Basic principles of steel structures

Dr. Xianzhong ZHAO

x.zhao@mail.tongji.edu.cn
www.sals.org.cn

1
 Compression members
Outlines

— Introduction
— Resistance of cross-section
— Overall stability of uniform (solid web) compression
members
— Local buckling of plate element in solid-web
compression members
— Overall stability and chord stability of built-up
compression members
— Rigidity of compression members
— Design of axially loaded compression members

2
 Compression members
introduction
; Compression members in structures
- truss members
- bracing
- pinned columns

; Structural shapes used in compression members

- doubly symmetric cross-section

- singly symmetric cross-section
- unsymmetric cross-section

3
 Compression members
possible buckling mode

flexural buckling torsional buckling flexural torsional buckling

4
Compression members
global buckling of members

5
Compression members
local buckling of plates

6
Compression members
local buckling of plates

7
 Compression members
resistance of cross section

; Resistance of cross section for compression members

- same as tension members, but no fracture
- no need to check if no large hole existence

N u = An f y

; Design equation in design code

N ≤ An f d , f d = f y / γ R , or f d = f y / K
N
σ= ≤ fd
An

8
Overall stability of solid-web compression members
concept of ideal compression member

; Ideal compression member

perfectly centrally loaded straight member

; Definition (or assumption) of ideal compression member

- center of figure (centroid) always coincides with its barycenter

- the member axis is perfectly straight

- perfectly centrally loaded member
(axis of force always coincides with member axis)

9
Overall stability of solid-web compression members
differential equation of elastic buckling for ideal member (1)

EI x v IV + Nv '' − Nx 0θ '' = 0
EI y u IV + Nu '' − Ny 0θ '' = 0
EI ωθ IV − GI tθ '' − Nx0v '' + Ny0u '' + ( Nr02 − R)θ '' = 0
; coordinates, principal axis
z
; shear center, coordinate of shear center
x0 y0
x x x
y y y L
x x
x0 x0 centroid
y y shear center
y0

10
Overall stability of solid-web compression members
differential equation of elastic buckling for ideal member (2)

; simultaneous differential equation

EI x v IV + Nv '' − Nx 0θ '' = 0 z
EI y u IV + Nu '' − Ny 0θ '' = 0
N
IV '' '' ''
EI ωθ − GI tθ − Nx0v + Ny0u + ( Nr 02 − R )θ ''
=0

effect of actions
reaction or resistance

; global buckling mode (deformation)

- involves flexural and torsional buckling mode N
- small deformation, but must be considered
- fixed peripheral shape
- second-order nonlinear analysis: equilibrium in a deflected position

11
Overall stability of solid-web compression members
differential equation of elastic buckling for ideal member (3)

EI x v IV + Nv '' − Nx 0θ '' = 0 z z
EI y u IV + Nu '' − Ny 0θ '' = 0 N
EI ωθ IV − GI tθ '' − Nx0v '' + Ny0u '' + ( Nr 02 − R )θ ' ' = 0 N

; Equilibrium in flexural mode II II

v v M x1
- effect of action (1): deflection in y-direction
I I
equilibrium while bending: M x1 = Nv
N N
- effect of action (2): rotation of centroid
moment generated due to offset of axial force x 0 is negative in this system
after the centroid rotating about shear center:
θ
M x2 ≈ − Nx0θ x0
- equilibrium in flexural mode y
EI x v '' = −( M x1 + M x 2 ) x M x2

12
Overall stability of solid-web compression members
differential equation of elastic buckling for ideal member (4)
EI x v IV + Nv ' ' − Nx 0θ ''
=0
Example:
EI y u IV + Nu ' ' − Ny 0θ ' ' = 0
cantilevered I-shape beam
EI ωθ IV − GI tθ '' − Nx 0 v '' + Ny 0 u '' + ( Nr 02 − R ) θ ''
= 0 under end torsional moment

L ; restrained torsion and warping

u = 0 . 5h θ
φ y = u ' ' = 0 . 5h θ ' '
M y = − EI y u '' = − 0 .5 EI y h θ ''
V y = dM / dz = − 0 .5 EI y h θ '''
θ x M ω = V y h = − 0 .5 EI y h 2θ '''
h
I ω = 0 .5 I y h 2 ≈ b 3tf h 2 / 24
tf
M ω = − EI ωθ ''' M k = GI tθ '
y u
b Mω + Mk = MT

