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CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY
A.Background
The food digestive system is related to receiving food and preparing it for
processing by the body. Food is any substance or material that can be used in
metabolism to obtain materials to obtain energy or energy. During the digestive
process food is destroyed into simple substances and can be absorbed by the
intestine, then used by body tissues.The main function of food for the body is to
grow and keep the body healthy. Foods that enter our body will be processed
through the digestive process. The digestive process is the process of destruction
of food into food substances that can be absorbed by the body. Tools that function
to destroy these foods are called digestive devices. In order for the digested food
to be absorbed by the body properly, the digestive device must be in a healthy
state. It is through the digestive system that the food substances are processed
first, then absorbed by the body.
And in the body there is also a digestive gland, and in the process of digestion
of food is not as smooth as we imagine, in digesting food digestive tract food
works very extreme in digesting food. With that sometimes we feel the effects of
the digestive system of food that is not good, namely there is a disruption in the
digestive system, as a result arises various kinds of diseases with all causes. or
things that can cause a person to become fat or thin.

B. Problem Formulation
1. What is the understanding of the digestive system?
2. What organs are involved in the digestive system?
3. What is the mechanism of digestion that occurs in the human body?
4. What are the abnormalities in the digestive system?
C. Purpose
1. To find out the meaning of the digestive system
2. To find out which organs are involved in the digestive system
3. To find out the digestive mechanism that occurs in the human body.
4. To find out abnormalities in the digestive system.
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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Understanding the Digestive System

Every human needs food for its growth and development. These foods will be
processed and converted into energy through the digestive process. The digestive
process in humans is divided into two, namely mechanical digestion and chemical
digestion. Mechanical digestion occurs in the oral cavity. In this process requires
the help of the tongue and teeth. While in chemical digestion occurs in the oral
cavity, stomach, and intestines. This process requires the help of chemicals called
enzymes.

The digestive process is the process of destruction of food into food

substances that can be absorbed by the body. Tools that function to destroy these
foods are called digestive devices. In order for the digested food to be absorbed by
the body properly, the digestive device must be in a healthy state. It is through the
digestive system that the food substances are processed first, then absorbed by the
body.

B. Digestive Organs

The organs involved in the digestive process

1.Mouth cavity
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Food enters the body by mouth. Inside the oral cavity there are teeth, tongue,
and saliva (saliva). These three components play a role in digesting food in the
mouth. Teeth and tongue digest food mechanically. Saliva digests food
chemically. Mechanical digestion is the digestion of food by chewing by the teeth
and assisted by the tongue. Meanwhile, chemical digestion is food digestion
carried out by enzymes.

The mouth is the first channel that food goes through. In the oral cavity,
equipped with digestive devices and digestive glands to help digestion of food.
In the mouth there are

a. Tooth It has the function of cutting, tearing and grinding food into small
particles. Perhatikangambardisamping. Teeth function to destroy food that
enters the oral cavity. Based on the shape and function, the teeth are divided
into three. The three teeth are incisors, canines and molars.

b.Tongue

The tongue has several functions such as adjusting the location of food
when chewed, helping to swallow food, and tasting the taste of food. The tongue
is sensitive to heat, cold, and pressure. Tongue can taste food because on its
surface there are nodules of the tongue. In the nodules of the tongue there is a
taste nerve. Each tongue surface has a different taste sensitivity function. The
bitter taste is felt at the base of the tongue, the sweet taste is felt at the tip of the
tongue, the sour taste is felt on the left and right edges of the tongue, and the
saltiness is felt at the tip and inside the tongue. Has a role to regulate the food in
the mouth and taste the taste of food.

c. Salivary gland

When food is chewed in the mouth, food is moistened with saliva. Food
becomes slippery and easy to swallow. In addition, saliva contains the enzyme
ptialine or amylase. This enzyme serves to digest starch (starch) chemically into
sugar. That is why, when you chew rice for a long time we will feel sweet.
Digestion like this is an example of chemical digestion.
There are 3 salivary glands in the oral cavity, namely the Parotid gland, the
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Submandibular gland, and the sublingual gland. The three salivary glands produce
saliva every day for about 1 to 2.5 liters of saliva. The saliva content in humans is:
water, mucus, amylase enzyme, antibacterial substances, etc. The function of
saliva is to lubricate the oral cavity and digest carbohydrates to be disaccharide.
2. Esophagus (esophagus)

Is a channel that connects the oral cavity with the stomach. At the end of the
esophagus after the mouth there is an area called the pharynx. In the pharynx there
is a valve, the epiglottis which regulates food so it does not enter the trachea
(throat). The function of the esophagus is to channel food to the stomach. In order
for food to travel along the esophagus, there is a peristaltic movement so that food
can travel to the stomach.

