≈ 2.1123
e e 2e 6e 24e 120e 720e
f (n +1) ( z ) n +1
Error = Rn = ( x − c)
( n + 1 )!
f ( x) = e x −1  f (7) ( x) = e x −1
f (7) (1.75)(1.75)
7
R6 = ≈ 0.02111
7!
x6 x9
( )
107. ln x3 + 1 = x3 −
2
+
3
−
1
 3 x6   x4 x7  5
ln ( x 3 + 1) dx ≈
1 1
0 0 x −
 2
 dx = 
4
−  =
14  0 28
≈ 0.179
2 9 x4 9 x6 x3 x6
108. e− 3 x = 1 − 3x 2 + − + 109. 1 + x2 = 1 + − +
2 2 2 8
0.3
 9 x5 9 x7  9
1 0.3  x4 x7 
0
1
1 + x3 dx ≈  x + − ≈ 0.301
0 e
− 3 x2
dx ≈  x − x 3 + −  = ≈ 0.257 
10 14  0 35  8 56  0

x2 x4 5x6
( x2 + 1)
13
110. =1+ − + +
3 9 81
1
 x2 x4 5x6   x3 x5 5x7  3112
 0 (x + 1)
1 13 1
0
2
dx ≈ 1 + − +  dx =  x + − +  = ≈ 1.098
 3 9 81   9 45 567  0 2835
111. f ( x) = x3 + 3x − 1
f ′( x ) = 3 x 2 + 3
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0.25 –0.2344 3.1875 –0.0735 0.3235

2 0.3235 0.0044 3.3140 0.0013 0.3222
3 0.3222 0.00005 3.3114 0.00001 0.3222
112. f ( x) = x3 + 4 x + 2
f ′( x ) = 3 x 2 + 4
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 −1 –3 7 – 0.428571429 – 0.571428571
2 – 0.571428571 – 0.472303207 4.979591837 – 0.094847775 – 0.476580796
3 – 0.476580796 – 0.014568626 4.681387766 – 0.003112032 – 0.473468765
4 – 0.473468765 – 1.38165E-05 4.672518013 – 2.95698E-06 – 0.473465808
Approximation: x ≈ − 0.473
113. f ( x) = x + 4 + x
1
f ′( x) = +1
2 x + 4
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 –1.75 –0.2500 1.3333 –0.1875 –1.5625

2 –1.5625 –0.0013 1.3203 –0.0009 –1.5616
3 –1.5616 –0.00006 1.3202 –0.00005 –1.5616
x x x
114. f ( x) = ln + = ln x − ln 3 +
3 3 3
1 1
f ′( x) = +
x 3
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 1.8 0.0892 0.8889 0.1003 1.6997

2 1.6997 –0.0016 0.9217 –0.0017 1.7014
3 1.7014 –0.00003 0.9211 –0.00003 1.7014
115. f ( x) = x 4 + x − 3
f ′( x) = 4 x3 + 1
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 –1.5 0.5625 –12.5 –0.045 –1.4550

2 –1.4550 0.0268 –11.3211 –0.0024 –1.4526
3 –1.4526 –0.0003 –11.2602 0.00003 –1.4526
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 1.1 –0.4359 6.324 –0.0689 1.1689

2 1.1689 0.0358 7.3884 0.0048 1.1641
3 1.1641 0.0005 7.3100 0.00006 1.1640
116. f ( x) = x 4 + x 2 − 1
f ′( x) = 4 x3 + 2 x
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 –0.8 0.0496 –3.6480 –0.0136 –0.7864

2 –0.7864 0.0009 –3.5181 –0.0002 –0.7862
3 –0.7862 0.0002 –3.516 –0.00005 –0.7862
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0.8 0.0496 3.6480 0.0136 0.7864

