Professional Documents
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Engineering -2712009
ME structure Sem-1
By
Dr Siddharth G Shah
Professor & Head,
Faculty of PG Studies
& Research in Engineering & Technology
Marwadi Education Foundation Group of Institute
Rajkot-Gujarat-India
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
1. different types
2. proportioning of footings for equal contact pressures
3. eccentrically loaded footings,
4. soil design of…
1. combined footings,
2. strap footing,
C.P under rigid and Flexible footing
Course Outcome
After learning the course the students should be able to:
(a) Select appropriate foundation system for different
structures,
(b) Design shallow foundations that satisfy the allowable
bearing capacity and settlement
requirements based on soil properties,
(c) Design deep foundation satisfying bearing capacity and
settlement requirements,
(d) Design of machine foundation under static and dynamic
loads,
(e) Evaluate the liquefaction potential of soil deposits
Some unsung heroes of Civil Engineering…
tunneling
… buried right
4
under your feet.
Any structure ultimately rests on soil!
• Needs foundation for stability!
Transcosna Grain Elevator Canada (Oct.
18, 1913)
If you don’t take care of
foundation!!!
Then………
West side of foundation sank 24-ft
Application of stress= FOUNDATION
P
Low stress value
A used for wall
High stress value foundation
used for Pin
Vt Mt
GS Se
W
1 e Vs soil
Ms
More W, Less W,
VV
Same S e
VS
VV
n
VT
MW VW
w S
MS VV
SOIL BASICS
• Soil is a three phase material changing its
properties with
– Water content(dry, bulk, saturated,
submerged),drainage
Courtesy:
Aimil
instruments
Soil Basics (C, )
• Cohesion(C): Refers to the attraction between
the tiny soil solid particles
• Angle of internal friction of soil(): the
angularity of the soil particle enabling them to
resist shear forces by virtue of interlocking
with each other (angle of repose/friction
angle)
• As water content increases, soil becomes soft
and ultimately SBC /CBR reduces
Shear Strength due to sliding friction
Normal Force
Sliding
Force
Shear Strength due to sliding friction
Normal Force
Sliding
Force
Shear Strength due to Sliding
Y=mx + C
0
Friction
W= Weight of block Normal Force N
F= N
For soil, Shearing Force S
= tan
F= Friction force
Failure Plane
N= Normal Reaction
R=Resultant of Friction force & = angle of internal friction & tan = ;
Normal reaction where is coeff of static friction
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
(in terms of total stresses)
f c tan
y c xm
Friction angle
Cohesion
f
c
f is the maximum shear stress the soil can take without failure,
under normal stress of .
Mohr Circles & Failure Envelope
As loading progresses, Mohr
circle becomes larger…
GL
c
Y c
c
h
= +
h’ u
X X X
c’ c
h’ vv’ σ or σ’
u
CD Test CU Test UU test
Slow Intermediate Quick
Effective stress Total stress Total Stress
Cd ; d Ccu ; cu Cu ; u= 0
e.g. slow emb. const e.g. rapid emb. const on e.g. rapid emb. const
on soft clay; soft clay; on soft clay;
d/s slope of dam u/s slope of dam when Fast const. of dam
when reservior is sudden draw dwon of fast const of footing
full; Excavation reservior ; building on
slope
Soil compaction
solids
Soil compaction: It is a process to make soil dense by means
of compaction efforts like Compressive static or dynamic
load or kneading action to reduce its void ratio.
solids
Soil compaction
Factors affecting Soil compaction
• Gradation of soil
• Moisture content
• Compaction effort
Well graded soil desired for higher
density
Gradation Curve
Maximum Dry Density-MDD
Zero Air Void= Saturated Soil
Volume increases,
Weight increases, as Water content weight decreases
increases
Air Air
Air
Application of stress= FOUNDATION
P
Low stress value
A used for wall
High stress value foundation
used for Pin
40
Pressure Isobars for Footings
41
Stress beneath diff. foundations
BOUSSINEQE WESTERGAA Line Load Area Area load Circular load
’S-point load RD'S-point Load CG CG
load Corner
σz = (3Q/2πz2) σz = (Q/πz2) * σz = (2q/πz) * q*Ic q*Icg σz = q *
*1/ 1/ 1/ [1+(r/z)2]2) [ 1 -1/[1+(r/z)2]3/2
[1+(r/z)2]5/2 [1+2(r/z)2]3/2
m = x/z
Ic 2
1 2mn m 2 n 2 1 m 2 n 2 2
tan
1 2 mn m 2
n 2
1
4 m n 1 m n m n 1
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
m n 1 m n
n = y/z
L z B
m1 ; n1 ; b
B b 2
2 m1 2n1 1
2 2
m1n1 1 m1
I cg sin
m 2 n 2 1 (n12 1)(m12 n12 ) m 2 n 2 n 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 42
Active/Passive Earth Pressures
- in granular soils
Wall moves
away from soil
Wall moves A
towards soil
B
smooth wall
WJM Rankine
(1820-1872)
[h]active v
[ h ]active K A v
Rankine’s coefficient of
1 sin active earth pressure
KA tan 2 ( 45 / 2)
1 sin
44
Passive Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
h v’
h passive
increasing h 45
Functions of foundation
1. Transfer/distribute the load of
superstructure safely on ground/soil.
