Semester 20182019/1

Md. Mizanur Rahman

CEng (UK), MSc Eng(Sweden), PhD (Finland),
Chartered Energy Engineer (EI, UK)

School of Mechanical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

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 Contents
Chapter 1 Energy and the environment
Chapter 2 Global energy use and supply
Chapter 3 Thermodynamic principles of energy conversion
Chapter 4 Thermodynamics of fossil, biomass and synthetic fuels
Chapter 5 Electrical energy generation, transmission, and storage
Chapter 6 Fossil-fueled power plants
Chapter 7 Nuclear-fuelled power plants: Energy for the future or relic of the past
Chapter 8 Renewable Energy for the sustainable development: Status, prospects and
challenges
Chapter 9 Energy use in transportation
Chapter 10 Environmental effects of fossil fuel use
Chapter 11 Global warming, climate change, and ozone layer depletion
Chapter 12 Emerging technologies: Fuel cells, micro-turbines and smart grid
Chapter 12 Emerging technologies: Net-zero energy buildings and passive design
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Chapter 13 Energy economics, trading and policy
• Test 1: 20% marks
• Test 2: 20% marks
• Final exam: 40% marks
• Four assignments: 10% marks
• Project: 10% marks

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 Energy: Priority area for every country
in the 21st century
• Main ingredient for economic and
human development

• Lighting a room, keeping a hospital

open, running a factory, driving a car
– energy is at the heart of every day
life.

• A crucial factor for growth, economic

competitiveness and employment.

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 Consequences

Causes

Energy sector Drought, cyclone, tropical

(exploration, Emissions Global Climate storms, biodiversity loss,
transformation (65%) warming change sea level rise, Landscape
and use) changing, sudden floods

Agriculture Water pollution

Deforestation, Land use Air pollution
change, Rice cultivation, Soil pollution
Livestock farming Chemical Acid rain
fertilizers Noise pollution
CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, CFC
Industry Sight pollution
Chemical and process Emissions
(35%) Land degradation
industry
Building Ocean system collapse-oil spills,
Energy use Run off chemicals, acid rain
Commerce Flora and fauna loss
Energy use Nuclear radioactive pollution
Wastes

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 Serving of energy is complex
Serving of energy (either as a product or
service) is complex, because it:
• Involves several forms such as thermal, mechanical,
electrical, chemical energy
• Interacts with input from human operators and other
systems (e.g. networks, fuels, markets)
• These inputs are distributed over a wide geographic
expanse
• Widespread infrastructures and equipment
• Connected with several physical and non-physical
entities 6
• Energy technology is a mechanical engineering branch
connected with several other disciplines (e.g. electrical,
economics, and social science etc.)
• Deals with efficient and safe
– Extraction
– Conversion and
– Use of energy

Whilst taking into account environment, economics, and societal

issues
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 Reserves running out
Coal, oil and natural gas account for over 85% of global TPES.
Fossil fuel Reserves (2013) Annual consumption Years to be fully
resources rate exhausted (y)

Natural Gas 209 trillion cubic 3.5 trillion cubic 50-60

meter meter/y
Oil 1600 billion 30 billion barrels/y 50-60
barrels
Coal 1037 billion 7.5 billion tonne/y 100-140
tonne
TPES= Total primary energy supply
 Fossil fuel reserve will be exhausted (oil 55, gas 56, coal 118 years).
 Environmental degradation and climate change.
 Growing demand
Reference: http://www.worldenergy.org/wp-
content/uploads/2013/10/WEC_Resources_summary-final_180314_TT.pdf 8
 Resource footprints

 2010: Equivalent to 1.5

earth planet
 2030: Equivalent to 2.0
earth planets
 2050: >2.5 equivalent
earth planets
This means, in 2010 the
earth needs 1.5 yr. to
regenarate the resources
what we used in a year.

Main resources are land, water, plants etc.

