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What is a Report

The definition of report writing is creating an account or statement that describes in detail an
event, situation or occurrence, usually as the result of observation or inquiry. The two most
common forms of report writing are news report writing and academic report writing. Report
writing is different from other forms of writing because it only includes facts, not the opinion or
judgement of the writer.
News reporting typically involves writing about what, when, where and why an event happened.
The foundation of any news report is facts. However, eye witness accounts and interviews with
experts are often added to strengthen the story and provide more details. News report writing is
usually organized with the most relevant information at the beginning and supporting details or
background information at the end of the report.
On the other hand, academic report writing focuses on summarizing the process of conducting
research. For example, the materials used, the process of testing and the observed results are all
commonly found in an academic report. This kind of report usually includes a hypothesis or a
statement regarding the expected outcome of the research. Like news reporting, academic report
writing includes facts and a description of the events that took place during the research.
A report is a document that presents information in an organized format for a
specific audience and purpose. Although summaries of reports may be delivered orally, complete
reports are almost always in the form of written documents.
Kuiper and Clippinger define business reports as "organized, objective presentations of
observations, experiences, or facts used in the decision-making process"
(Contemporary Business Reports, 2013).
Sharma and Mohan define a technical report as "a written statement of the facts of a situation,
project, process or test; how these facts were ascertained; their significance; the conclusions that
have been drawn from them; and [in some cases] the recommendations that are being made"
(Business Correspondence and Report Writing, 2002).
Types of reports include memos, minutes, lab reports, book reports, progress reports,
justification reports, compliance reports, annual reports, and policies and procedures.
Etymology: From the Latin, "carry"
Observations
 "Reports can fulfill four different, and sometimes related, functions. They can be used as
controls to ensure that all departments are functioning properly, to give information, to
provide an analysis, and to persuade others to act."
(H. Dan O'Hair, James S. O'Rourke, and Mary John O'Hair, Business Communication: A
Framework for Success. South-Western College Publishing, 2001)
Characteristics of Effective Reports
 "Effective reports are understood by the reader as the writer intended, and they influence
the reader to act as the writer desired. The writer's objectives are most likely to be
achieved if they correspond with the needs and objectives of the reader. An effective
report is empathetic, accurate, complete, concise, and clear. Above all, an effective report
presents information ethically."
(Shirley Kuiper and Dorinda Clippinger, Contemporary Business Reports, 5th ed. South-
Western, Cengage, 2013)
Warren Buffet on Communicating With an Audience
 To succeed, I don't need to be Shakespeare; I must, though, have a sincere desire to
inform."
(Warren Buffet, Foreword to A Plain English Handbook [pdf]. U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission, 1998)
Long and Short Reports
 "In the professional world, decision makers rely on two broad types of report: Some
reports focus primarily on information ('what we're doing now,' 'what we did last month,'
'what our customer survey found,' 'what went on at the department meeting'). But beyond
merely providing information, many reports also include analysis ('what this information
means for us,' 'what courses of action should be considered,' 'what we recommend, and
why'). . . .
"For every long (formal) report, countless short (informal) reports lead to informed
decisions on matters as diverse as the most comfortable office chairs to buy or the best
recruit to hire for management training. Unlike long reports, most short reports require no
extended planning, are quickly prepared, contain little or no background information, and
have no front or end matter (title page, table of contents, glossary, etc.). But despite
their conciseness, short reports do provide the information and analysis that readers
need."
(John M. Lannon, Technical Communication. Pearson, 2006)
Writing reports
A report is written for a clear purpose and to a particular audience. Specific information and
evidence are presented, analysed and applied to a particular problem or issue. The information is
presented in a clearly structured format making use of sections and headings so that the
information is easy to locate and follow.
When you are asked to write a report you will usually be given a report brief which provides you
with instructions and guidelines. The report brief may outline the purpose, audience and problem
or issue that your report must address, together with any specific requirements for format or
structure. This guide offers a general introduction to report writing; be sure also to take account
of specific instructions provided by your department.
What makes a good report?
Two of the reasons why reports are used as forms of written assessment are:
 to find out what you have learned from your reading, research or experience;
 to give you experience of an important skill that is widely used in the work place.
An effective report presents and analyses facts and evidence that are relevant to the specific
problem or issue of the report brief. All sources used should be acknowledged and referenced
throughout, in accordance with the preferred method of your department. The style of writing in
a report is usually less discursive than in an essay, with a more direct and economic use of
language. A well written report will demonstrate your ability to:
 understand the purpose of the report brief and adhere to its specifications;
 gather, evaluate and analyse relevant information;
 structure material in a logical and coherent order;
 present your report in a consistent manner according to the instructions of the report brief;
 make appropriate conclusions that are supported by the evidence and analysis of the report;
 make thoughtful and practical recommendations where required.
