User-aware P2P live streaming systems modeling and comparison

Context
Modeling
Comparison through experimentation
General conclusion and perspectives
Towards User-aware Peer-to-Peer Live

Video Streaming Systems
Presented by
Ihsan Ullah
Supervised by
Dr. Guillaume Doyen & Prof. Dominique Gaïti
Environnements de Réseaux Autonomes

Institut Charles Delaunay – UMR 6279
Université de Technologie de Troyes
France
November 3, 2011
Ihsan Ullah User-aware P2P live streaming systems 1/50
Context
Modeling
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Non-contextual approach
Contextual approach
3 Comparison through experimentation
Optimization for improved quality
Experimental evaluation
4 General conclusion and perspectives

Context
Introduction
Modeling
Performance issues
Related work
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Contextual approach

Context
Introduction
Modeling
Performance issues
Related work
Video traffic trends

Due to the availability of broadband technologies and
more powerful personal computers, video traffic over
the Internet has enormously increased
40% 50% 61%

Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI)

Context
Introduction
Modeling
Performance issues
Related work
Video streaming
Streaming is the transfer of media such as audio or video
over a network as a steady and continuous stream [HB05]
Video-on-Demand (VoD)
Receiver-driven
Users can request for any video, any time
Extended buffering
Live video streaming

Source-driven
Broadcasts the newly generated content
Limited buffering
Context
Introduction
Modeling
Performance issues
Related work
Video streaming architectures

Video streaming
With router support

With Without
IP multicast [DC90] router support router support
Scalability, security and

lack of a business model Without
end-systems support
With
end-systems support
Telco-managed IPTV Telco-managed

IPTV
uses IP multicast Client/Server CDN-based P2P

Limited to private Decentralization level
networks and expensive [LRLZ08]
Without router support

Without end-systems support (Centralized C/S, CDN)
Scalability and cost (Servers and upload bandwidth)
With end-systems support (P2P)

Context
Introduction
Modeling
Performance issues
Related work
P2P live video streaming
End-hosts (peers) form a

self-organizing network
Peers share their upload
bandwidth through relaying
content to each other
Uses the existing IP
infrastructure
Easy to deploy with low cost
Programmable end-hosts
Potentially scalable

Context
Introduction
Modeling
Performance issues
Related work
P2P live video delivery methods

Push-based Pull-based Hybrid push/pull
Push Pull

Context
Introduction
Modeling
Performance issues
Related work
Problem statement
Impact of user behavior
Peers relay content, which are controlled by users
Users join and leave freely (churn), which result into:
Stream disruption;
Streaming quality degradation and
Buffer underflow
Churn-resilient structures and large buffers

Mitigate churn but lead to longer startup, switching
and playback delays
Streaming quality perceived by users is not
comparable to that of television
Context
Introduction
Modeling
Performance issues
Related work
Global models
Current approaches consider user behavior globally

at the systems scale
Older-stable principle [WLX08, TSLZ06, WXL07]
Observed distributions (Lognormal, Exponential,
Weibull, Pareto)
Capture system-level behavior patterns but cannot
enable to anticipate the behavior of an individual user

Context
Introduction
Modeling
Performance issues
Related work
Incomplete models
Current models of user behavior metrics do not

consider all of their influential factors
Works [WLX08, TSLZ06, WXL07] consider elapsed
time as the only influential factor of stability
[VAM+ 06] specify the arrival process of users as a
Poisson distribution
Give general insights but cannot enable an accurate
estimation of these metrics

Context
Modeling Non-contextual approach
Comparison through experimentation Contextual approach
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Contextual approach

Context
Hypotheses
Current session duration can be estimated from a

history of past ones
Based on surveys over viewing habits of regular
television [WSvM09, RG97, BEG82], "A past viewing
behavior is a strong predictor of the current one"
Each peer estimates its own session and provides
this information to others on request
We assume a pure push-based single tree system
since it is highly churn-sensitive

Context
Exponential Moving Average (EMA)
Averages previous sessions by giving exponentially

decreasing weights to older ones
The length of the current session ESt can be
estimated through (1)
ESt = α × St−1 + (1 − α) × ESt−1 (1)
Aimed at the anticipation of user departures

To favor successful anticipations, we reduce each
estimated session by 20% (EMA20 )
Chosen through testing over different values

Context
Bayes’ Rule (BR)