13
Overall stability of solid-web compression members
differential equation of elastic buckling for ideal member (5)

EI x v IV + Nv '' − Nx 0θ '' = 0 z N

EI y u IV + Nu '' − Ny 0θ '' = 0 Nv ' Nv ' y

EI ωθ IV − GI tθ '' − Nx0v '' + Ny0u '' + ( Nr 02 − R )θ ' ' = 0 v
θ x0
x
; Equilibrium in torsional mode M z1 = − N v ' x0
- effect of action (1): bending of axis N
moment generated: − N v ' x 0 , N u ' y 0
σ dAa ( s )θ '
- effect of action (2): longitudinal stress σ dA
and residual stress σ dAaθ ' σ dAaθ ' a( s )
σ dAa ( s )θ ' ⋅ a ( s ) ⇒ θ ' ∫ a ( s ) 2 σ dA ⇒ Nr02θ ' aθ
Ix + Iy dθ θ
y
r02 = + x 02 + y 02 x
A
θ ' ∫ a ( s ) 2 σ r dA ⇒ θ ' R a
a
γ = ad θ / dz
- equilibrium in torsional mode
Mω + Mk = MT N

14
Overall stability of solid-web compression members
critical load of ideal member with doubly symmetric section
; critical buckling load
EI x v IV + Nv '' − Nx 0θ '' = 0 EI x v '' + Nv = 0
N Ex = π 2 EI x / L2ox = π EA( I x / A) / Lox = π EA / λx
2 2 2 2

2 2
similarly N Ey = π 2 EI y / L2oy = π EA/ λy
NEθ = (π 2 EIω / L2oθ + GIt + R) / r02 = π 2 EA/ λθ2
Each equation only has one unknown variable and can be solved separately,
indicating that those three buckling modes are independent from each other.

loθ
l
λx = ox =
lox
λy =
loy
=
loy λθ =
Ix A iy Iy A Iw loθ2 GI t + R
ix + ⋅
Aro2 π 2 EAro2

Which critical load among these three will be the dominant one?

15
Overall stability of solid-web compression members
critical load of ideal member with doubly symmetric section

; Effective length factor for different end constraint

- End constraint: bending and torsional deformation
- Constraint types: free end, pinned, fixed end
- Effective length factor: Table 5-4 in page 101

; How about the critical stress? σ E = N E / A = π 2 E / λ2

16
 Overall stability of solid-web compression members
relationships: critical load, critical stress and slenderness

NE / A
NE σ cr

π 2
N E = EA
λ2
ify？
d
Np / A fy y m o
Np W
h
Modify due to
elasto-plastic

λe dHow to λ λe λ
eterm
ine？
critical buckling load vs. critical buckling stress vs.
slenderness slenderness

17
Overall stability of solid-web compression members
critical load of ideal member with singly symmetric section
; decouple one of the simultaneous differential equation
(x-axis is axis of symmetry)
EIxvIV + Nv'' − Nx0θ '' = 0 EIxvIV + Nv'' − Nx0θ '' = 0
EIyuIV + Nu'' − Ny0θ '' = 0 EI yu ''+ Nu = 0
EIωθ IV − GItθ '' − Nx0v'' + Ny0u'' + ( Nr02 − R)θ '' = 0
EIωθ '' − (GIt + R − Nr02 )θ − Nx0v = 0
• two buckling mode: flexural buckling and flexural-torsional buckling (FTB)
• flexural buckling about the unsymmetric axis and FTB about symmetric axis

; Critical buckling load

1 2 1 xo2 2 2
N Ey = π EI y / L
2 2 λω = (λx + λθ ) +
2 2
(λx + λθ ) − 4(1 − 2 )λx λθ
2 2 2

ox 2 2 ro
1 1 x02 NEω2

N Eω = π EA
2
( + ) NEω − (1 − 2 ) =1
NEx NEθ r0 NEx NEθ λω2

18
Overall stability of solid-web compression members
buckling capacity for compression member with imperfection
; Imperfection in compression members
- Mechanical imperfection
residual stress, variable yield strength at each point of a plane
- Geometrical imperfection
initial out-of-straightness (crookedness), initial non-concentric loading
; Deformation of perfect column
without any initial
geometrical imperfection
N : 0 → NEx
N
w
N Ex
v
EIxv'' + Nv = 0
vm

N Ex = π 2 EI x / L2ox
v
N

19
Overall stability of solid-web compression members
buckling capacity for compression member with imperfection
; Effect of initial crookedness on buckling capacity
If initial crookedness about major axis exists for
doubly symmetric cross-section