2. Stability against sliding & overturning
3. Minimize differential settlement
4. Safe against undermining
5. Provide level surface
6. Minimize distress against soil movement
Types of Loads
• Normal Loads, P
• Shear Loads, V
• Moment Loads, M
y
z P Normal load
important for buildings
y
z Shear load
important for retaining walls
Vy, Vx
y
Vy
Moment load
z important for retaining walls
Mx and buildings
y Mx, My
z
Torsion load
usually not significant
T
y
Applied loads induce:
Failure - (collapse/instability)
Design with a generous factor of safety
Movement - (settlement/deformation)
Design to a performance criteria
Factor of Safety (FS) against failure
or for bearing capacity
FS = Resistance/Driving
FS for buildings ~ 3
Even tilting, (limit < 1/250)
s s
As built foundation
D
= maximum total settlement
S = column spacing
= distortion = D/ S
Da = a * S
a, denotes allowable
a = allowable rotation (Table 2.2, Coduto)
Type of structure a
foundation footing
Shallow v/s Deep Foundation
• Shallow Foundations: These cover such types of
foundations in which load transference is primarily through
shear resistance of the bearing strata ( the fractional
resistance of soil above bearing strata is not taken into
consideration ) and are laid normally to depth of 3 m.
• Deep Foundations -: This is a foundation generally in the
form of piles, caissons, diaphragm walls, used separately or
in combination to transmit the loads to a deeper load
bearing strata when, no adequate bearing strata exists at
shallow depths. The transference of load by a deep
foundation may be through friction, end-bearing or a
combination of both.
Types of Foundations
Shallow Foundations Deep Foundations
Caisson
Pier
Af =sum of footing areas Df = depth of cover Bored Pile
A = plan area of structure B = footing width
Basic Design Procedure
Assessment of site conditions in the context of the site
& soil investigation report
70
ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING
71
2) COMBINED FOOTING
Supports two columns
the two columns are so close to each other that
their individual footings would overlap
one column is placed right at the property line
C.G. of column load and centroid of the footing
should coincide
72
COMBINED FOOTING
73
3) STRAP FOOTING
74
to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior
column
Used to transmit the moment caused from an eccentricity to the
interior
Can be used instead of combined footing if the distance between
two columns is large
More economical than combined footings
75
Strap footing
Property line issues (row houses or margin)
Strap footing
Property line
issues
4) RAFT FOUNDATION
78
RAFT / MAT FOUNDATION
79
Raft/Mat Foundation is suitable under following
conditions
Structural loads are heavy or the soil condition is poor
Soft or loose soils having less bearing capacity
Foundation soil is non-homogeneous and prone to
excessive differential settlements
Lateral loads are non-uniform
Columns are so close that their individual footings would
overlap
To resist water pressures when groundwater extends above
the floor level of the lowest basement of a building
There is a large variation in the loads on individual columns
80
FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATION SELECTION
Sub-surface soil
Ground water table conditions
Type of structure
Magnitude of load
Ramp Is Bolted
Floor Decking
Installation
Completed Pier
CAISSON FOUNDATION
Caissons
Reinforced Concrete Caissons
Caissons
Caisson As One Of The Elements In This Structure
Choice/Selection of foundation
(Shallow or Deep)?
1. Soil profile
2. Type of super structure-load
3. Practical requirement/feasibility/cost
Choice of foundation
• Foundation cannot be choosen by just SBC or
few data
• Lot of experience is also required in its
selection along with lot of field data such as
– Soil profile
– Type of super structure-load
– Practical requirement/feasibility/cost
Soil profile
• Depth of hard strata (near-shallow, moderate /deep)
• Soil type (Cohesive/Cohesion less/ Settlement
/liquefaction/Expansive/ collapsible) (Ground
improvement ?)
• Soil stratification and sequence of Hard/Soft
layers(Hard top , soft bottom; soft top , hard bottom)
• Ground water variation
• Soil bearing capacity (SBC)from above all
• Soil settlement (allowable?)
Low Bearing capacity
• Raft foundation
– Differential settlement
– Af>0.5A
– Heavy Structural load
• Pile foundation
– Hard strata near
– Rivers/shores
– Uplift of raft
Practical Requirements & Cost
• Influence of site conditions-near by buildings
Property line-dewatering-cofferdam-noise-
dust/air pollution
• Ease of approach for machinery
• Availability of skilled labours/machinery
• Economy
Structural load-
load- Amount of super
structure load
• Light load- individual footing/ combined
footing
• Moderate load- combined footing /raft/pile
• Heavy load- Raft/pile/cassion/shaft/well
• Machines-specially designed
Building Codes
Local and national codes guide practice.