Discretization of T into {t1 , t2 ...tk } such that
t1 < t2 ...tk − 1 < tk
Estimates P(Scur > ti ) from observations of past
sessions for each ti
αj + |oj | + 1
f (φj |O, O ′ ) = (2)
|O| + |O ′ | + 2
The estimated current session duration is the
maximum time slot for which the probability is greater
than or equal to threshold Pth ,
t ∗ = max(f (φj ) > Pth ) (3)
tj

Context
A receiver-driven approach
Start
A
Join/Schedule
move
Continue
B F
When the scheduled time is up C
Make a list of stable

neighbors
E D G
Attempt a move to NO
the most stable
Remove from List is

success? No
the list empty?
Yes H I
Leave the Yes
previous
End

Context
Experimental framework
Simulated behaviors
Dynamic: Uncorrelated consecutive sessions
(Pearson correlation coefficient ρ = 0.002)
Persistent: Strongly correlated consecutive sessions
(Pearson correlation coefficient ρ = 0.8)
12 computers in a LAN environment
Scribe: Push-based system
Bitrate: 256 Kbps
Arrival process: Poisson distribution (modified)

[YZZZ06]
Context
Measured parameters
Frame losses
Video frames lost due to abrupt departures
Shows the efficiency of the approach in terms of
reducing the stream disruption
Attempted moves
A move is attempted to switch from the current parent
to a new one
Shows the communication cost
Successful moves
The actual switching of a peer from its current parent
to a new one
Shows the efficacy of the optimization strategy

Context
Experimental results
Dynamic case
x 10
5 Frame loss Attempted moves Successful moves
500 500
Total number of lost frames
4 EMA
Total successful moves

Total attempted moves
20
400 400 Bayes
3
300 300
2
200 200
Scribe
1 EMA20 100 EMA 100
20
Bayes Bayes
0 0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
Time in Seconds Time in Seconds Time in Seconds
Persistent case
x 10
5 Frame loss Attempted moves Successful moves
500 500
Total number of lost frames
Total successful moves

4 EMA
20
400
Attempted moves
400 Bayes
3
300 300
2
200 200
Scribe
1 EMA 100 EMA 100
20 20
Bayes Bayes
0 0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
Time in Seconds Time in Seconds Time in Seconds

Context
Conclusion and limits
Conclusion
Both approaches reduce frame losses which improve
the quality of streaming
Communication cost of the receiver-driven strategy is
small
Limits
A large number of attempted moves have not taken
place due to the limitation of receiver-driven strategy
Only two kinds of user behavior have been
considered over which estimators are not consistent

Context
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Contextual approach

Context
Overview of measurements
Metrics
Reference Type System Period Method
OD SD CP A/D D/U
[SGGS09] Feb. to Nov. 2008 X X X
[VGLN07] Apr. to Dec. 2006 Crawler X X
[WLX08] PPLive Nov. 2006 (about 28 hours) X X
[HLL+ 07] 2006 − 07 Passive/ X X X X
Crawler
[SFB+ 09] P2P Jun. 2006 Passive X X
[JLC07] PPStream unknown Crawler X X X
[SMC+ 09] Zattoo Mar. 2008 (2 weaks) X X
[ZLL05] Mar. 2005 (4 days) X X X
Cool-
[XKL07] Oct. 2006 (1 day) X X X
Streaming
[LXK+ 07] Sep. 2006 (1 day) X X X X
[Aga07] unknown 2006 (11 hours) X X
[TSZ+ 07] GridMedia Jan. 2006 (4.5 hours) X
[LWLZ09] UUSee May to Jun. 2008 (5 days) Logs X X X
[TSLZ06] Feb. 2005/Jan. 2006 X
CCTV
[TSLZ06] C/S Oct. to Jan. 2004 − 05 X
[SMZ04] CDN Akamai Oct. to Jan. 2003 − 04 X X X
[VAM+ 06] C/S unknown 2002 (90 days) X X X
[QGL+ 09a] Apr. 2008 (6 days) X X X X
Telco-
[QGL+ 09b] IPTV
Managed Jun. 2008 (1 month) X
[CRC+ 08] May to Oct. 2007 X X X
OD: Online Duration; SD: Session Duration; CP: Channel Popularity; A/D: Arrival/Departure rates; D/U:
Download/Upload traffic

Context
Characterization
Popularity Session duration
0
10 1
0.9
Users’ requests distribution
CDF of session durations

−1
0.8
10
0.7
0.6
−2
10 0.5
0.4
0.3
−3
10 Silverstone et al.
Qiu et al. 0.2 Vu et al.
Sripanidkulchai et al. Tang et al.
0.1
Qiu et al. Veloso et al.
−4
10 0
0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Rank (from higher to lower) Session durations in minutes
Measurements characterize user behavior patterns