The structure of a report
Title Page
This should briefly but explicitly describe the purpose of the report (if this is not obvious from
the title of the work). Other details you may include could be your name, the date and for whom
the report is written.
Terms of Reference
Under this heading you could include a brief explanation of who will read the report (audience)
why it was written (purpose) and how it was written (methods). It may be in the form of a
subtitle or a single paragraph.
Summary (Abstract)
The summary should briefly describe the content of the report. It should cover the aims of the
report, what was found and what, if any, action is called for. Aim for about 1/2 a page in length
and avoid detail or discussion; just outline the main points. Remember that the summary is the
first thing that is read. It should provide the reader with a clear, helpful overview of the content
of the report.
Contents (Table of Contents)
The contents page should list the different chapters and/or headings together with the page
numbers. Your contents page should be presented in such a way that the reader can quickly scan
the list of headings and locate a particular part of the report. You may want to number chapter
headings and subheadings in addition to providing page references. Whatever numbering system
you use, be sure that it is clear and consistent throughout.
Introduction
The introduction sets the scene for the main body of the report. The aims and objectives of the
report should be explained in detail. Any problems or limitations in the scope of the report
should be identified, and a description of research methods, the parameters of the research and
any necessary background history should be included.
In some reports, particularly in science subjects, separate headings for Methods and Resultsare
used prior to the main body (Discussion) of the report as described below.
Methods
Information under this heading may include: a list of equipment used; explanations of procedures
followed; relevant information on materials used, including sources of materials and details of
any necessary preparation; reference to any problems encountered and subsequent changes in
procedure.
Results
This section should include a summary of the results of the investigation or experiment together
with any necessary diagrams, graphs or tables of gathered data that support your results. Present
your results in a logical order without comment. Discussion of your results should take place in
the main body (Discussion) of the report.
Discussion
The main body of the report is where you discuss your material. The facts and evidence you have
gathered should be analysed and discussed with specific reference to the problem or issue. If
your discussion section is lengthy you might divide it into section headings. Your points should
be grouped and arranged in an order that is logical and easy to follow. Use headings and
subheadings to create a clear structure for your material. Use bullet points to present a series of
points in an easy-to-follow list. As with the whole report, all sources used should be
acknowledged and correctly referenced.
Conclusion
In the conclusion you should show the overall significance of what has been covered. You may
want to remind the reader of the most important points that have been made in the report or
highlight what you consider to be the most central issues or findings. However, no new material
should be introduced in the conclusion.
Appendices
Under this heading you should include all the supporting information you have used that is not
published. This might include tables, graphs, questionnaires, surveys or transcripts. Refer to the
appendices in the body of your report.

Bibliography
Your bibliography should list, in alphabetical order by author, all published sources referred to in
your report. There are different styles of using references and bibliographies. Texts which you
consulted but did not refer to directly could be grouped under a separate heading such as
'Background Reading' and listed in alphabetical order using the same format as in your
bibliography.
Acknowledgements
Where appropriate you may wish to acknowledge the assistance of particular organisations or
individuals who provided information, advice or help.
Glossary of Technical Terms
It is useful to provide an alphabetical list of technical terms with a brief, clear description of each
term. You can also include in this section explanations of the acronyms, abbreviations or
standard units used in your report.
You will not necessarily be required to use all of the headings described above, nor will they
necessarily be in the order given here. Check your departmental guidelines or instructions.
Writing the report: the essential stages
All reports need to be clear, concise and well structured. The key to writing an effective report is
to allocate time for planning and preparation. With careful planning, the writing of a report will
be made much easier. The essential stages of successful report writing are described below.
Consider how long each stage is likely to take and divide the time before the deadline between
the different stages. Be sure to leave time for final proof reading and checking.
Stage One: Understanding the report brief
This first stage is the most important. You need to be confident that you understand the purpose
of your report as described in your report brief or instructions. Consider who the report is for and
why it is being written. Check that you understand all the instructions or requirements, and ask
your tutor if anything is unclear.
Stage Two: Gathering and selecting information
Once you are clear about the purpose of your report, you need to begin to gather relevant
information. Your information may come from a variety of sources, but how much information
you will need will depend on how much detail is required in the report. You may want to begin
by reading relevant literature to widen your understanding of the topic or issue before you go on
to look at other forms of information such as questionnaires, surveys etc. As you read and gather
information you need to assess its relevance to your report and select accordingly. Keep referring
to your report brief to help you decide what is relevant information.
