Professional Documents
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Introduction
Atmospheric Window & Absorption Band
Fundamental Radiation Laws
Atmospheric Effects
Thermal Data Acquisition
Applications
Advantages & Disadvantages
Thermal Remote Sensing:
Most remote sensing applications make use of 3-5 & 8-14 micrometer range.
(Due to absorption bands)
The main difference between the thermal infrared and near infrared is that
thermal infrared is emitted energy and near infrared is reflected energy similar
to light.
Optical Remote Sensing:
Examine abilities of objects to reflect the solar radiations. (Visible & Near IR)
Thermal IR
Atmospheric Window & Absorption Bands:
Atmospheric Effects:
The atmospheric intervention between the thermal sensor and the ground can
modify the apparent level of radiations coming from ground depending on
degree of atmospheric absorption, scattering and emission.
Atmospheric absorption & scattering make the signal appear colder and
atmospheric emission make the object to be detected as warmer.
There are some factors on which both of these effects depend upon given by:
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Atmospheric path length
Meteorological conditions
Site
Altitude
Local weather condition
Atmospheric Effects:
Sun Reflected
path radiance
Emitted
Transmitted path radiance
Absorbed Reflected
target radiance
Emitted
target radiance
Incident
Fundamental Radiation Laws:
The following laws are obeyed in this phenomenon:
E = σT4
Wein’s Displacement Law:
Wein calculated relationship b/w true temperature of blackcody (T) in degree
kelvins and its peak spectral extiance or dominant wavelength (λmax).
All natural objects are gray-bodies, they emit a fraction of their maximum
possible blackbody radiation at given temperature.
Emissivity is the ratio b/w actual radiance emitted by a real world selected
radiating body (Mr) and a blackbody at the same thermodynamic temperature
(Mb)
ε = Mr/Mb
If the emissivity of an object varies with wavelength, the object is said to be a
selective radiant. Continue
A graybody has ε<1 but is constant at all wavelengths.
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Emissivity depends upon the following factors:
• Color
• Surface Roughness
• Moisture Content
• Compaction
• Field of View
• Viewing Angle
Thermal Image Acquisition:
Many multispectral
(MSS) systems sense
radiations in the thermal
infrared as well as the
visible and reflected
infrared portions of the
spectrum.
Thermal Sensors:
Thermal sensors use photo detectors sensitive to the direct contact of photons
on their surface, to detect emitted thermal radiation.
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Thermal infrared remote sensor data
may be collected by:
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DS-1260
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Thermal infrared
Multispectral Scanner
(TIMS) which has six
bands ranging from (8.2-
12.2um)
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LANDSAT THERMAL
INFRARED
SENSOR(TIRS)
The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS):
The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) will measure land surface temperature in two
thermal bands with a new technology that applies quantum physics to detect heat.
TIRS was added to the satellite mission when it became clear that state water
resource managers rely on the highly accurate measurements of Earth’s thermal
energy.
TIRS uses Quantum Well Infrared Photo detectors (QWIPs) to detect long
wavelengths of light emitted by the Earth whose intensity depends on surface
temperature.
The QWIPs TIRS uses are sensitive to two thermal infrared wavelength bands,
helping it separate the temperature of the Earth’s surface from that of the
atmosphere. Their design operates on the complex principles of quantum
mechanics.
TIRS Design:
TIRS is a push broom sensor
employing a focal plane with long
arrays of photosensitive detectors.
I. Forest Fires
For example, during eruptions, high altitude areas are very hard to be accessed because of volcanic
hazards.
We use thermal remote sensing techniques in mapping and monitoring the evolution of volcanic
activity.
Temperature Of Volcanoes:
As Wien’s Law:
λmax = k/T where k=2898 μm k
Where T=700 k
So,
λmax =2898/700=4.27 μm
Hence, it’s a thermal infrared range. So we use Thermal remote sensing for active volcanoes.
Aster Image:
Advantages Disadvantages
“Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation ” , Thomas M. Lillisand, Ralph W. Kiefer, Jonathan W.
Chipman, Edition 6th.
www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/.../remote_sensing/thermal/thermalirinfo.html
www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/infrared.htm
earth.esa.int/landtraining09/D1Lb3_Su_SEBBasics.pdf
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_infrared_spectroscopy
Thanks