Flexural equilibrium equation EIxv'' + Nv = 0

EI x (v − vo )'' + Nv = 0
N :0→
N
w if vo = vom sin(π ⋅ z / L)
v vo NE
vm = vom /(1 − N / NE )
vm vom
or N = (1 − vo / vm ) NE

v
N Nult < NE

20
 Overall stability of solid-web compression members
buckling capacity for compression member with imperfection
; Effect of distribution and amplitude of residual stress
on buckling capacity

*
N : 0 → N Ex
N
w N Ex
v
vm *
N Ex
v
N

21
 Overall stability of solid-web compression members
buckling capacity for compression member with imperfection
; Effect of distribution and amplitude of residual stress
on buckling capacity

Ideal stress-strain curve and buckling curve

residual stress and

plastic area after compression

stress-strain curve with residual stress and

corresponding buckling curve

22
 Overall stability of solid-web compression members
buckling curve (柱子曲线)

σ cr / f y stability coefficient
N E (σ cr ) ϕ = σ cr / f y for axially loaded
compression members

Np
1.0
( fy ) Modify due to elasto-
plastic (including effect
of residual stress)
effect of
λe λ imperfection λ
Critical buckling load (stress) Buckling curve (stability coefficient)
vs. slenderness for axially load compression member

23
 Overall stability of solid-web compression members
buckling curve – how to get the stability coefficient (1)
; flexural buckling capacity (1) criteria of yield at extra fibre
N NΔ m Δo
+ = fy Δm =
A Wx 1 − N N Ex

N f y + (1 + ε o )σ Ex f + (1 + ε o )σ Ex 2 AΔ o
σ cr = = − [ y ] − f yσ Ex εo = (eccentric ratio)
A 2 2 Wx

σ cr 1⎧ 1 1 4 ⎫ λ fy
ϕ= = ⎨1 + 2 (1 + ε o ) − [1 + 2 (1 + ε o )] − 2 ⎬
2
λ = (non-dimensional
fy 2⎩ λ λ λ ⎭ π E slenderness)

• applied in Technical code of cold-formed thin-wall steel structures

(GB50018-2002)
• Feasibility used in thin-wall structures:
(a) should not consider plastic development for thin-wall element
(b) less effect of residual stress
(c) just consider initial crookedness and non-concentric loading

24
 Overall stability of solid-web compression members
buckling curve – how to get the stability coefficient (2)
; flexural buckling capacity (2) criteria of ultimate buckling capacity
• numerical simulation method, considering:
shape and dimension of section, mechanical properties
of steel, distribution and amplitude of residual stress,
initial crookedness and torsion of member,
non-concentric loading and buckling direction etc.
• applied in code for design of steel structures (GB50017-2003)
• four buckling curves: ϕ = σ cr / f y
curve a, b, c, d
1.0
σ cr
if λ ≤ 0.215, ϕ = = 1 − α1λ 2
fy
σ cr 1
if λ ; 0.215, ϕ = = [(α 2 + α 3λ + λ 2 )
fy 2λ 2

− (α 2 + α 3λ + λ 2 ) 2 − 4λ 2 ]
λ
buckling curve

25
 Overall stability of solid-web compression members
buckling curve (柱子曲线)

; buckling curves used in GB50017 ϕ = σ cr / f y

• 4 buckling curves:
curve a, b, c, d
1.0
• select relevant curve by:
section types, buckling direction,
plate thickness and
manufacture method
• refer to Table5-4 in page 105

; calculation of stability coefficient λ

• Equation method buckling curve
calculate from former equations (reduction factor for relevant buckling mode)

• Chart method
slenderness → section type → Annex Table 4-3 to 4-6 in page 371-374

26
 Overall stability of solid-web compression members
buckling resistance (design) of a member

; practical equation
N ≤ N ult = σ cr A = (σ cr / f y ) Af y = ϕ Af y
N ≤ ϕ Af d
; Note:
- adopt gross section for buckling resistance
- adopt stability coefficient specified in GB50017-2003

; procedure of buckling resistance design

- ascertain the design value of axial load
- calculate the slenderness about two principal axis separately,
or the equivalent slenderness if needed
- ascertain the stability coefficient
- check the buckling resistance of the member

27
 Local buckling of plate elements
introduction

u.c.e: unstiffened
compression element

s.c.e: stiffened
local buckling of or partially stiffened
plate element compression element

28
 Local buckling of plate elements
differential equation of local buckling of plates

; a square plate subjected to a uniform compression stress

in one direction

Nx b x
y
a
t
t
w
• flat and straight plate with equal thickness
• ratio of width to thickness greater than 10
• uniform compression stress in mid-surface

; perform as compression members?

