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Corrective Efforts

WHAT do you think of when you hear about Rwanda? If you are into history, the Rwandan
genocide will certainly come to mind; it was an orgy of bloodletting in which 500,000 to one
million ethnic Tutsis were brutally slaughtered by Hutu extremists such as Interahamwe, who
succeeded in wiping out 70 per cent of the Tutsi population … often with weapons no more
sophisticated than machetes.

But what you may not know is that Rwanda has recently won a rather unlikely accolade — that
of being the world’s first plastic-free nation. In 2008, this tiny West African nation banned all
non biodegradable plastic bags, making the possession, manufacture and importing of such
punishable by a six-month jail term and fines. Visitors are searched, and any plastic bags found
are confiscated. The results have been spectacular, and in 2008, UN Habitat named the capital
Kigali as the cleanest city in Africa.

I found myself thinking of this while driving in Karachi on a windy day as disposed plastic bags
flew around like birds from hell. They adorned trash heaps and trees alike, hanging on the
branches like a flag of chaos. And then I saw a rather lovely panaflex asking people to refrain
from using plastic bags and had no option but to reflect on the number of times I had seen proud
announcements of a ban on such bags.

The latest such ban, at least in Sindh, was announced in November last year and was supposed to
first be implemented in Sukkur and then in the rest of the province. Banners were put up and
shopkeepers were warned but, to no one’s surprise, absolutely no implementation took place.
Note also that as per the Sindh Environment Protection (SEP) Act 2014 and its Section 14(3)
reads that “no person shall import, manufacture, stockpile, trade, supply, distribute or sell any
scheduled plastic product which is non-degradable”. Hunza has also recently banned plastic
bags, and one hopes the inhabitants will have greater success in the implementation.

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It is not enough to impose and enforce a ban without looking for alternatives.

I can bore you with figures: in the past 10 years, the world has produced more plastic than in the
last century. One million plastic bags are produced every minute. Half of it is used only once and
thrown away. Enough plastic is thrown away each year to circle the earth four times.

We have not even spared the oceans, and in a scene out of a nightmare a dead whale washed up
in the Philippines was recently found to have 40 kilogrammes of plastic in its stomach. More
recently, a dead pregnant whale was also found to have ingested 22 kg of plastic.

I started with the Rwanda example (Kenya also stands out in this regard) because in the popular
imagination, African countries are backward basket cases, not models to aspire to. So when
naysayers argue that such a ban would be impossible to implement for a Third World nation,
these (and other) examples stand out in contradiction.
Certainly, it is not enough to merely impose and enforce a ban without looking for alternatives.
In a nation where shopkeepers will put even the tiniest objects in a ‘shopper’ (and look at you as
if you’re insane if you refuse the bag) an alternative must be in place. Here, instead of a threat is
an opportunity as many workable alternatives are indeed available.

But what to do with the existing waste? Here we can also find easy solutions. The Nigerian city
of Yola has become home to a thriving cottage industry where women recycle plastic bags into
fashion accessories and in some countries, even into art objects. It is not difficult to replicate that
model here, which will also have the added benefit of creating economic growth. And then of
course, there is the Indian innovation of using plastic waste (melted down) to build roads.

Now, none of these are perfect solutions, and as we all know there are no silver bullets or
magical fixes on offer. The best we can do is implement a host of measures, taking advantage of
the incredible pools of talent found in Pakistan’s youth and entrepreneurial class — provided
there is a will to do so. And here is where we always fall short: no personal initiative, no matter
how well meaning or ground-breaking, can ever replace the role of the state, but thus far, we
have seen no willingness to address this issue beyond a few meetings, announcement and lip
service.

It is also no use saying that a societal change is required for this to work because the onus is on
the government to get its act together. Granted, there are other far more pressing issues (and one
hopes that they are being addressed) but that is no excuse for inaction especially when we
consider that the average plastic bag we buy and discard today will be around long after the
bones of our grandchildren’s grandchildren are dust. Of all the legacies we leave behind, let this
not be the most lasting one.

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