Taxiway;

A taxiway is a path for aircraft at an airport connecting runways with aprons, hangars, terminals
and other facilities. They mostly have a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although
smaller general aviation airports sometimes use gravel or grass.

Runway:
A runway is a "defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff
of aircraft". Runways may be a man-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both)
or a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, or salt).
Terminal Area;

A general term used to describe airspace in which approach control service or airport traffic
control service is provided.

Or

The terminal is the largest building at an airport. All passengers must pass through it when
they start or end their trip. At the ticket counter you receive your boarding card and
your baggage is checked and weighed .Then the airline assistant will put a label with a three-
letter code around your baggage .It shows the destination airport and makes sure the
suitcases get on the correct airplane.

Hangars:

Hangars are buildings in which airplanes are repaired or serviced . Most airlines have their
own hangars, in which they can park many jets at the same time. Most hangars are far away
from terminals and runways so that they do not interfere with airport traffic .

Camber:
Camber or cant is the cross slope provided to raise middle of the road surface in the transverse
direction to drain off rain water from road surface. The objectives of providing camber are:
Culvert;
A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction
from one side to the other side. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may
be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material. Culverts are commonly used both as
cross-drains for ditch relief, and to pass water under a road at natural drainage and stream
crossings. A culvert may be a bridge-like structure designed to allow vehicle or pedestrian traffic
to cross over the waterway while allowing adequate passage for the water. Culverts are commonly
used both as cross-drains for ditch relief, and to pass water under a road at natural drainage and
stream crossings. A culvert may be a bridge-like structure designed to allow vehicle or pedestrian
traffic to cross over the waterway while allowing adequate passage for the water.
Creep;
In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to
move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of mechanical stresses. It can occur as a
result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the
material. Creep is more severe in materials that are subjected to heat for long periods, and generally
increases as they near their melting point.
The rate of deformation is a function of the material's properties, exposure time, exposure temperature
and the applied structural load. Depending on the magnitude of the applied stress and its duration, the
deformation may become so large that a component can no longer perform its function — for example
creep of a turbine blade will cause the blade to contact the casing, resulting in the failure of the blade.
Creep is usually of concern to engineers and metallurgists when evaluating components that operate
under high stresses or high temperatures. Creep is a deformation mechanism that may or may not
constitute a failure mode. For example, moderate creep in concrete is sometimes welcomed because it
relieves tensile stresses that might otherwise lead to cracking.
Road Junctions
Road Junctions are designed at places where vehicular traffic can move in different directions in a
systematic way. Road Junctions decrease the probability of accidents. The traffic at Road
junctions is controlled and resumed in a systematic way to proceed further in their respective
directions with the help of traffic signals.

Grade Separator
When two roads cross each other at separate grades, they can be separated by allowing
one passover by means of a bridge or flyover.

Super-elevation:

It is the inward transverse slope provided throughout the length of the horizontal curves to
counteract the centrifugal force and therefore to check the tendency of the vehicle to over turn or
skid.

Outer edge of the pavement is raised with respect to the inner edge of the pavement, the ratio of
the height raised to the width of the pavement is called super-elevation.

Rail gauge

it is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a single railway
line.

Broad Gauge:

 Broad gauge refers to any gauge wider than standard gauge or 1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in)

 Broad gauge is used to provide better stability and provide the easy transfer of rolling

stock.(vehicle travel on the railway track)

 It is used for main cities and routes of heavy intensities

Ballast:

Ballast is a layer of broken stone, gravel, or any other suitable material placed under and

around the sleepers for distributing the load from the sleepers to the formation
 Sleeper:

Sleeper is transverse support for a railway to give stiffness(not easily bent means rigid) to it.

Fish Plate;

 The function of a fish plate is to hold two rails together.

 At each, joint a pair of fish plates is used.

BEARING PLATES

 Chair used for flat footed rails are known as bearing plates.

 They increase the bearing area on the sleeper and thus decrease the loading-intensity.

Creep of Rail:

It is a horizontal movement of rails in a track. It can be minimized but cannot be stopped

Traffic Control Devices:

The various aids and devices used to control regulate and guide traffic may be called
traffic control devices.the general requirements of traffic control devices are attention
meaning time for response and respect of road user.

Traffic Sign:

The traffic sign should be backed by law in prder to make them useful and effective ,

Steel Sleeper Important Features/Advantages:

 It is more durable. Its life is about 35 years

 Lesser damage during handling and transport
 Easy to manufacture
 It is not susceptible to vermin attack
 It is not susceptible to fire
 Its scrap value is very good

Functions of sleepers

 Holds the rails to correct gauge.

 Give a firm and even support to the rails.
 Distributes the axle load over a sufficiently large area of ballast.
 To act as elastic medium between the rails and ballast to absorb vibration.
 To maintain the alignment of the track.
 To provide insulation for electrified track