29
 Local buckling of plate elements
differential equation of local buckling of plates
; comparison with compression members

perform as compression members! but, flexural buckling …

30
 Local buckling of plate elements
differential equation of local buckling of plates
; differential equations of local buckling for plate
∂4w ∂4w ∂4w ∂2w
D( 4 + 2 2 4 + 4 ) + N x 2 = 0 EI x v IV + Nv '' = 0
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Et3 Ebh 3
D= EI x =
12(1 − μ 2 ) 12
plate rigidity
per width

Nx

uniform compression stress

per width

31
 Local buckling of plate elements
critical local buckling of a simply supported square plate
; a simply supported square plate: boundary conditions
• deflection at four edges equals zero
• bending moment at four edges equals zero
∞ ∞
mπx nπy
w = ∑∑ Amn sin sin D (
∂4w
+ 2
∂4w
+
∂4w
) + N
∂2w
=0
m =1 n =1 a b ∂x 4 ∂x 2∂y 4 ∂y 4
x
∂x 2

; critical local buckling of a simply supported square plate

π 2 D mb n2a 2 numbers of m
N xcr = 2
( + )
b a mb half sine waves
a

π 2 D mb a 2 π 2D
N xcr n =1 = ( + ) =k 2
b2 a mb b
critical buckling
while n=1

π 2D π 2E t3
N xcr = 4 =4 ⋅ a/b
b2 12(1 − μ 2 ) b 2

32
 Local buckling of plate elements
critical local buckling stress & its boundary conditions
; critical local buckling stress for a simply supported square plate
N xcr π 2E b2
σ xcr = =4 2
/ 2 b/t: ratio of width to thickness
t 12(1 − μ ) t (宽厚比)

; critical local buckling stress for a square plate

π 2E b2 π 2E t2
σ xcr =4 2
/ 2 ⇒k 2
⋅ 2
12(1 − μ ) t 12(1 − μ ) b
? buckling coefficient for a plate, pertain to
σ E = π 2 E / λ2 load distribution and boundary conditions

; boundary conditions of a plate

• simply-supported, fixed, free end
• combination of different constraint at edges
• constraint in a real plate

33
 Local buckling of plate elements
critical local buckling stress & its boundary conditions
; buckling coefficient for different boundary conditions
π 2E b2 π 2E t2
σ xcr = 4 / ⇒ k ⋅
12(1 − μ 2 ) t 2 12(1 − μ 2 ) b2

1.35 if free end changing to stiffeners

The stronger the constraint, the larger the local buckling

coefficient, and the bigger the critical local buckling resistance

34
 Local buckling of plate elements
constraint actions between plate elements
& effects of elasto-plastic property
; constraint actions between plate elements

; effects of constraint of adjacent plate elements

π 2E t2 π 2E t2
σ xcr =k 2
⋅ 2 σ xcr = χ ⋅k ⋅ 2
12 (1 − μ ) b 2
12 (1 − μ ) b
constraint coefficient between plate elements
for a designated plate

; modification due to the elasto-plastic property

π 2E t2 π 2E t2
σ xcr =k ⋅ σ xcr = ψ t ⋅k ⋅ 2
⋅ 2
12 (1 − μ 2 ) b 2 12 (1 − μ ) b
ψ t = Et / E

35
 Local buckling of plate elements
post-buckling strength of thin plate elements

; structural performance of thin plate after local buckling

36
 Local buckling of plate elements
post-buckling strength of thin plate elements

; structural performance of thin plate after local buckling

Mechanism (physics): stress redistribution

Mechanism (mathematics): large deflection theory, pp123-125

Post-buckling strength will be larger than yield strength?

37
 Local buckling of plate elements
effective width concept and post-buckling strength
œ Effective width concept for simply supported plates

be 1 1
= (1 − 0.22 )
b λe λe

⎛ b ⎞ σe
λe = 1.05⎜ ⎟
⎝ t ⎠ kE
; increase the bending rigidity of member
; increase the buckling resistance of member
: decrease the cross-section resistance
: become less development of plasticity
: deteriorate the hysteretic performance

38
 Local buckling of plate elements
design criteria of preventing local buckling of plates

; Criteria 1: No local buckling allowed in any plate

⎧σ cr ≥ f 1
⎨ π E2
t 2 b ⎡ ψ t χkπ E ⎤
2 2
⎩σ cr ≥ ϕ ⋅ f σ cr = ψ t χk ( ) ≥ ϕf y ≤⎢ ⎥
12(1 − υ 2 ) b t ⎢⎣12(1 − υ 2 )ϕf y ⎥⎦

