Diversity of Life -

Prokaryotes

 What are prokaryotes?

- a type of organism lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus

and membrane-enclosed organelles.

 What are prokaryotes?

- a type of organism lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus

and membrane-enclosed organelles.

Bacteria

 What are prokaryotes?

- a type of organism lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus

and membrane-enclosed organelles.

Bacteria



Archaea

What are the features of prokaryotes?

Look at:

1.  Cell surfaces

2.  Internal organization

3.  Nutritional/metabolic adaptations

 What are the features of prokaryotes?

Cell Surfaces


-one feature which determines the kind of bacterium



being dealt with

-made up peptidoglycan

Sugars (polymers)

Polypeptides

What are the features of prokaryotes?

Cell Surfaces


-one feature which determines the kind of bacterium



being dealt with

peptidoglycan layer

plasma membrane

Cell wall = peptidoglycan layer

What are the features of prokaryotes?

Cell Surfaces


-one feature which determines the kind of bacterium



being dealt with

lipopolysaccharide

Outer membrane

peptidoglycan layer

plasma membrane

Cell wall = peptidoglycan layer

Cell wall = peptidoglycan layer


+ outer membrane

What are the features of prokaryotes?

Cell Surfaces


-one feature which determines the kind of bacterium



being dealt with

lipopolysaccharide

Outer membrane

peptidoglycan layer

plasma membrane

Cell wall = peptidoglycan layer

Cell wall = peptidoglycan layer


+ outer membrane

Gram positive
Gram negative

What are the features of prokaryotes?

Gram positive
Gram negative

What are the features of prokaryotes?

Cell surfaces and infection

-lipopolysaccharide layer - can produce toxins

-outer membrane - protects bacteria from host’s

immune system

- outer membrane - protects bacteria from

antibiotics

 What are the features of prokaryotes?

Internal structure

cell wall

nucleoid region

plasmids

plasma membrane

ribosomes

capsule

chromosome

Prokaryotic cell

What are the features of prokaryotes?

Internal structure - what do the structures do?

Cell wall - provides physical protection, maintains shape in different salinities

Capsule - sticky, polysaccharide or protein - protection from host’s immune system

Plasma membrane - acts as a selective chemical barrier

Chromosome - a ring of DNA that carries all the necessary genetic information

Nuceloid region - area of the cell containing the chromosome

Plasmids - small rings of DNA - function in ‘emergency’ situations

Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis in the cell

 What are the features of prokaryotes?

Nutritional and metabolic adaptations

Ways of obtaining energy

Autotroph - use only CO2 as a carbon source

Heterotroph - need one organic nutrient (e.g. glucose)

Phototrophs - use light as a source of energy

Chemotrophs - use chemicals as a source of energy

 What are the features of prokaryotes?

Nutritional and metabolic adaptations

Ways of obtaining energy

Energy

Carbon




Mode of nutrition

source

source

Autotrophs

Photoautotroph

Light

CO2



Chemoautotroph

Inorganic

CO2






chemicals

Heterotrophs

Photoheterotroph

Light

Organic









compounds


Chemoheterotroph

Organic

Organic






compounds

compounds

 What are the features of prokaryotes?

Nutritional and metabolic adaptations

Relationship to Oxygen

Facultative
Obligate

Need O2 for cellular

Aerobes
None
respiration

Use O2 for cellular

Anaerobes
respiration but can Poisoned by O2

grow without it
-use other chemicals

 What are the features of prokaryotes?

Nutritional and metabolic adaptations

Relationship to Nitrogen

N2

NH3
Amino acids

Proteins

Plant can’t fix N2

Classification of Prokaryotes

What features separate the Bacteria from the Archaea?

Characteristic
Bacteria
Arachaea

Peptidoglycan

yes

no

Reponse to

growth
growth

antibiotics

inhibited
not inhibited

Growth above

no

some species

100ºC

See Table 27.2 in your book

Classification of Prokaryotes

Alpha

Beta

Gamma
Proteo-

bacteria

Delta

Epsilon

Chlamydias

Spirochaetes

Cyanobacteria

Gram positive bacteria

Archaea

Classification of Prokaryotes

Alpha

Gram positive

Beta

Gram negative
Gamma
Proteo-

bacteria

Delta

Epsilon

Chlamydias

Spirochaetes

Cyanobacteria

Gram positive bacteria

Archaea

Classification of Prokaryotes

Alpha Proteobacteria


-e.g. Rhizobium - nitrogen fixing in plant roots

Beta Proteobacteria


-several soil bacteria

Gamma Proteobacteria


-some pathogens -
Salmonella (food poisoning)





Legionella (Legionnaire’s disease)





Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)

Delta Proteobacteria


-several soil bacteria

Epsilon Proteobacteria


-gastrointestinal infections

 Classification of Prokaryotes

Chlamydias


-venereal disease

 Classification of Prokaryotes

Chlamydias


-venereal disease

Spirochaetes


-disease organisms

Treponema pallidum - syphillus

Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme disease

Classification of Prokaryotes

Gram positive Bacteria


-very diverse group

Some familiar ones:

Streptomyces - antibiotic production

Classification of Prokaryotes

Gram positive Bacteria


-very diverse group

Some familiar ones:

Streptomyces - antibiotic production

Bacillus anthrax - anthrax

Classification of Prokaryotes

Gram positive Bacteria


-very diverse group

Some familiar ones:

Streptomyces - antibiotic production

Bacillus anthrax - anthrax

Streptococcus - respiratory disease

Classification of Prokaryotes

Cyanobacteria - only prokaryotes with plant-like




photosynthesis

 Classification of Prokaryotes

Archaea - differ from bacteria in several ways but have no



peptidoglycan

Common in extreme conditions

1.  Thermophiles - live at extreme temperatures

(>100ºC)

Pyrolobus


-in deep sea vents

Classification of Prokaryotes

Archaea - differ from bacteria in several ways but have no



peptidoglycan

Common in extreme conditions

2. Halophiles - live at extreme salinities

Classification of Prokaryotes

Archaea - differ from bacteria in several ways but have no



peptidoglycan

Common in extreme conditions

3. Methanogens - use CO2 to oxidize H2 - release CH3

- “swamp gas”