2 0.7864 0.0009 3.5181 0.0002 0.7862
3 0.7862 0.0002 3.5162 0.00005 0.7862
Approximations: x ≈ ± 0.786
117. Let x 5 = ( x + 3) and define h( x) = x5 − x − 3.
Then h′( x) = 5 x 4 − 1.
f ( xn ) x5 − x −3
xn +1 = xn − = xn − n 4 n
f ′( xn ) 5 xn − 1
h( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h ′ ( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 1.25 –1.1982 11.2070 –0.1069 1.3569

2 1.3569 0.2429 15.9497 0.0152 1.3417
3 1.3417 0.0062 15.2029 0.0004 1.3413
118. Let 1 − x = x5 + 2 and define h( x) = − x5 − x − 1.
Then h′( x) = − 5 x 4 − 1.
h( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h ′ ( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 –0.8 0.1277 –3.048 –0.0419 –0.7581

2 –0.7581 0.0085 –2.6515 –0.0032 –0.7549
3 –0.7549 0.00006 –2.6238 –0.00002 –0.7549
Approximation: x ≈ − 0.755
119. Let x3 = e− x and define h ( x) = x3 − e − x . Then h′( x) = 3 x 2 + e− x .
h( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h ′ ( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 0.9 0.3224 2.8366 0.1137 0.7863

2 0.7863 0.0306 2.3103 0.0133 0.7730
3 0.7730 0.0003 2.2542 0.0001 0.7729
120. Let 2 x 2 = 5e− x and define h ( x) = 2 x 2 − 5e − x . Then h′( x) = 4 x + 5e − x .
h( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h ′ ( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 1.0 0.1606 5.8394 0.0275 0.9725

2 0.9725 0.0008 5.7807 0.0001 0.9724
121. From the graph there is one real zero near x = − 3. 122. From the graph there are two real zeros near x = − 2
9 and x = −1.
4
−9 9 −6 6
−3
f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x 2 − x + 5 −4
f ( x) = x 4 + x3 − 3x 2 + 2
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + 4 x − 1
f ′( x ) = 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 6 x
f ( xn ) x − xn3 + 2 xn2 − xn + 5
xn +1 = xn − = n f ( xn ) x 4 + x3 − 3x 2 + 2
f ′( xn ) 3xn2 + 4 xn − 1 xn + 1 = xn − = xn − n 3 n 2 n
f ′( xn ) 4 xn + 3 xn − 6 xn
n 1 2 3 4
n 1 2 3 4 5
xn –3.0 –2.9286 –2.9259 –2.9259
xn –2.0 –2.25 –2.1877 –2.1823 –2.1823
Zero: x ≈ − 2.926
n 1 2 3 4
xn –1.0 –0.8 –0.7952 –0.7952
Zeros: x ≈ − 2.182, − 0.795
Chapter 10 Test Yourself

1. an = 7 n − 5 (−1)n
a1 = 7(1) − 5 = 2 4. an =
4n!
a2 = 7( 2) − 5 = 9 (−1)
1
1
a1 = = −
a3 = 7(3) − 5 = 16 4 ⋅ 1! 4
a4 = 7( 4) − 5 = 23 (−1)2 1
a2 = =
a5 = 7(5) − 5 = 30 4 ⋅ 2! 8
(−1)
3
1
2. an = 2 n a3 = = −
4 ⋅ 3! 24
a1 = 21 = 2
a4 =
(−1)4 =
1
2
a2 = 2 = 4 4 ⋅ 4! 96
a3 = 23 = 8 (−1)
5
1
a5 = = −
a4 = 24 = 16 4 ⋅ 5! 480
a5 = 25 = 32
1
5. The sequence converges to 9, because lim 9 + = 9.
n + 3
n→∞ 5n
3. an =
n 1
1+ 3 6. The sequence converges to because
a1 = = 4 3
1
n2 1
2 +3 5 lim = .
a2 = = n →∞ 2
3n + 4 3
2 2
3+ 3 n +1
a3 =
3
= 2
7. The sequence diverges because the lim
(−1)
4 +3 7
n→∞ 6
a4 = = 1 −1
4 4 oscillates between and .
5+3 8 6 6
a5 = =
5 5
Chapter 10 Test Yourself 715
8. The sequence converges to 0, because 14. The series diverges by the p-Series Test because
4n ∞ 3
n ∞
n1 3 ∞
1 1
lim
n → ∞ ( n − 1)!
= 0.  n =  n1 2 =  n1 6 and p = 6 < 1.
n =1 n =1 n =1
9. {14 , − 72 , 123 , − 194 , 285 , } 15. The series diverges by the Geometric Series Test because
∞
 2( 53 )
n
n +1 n and r = 5
> 1.
an = ( −1) , starting at n = 1 3
n2 + 3 n=0
10. (a) an = 2.4n + 309 16. The series converges by the p-Series Test because
∞ ∞
6 6 7
325
 3 7 =  n7 3 and p = 3 > 1.
n =1 n n =1
17. The series diverges by the nth-Term Test because

