Industry Oriented Mini Project Report on

CONSTRUCTION OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering,
to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.

Submitted by
N.SANTHOSH YADAV (15R11A0132)
K.ANIL (15R11A0146)

Under the Guidance of

Mr G.SAMPATH KUMAR
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Medchal (D)-501301
2018-19
i
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HYDERABAD

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that it is a bonafide report of industry oriented mini project entitled
“Construction of a Residential Building” carried out by N.SANTHOSH YADAV
(15R11A0132) & K.ANIL (15R11A0146) of the final year B. Tech. Civil Engineering
during the academic year 2018-2019 in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Civil Engineering) offered by Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Hyderabad.

Dr. R.Prasanna Kumar G. Sampath Kumar

Professor& HOD Assistant professor

Place: Hyderabad

External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to extend the most sincere thanks to our Guide G. Sampath
Kumar, Assistant Professor. We truly appreciate and value his/her esteemed guidance and
encouragement from the beginning. We indebted to him/her for having helped us shape the
problem and providing insights towards the solution.

We are also thankful to our project coordinator Mr. K. Ramesh, for spending his/her
valuable time, discussing and critically examining the research work carried out during this
course.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr. R.Prasanna Kumar, Head of Civil
Engineering Department who has been a constant source of inspiration for me/us
throughout this work.

We would gratefully acknowledge Dr. Udaya Kumar Susarla, Principal, Geethanjali

college of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad for extending his support to carry out this
work.

We sincerely express our deepest and heartfelt gratitude to Sri. G. R. Ravinder Reddy,
Chairman, Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology, for the wonderful guidance
and encouragement given to us to move ahead in the execution of this project.

N.SANTHOSH YADAV (15R11A0132)

K.ANIL (15R11A0146)

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 ABSTRACT

This Industrial Case Study Report shows the observations and experience at the construction
of Park Royal Project taken up at Kandiguda, Sainikpuri in Secundrabad city during 26th May
2018 to 23rd June 2018 for about four weeks. The project includes the construction of slab,
columns, retaining wall and staircase.
This report includes the description of Project, ownership details, structural details,
material used, equipment used, the details of the people who are involved in the construction
is presented. Finally the details of the work experienced during the training period are
described in the report. At the end of conclusion it is found that the training was meant to
understand the deviation of the practical construction work from theoretical knowledge.

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 INDEX
Page No.
i. Certificate ii
ii. Certificate (from Industry) iii
iii. Acknowledgement iv
iv. Abstract v
v. Index vi
vi. List of figures vi
vii. List of tables vii
viii. List of Abbreviations viii

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Description of the project 1
1.2 Ownership details 1
1.3 Construction Company details 1

CHAPTER-2: DETAILS OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Introduction 2
2.2 Structural details 2
2.3 Design Details 15
2.4 Conclusion 19

CHAPTER-3: MATERIALS
3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 Material Used 20
3.3 Cost of material 26
3.4 Testing of Materials 27
3.5 Conclusion 27

CHAPTER-4: HUMAN RESOURCES

4.1 Introduction 28
4.2 Classification 28
4.3 Wages 28
4.4 Conclusion 28

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CHAPTER-5: WORK EXPERIENCE
5.1 Introduction 29
5.2 Daily activities 29
5.3 Conclusion 31

CHAPTER-6: CONCLUSION 32

References

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List of Tables
▪ Table – 1 : General details of structures
▪ Table – 2 : Stirrup sizes for columns
▪ Table – 3 : Stirrup sizes for beams
▪ Table – 4 : Cost of materials
▪ Table – 5 : Cost of steel bars for different diameters

