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According to Thomas Kuhn, revolutions and insurrections are prickly affairs, which tend
to begin with the failure of existing rules, meaning, the “failure of existing rules is the prelude to
a search for new ones”[10]. For Kuhn, an initial crisis in the existing rules presents a possible
break, which may lead to a revolution and insurrection in favor of new rules, institutions and,
ultimately, a paradigm-shift. In effect, crisis opens the door to radical social change, if that door
is not closed and is left open for an extended period of time. As Kuhn States,
During the initial stages, according to Kuhn “increasing numbers of individuals become
increasingly estranged from political life and behave more and more eccentrically within it”[12],
eventually, this estrangement prompts these individuals to “commit themselves to some concrete
proposal for the reconstruction of society in a new institutional framework”[13]. Sooner or later,
if the crisis is not resolves through the current institutional framework, “society…[divides] into
competing camps or parties, one seeking to defend the old institutional constellation, the others
seeking to institute new ones”[14]. When this binary bifurcation has occurred, revolution and
insurrection is assured, due to the fact that “political recourse fails”[15]. According to Kuhn, it
fails because the two camps
differ about the institutional matrix within which…change is to be achieved and
evaluated. [In effect,] they acknowledge no supra-institutional framework for the
adjudication of revolutionary difference, the parties to [such] a revolutionary conflict
must finally resort to the techniques of mass persuasion, often including force. [Because]
the choice [in the final analysis is] between competing institutions, …a choice between
incompatible modes of community life. [16]
These incompatible modes of community life aggravate the revolution and insurrection,
stimulating the advent of a new paradigm and the dissolution of the old paradigm, i.e., meta-
narrative, or vice versa, the result is the dissolution of the new paradigm and the maintenance of
the old paradigm, i.e., meta-narrative. In the end, conflict and propaganda decides the outcome.
Notwithstanding, ultimately, it is the senility of a meta-narrative, i.e., paradigm, which
leads to revolution and insurrection, that is, radical social change, either for, or against, a
burgeoning meta-narrative. And, specifically, the meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism is fast
approaching this precipice. That is, “a relatively sudden and unstructured event like a gestalt
switch”[17], which changes everything, where, as Kuhn states, with the “paradigm [,i.e., meta-
narrative] change, the world itself [also] changes”[18], whereupon, nothing is left unchanged.
Consequently, it is the slow rising inertia of the meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism, brought
about by its fanatic celebration and propagation of herd-mediocrity, which is, propelling the
meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism towards sudden revolution, insurrection and its own
obsolescence. Due to the fact, the meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism refuses to yield to the
coming apex of post-modernism, which demands the dissolution of all meta-narratives in favor
of narrative egalitarianism. As a result, in contrast, the meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism is
instead increasingly embracing stagnation, inertia and immobility, manufacture by its herd-
mediocrity, in increasingly higher and higher dosage, in order to freeze all socio-economic
developments in their tracks, thus, preventing the full-maturation of post-modernism.
Specifically, the meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism refuses to yield to the zenith of
post-modernity, i.e., an anarchist institutional framework of pragmatic-egalitarianism, amongst
all micro-narratives, devoid of any overarching meta-narrative. As a result, bourgeois-capitalism
sees post-modernism as its anti-thesis, an anti-thesis geared towards its ultimate demise, due to
the fact, post-modernism embodies a radical antipathy towards meta-narratives, including the
meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism. Because of this post-modern antipathy towards
bourgeois-capitalism, as Kuhn states, any “transition [to a new paradigm]…cannot be made a
step at a time, forced by logic and neutral experience. Like the gestalt switch, it must occur all at
once (though not necessarily in an instant) or not at all.”[19], as the meta-narrative of bourgeois-
capitalism will not go quietly into obsolescence.
In sum, it will have to be pragmatically deconstructed, brick by brick, thrown forcefully
into the dust-bin of history. And as usual, the primary obstacle to social change is herd-
mediocrity. The herd-mediocrity manufactured by the meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism,
which has been elevated beyond its capabilities and wildest dreams into the upper-echelons of
bourgeois-capitalism, preventing any smooth transition and/or development out of bourgeois-
capitalism. Herd-mediocrity is what poses the most troublesome element for any paradigm-shift,
since, embodied in the herd, gently placed there by the indoctrinating mechanisms of bourgeois-
capitalism, lies“ the tradition of [bourgeois] values”[20], holding the Enlightenment meta-
narrative of bourgeois-capitalism firmly in place. Due to this, any transition out of the meta-
narrative of bourgeois-capitalism must be a sudden revolution and/or insurrection, i.e., an
instantaneous gestalt switch, or nothing at all.
Along a similar line of thought as Kuhn, for Marx, this gestalt switch is the result of an
incongruity and/or conflict between the forces of production and the relations of production
embodied in a governing mode of production, whereupon, “the changes in the economic
foundation lead sooner or later to the transformation of the whole immense superstructure”[21],
including, the ruling paradigm and/or meta-narrative. According to Marx, a mode of production
is a particular form of organization and equilibrium between certain forces of production and
relations of production between human beings, reflecting a certain form of consciousness, which
ultimately determines the way resources are produced, distributed and consumed within a
specific society. As Marx states,
in the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations,
which are independent of their will, namely relations production appropriate to a given
stage in the development of their material forces of production. The totality of these
relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation,
on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite
forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the
general process of social, political and intellectual life. At a certain stage of development,
the material productive forces…come into conflict with the existing relations of
production [wherefore]…the productive forces [and] these relations turn into …fetters.