8n! 8n! 8
an = and lim = lim = 8 ≠ 0.
n! + 7 n → ∞ n! + 7 n→∞ 7
0 5 1+
305 n!
(b) 2030; a20 = 2.4( 20) + 309 = 357 million 18. This series diverges by the Ratio Test because
an =
(n + 1)! and
11. The series converges by the Ratio Test because
5n
4n
an =
n!
and
lim
an + 1
= lim
(n + 2)! ⋅ 5n
n→∞ an n → ∞ 5n + 1 (n + 1)!
an + 1 4 n +1 n! 4
lim = lim ⋅ = lim = 0 < 1. n + 2
n →∞ an n →∞ (n + 1)! 4n n →∞ n = lim
n→∞ 5
12. The series diverges by the nth-Term Test because = ∞ > 1.
n +1
lim = 1 ≠ 0. ∞
1
n
n →∞ n − 3 19.  2 
7
n=0
13. The series converges by the Test for Convergence of a
2 1 − (1 7) 
4
3 n
1  = 800 ≈ 2.327
 2  = 
∞ ∞ n
2 1
Geometric Series because  5n
=  2 5  and n=0 7 1 − (1 7) 343
n=0 n=0
2 1 − (1 7) 
7
n
1 6
1   = 274,514 ≈ 2.333
r =
5
< 1.  2  =
7 1 − (1 7) 117,649
n=0
2 1 − (1 7) 
10
9 n
1   = 941,584,216 ≈ 2.333
 2  =
 
7 1 − ( )
1 7 40,353,607
n=0
∞ n
n +1 
x
20.  (−1)  
3
 
n=0
(a) Centered at c = 0
(b) S0 = −1
x
S1 = −1 +
3
x x2
S 2 = −1 + −
3 9
x x2 x3
S3 = −1 + − +
3 9 27
x x2 x3 x4
S 4 = −1 + − + −
3 9 27 81
n+2 n +1
(c) lim
an + 1x n +1
= lim
( −1) ( x 3) = lim
x
<1 x < 3
n +1
(−1) ( x 3)
n
n→∞ an x n n→∞ n→∞ 3
Radius = 3
∞
xn
21. 
n = 0 ( n + 1)!
(b) S0 = 1
x
S1 = 1 +
2
x x2
S2 = 1 + +
2 6
x x2 x3
S3 = 1 + + +
2 6 24
x x2 x3 x4
S4 = 1 + + + +
2 6 24 120
an + 1 x n + 1 x n + 1 ( n + 2)! x
(c) lim = lim = lim = 0  −∞ < x < ∞
n→∞ an x n n→∞ x n ( n + 1)! n→∞ n + 2
Radius = ∞
∞
(−1)n ( x − 3)n
22. 
n=0 ( n + 4) 2
1
(b) S0 =
16
S1 =
1
−
( x − 3)
16 25
( x − 3) + ( x − 3)
2
1
S2 = −
16 25 36
( x − 3) + ( x − 3) − ( x − 4)
2 3
1
S3 = −
16 25 36 49
S4 =
1
−
( x − 3) + ( x − 3) − ( x − 4) + ( x − 4)
2 3 4
16 25 36 49 64
n +1 n +1
(−1) ( x − 3) (n + 5) (n + 4) ( x − 3)
2 2
an + 1x n + 1
(c) lim = lim = lim = lim x − 3 < 1  x − 3 < 1
(−1) ( x − 3) (n + 4) (n + 5)
n n 2 2
n→∞ an x n n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
Radius = 1
23. f ( x ) = e3 x +1 f ( 0) = e a0 = e 0!
f ′( x) = 3e 3 x +1
f ′(0) = 3e a1 = 3e 1!
f ′′( x) = 9e3 x +1 f ′′(0) = 9e a2 = 9e 2!
f ′′′( x) = 27e3 x +1 f ′′′(0) = 27e a3 = 27e 3!
  