List of Figuures
▪ Fig 2.1 – Reinforcement for retaining wall
▪ Fig 2.2 – Centring plates fixed for retaining wall
▪ Fig 2.3 – Concrete pour for retaining wall
▪ Fig 2.4 – Retaining wall after completion of construction
▪ Fig 2.5 – Staircase columns at Block-A
▪ Fig 2.6 – Column reinforcements at Block-A (5th floor) and Block-C (Cellar)
▪ Fig 2.7 – Stirrups of dimensions 27’’x6’’
▪ Fig 2.8 –Stirrup placement for column reinforcement (Block-B, 5th floor)
▪ Fig 2.9 – Centring plates fixed for column reinforcement (Block-C, cellar)
▪ Fig 2.10 – Concrete pour for colummns (Block-A, Terrace)
▪ Fig 2.11 – Formwork process for slab (Block-C, cellar)
▪ Fig 2.12 –Reinforcement of slab (Block-C, cellar)
▪ Fig 2.13 – Structural design of slabs and columns (Block-C)
▪ Fig 2.14 – Reinforcement of Beam (Block-C)
▪ Fig 2.15 – Structural design for beams (Block-C)
▪ Fig 2.16 – Shuttering plates fixed for staircase (Block-B, 5th floor)
▪ Fig 2.17 – Structural design of staircase
▪ Fig 2.18–Structures completed upto now
▪ Fig 2.19 – Master plan/site plan of project
▪ Fig 2.20 –Typical floor plan of Block-A
▪ Fig 2.21–Typical floor plan of Block-B
▪ Fig 2.22–Typical floor plan of Block-C
▪ Fig 2.23–Typical floor plan of Block-D
▪ Fig 2.24 – Top view elevation of Park Royal
▪ Fig 2.25 – Front view elevation of Park Royal
▪ Fig 3.1 – Cement used in construction
▪ Fig 3.2 – Fine Aggregate used in construction
▪ Fig 3.3 – Coarse Aggregate used in construction
▪ Fig 3.4 – Concrete Mix
▪ Fig 3.5 – Fe 500 steel used in construction
▪ Fig 3.6 – Wood cutting
▪ Fig 3.7 – Mud bricks used for construction
▪ Fig 3.8 – Hydraulic Jacks and Angulars
▪ Fig 5.1 – Interior brick work (Block-B, 2nd floor)
▪ Fig 5.2 – Formwork for slab construction (Block-C)
▪ Fig 5.3 – Entrance wall construction

List of Abbreviations
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▪ m - meter
▪ s. mt. – square meter
▪ ft. - feet
▪ sq. ft. – square feet
▪ kg – kilogram
▪ kN – Kilo Newton
▪ M20 – Mix grade 20
▪ Fe 500 – Ferrous 500
▪ R.C.C – Reinforced Cement Concrete
▪ F.A. - Fine Aggregate
▪ C.A. – Coarse Aggregate

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Description of the project

Kranti Projects Pvt. Ltd. is introducing the latest development, “Kranti Park Royal” at
Kandiguda, part of Sainikpuri. The Park Royal community is spread across 3.31 acres offers
to live in one of the most desirable, secure and well-connected community in Secundrabad.
The Park Royal offers a great design, generously appointed Interiors and Social spaces with
aesthetics. It is a unique and beautifully crafted 185 unit gated community.

1.2 Ownership Details

Kranti Group is a prominent construction company in the state of Telangana. Established in

1991-92, the firm is headed by Mr. P. Babu Rao, who was previously involved in undertaking
public sector contracts from 1965. Since the past ten years, the group has executed 10
schemes spanning an area of around 2 million sq. ft. comprising of housing as well as
business ventures. Currently, the builder is busy in the construction of more housing and
business projects enclosing an estimated area of 2 million sq. ft. Possessing a band of highly
competent and greatly experienced professionals rendering their thorough expertise at its
disposal, the organization has been able to achieve immaculate excellence in all its ventures.

1.3 Construction Company Details

Kranti Group is committed to enabling its esteemed customers with a wide range of space
solutions including Independent Houses, Group Housing, Premium Apartments, and
Commercial blocks and Suburban Layouts. All its residential projects are designed to be
Architectural icons replete with modern amenities, elegant clubhouses and recreational
facilities. It has so far completed 10 developments totalling about 1 million Sq. Ft. of
Commercial and Residential space, and has also developed one sub-urban residential plotted
layout.

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 CHAPTER 2
DETAILS OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Introduction

Park Royal Residences is a unique and beautifully crafted 185 unit gated community. The
Park Royal mainly consists of four residential blocks with a total of 185 apartments (2BHK
& 3BHK). This project is made as a nature inspired gated community where nature and
community go hand in hand.

2.2 Structural Details

The buildings constructed at Park Royal are Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.) structures
with grade Fe 500 quality steel and M20 grade concrete. The Superstructure consists of Brick
masonry with red bricks in cement mortar having outer wall with 9″thickness and inner wall
with 4″thickness.