Use ratio of width to thickness of a plate to guarantee the local buckling, pp127

; Criteria 2: local buckling allowed, use post-buckling strength

1. effective width and effective cross-section
be 1 1 ⎛ b ⎞ σe
= (1 − 0.22 ) λe = 1.05⎜ ⎟
b λe λe ⎝ t ⎠ kE
2. cross-section resistance and buckling resistance using effective width
N
≤ fd
ϕ ⋅ Ae

39
Overall stability of built-up compression member
concept of built-up compression members
; Why use built-up compression members?
pursuing identical buckling resistance in x, y direction x lacing

; Types of built-up members y y

actual axis
Chord: built-up section / shaped section
two-, three-, four-chord chord x
virtual axis
Bracing: lacing → form triangular shape
battening → form rectangular shape

Axis: actual axis / virtual axis

; Overall stability about actual axis

The same as solid-web compression members

even for channel shape?

40
Overall stability of built-up compression member
concept of built-up compression members

41
Overall stability of built-up compression member
differential equation considering shear deformation
; differential equation for buckling resistance N
considering the effect of shear deformation
v = v1 + v 2
v1'' = − M x / EI x = − Nv / EI x
dv 2 dM x
= γ = γ 1V = γ 1 = γ 1 Nv ' → v 2'' = γ 1 Nv ''
dz dz
γ 1 —shear stain under unit shear force
v '' = v1'' + v 2'' = − Nv / EI x + γ 1 Nv ''
N v dv1 dv 2
→ v '' + v=0
EI x (1 − γ 1 N ) dz γ

; solution of the differential equation

π 2 EI x (1 − γ 1 N cr ) π 2 EA
N cr = → N cr = N
L 2
λ x + π 2 EA γ 1

42
Overall stability of built-up compression member
buckling resistance of built-up members considering shear deformation
; buckling resistance of built-up members
π 2 EA π 2 EA
N cr = 2 2
= 2
λ x + π EA γ 1 λ0 x
Equivalent slenderness

λ 0 x = λ 2x + π 2 EA γ 1 → λ0 x ≥ λ x
Shear stain decrease the bending rigidity of member,
thus decrease the flexural buckling resistance
; How to get the shear strain γ 1 ?
; calculation of equivalent slenderness
Table 5-5, pp111

λ 0 x = λ 2x + 27 A / A1x ←laced compression members

λ 0 x = λ 2x + λ12 ←battened compression members

43
 Local buckling of laced compression members
local buckling of plate, chord and lacing
; Local buckling of compressive plate in chords
Design as that of solid-web compression members.

; buckling of each chord

λ1 ≤ 0.7λmax = 0.7 max{λ y , λox } Nt
V1
; buckling of lacing
Af d 235
V max =
85 fy
V1 V max
Nt = =
n ⋅ cos α 2 n ⋅ cos α
Nt
≤ γ 0 ⋅ fd Vmax
ϕ ⋅ At

44
Local buckling of battened compression member
local buckling of plate, chord and battening

; Local buckling of compressive plate in chords

Design as that of solid-web compression members.

; buckling of each chord

λ1 ≤ min{40, 0.5λmax } V1 a
; buckling of battening
Structural behavior of battened compression members
is similar to that of multi-storey rigid frame.
T
a
Internal force of battening: T = V a V1
1
c
a
M = V1
2
Local buckling and strength like deep beam c

45
 Overall and local buckling of built-up
compression member
design procedures
; distinguish the actual axis and virtual axis
; overall stability design about actual axis how about
design as that of solid-web compression members. channel section?

; overall stability design about virtual axis

compute the slenderness about virtual axis (note: just consider the chord)
compute the equivalent slenderness (note: types of built-up members)
π2 k1 2
Table 5-5 or λox = λ + 2
x (1 + 2 )λ1
12 kb
compute the buckling coefficient of member about virtual axis
compute the buckling resistance about virtual axis
; local buckling resistance
local buckling of plates, buckling of chord and bracing

46
 Rigidity of compression members
allowable slenderness

; concept of rigidity of compression members is

the same as that of tension members

; allowable slenderness
more rigorous than allowable slenderness of tension members

λ max ≤ [ λ ]
[ λ ] is about 150~200

47
 Overall and local buckling of compression member
design procedures
; Selection of member section
Section: requirement of overall stability, local buckling and ease to connect

; Strength: cross-section resistance

; Overall buckling resistance
Solid-web compression members
Laced or battened compression members: actual and virtual axis/
chord and bracing

; local buckling resistance

Allowable ratio of width to thickness
Effective width and effective area

; rigidity of compression members

48