At the base of the neck, there are two channels, the trunk of the throat and
esophagus. The trunk of the throat is the respiratory tract, while the esophagus is
the connecting channel between the oral cavity and the stomach. These two
channels are separated by a valve. The valve will close while eating, and will open
when breathing. That is why it is recommended not to talk while eating because it
can cause choking. The length of the esophagus is approximately 20 cm. The
esophagus consists of flexible muscles. Food that is in the esophagus will be
pushed by the wall of the esophagus to the stomach. Such movements are called
peristalsis. Peristaltic motion is carried out by the esophagus wall muscles.
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3. Stomach

Stomach is a continuation of the esophagus, shaped like a pouch. In the

stomach, food is digested chemically with the help of an enzyme called pepsin.
Pepsin has the role of converting protein to peptone. Inside the stomach there is
hydrochloric acid which causes the stomach to become acidic. Hydrochloric acid
is produced by the stomach wall. Hydrochloric acid functions to kill germs and
activate pepsin. When the digestive process occurs in the stomach, the muscles of
the stomach wall contract. This causes food to be mixed and mixed with enzymes
and hydrochloric acid. Gradually, the food will become mush. Then, food that has
undergone digestion will move gradually into the small intestine.

The stomach can accommodate 1 liter of food to reach 2 liters. The stomach
wall is arranged by smooth muscles which function to grind food mechanically
through the contraction of the muscles. There are 3 types of smooth muscles that
make up the stomach, namely elongated muscles, circular muscles, and muscle
pulling.
In addition to mechanical digestion, the gastric digestion occurs chemically with
the help of chemical compounds produced by the stomach. The chemical
compounds produced by the stomach are:

• HCl acid, activates pepsinogen to be pepsin. As a disinfectant, and stimulates the

secretion of secretin and cholecystokinin in the small intestine
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• Lipase, breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol. However, the lipase
produced is very small

• Renin, precipitate protein in milk (casein) from milk (ASI). Only owned by
babies.

• Mukus, Protects the stomach wall from damage due to HCl acid.
The results of grinding the food in the stomach mechanically and chemically
will make the food into porridge called the Kim porridge.
Hull HCI Function:

1. Stimulate the secretion

2. Activating Pepsinogen into Pepsin to break down protein.

3. Disinfectant

4. Stimulating the release of the cholecystokinin hormone which functions to

stimulate the bud to release the sap.

Gastric Gland

• Karida Gland Located closest to the hole that is next to the usophagus, the gland
here is tubular, both simple and branching and secretes an alkaline mucous
secret.

• The glands from the previous fundus work: tubular glands and contain various
types of cells, some cells, namely acid cells or oxintic cells, produce acids found
in gastric sap.

• Piloric gland The gland in the piloric duct is also tubular, mainly producing
alkaline mucus.
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4. Small intestine

After digestion in the stomach, food enters the small intestine. The small
intestine is actually very long, but folds in our stomach. The small intestine
consists of three parts, namely the duodenum, the empty intestine, and the
absorbing intestine. In the duodenum, food is digested chemically. Digestion is
carried out by bile and pancreatic sap. Bile sap is produced by the liver. Bile sap
functions to digest fat. Some of the enzymes produced by pancreatic sap are as
follows.

• Amylase enzyme, functions to convert starch to sugar.

• The trypsin enzyme, functions to convert proteins into amino acids.
• Lipase enzyme, functions to convert fat into fatty acids.

The small intestine is a continuation of the stomach. The small intestine has a
length of about 6-8 meters. The small intestine is divided into 3 parts namely
duodenum (± 25 cm), jejunum (± 2.5 m), and ileum (± 3.6 m). In the small
intestine only chemical digestion only occurs, with the help of chemical
compounds produced by the small intestine and chemical compounds from the
pancreas gland released into the small intestine.

The compounds produced by the small intestine are:

• Disaccharide Describes disaccharide to monosaccharide
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• Erepsinogen Erepsin that is not yet active will be converted into erepsin. Erepsin
turns pepton into amino acid.

• Secretin Hormone Stimulates the pancreatic gland to release chemical

compounds produced into the small intestine

• CCK hormone (cholecystokinin) Stimulates the liver to expel bile into the small
intestine. In addition, the chemical compounds produced by the pancreatic gland
are Bicarbonate Neutralizing the acidic atmosphere of food originating from the
stomach

• Enterokinase Activates eepsinogen to erepsin and activates trypsinogen to

trypsin. Trypsin converts peptone into amino acids.

• Amylase Changing starch to disaccharide

• Lipase Digests fat into fatty acids and glycerol

• Trypsinogen Tripsin that has not been active.