Total no. of blocks 4

No. of floors for each block 9 (Cellar, Sub-Cellar, G+5, Terrace)
Steel grade Fe 500
Concrete grade M20
Type of foundation Raft Foundation
Type of structure Reinforced Cement Concrete
Slab Design Two way slabs
Table 1: General Details of Structures

2.2.1 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Concrete is a versatile material for modern construction which is prepared by mixing together
well-proportioned quantities of cement, sand, crushed gravel and water. Concrete is very high
in compressive strength, but low in tensile strength. When only compressive loads are acting
on the concrete surface, there is no need of reinforcement. But when Tensile forces also acts
(such as in slabs or beams) there is a high risk of its failure. So, concrete and steel (which is

2
high in tensile strength) are combined to form Reinforced Cement Concrete which can
withstand all the three forces i.e., compressive loads, tensile stresses, and shear forces.
Reinforcement used in concrete is principally made of different types of steel. The common
types of reinforcement used for the construction purposes are Mild steel bars, Hot rolled bars,
Cold worked bars, Steel fabric, etc.,.
The reinforcement used in this project is of Mild steel bars. These come in various diameters
and are required to possess a characteristic strength in tension which is specified in relevant
codes.

2.2.2 Retaining Wall

Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting the soil mass laterally so that the
soil can be retained at different levels on the two sides. It is a structure designed and
constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil, when there is a desired change in ground
elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil.
In the current project, the retaining wall was constructed at Block-C for cellar. The design
mix proportion ratio for concrete is taken as 2:4:7.

Reinforcement details are as follows:

Retaining wall bars are taken as, Spacing between the bars is given as,
Diameter of Horizontal bars = 16 mm Spacing between Horizontal bars = 4 ½″
Diameter of Vertical bars = 8mm Spacing between Vertical bars = 9 ½″

Fig 2.1: Reinforcement for Retaining Wall

Height of the retaining wall = 9 ft.

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Centring plates/Shuttering plates are fixed at both sides of the reinforcement for concrete
pour purposes. The dimension of the Centring plates is 3′ X 2′.

Fig 2.2: Centring Plates fixed for Retaining Wall

The design mix proportion ratio for M20 concrete for the retaining wall is considered as
Cement: Sand: Gravel = 2:4: 7

Density of cement = 1440 kg/m3

Density of Fine Aggregate = 1600 kg/m3
Density of Coarse Aggregate = 1400 kg/m3

As the mix proportion is considered as 2:4:7,

Cement required = 2 bags = 2x50 = 100 kg = 0.072m3
(Each cement bag consist of 50 kg of cement)
Fine Aggregate required = 4x0.072x1600 = 460.8 kg ≅ 461 kg
Coarse Aggregate required = 7x0.072x1400 = 705.6 kg ≅706 kg
Water cement ratio = 0.55*100 = 55 kg
Thus, for two bags of cement, the weights are taken as
Cement: Sand: Gravel = 100 kg: 461 kg: 706 kg
Total weight of concrete = 100+461+706+55 = 1322 kg

Now for the total construction of retaining wall, the materials are considered as
Cement = 20 bags = 20x50 = 1000 kg = 0.72 m3
Fine aggregate = 4x0.72x1600 = 4608 kg
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Coarse aggregate = 7x0.72x1400 = 7056 kg
Water taken = 400 lit (approximately) = 400 kg
Thus, the mix proportion ratio is 1000 kg: 4608 kg: 7056 kg
Therefore, the total weight of concrete = 1000+4608+7056+400 = 13064 kg

Fig 2.3: Concrete Pour for Retaining Wall

According to the above values, the concrete pour for the retaining wall was performed.
Vibrators are placed after the pouring process for the settlement of concrete i.e., to eliminate
the air gaps present in the concrete. The Centring plates and formwork for the retaining wall
is removed after the concrete has gained sufficient strength. The wall should be cured (i.e.,
watered) for at least 25 days.

Fig 2.4: Retaining Wall after completion of construction

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2.2.3 Columns

A Column is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the
structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is called as a
Compression member. The column which is a vertical member transfer loads from slab and
beam directly to the subsequent soil.
In the current project, the columns were constructed at Block-A (Terrace), Block-B (5th floor)
and Block-C (Cellar).

