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GENERAL
The Dry low 2.0+ (DLN-2.0+) control system regulates the distribution of fuel delivered to a
multi-nozzle combustor arrangement. The fuel flow distribution to each combustion chamber
fuel nozzle assembly is a function of combustion reference temperature (TTRF1) and IGV
temperature control mode. Diffusion, Sub-piloted Premix, piloted premix, and premix flame are
established by changing the fuel flow distribution in the combustor. By a combination of fuel
staging and shifting of burning modes from diffusion at ignition through full pre-mix at high
load, dramatically lower NOx emissions can be achieved above firing temperatures of 2,270°F.
The gas fuel system consists of the gas fuel stop/speed ratio valve, diffusion gas control valve,
PM4 gas control valve, and PM1 gas control valve. (Refer to Figure 1).
The stop/speed ratio valve (SRV) is designed to maintain a predetermined pressure (P2) at the
control valve inlet. The diffusion, PM4, and PM1 gas control valves (GCVs) regulate the desired
gas fuel flow delivered to the turbine in response to the command signal FSR from the
SPEEDTRONIC panel. The dry low NOx mode of operation will determine how the control
valves stage fuel to the multi-nozzle combustion system. The auxiliary stop valve is used to
provide class 6 sealing when heated fuels are used.
The stop/speed ratio valve and gas control valves are monitored for their ability to track the
command set-point. If the valve command set-point differs from the actual valve position by a
prescribed amount for a period of time, an alarm will annunciate to warn the operator. If the
condition persists for an extended amount of time, the turbine will be tripped and another alarm
will annunciate the trip.
Gas Strainer
A strainer is provided in the fuel gas supply line upstream of the stop/speed ratio valve. This gas
strainer is a last chance strainer. The purpose of the strainer is to stop foreign objects or materials
that may prevent the gas turbine from operating/shutting down safely. The strainer is not
designed for continual fuel gas clean up. The strainer utilizes a differential pressure switch
63FGD-1 or transducer 96FGD-1 along with a differential pressure gauge installed across the
strainer to monitor blockage.
The pressure switch or transducer initiates an alarm to the turbine control panel if the gas
differential pressure increases beyond a specified setting. During operation, the strainer
differential pressure should be closely monitored. If an alarm is registered, the strainer should be
inspected and if required cleaned. All strainer contamination shall be considered abnormal and
the source of contamination shall be verified. All strainer maintenance shall be performed in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Each strainer is equipped with a lockable
vent valve that vents to FG2, see MLI 0422 for additional information on location of strainer
vent valve and instructions for venting the fuel gas to a safe area.
Prior to strainer maintenance, the upstream and downstream pressure shall be zero. To determine
the downstream pressure, utilize the pressure gauge FG-1 and pressure transducer 96FG-1. The
upstream pressure can be verified by using the differential pressure gauge FG-3 and differential
pressure switch 63FGD-1 or transmitter 96FGD-1. When using the differential pressure
gauge/switch/transmitter to determine that the upstream pressure is zero, the downstream
pressure shall be zero; the sensing lines to the differential devices shall be open; and the pressure
equalizer valve shall be closed.
The fuel gas strainer may be one of the following types Y Strainer, Duplex Strainer, or Multi
Element Strainer. All three designs utilize a metal mesh filtration element.
1. Y Type Strainer
The Y Type Strainer is basket type strainer; it is designed as a single unit with one strainer
basket.
2. Duplex Strainer
The duplex strainer is a basket type strainer; it is designed as a single unit with two separate
baskets and a flow transfer valve. The transfer valve is designed to allow fuel gas to flow
through only one basket at a time. If a high differential pressure is observed, the transfer
valve allows for the transfer to a clean basket.
3. Multi-Element Strainer
The Multi-Element Strainer is designed as single unit with multiple elements arranged in
parallel to the fuel gas flow path, each element is fed with fuel gas simultaneously. In order
to perform maintenance on the Multi-Element strainer, the unit must be removed from the
fuel gas piping.
Therefore it may be necessary to place temporary pipe supports in the fuel gas pipe spools
upstream and downstream of the unit.
Pressure Gauges
One differential pressure gauge (PDI-FG-3) measures the difference between the inlet and outlet
pressures of the gas strainer.