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Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
 World

Malaysia overtakes its total

resource capacity limits in
1994

Malaysia USA

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Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
 Total annual emission = 49 Gt/y

CFC
2%
N2O Non-fossil-
6% related CO2
16 %

CH4
16%

CO2
76%

Fossil fuel-
related CO2
84 %

Contribution of CO2 of total GHG emissions Contribution of fossil fuel-related CO2

(38 Gt/y out of total 49 Gt/y). of total CO2 emissions (32 Gt/y out of
38 Gt/y) 11
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 World energy use is constantly growing

1 toe = 41.86 GJ 13
 Population Traditional use of
without biomass for cooking
Region
electricity Share of population
(millions) %

Africa 600 67
Sub-Saharan Africa 599 79
Developing Asia 615 51
India 306 66
Rest of developing Asia 309
Latin America 24 15
Middle East 19 4
OECD 1
World 1 258 38
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• Smoke from the exhaust of bus, car, scooter
etc.
• Smoke billowing from factory chimney
• Fly ash generated by power plants etc.

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• Effluent outfalls from power generating plants,
factories, refineries , waste treatment plants etc.
• Residue of human, agriculture particles, fertilizers
pesticides etc.

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• The primary cause of acid rain is SOx (sulfur
dioxide) and NOx (nitrogen oxides).
• Most sulfur dioxides cause from power plants
that use coal as their fuel.
• Power plants that burns fossil fuels emit nitrogen
oxides.

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• Extraction of coal, oil, and gas from reservoirs
• Collapse of underground mines
• Pumping of water from underground sources etc.

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• Oil tanker leaks or sinks into the ocean
• Oil pipe leakage into the water bodies
• Equipment breaking down into water
• Oil mine accidents

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• Noise pollution are caused due to the vibration of
machinery used in industry and power plants ,transport
vehicles ,air planes etc.

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• For example, nearly 80
mammal species were found in
Malaysia's primary forests.
• While oil palm plantations
have only 11 or 12 species
• Similar species reductions
occur for insects, birds,
reptiles and soil
microorganisms.
• Use of poisons to eliminate
rats within oil palm
plantations, which also poison
other animals.

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• Land degradation is a process in which the value of the
biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-
induced processes acting upon the land

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• Energy domain faces
several major challenges:
– Environmental impacts
– Depletion of reserves
– Increasing demand
– Lack of access to
modern form of energy

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The term ‘sustainability’ has come to the scene as soon as
these challenges are recognized.
 What is sustainability?
Development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs (Bruntland’s report to UN 1987).

√Development that cares three pillars (P)- planet

(environment), people (society), and profit (economy)

√Development that upholds three A’s- resource availability,

Resource accessibility and resource acceptability.
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Major tools
• Energy efficiency
– efficiency in energy technologies, economics,
policy, management, planning etc.
• Utilization of renewable resources.
– technology, modeling, policy, economics, and
systems.

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Ref: WEO 2012 p282
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 450 scenario relative to new policies scenario
Ref: Energy Efficiency Technologies: Overview Report World Energy Council 2013 P10
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Exploration and production
(O&G), mining etc.

Processing/transportation
(LNG, GTL, CTL)

Transformation
Power generation,
refinery

Transmission and
distribution

Final use
Industry, building,
transport

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Power plant
• Global average efficiency of coal fired plant is
approximately 34%.

• Whereas state-of the art efficiencies for coal

power plant is above 46%

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 Waste heat recovery
 Real time control
 Variable Speed Drivers for pumps and air coolers
 Improve thermal insulation
 Passive design 31
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• Effective energy management in industry will
increase energy efficiency significantly.
• Efficient building design can reduce
heating/cooling loss by 25 to 50% by-
 Passive design
 High-reflectivity
building materials
 Utilizing thermal
mass

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Co-generation/
Poly-generation

Integrated cogeneration and district

Energy Network

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1. The 1st law of thermodynamics:
energy can neither be created nor
destroyed.
– Why worry about the depletion of
fossil fuel reserves?
2. Less than 0.1% of solar
energy is enough for the
world’s total demand
– What are the barriers?

3. Germany achieved 74%

peak generation (electricity)
from renewable sources
(wind and solar) 35
 Industry 4.0
The fourth industrial revolution (4IR)

What are the implications of Industry 4.0 for Energy and Environment
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 4IR
• Artificial intelligence
• Nanotechnology
• Quantum computing
• Biotechnology,
• Internet of Things,
• Additive manufacturing/3D printing

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 Conclusions
Engineering approaches to tackle 21st Century challenges
20th century: 21st Century:
Technology, Society, and environment
◘ Scientists discovered are the:

◘ Engineers created ◘ Integral part of the

solutions
◘ Society inhales ◘ Totally interdependent

◘ Blending together in new

ways

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