The general details of columns constructed in the project are given below:
Minimum column size = 12″x9″ (lxb) Height of normal columns = 9′
Maximum column size = 30″x9″ (lxb) Height of staircase columns = 7′

Fig 2.5: Staircase columns at Block-A

The reinforcement details for the columns are as follows:

No. of 25 mm diameter steel bars used = 10
No. of 20 mm diameter steel bars used = 2
Single stirrups = 7
Double stirrups = 14
Spacing is given as,
Spacing between bars = 5″
Spacing between stirrups = 9″

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 Fig 2.6: Column reinforcements at Block-A (5th floor) and Block-C (Cellar)

Stirrup: A stirrup is a closed loop of reinforcement bar that is used to hold the main
reinforcement bars together in an RCC structure. In a column, the stirrups provide the lateral
support to the main bars against buckling.

Fig 2.7: Stirrups of dimensions 27″X 6″

For different sizes of columns, stirrups are used as follows:

Size of column Size of stirrup
12″ x 9″ 9″x6″
15″ x 9″ 12″ x 6″
18″ x 9″ 15″ x 9″
21″ x 9″ 18″ x 9″
24″ x 9″ 21″ x 6″
27″ x 9″ 24″ x 6″
30″ x 9″ 27″ x 6″
Table 2: Stirrup sizes for columns

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 Fig 2.8: Stirrup placement for column reinforcement
(Block-B, 5th floor)

For the columns, the design mix proportion ratio is taken as

Cement: Fine Aggregate: Coarse Aggregate = 1: 4: 7
Density of concrete = 2400 kg/m3
Generally, 1 bag of cement produces 0.167 m3 of concrete.
Thus, no. of cement bags required for 1 m3for M20 grade concrete= 1/0.167 = 5.98 ≅ 6 bags
(i.e., 300 kg of cement is required)

Centring plates are fixed for the column reinforcements for concrete pour. The centring plates
are of dimensions 3′ x 9″ x 6′.

Fig 2.9: Centring plates fixed for Column Reinforcements

(Block-C, Cellar)

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 Column dimensions = 30″ x 9″ = 75 cm x 22.5 cm
Height of column = 9′= 270 cm
Therefore, Volume of column = 75 cm x 22.5 cm x 270 cm
= 0.75 m x 0.225 m x 2.7 m
= 0.45 m3
Since, for 1 m3, we require 6 bags of cement,
For each column, cement required = 0.45x6 = 2.7 bags ≅ 3 bags (i.e., 150 kg)
Fine aggregate required = 4x0.108x1600 = 691.2 kg ≅ 691 kg
Coarse aggregate required = 7x0.108x1450 = 1096.2 kg ≅ 1096 kg
Water taken = 80 - 90 litres

Fig 2.10: Concrete pour for Columns (Block-A, Terrace)

The centring plates fixed for the column are to be removed only after the concrete gain its
strength. Curing work for the columns should be done for 7 days.

2.2.4 Slab

A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of steel
reinforced concrete, typically between 4″ and 20″ thick, are most often used to construct
floors, roofs and ceilings. The slab may be supported by walls, by reinforced concrete beams
usually cast monolithically with the slab, by structural steel beams, by columns, or by the
ground. Slabs are generally designed in two ways:

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 ➢ One way slab: A slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry
the load along one direction is called as one way slab. In one way slab, the ratio of
longer span (Lx) to shorter span (Ly) is equal or greater than 2.
i.e., Lx/Ly≥ 2

➢ Two way slab: When a reinforced concrete slab is supported by beams on all the four
sides and the loads are carried by the supports along both directions, it is known as
two way slab. In two way slab, the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is less
than 2.
i.e., Lx/Ly <2

In the current project, two way slabs are designed. Slabs were constructed for Terrace at
Block-B and Sub-Cellar at Block-C. As the area of the block is more, the area is divided into
2 parts for the construction of slab. The design mix proportion ratio for the slabs are taken as
Cement: Fine Aggregate: Coarse Aggregate = 1: 5: 7

General details of the slab are as follows:

Thickness of slab = 4 ½ ″ = 0.114 m
Area of slab considered = 1250 sq. ft. = 116.12 m2