Stage Three: Organising your material
Once you have gathered information you need to decide what will be included and in what
sequence it should be presented. Begin by grouping together points that are related. These may
form sections or chapters. Remember to keep referring to the report brief and be prepared to cut
any information that is not directly relevant to the report. Choose an order for your material that
is logical and easy to follow.
Stage Four: Analysing your material
Before you begin to write your first draft of the report, take time to consider and make notes on
the points you will make using the facts and evidence you have gathered. What conclusions can
be drawn from the material? What are the limitations or flaws in the evidence? Do certain pieces
of evidence conflict with one another? It is not enough to simply present the information you
have gathered; you must relate it to the problem or issue described in the report brief.
Stage Five: Writing the report
Having organised your material into appropriate sections and headings you can begin to write the
first draft of your report. You may find it easier to write the summary and contents page at the
end when you know exactly what will be included. Aim for a writing style that is direct and
precise. Avoid waffle and make your points clearly and concisely. Chapters, sections and even
individual paragraphs should be written with a clear structure. The structure described below can
be adapted and applied to chapters, sections and even paragraphs.
 Introduce the main idea of the chapter/section/paragraph
 Explain and expand the idea, defining any key terms.
 Present relevant evidence to support your point(s).
 Comment on each piece of evidence showing how it relates to your point(s).
 Conclude your chapter/section/paragraph by either showing its
significance to the report as a whole or making a link to the next chapter/section/paragraph.
Stage Six: Reviewing and redrafting
Ideally, you should leave time to take a break before you review your first draft. Be prepared to
rearrange or rewrite sections in the light of your review. Try to read the draft from the
perspective of the reader. Is it easy to follow with a clear structure that makes sense? Are the
points concisely but clearly explained and supported by relevant evidence? Writing on a word
processor makes it easier to rewrite and rearrange sections or paragraphs in your first draft. If
you write your first draft by hand, try writing each section on a separate piece of paper to make
redrafting easier.
Stage Seven: Presentation
Once you are satisfied with the content and structure of your redrafted report, you can turn your
attention to the presentation. Check that the wording of each chapter/section/subheading is clear
and accurate. Check that you have adhered to the instructions in your report brief regarding
format and presentation. Check for consistency in numbering of chapters, sections and
appendices. Make sure that all your sources are acknowledged and correctly referenced. You will
need to proof read your report for errors of spelling or grammar. If time allows, proof read more
than once. Errors in presentation or expression create a poor impression and can make the report
difficult to read.
Feedback
Any feedback from tutors on returned work can be used to create a checklist of key points to
consider for your next report. Identify priority areas for attention and seek out further
information and advice. Speak to your tutor or an adviser from the Learning Development. Used
in this way, feedback from tutors can provide a useful tool for developing and improving your
writing skills.

REPORT WRITING:TYPES, FORMAT, STRUCTURE AND RELEVANCE


ENGLISH PRESENTATION REPORT WRITING: TYPES, FORMATS, STRUCTURE and
RELEVANCE
Report is always written in a sequential manner in order of occurrenceMost official form
of information or work are completed via report. Report is an administrative necessity.
Reports are often conveyed in writing, speech, television, or film. It is any informational
work made with an intention to relay information or recounting certain events in a
presentable manner. REPORT
TYPES OF REPORT: FORMAL INFORMAL
The informal report functions to inform, analyze, and recommend. • It usually takes the form
of a memo, letter or a very short international document like a monthly financial report,
monthly activities report, research and development report, etc. • This report differs from the
formal report in length and formality. • It is written according to organization style and rules,
but usually does not include the preliminary (front) and supplemental (back) material. • The
informal report is usually more controversial in tone and typically deals with everyday
problems and issues addressed to a narrow readership inside the organization. TYPES OF
INFORMAL REPORT There are many embodiments of the informal report: i. Progress
report ii. Sales activity report iii. Personnel evaluation iv. Financial report v. Feasibility
report vi. Literature review vii. Credit report• The formal report is the collection and
interpretation of data and information. • The formal report is complex and used at an official
level. • It is often a written account of a major project. • Examples of subject matter include
new technologies, the advisability of launching a new project line, results of a study or
experiment, an annual report, or a year old review of developments in the field.