• Kimotripsin Turns peptone into amino acids

• Nuclease Decomposes nucleotides into nucleosides and phosphate groups

• Insulin hormone Reduces blood sugar levels to normal levels

• Glucagon hormone Increases blood sugar levels to normal levels

Name character position function

klipliberkum Simple tubuler Throughout the Perhaps removig
gland mucous the intestinal
membrane of teh sapsukussentrikus
small intestine
Brunner gland Gland are small Coated sub Secretion of alkine
in order mocosa of the protective
intestine substances or the
especially in the duodenm
duodenum
Soliter gland Follicle group of Throughout the Bowel protection
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lymph node mocous a gainst bacterial

nodules membrane of the attacks
small intenstine
Peyer’s glang Found in the
mucosa

The digestive tract there is appendicitis. The appendix is at the beginning of the
large intestine and borders the small intestine. Under the appendix there is an
appendix (worm tuft). After passing through the duodenum, food reaches the
empty intestine. Furthermore, the protein will be broken down by the enzyme
erepsin. Meanwhile, the carbohydrates contained in these foods will be
decomposed by maltase, sucrose, and lactose enzymes. After being crushed and
pulverized, the food goes to the absorbent intestine. The inside of the absorbent
intestinal wall is jots. Inside the bumps is the tip of the blood vessel. It is through
these blood vessels that absorption of food is carried out. Sari-sari food enters the
bloodstream and is circulated throughout the body.

5. Colon (Colon)

The large intestine is a continuation of the small intestine. The large intestine
consists of the large intestine rises, the large intestine crosses, and the large
intestine drops. In the large intestine there is absorption of water and mineral salts.
Furthermore, the remaining food is spoiled by decomposing bacteria in the large
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intestine. The results of decay are solid, liquid and gas. It has a length of 1.5
meters, and is shaped like an inverted U letter. The large intestine is divided into 3
regions, namely: ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon. The
function of the colon is:

a. Absorbs water during the digestive process.

b. The place for the production of vitamin K, and vitamin H (Biotin) as a result of
symbiosis with intestinal bacteria, such as E. coli.

c. Forms stool mass

d. Encourage digestion (feces) from the body. Removal of faeces from the body is
defecated.

6. Rectum and Anus

The final part of the digestive tract is an exit hole called the anus. Remaining
digestion from the large intestine is released through the anus. Solid materials
from decay are released as feces and gas. Gas is released in the form of fart. The
remaining digestion in the form of liquid is channeled and filtered in the kidneys.
Useless liquid is released through the urinary hole in the form of urine.

Anus Is a hole where the feces are removed from the body. Before being
discharged through the anus, faeces are accommodated first in the rectum. When
the stool is ready to be removed, the rectum spinkter muscle regulates the opening
and closing of the anus. There are 2 muscle spinkers that make up the rectum,
namely smooth muscle and striated muscle

C. Abnormalities in the digestive system

The disturbances caused by the digestive system are as follows:
1. Diarrhea: watery stool due to disruption of water absorption
2. Constipation (constipation) stools become denser and difficult to get out,
causing pain in the stomach.
3. Peritonitis: pain in the digestive tract due to inflammation of the lining of the
stomach (peritonium).
4. Appendix: the occurrence of inflammation of the appendix (worm tufts)
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5. Colic: a feeling of pain due to indigestion

6. Ulcers: wound of the stomach wall due to excessive production of HCL so that
when subjected to friction creates a feeling
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CHAPTER III

COVER

A. Conclusion

Every human needs food for its growth and development. These foods will be
processed and converted into energy through the digestive process. The digestive
process in humans is divided into two, namely mechanical digestion and chemical
digestion. Mechanical digestion occurs in the oral cavity. In this process requires
the help of the tongue and teeth. While in chemical digestion occurs in the oral
cavity, stomach, and intestines. This process requires the help of chemicals called
enzymes.

The digestive process is the process of destruction of food into food substances
that can be absorbed by the body. Tools that function to destroy these foods are
called digestive devices. In order for the digested food to be absorbed by the body
properly, the digestive device must be in a healthy state. It is through the digestive
system that the food substances are processed first, then absorbed by the body.

The organs involved in the digestive process

1.Mouth cavity

2. Esophagus (esophagus)

3. Stomach

4. Small intestine

5. Colon (Colon)

6. Rectum and Anus

B. Sugegestion

hepefully this paper can be utized as well as posibble and if there is an error
please forgive.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Campbell, Reece, Mitchell. 2004. Biologi Jilid 2 (terjemahan). Jakarta: Erlangga.

Kimball, Jhon W. 1983. Biologi Jilid 3 (terjemahan). Jakarta: Erlangga.