Fig 2.11: Formwork process for slab (Block-B, Terrace)

Reinforcement details for the slab are given below:

12 mm, 10 mm and 8 mm diameter steel bars are used.
Spacing is given as,
Main bars = 4.5″
Distribution bars = 6″

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 Fig 2.12: Reinforcement of Slab
(Block-C, Sub-Cellar)

Volume of slab = Area x Thickness = 116.12 x 0.114 = 13.23 m3

For 1 m3, we require 6 bags of cement.
Thus, No. of cement bags required for slab = 13.23 x 6 = 79.4 bags ≅79.5 bags
(i.e., 3975 kg) = 2.86 m3
Fine aggregate required = 5x2.86x1600 = 22880 kg
Coarse aggregate required = 7x2.86x1400 = 28028 kg
Water is taken sufficiently according to the cement.

As the area is more, the slab construction takes place for many days, as it is done in parts.
Vibrators are placed in the concrete filled in the slab reinforcement to eliminate the air gaps
present in the concrete. By placing the vibrators, the concrete goes downwards to the surface
and the water raises upwards. The formwork for the slab should be removed only after the
concrete gained its strength.

Fig 2.13: Structural Design of Slabs and Columns (Block-C)

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2.2.5 Beams

A beam is a structural member which spans horizontally between supports and carries loads
which act at right angles to the length of the beam. They are small in cross-section compared
with their span. Generally a beam is subjected to two sets of external forces and two types of
internal forces. The external loads are the loads applied to the beam and reactions to the loads
from the supports. The two types of internal force are bending moments and shear forces.

In the current project, beams and slabs are constructed at a time for Block-C.
Span of beam considered = 13′= 3.9 m
Length of beam = 9″ = 0.228 m
Thickness or Depth of beam = 16.5″ = 0.419 m

Reinforcement details for the beam are as follows:

20 mm, 16 mm and 10 mm diameter steel bars are used.

Fig 2.14: Reinforcement of Beam (Block-C)

Stirrups for the different sizes of beams are placed as follows:

Size of beam Size of stirrup
9″ x 16.5″ 6″ x 12″
9″ x 22.5″ 6″ x 18″
9″ x 28.5″ 6″ x 24″
Table 3: Stirrup sizes for Beams

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 Fig 2.15: Structural Design for Beams (Block-C)

2.2.6 Staircase

Stairs give access from floor to floor. The space/room housing stairs is called staircase. Stairs
consists of a number of steps arranged in a single flight or more number of flights.
In the current project, the staircase is constructed on 5th floor at Block-B.
General details of staircase are as follows:
No. of steps = 9
Rise = 150 mm
Tread = 300 mm

Reinforcement details for the staircase are as follows:

20 mm, 12mm and 8 mm diameter steel bars are used.

Fig 2.16: Shuttering Plates fixed for Staircase (Block-B, 5th floor)

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Extended steel bars of 20 mm diameter are placed on the beam and are straightened. Bars are
arranged on the landing area and the extended rebar at starting of the staircase are bended
along with the bending of stairway at landing area.

Fig 2.17: Structural Design of Staircase

Fig 2.18: Structures completed up to now

2.3 Design Details

The project is constructed with an area of 3.31 acres having Blocks – A, B, C & D,
Clubhouse, Swimming pool, Open air theatre, Park area, etc.,

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Glimpses of Park Royal Project
Four Blocks Covered parking for all Apartments
185 2 & 3 BHK Apartments Sewage Treatment Plant
1200 to 2150 Sq. ft. Areas 24 hours water supply
Clubhouse with swimming pool Rainwater harvesting pit

Fig 2.19: Master Plan/Site plan of Project

According to the plan Block-A and B cover around 16500 sq. ft. approximately, Block-C
cover around 15000 sq. ft. and Block-D cover around 11000 sq. ft. Clubhouse is constructed
at an area of 18000 sq. ft.