Then begins an era of social revolution…in which men become conscious of this conflict
and fight it out. No social order is ever destroyed before all the productive forces for
which it is sufficient have been developed, and new superior relations of production
never replace older ones before the material conditions for their existence have matured
within the framework of the old society.[22]
In effect, for Marx, a ruling mode of production structures the way a society functions, operates
and is organized and when a disconnect presents itself between the forces of production and the
relations of production a conflict ensues, which in the end, results in the installation of a new
mode of production and, in general, a new socio-economic formation.
However, what if a ruling mode of production and its adjacent form of consciousness also
structures revolutionary paradigm-shifts, out of the very mode of production and ruling meta-
narratives, which seek to prevent these shifts. Meaning, the gestalt switch needed to transition
into a new paradigm, or meta-narrative, is the product of friction and conflict between the forces
of production and the relations of production deep inside the ruling mode of production. The
conversion experience Kuhn states is akin to a gestalt switch is the result of a disequilibrium
between the material forces of production and the ideological relations of production, both
conceptual and material, transpiring deep within the economic base of society. In effect, the
presence of a disconnect between the forces of production and relations of production manifests
a conversion experience, i.e., a gestalt switch, when these forces of production and these
relations of production fall into conflict and constant escalating friction. The individual becomes
aware that something is wrong and something must change, and begins to look for a new
narrative, or paradigm, better his or her situation. It is for this reason that Kuhn states
For Marx, the nexus of any revolutionary process lies in production, the ruling mode of
production stationed at the economic base of society. Hence, where paradigm-shifts and the
dissolution of meta-narratives are likely to occur. Subsequently, an escalation of friction and
conflict within the economic base and across the super-structure of society also indicates the
arrival of new superior relations, that is, the advent of a new mode of production and set of
narratives, which will reconfigure society according to some new shape or form.
Moreover, pragmatic-deconstruction is a natural development brought about by the
escalating friction and conflict between the forces of production and relations of production,
since, pragmatic-deconstruction is motivated by an increasing estrangement and disconnect
between individuals and the economic base, i.e., forces of production. As a result, pragmatic-
deconstruction increasingly detaches individuals from the ideological opiate of bourgeois-
capitalism in and across social production, essentially, waking-up people to the disconnect
between bourgeois-ideology and reality, i.e., the chasm between socio-economic existence and
the ideals showered unto them by the meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism.
In fact, pragmatic-deconstruction increasingly leads the general-population towards a
paradigm-shift and gestalt switch, because the conflict between the forces of production and
relations of production is incessant. In effect, the general-population by itself begins to yearn and
to demand, of their own accord, a new socio-economic-formation, i.e., a new mode of
production, devoid of the meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism. It is the very friction and
conflict, manifested by the disconnect between the forces of production and the dominant
relations of production, which produces disillusionment and motive in the general-population for
the exercising of the full-brunt of pragmatic-deconstruction upon the meta-narrative of
bourgeois-capitalism. The point is to manifest a paradigm-shift and a gestalt switch in order to
alleviate the ever-increasing disillusionment and disconnect between the forces of production
and relations of production. In essence, the point is to reduce all meta-narratives, back from
which they came, the plethora of micro-narratives, thus, ushering in an era of radical post-
modernism, that is, pragmatic-egalitarianism.
Of course, with any homogenizing, obdurate, fanatical ideology like the meta-narrative of
bourgeois-capitalism, one does not win converts by resorting to good argument and sound logic,
the meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism requires more than good argument and sound logic, if
it is to step aside. In such extreme ideological situations, as Max Planck put it, “truth does not
triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather [triumphs]
because its opponents eventually die”[24], hence, the case for pragmatic-deconstruction and the
complete annihilation of the meta-narrative of bourgeois-capitalism.
Endnotes:
[1] Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will To Power, Ed. Walter Kaufmann, (New York, New York:
Vintage Books, 1967) p. 157.
[2] Ibid, p. 19.
[3] Ibid, p. 33.
[4] Ibid, pp. 461-462.
[5] Ibid, p. 159.
[6] Ibid, p. 156.
[7] Ibid, p. 159.
[8] Ibid, p. 40.
[9] Ibid, p. 41.
[10] Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1970) p. 68.
[11] Ibid, pp. 92-93.
[12] Ibid, p. 93.
[13] Ibid, p. 93.
[14] Ibid, p. 93.
[15] Ibid, p. 93.
[16] Ibid, pp. 93-94.
[17] Ibid, p. 122.
[18] Ibid, p. 111.
[19] Ibid, p. 150.
[20] Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will To Power, Ed. Walter Kaufmann, (New York, New York:
Vintage Books, 1967) p. 473.
[21] Karl Marx, A Contribution To A Critique of Political Economy, ed. Maurice Dobb,
(Moscow, Russia: Progress Publishers, 1970) p. 21.
[22] Ibid, pp.20-21.
[23] Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1970) p. 204.
[24] Ibid, p. 151.
Bibliography:
Marx, Karl. A Contribution To A Critique of Political Economy. ed. Maurice Dobb. Moscow,
Russia: Progress Publishers, 1970.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Will To Power. ed. Walter Kaufmann. New York, New York:
Vintage Books, 1967.