05/04/2019

Chapter 8 (Part 2)
Laminar Premixed Flames
ADVANCED Quenching,
Flame speed
COMBUSTION correlation
flammability,
ignition
MKMM 1443
DR. MOHD FAIRUS MOHD YASIN Flame
C24-309 stabilization
mohdfairus@fkm.utm.my
07-5534574
1 2
Towards an Entrepreneurial University 1

Chapter 8 (Part 2)
Flame Speed Correlation
Laminar Premixed Flames
• Metghalchi and Keck proposed empirical correlation for 𝑆𝐿 at
Quenching, temperature and pressure commonly found in engines
Flame speed (𝑇𝑢 ≥ 350 K)
flammability,
correlation • Diluent mass fraction 𝑌𝑑𝑖𝑙 considers exhaust gas recirculation
ignition

Flame
stabilization

3 4

1
 05/04/2019

Chapter 8 (Part 2)
Class Exercise
Laminar Premixed Flames
Quenching,
Flame speed
flammability,
correlation
ignition

Flame
stabilization

5 6

General Concepts Cold Wall

Concepts: Simplified quenching analysis
• Quenching distances
• Flammability limits
• Minimum ignition energies

Ignition and quenching criteria (Williams)

7 8

2
 05/04/2019

Cold Wall Class Exercise

Simplified quenching
analysis
Quenching distance:

𝑏: arbitrary constant

9 10

Flammability Limits Flammability Limits

Lower limit: Leanest flammable mixture (𝜙 < 1)
Upper limit: Richest flammable mixture (𝜙 > 1)
Flammability limit experiment:
Negative gradient of
temperature causes heat loss
till William condition is not
fulfilled

11 12

3
 05/04/2019

Ignition Ignition
Critical radius model (based on
Simplified ignition analysis: energy balance):

1. Define critical gas volume

radius
2. Minimum ignition energy
to heat the critical gas
volume to flame
temperature
Minimum energy:

13 14

Ignition Ignition
Pressure dependence

Influence of 𝛼

Temperature
dependence

15 16

4
 05/04/2019

Chapter 8 (Part 2)
Flashback and Liftoff
Laminar Premixed Flames
Flashback: Flame propagates upstream through burner tube
Quenching, without quenching
Flame speed • Safety issue
flammability,
correlation
ignition Liftoff: Flame not attached to the burner tube/port
• Noisy
• Unburned fuel
Flame
stabilization Relates to balance between 𝑆𝐿 and 𝑣𝑢 (local flow velocity)

17 18

Flashback and Liftoff Flashback and Liftoff

Flashback and liftoff stability: Natural gas
• High velocity far away from flashback
• Flashback at slightly rich condition
 Maximum 𝑆𝐿 in the same condition
Flashback and liftoff stability:
Manufactured gas with H content
• Manufactured gas is more prone to
flashback due to hydrogen content

19 20