15
The floor plans of the buildings are as follows:

Fig 2.20: Typical Floor Plan of Block-A

Fig 2.21: Typical Floor Plan of Block-B

Fig 2.22: Typical Floor Plan of Block-C

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 Fig 2.23: Typical Floor Plan of Block-D

The Area statements for the blocks are as follows:

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 Fig 2.24: Top view Elevation of Park Royal

Fig 2.25: Front view Elevation of Park Royal

2.4 Conclusion

In the above details we discussed about the structural details and design details of the blocks
constructed at Park Royal in a detailed way. We discussed about the construction of
Columns, Slabs, Beams, Staircase and Retaining wall. Also we discussed the design details
which include Master plan of the Park Royal, Floor plans of each block, Area statements of
each floor of all blocks and the elevation of the Park Royal. Every part gives the work
conducted at the site.

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 CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS

3.1 Introduction

A building structure is composed of different types of materials. All the constructions in the
site require materials such as Cement, Sand, Gravel, Steel, Wood, Bricks, etc. This chapter
includes the materials and their description which are used in the construction of the
buildings in Park Royal, cost and testing of the materials.

3.2 Material Used

The materials which are used in the construction of Park Royal are:
• Cement • Steel • Formwork
• Fine Aggregate • Wood Materials
• Coarse Aggregate • Bricks
• Concrete • Water

3.2.1 Cement

Cement is a fine mineral powder manufactured with very precise processes. Mixed with
water, this powder transforms into a paste that binds and hardens when submerged in water.
Because the composition and fineness of the powder may vary, cement has different
properties depending upon its makeup. Cement is made by grinding together a mixture
of limestone and clay, which is then heated at a temperature of 1,450°C. What results is a
granular substance called "clinker," a combination of calcium, silicate, alumina and iron
oxide. There are different types of cement. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Pozzolona
Portland Cement (PPC) are often used in the construction. In the current project OPC of
grade 53 was used.

Fig 3.1: Cement used in construction

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3.2.2 Fine Aggregate

It is the aggregate most of which passes 4.75 mm IS sieve and contains only so much coarser
as is permitted by specification. The fine aggregate may be described as:

• Natural Sand– it is the aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and
which has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies
• Crushed Stone Sand– it is the fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.
• Crushed Gravel Sand– it is the fine aggregate produced by crushing natural gravel.

According to size the fine aggregate may be described as coarse sand, medium sand and fine
sand. IS specifications classify the fine aggregate into four types according to its grading as
fine aggregate of grading Zone-1 to grading Zone-4. The four grading zones become
progressively finer from grading Zone-1 to grading Zone-4. 90% to 100% of the fine

aggregate passes 4.75

Fig 3.2: Fine aggregate used in construction

3.2.3 Coarse Aggregate

It is the aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75 mm IS sieve and contains only so much
finer material as is permitted by specification. The coarse aggregate may be described as:

• Uncrushed Gravel or Stone– it results from natural disintegration of rock

• Crushed Gravel or Stone– it results from crushing of gravel or hard stone.
• Partially Crushed Gravel or Stone– it is a product of the blending of the above two
aggregate.

20
According to size coarse aggregate is described as graded aggregate of its nominal size i.e. 40
mm, 20 mm, 16 mm and 12.5 mm etc. The coarse aggregate used in the current project are of
20 mm size sieve.

Fig 3.3: Coarse aggregate used in construction

3.2.4 Concrete

Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and coarse
aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time. Portland cement is the mostly used
type of cement for production of concrete. Materials are mixed in specific proportions to
obtain the required strength. Strength of mix is specified as M5, M10, M15, M20, M25, M30
etc., where M signifies Mix and 5, 10, 15 etc. as their strength in kN/m2. Water cement ratio
plays an important role which influences various properties such as workability, strength and
durability. Adequate water cement ratio is required for production of workable concrete.

Fig 3.4: Concrete Mix

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3.2.5 Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron, carbon and other elements. Because of its high tensile strength and
low cost, it is a major component used in buildings, and infrastructures. There are more than
3,500 different grades of steel with many different physical, chemical, and environmental
properties. In the current project, Fe 500 steel is used which has Yield stress of 500 N/mm2
and Ultimate tensile stress of 545 N/mm2. The steel bars are of different sizes in diameters
such as 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm and 25 mm.

Fig 3.5: Fe 500 steel used in construction

3.2.6 Wood

Wood is generally classified as hardwood and softwood. Hardwood is typically heavier and
denser than softwood and is usually utilised for construction of walls, ceilings and floors. The
highest possible grade of hardwood contains 83% usable material on one face and is suitable
for high-quality furnishings, solid wood mouldings and interior joinery.Softwoods are
generally used to make more of the inner structures to the frame of hardwoods, such as doors
and window frames. The words ‘lumber’ and ‘timber’ are often used to refer to wood in
construction site.