Recommendation reportsAnalytical reports Informational reports TYPES OF FORMAL
REPORT They can be categorized as: INFORMATIONAL REPORTS • Informational
reports present results so readers can understand a particular problem or situation. • Example:
Manager of a city’s website might prepare an informational report for the city council; the
report would provide statistics on the number of people who pay their city water and sewage
bills online etc. • Informational reports might: A. Present information on the status of current
research or of a project. B. Present an update of the operation in your division. C. Explain
how your organization or division does something. D. Present the results of a questionnaire
or research.
ANALYTICAL REPORTS • This type goes a step beyond presenting results. Analytical reports
present results, analyze those results, and draw conclusions based on those results. • These
reports attempt to describe why or how something happened and then to explain what it means. •
Like informational reports, analytical reports can be formal or informal. • Explain what cause a
problem or situation – Present the results of a traffic study showing accidents at an intersection –
the report explains what it means. • Explain the potential results of a particular course of action. •
Suggest which option, action, or procedure is best. RECOMMENDATION REPORTS • This
type advocate a particular course of action. This usually present the results and conclusions that
support the recommendations. • This type is identical to analytical report. • For example, your
analytical report suggests using treatment X is more efficient than treatments Y and Z. However,
that does not mean that you will use treatment X as cost and other considerations might
recommend treatment Y. • What should we do about a problem? • Should we or can we do
something? • Should we change the method or technology we use to do something? THE PLAN
FOR PREPARING A FORMAL REPORT • Identify the readers • Determine your purpose •
Formulate specific questions • Conduct research to answer the questions • Draw valid
conclusions (for analytical or recommendation reports) • Decide on recommendations (for
recommendations) • Write the reportMost widely used Information written in a logical manner or
sequence All the case studies or formal narration are written in this format , it follows a
sequential manner of description All the steps are to be followed accordingly. NARRATIVE
REPORT
Summary of reports about specialized law enforcement and police problems May be either
narrative, chronological, or both It may not follow a single pattern due to the different case types
and description. SPECIALIZED REPORT
The report defines complete description of the accident It describes the location and the loss
occurred. It is important for documentation It is required to start any investigation. ACCIDENT
REPORT
The purpose is to describe the way things are, this type is mainly used in letter, non
fiction book, information leaflet, catalouge etc. The opening contains a general
classification, a description of chosen subject then the paragraphs about different aspects
of the subject and lastly conclusion NON CHRONOLOGICAL REPORT There are
numerous possible formats available for writing a report, and it mostly depends on the
context of topic Unlike essays, reports are written in sections with headings and sub-
headings, which are usually numbered.  Although, there is no set report writing format,
however, there are general sections that should be included. FORMAT OF A REPORT
Below given are the components of a report in which they would occur: 1. Title page: It
should include the title, your name and the name of the tutor to whom it is being
submitted, date of submission, your course/department. The logo of the organisation
should also be printed. 2. Acknowledgements: A list of people and organisations who
have helped you in the compilation of report and other related work.
Contents page: A clear, well-formatted list of all the sections and sub-sections of the
report. Page numbers should be marked correctly. 4. Abstract: A summary of the major
points, conclusions, and recommendations should be written to give a general overview
of report. 5. Introduction: The first page of the report needs to have an introduction. You
will explain the problem and show the reader why the report is being made.
Body: This is the main section of the report. There needs to be several sections, with each
having a subtitle. The various sections include Review of Literature, Materials and
Methods and Results. A discussion section can also be included at the end of the body to
go over by findings and their significance. 7. Conclusion: A conclusion should draw out
the implications of your findings, with deductions based on the facts described in your
main body. The significance and relevance of study is discussed in this section. 8.
References: This is a list giving the full details of all the sources to which you have made
reference within your text. RELEVANCE OF REPORT WRITINGIt is prepared for the
information and guidance of others connected with the matter / problem.It provides
feedback to employees. A report acts as an effective means of communication within the
organization. 1. REPORT AS A MEANS OF INTERNAL COMMUNICATION
It acts as a treasure house of reliable information for long term planning and decision
making.Report provide reliable data which can be used in the planning and decision making
process. 2. REPORT FACILITATES DECISION MAKING AND PLANNING
Even new business opportunities are visible through unknown information available in the
reports. The committee members collect data, draw conclusions and provide information
which will be new to all concerned parties.  Reports provide information, which may not be
known previously. 3. REPORT DISCLOSES UNKNOWN INFORMATION
Report provide a feedback to employees and are useful for their self-improvement. They are
widely used by the departments for guidance.  Reports are available to managers and
departments for internal use. 4. REPORT GIVES INFORMATION TO EMPLOYEES

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