3n e
f (n) ( x) = 3n e3 x +1 f (n) (0) = 3n e an =
n!
∞ ∞
3n ex n 3n x n
The power series for f is e3 x +1 =  n!
= e
n!
.
n=0 n=0
Chapter 10 Test Yourself 717
2 2x2 8 x3 56 x 4 2x x2 4 x3 7 x4
24. (1 + x)
23
=1+ x − + − + =1+ − + − +
3 9 ⋅ 2! 27 ⋅ 3! 81 ⋅ 4! 3 9 81 243
1
25. f ( x) = e x 4
f (0) = 1 a0 = =1
0!
1
1 x 1 1
f ′( x) = e 4
f ′(0) = a1 = 4 =
4 4 1! 4
1
1 x 1 1
f ′′( x) = e 4
f ′′(0) = a2 = 16
=
16 16 2! 32
1
1 x 1 1
f ′′′( x) = e 4
f ′′′(0) = a3 = 64
=
64 64 3! 384
1
1 x 1 1
f ( 4) ( x ) = e 4
f (4) (0) = a4 = 256
=
256 256 4! 6144
x
(a) S1 ( x) = 1 +
4
x x2
(b) S2 ( x) = 1 + +
4 32
x x2 x3
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + + +
4 32 384
x x2 x3 x4
(d) S4 ( x) = 1 + + + +
4 32 384 6144
0
26. f ( x) = ln (5 x + 1) f (0) = 0 a0 = = 0
0!
5 5
f ′( x) = f ′(0) = 5 a1 = = 5
5x + 1 1!
−2 − 25 25
f ′′( x) = − 25(5 x + 1) f ′′(0) = − 25 a2 = = −
2! 2
−3 250 125
f ′′′( x) = 250(5 x + 1) f ′′′(0) = 250 a3 = =
3! 3
− 3750 625
f (4) ( x) = − 3750(5 x + 1) f (4) (0) = − 3750 a4 =
−4
= −
4! 4
(a) S1 ( x ) = 5 x
25 x 2
(b) S2 ( x) = 5 x −
2
25 x 2 125 x3
(c) S3 ( x) = 5 x − +
2 3
25 x 2 125 x 2 625 x 4
(d) S4 ( x) = 5 x − + −
2 3 4
2 2
27. f ( x) = f ( 0) = 2 a0 = = 2
(x + 1)
4
0!
8 −8
f ′( x) = − f ′(0) = − 8 a1 = = −8
(x + 1)
5
1!
40 40
f ′′( x) = f ′′(0) = 40 a2 = = 20
(x + 1)
6
2!
240 − 240
f ′′′( x) = − f ′′′(0) = − 240 a3 = = − 40
(x + 1)
7
3!
1680 1680
f ( 4) ( x ) = f (4) (0) = 1680 a4 = = 70
( x + 1) 8
4!
(a) S1 ( x ) = 2 − 8 x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 2 − 8 x + 20 x 2
(c) S3 ( x) = 2 − 8 x + 20 x 2 − 40 x3
(d) S 4 ( x) = 2 − 8 x + 20 x 2 − 40 x3 + 70 x 4
28. From the graph, there is one real zero near x = 1.