Fig 3.6: Wood cutting

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3.2.7 Bricks

A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry
construction. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete
materials. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary
with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. The bricks used in this
project are mud bricks and are of size 19 cm x 19 cm x 9 cm.

Fig 3.7 Mud bricks used for construction

3.2.8 Water

Water is one of the most important element in the whole construction process. Either it be
concrete or cement mortar or curing, every time you need water. Therefore, it becomes
necessary to check the quality of water which is being used.

3.2.9 Formwork Materials

Formwork is temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete or similar materials are
poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering moulds.
The materials which are used for the formwork are Centring/ shuttering plates, Hydraulic
jacks, Angular, Wooden planks, etc.

Fig 3.8: Hydraulic Jacks and Angulars

23
The other general materials which are used in this project are:

Plastering:
External- Double coat cement plastering with combination of texture and smooth finish.
Internal – Double coat cement plaster with smooth finish.

Doors:
Main Door – Teak wood frame & Teak wood shutter of quality hardware.
Internal Door – Teak wood frame with moulded doors and hardware.
French Doors – UPVC door frame with glass panelled shutters.

Windows: UPVC windows with float glass.

Flooring & Wall Tiling: 600 mm x 600 mm size double charged vitrified tiles.

Toilets:
Flooring – Acid resistant anti-skid ceramic tiles.
Wall – Glazed ceramic tiles dado up to door height.

Utility/Wash:

Wall - Glazed Ceramic tiles dado up to 3' Height.

Flooring - Rustic ceramic tiles.

1

Kitchen:

Dadoing - Glazed Ceramic tiles dado up to 2' height above kitchen platform.

Platform - Black Granite platform with stainless steel sink. Provision for one municipal water
tap and one bore well connection tap.

Corridors: Vitrified tiles / Natural stone

Staircase: Natural stone

Plumbing & Sanitary:

Water Supply - ISI mark GI/CPVC/PPR Piping.

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Drainage - ISI Mark standard PVC/SWR Sanitary piping.

Rain Water - Well-designed Rain water harvesting System provided.

Sewerage - Waste water treated by STP and reused for gardening.

Painting:

External - Texture finish and two coats of weather proof paints.

Internal -Two coats of luppam and two coats of acrylic emulsion paint over a coat of cement
primer.

Parking - Two coats of water proof cement paint over a base coat of primer.

3.3 Cost of Material

Material Quantity Cost

Cement 1 bag Rs 400
Sand 1 m3 Rs 6000
Coarse Aggregate 1 unit Rs 600
Bricks 1 Rs 6
Steel 1 Ton Rs 52,000
Table 4: Cost of Materials

The cost of different sizes of steel rebars is as follows:

Diameter of Bar Cost per unit
8 mm Rs 305
10 mm Rs 464
12 mm Rs 1183
16 mm Rs 1183
20 mm Rs 1849
Table 5: Cost of steel bars for different diameters

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3.4 Testing of Materials

Slump cone test and Compression test are performed for the concrete. For brick Soundness,
Strength test and Water absorption tests are performed.

3.4.1 Slump Cone Test

The slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is performed to
check the workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete
flows.

Fig 3.9: Slump cone test apparatus

3.4.2 Compression Test

Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of
concrete. By this test we can determine whether Concreting has been done properly or not.
Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio,
cement.

Fig 3.10: Compression Testing Machine

3.5 Conclusion

This part has the discussion about materials which are used in the project, their cost and tests
performed for the materials to check their capacity. Some of the details of the materials are
not given as the company has no authorization to share the details with others.

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 CHAPTER 4
HUMAN RESOURCES

4.1 Introduction

In any construction company, the goals will be first set by the management depending on the
type of company. After a goal is set, the management informs to the other departments. The
company after coming up with a strategy hires some contractors for manpower and
equipment’s according to the construction requirement daily.