Three pressure gauges, with hand valves, are installed in the fuel gas supply line. The upstream
pressure gauge (PI-FG-1) measures the pressure of the gas entering the stop/speed ratio valve;
the intermediate pressure gauge (PI-FG-2) measures P2 pressure ahead of the gas control valve;
and the downstream gauges (PI-D5, PI-PM-1, PI-PM-4) measures the pressure as the gas leaves
the gas control valves.
Sub-Piloted Pre-Mix
In this mode the fuel is split between the two gas control valves. The G2 PM1 split ramps up in
the higher end of this mode to optimize combustion dynamics. Attention must be made not to
exceed the defined split-level at the high end of this mode due to hardware concerns. Sub piloted
premix is the combustion mode between L14HS and FXKTH loading and FXKTH-FXKTHDB
to L14HS. Sub piloted premix mode is the steady state FSNL mode.
Piloted Pre-Mix
In this mode, the fuel is split between the three gas control valves. To split between G2 and G3,
the split would be 20/80. It is normal to run the pre-mix burners slightly off even-split to
optimize combustion dynamics at the expense missions. Piloted premix is the combustion mode
between combustion reference temperature FFXKTH and FXKTM-loading, and FXKTM-
FXKTMDB to FXKTH-FXKTHDB unloading.
Pre-Mix
In pre-mix, all the fuel is directed to tG2 and G3, which feed PM1 and PM4 respectively. To
give an even premix split between G2 and G3, the split would be 20/80. It is normal to run the
premix burners slightly off even split to optimize combustion dynamics at the expense of
emissions.
The diagrams in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 show how fuel flow is controlled while
transferring between the various combustion modes.
CHAMBER ARRANGEMENT
The 9FA+ employs 18 similar combustors. For each machine there are two spark plugs and four
flame detectors in selected chambers with crossfire tubes connecting adjacent combustors. Each
combustor consists of a five nozzle/cover assembly, forward and aft combustion casings, flow
sleeve assembly, multi-nozzle cap assembly, liner assembly, and transition piece assembly.
pressure must be of a magnitude (greater than Pcc) to prevent backflow through nozzles and
prevent cross-talk between fuel nozzles and combustion chambers. The gas fuel/gas fuel purge
junction and downstream piping are designed to support plugged flow (minimal mixing of fuel
and air). These components and piping have also been set out so that stagnant and unswept
volumes have been minimized. Furthermore, the gas fuel/gas fuel purge junction has been
designed so that the introduction of purge into a gas-filled manifold does not cause an
unacceptably high load swing.
This is primarily achieved by introducing a soft purge, VA13-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6 are opened
over 35 seconds. A continuous purge is provided to Diffusion at a pressure ratio of 0.98 (P4 to
PCD) and to Pre-Mix (PM1 and PM4) at 0.955 (P4 to PCD).
FLAME DETECTION
Reliable detection of the flame location in the DLN-2.0+ system is critical to the control of the
combustion process and to the protection of the gas turbine hardware. Four flame detectors in
separate combustion chambers around the gas turbine are mounted to detect flame in all modes
of operation. The signals from these flame detectors are processed in control logic and used for
various control and protection functions.
IGNITION SYSTEM
Two spark plugs located in different combustion chambers are used to ignite fuel flow. These
spark plugs are energized to ignite fuel during start-up only, at firing speed. Flame is propagated
to those combustion chambers without spark plugs through crossfire tubes that connect adjacent
combustion chambers around the gas turbine.
CONTINGENCY OPERATION
Unit Trip
In the event of a unit trip, the gas fuel system will be shut down by deactivating the dump valves
on the SRV and GCVs. This will allow the hydraulic fluid which activates the valve open to be
ported to drain, while fluid is ported from hydraulic supply to close the valve, with assistance
from the spring force.
False Start
During a false start, where flame is not established in the four monitored combustion chambers
after 60 seconds, the Auxiliary Stop Valve, SRV, and GCVs are shut and the unit is run through
a second unit purge cycle. At the end of this purge cycle, fuel is admitted and firing is again
attempted. If the second attempt is unsuccessful in maintaining flame, the unit is tripped and the
Auxiliary Stop Valve SRV and GCVs close.