f ( x) = x3 + x − 3
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + 1
xn3 + xn − 3 2 xn3 + 3
xn + 1 = xn − =
3 xn2 + 1 3 xn2 + 1
y
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
Zero: x ≈ 1.213
Graphing utility: x ≈ 1.213
n 1 2 3 4 5
xn 1 1.25 1.2143 1.2134 1.2134

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C H A P T E R 1 0

Series and Taylor Polynomials

Section 10.1 Sequences............................................................................................655

Section 10.2 Series and Convergence .....................................................................660

Section 10.3 p-Series and the Ratio Test ................................................................666

Quiz Yourself .............................................................................................................671

Section 10.4 Power Series and Taylor’s Theorem .................................................672

Section 10.5 Taylor Polynomials ............................................................................685

Section 10.6 Newton’s Method ...............................................................................690

Review Exercises .......................................................................................................698

Test Yourself .............................................................................................................714

19. This sequence converges because n

22. This sequence converges because 1

25. This sequence diverges because 2n −1

28. This sequence diverges because 4n

n n  47. Because an = 3n − 1, the next two terms are a5 = 14

58. The sequence is geometric because each term is − 13

A3 ≈ $9135.68 A8 ≈ $9366.36 (b) 750

62. An = P(1 + r ) = 5000(1 + 0.08) = 5000(1.08)

68. (a) an = 0.00217n3 − 0.02849n2 + 0.16752n + 3.01924, n = 0 corresponds to 2000

69. (a) an = − 0.00874n3 + 0.1785n2 − 0.221n + 9.52, n = 0 corresponds to 2000

(b) a18 = − 0.00874(18) + 0.1785(18) − 0.221(18) + 9.52 ≈ $12.13 billion

a14 = $103.22 trillion

(c) A10 = 4.5(0.8)

Section 10.2 Series and Convergence

1. 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 20 = 4(1) + 4( 2) + 4(3) + 4( 4) + 4(5)

( ) (161 ) + 5(− 641 ) = 5(− 14 ) + 5(− 14 ) ( )

∞ ∞ ∞ 42. This series diverges by the Test for Convergence of a

diverges because Sn = n and the sequence of partial n! + 1

54. The total profit is positive because the difference for ∞

1 1 So, 147,840 − 100,000 = $47,840 more.

69. At factory: 500 ∞

Section 10.3 p-Series and the Ratio Test

p-series. The exponent changes with each term. ∞

converges because p = 2 > 1.

converges because p = 4 > 1.

25. Because an = n(3 4) , you have

27. Because an = ( −1) e− n , you have

So, the Ratio Test is inconclusive.

and the series diverges. an + 1 1 n9

n →∞ an n →∞ ( n + 1)! n5n So, the Ratio Test is inconclusive.

The error is less than or equal to

The error is less than or equal to

The error is less than or equal to

 3  Converges ( p-series with p = 2 > 1)

7 convergent p-series, p = 2 > 1 and p = 3 > 1, so their

6n 1 66. The first graph shows that as n increases, the sequence of

Chapter 10 Quiz Yourself

10. Sample answer: an = ( −1) 31 n , starting at n = 1

Section 10.4 Power Series and Taylor’s Theorem

g ( f ( x)) = x 2 − 1 g ( f ( x)) = 2(3 x) + 1 = 6 x + 1

Skills Warm Up —continued—

This series converges only at x = 0.

(−1) x2(n +1) (n + 1)! = lim x2 = 0  −∞ < x < ∞

The power series for f is

The power series for f is

f ′′′( x) = 27e3 x f ′′′(0) = 27 2

(−1)n +11 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  (2n − 1)( x − 4)n +1 23n + 2 ( n + 1)! ( 2n − 1)( x − 4)

it follows that the power series for 3 + e 4x ln x =  n

power series for ln 4x is

(c) In part (a), the rate of convergence is slower but all

Section 10.5 Taylor Polynomials

f ( x) = e x 2 1 1.1331 1.2840 1.4550 1.6487