4.2 Classification

Following are the people who worked at the site:

▪ Chief Engineer
▪ Site Engineers
▪ Supervisors
▪ Contractors
▪ Masons / Workers

4.3 Wages

The wages for workers (men and women) are given day to day accordingly:
Men – Rs 500 per day
Women – Rs 400 per day

4.4 Conclusion

The details in the above chapter gives about the human resources of the company, people
assigned at the construction site according to their posts and the wages given to the workers.

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 CHAPTER 5
WORK EXPERIENCE

5.1 Introduction

There is huge difference between the theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge. When
it comes to the site, the whole scenario has been changed when compared to the classroom.
The reinforcement details, design mix proportion ratio, structural designs and construction
techniques are completely different at the site.

5.2 Daily Experience

The internship program for the “Industry Oriented Mini Project” was carried out from
26/05/18 to 23/06/18 i.e., for 25 days (excluding Sundays). The day-to-day experience at the
construction site is as follows:

DAY 1 (26/05/18) – Brickwork at 4th floor of Block-A.

DAY 2 (28/05/18) – Slab work for Terrace (only back half) at Block-B

DAY 3 (29/05/18) – Retaining wall construction for cellar at Block-C.

DAY 4 (30/05/18) – Exterior plastering work for Block-D.

DAY 5 (31/05/18) – Column laying work at terrace of Block-A.

DAY 6 (01/06/18) – Column construction at cellar of Block-C.

DAY 7 (02/06/18) – Stirrup placement for columns at 5th floor of Block-B.

DAY 8 (04/06/18) – Curing work for columns at Block-C.

DAY 9 (05/06/18) – Interior brick work at 2nd floor of Block-B.

DAY 10 (06/06/18) – Exterior Plastering work at Block-D.

DAY 11 (07/06/18) –Curing work for columns and retaining wall at Block-C.

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DAY 12 (08/06/18) – Concrete pour for columns at 5th floor of Block-B.

DAY 13 (09/06/18) – Exterior plastering work at Block-D.

DAY 14 (11/06/18) – Curing work for columns at 5th floor of Block-B.

DAY 15 (12/06/18) – Curing work for retaining wall of Block-C.

DAY 16 (13/06/18) – Exterior plastering work for Block-D.

DAY 17 (14/06/18) – Interior plastering work at 2nd floor of Block-D.

DAY 18 (15/06/18) – Wooden frames (Doors) placed at 1st floor of Block-B.

DAY 19 (16/06/18) – Plastering work for the exterior of ground floor at Block-B.

DAY 20 (18/06/18) – Staircase construction at 5th floor of Block-B.

DAY 21 (19/06/18) – Architectural design at terrace of Block-A. A beam is being

Constructed between two columns for exterior design purposes.

DAY 22 (20/06/18) – Formwork design for slab construction for sub-cellar at Block-C.

DAY 23 (21/06/18) – Plastering work for interior walls at 3rd floor of Block-C.

DAY 24 (22/06/18) – Centring plates being fixed for slab construction for sub-cellar at
Block-C.

DAY 25 (23/06/18) – Plastering work for interior and exterior walls of Block-D.

Fig 5.1: Interior brick work (Block-B, 2nd floor)

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 Fig 5.2: Formwork for slab construction (Block-C)

Fig 5.3: Entrance wall construction

5.3 Conclusion

This chapter covers the work experience at the site with all day-to-day activities. It is
concluded that the practical knowledge is very different from theoretical knowledge. The
construction techniques used by the engineers and contractors are now well-known.

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

This industry oriented mini project “Construction of Park Royal” was carried out for nearly
four weeks which covered the construction of Columns at Blocks – A, B & C, Slab and beam
constructions at Blocks – B & C, Staircase construction at Blocks – A & B and Plastering
work at Block – D.

The project covers the structural details and design details of the buildings constructed at the
site. It also covers the materials used for the construction, properties of those materials, cost
of the materials and testing methods to check the strength of the materials. The human
resources, people working at the site, wages for the workers are also covered in this project
along with the work experience and day-to-day activities.

This project was very helpful as training to understand the deviation of the practical
construction work from theoretical knowledge. The project helped in gaining the practical
knowledge at the construction field.

References
IS 456: 2000, ‘Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice’, Bureau of Indian
Standards, Fourth Revision, New Delhi.
IS: 10262 - 2009, ‘Concrete Mix Proportioning- Guidelines’, Bureau of Indian Standards,
First Revision, New Delhi.

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