Provide insights at the system scale

Context
Measurements’ synthesis
Environmental impacting Environment
factors: Variables in the Time-of-Day Day-of-Week Content Type
context that impact user

behavior metrics
Surfing Session Arrival Departure
Probability Duration rate rate
User behavior metrics: User
Variables that represent Elapsed

Time
Popularity
Bandwidth
Contribution
Failure
Rate
Ratio
user activities
Network performance
parameters: Variables Partners discovery Streaming Quality Delay
having relationships with Network
user behavior metrics

Context
Information domain
Environment
Time-of-Day Day-of-Week Content Type

Several variables with
dependency relationships
Surfing Session Arrival
Estimation of any variable Probability Duration rate
Departure
rate
can be required Elapsed Bandwidth Failure

User
Popularity Contribution Rate

Time
Ratio
Modeling these variables

and their relationships to
enable probabilistic Partners discovery Streaming Quality Delay
estimations Network

Context
Bayesian networks
Bayesian networks are graphical models that encode
probabilistic relationships among variables of interest
[Hec95]
Simplify the joint distribution through conditional
independence
Y
n
p(x) = p(xi |pai ) (4)
i=1
Naturally model the relationships of cause and effect
Allow multiway inference
Support mixed variables
Graphically represent the real world problem domain
Context
Model derivation from the causal graph
Relationships with Environment
Time-of-Day Day-of-Week Content Type

contradictory findings are
omitted (Day-of-week)
Architecture-dependent Surfing Session Arrival Departure
Probability Duration rate
variables are omitted rate
User
(partners discovery) Elapsed

Time
Popularity
Bandwidth
Contribution
Failure
Rate
Ratio
Similar variables that can

be represented by one
variable are merged Partners discovery Streaming Quality Delay
(surfing probability, failure

Network
rates, session duration)

Context
Our Bayesian network model
A mixed model of discrete Time-of-day Content type Elapsed time
and continuous variables

All continuous variables
are gaussian distributed Arrival
rate Session
Delay
duration
Content type has 3 states

(reality, fiction and sport)
Elapsed time has 2 states Departure
rate
Popularity
Bandwidth
contribution
(surfing, viewing) ratio
Time-of-day has 24 states

(chosen through Streaming
quality
simulations)

Context
Simulation scenarios
GlobalBN
Global scenario:
One network for the whole
community Peer Peer
Trained over combined traces

Centralized estimations Peer Peer
Local scenario:
A dedicated network for each Peer
LocalBN
Peer
LocalBN
peer
Trained over individual traces
Local estimations LocalBN
Peer Peer
LocalBN
Context
Simulation parameters
Bayes Net Toolbox (BNT) for Matlab
Traces generation for six kinds of fictional characters

(Johnatan, Emma, Stephan, Anna, Peter and ELlen)
through a semi-Markovian model [BUD+ 11]
Total population of 1000 users
Simulated duration in the global scenario: 40 days
Simulated duration in the local scenario: 200 days
Content duration: 2 hours

Context
Results in the global scenario

25 50
45
Estimated session durations

20 40
RMSE over a day
35
15 30
25
10 20
15
5 10
0 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 20 40 60 80 100
Number of days Actual session durations
Turns into a global model

Due to mixed traces an average behavior is learned
The overall accuracy is not good
Context
Results in the local scenario

70
Estimated session durations

RMSE over ten days periord
40 J
E 60
35
S
30 A 50
P
25 L 40
20
30
15
20
10
10
5
0 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time in days Actual session durations
Better performance
Consistent over different behaviors
Shows good accuracy
Long learning time

The network takes about 40 days to learn the behavior accurately

Context
Learning time minimization
Training of a separate BN Traces
for each class of users Datasets
A classifier of users DS 1 , DS 2 , . . ., DS k
according to their
behaviors Training classifier Training BNs
Assigning of the Trained BN 1 ,BN 2 , . . ., BN

Classifier k
corresponding BN to each
user
Using the assigned BN for Classification Assigning BN
estimations User

Context
User classifier
A Bayesian network Time-of-day Popularity
classifier
Based on the viewing
durations of users
Session
User Class
Includes all the related Duration
variables
Estimation of the user
class variable gives the Streaming
Content Type
Quality
required class

Context
Classification error
4
x 10
15
Incorrect
Correct
Number of classifications
10
0
J E S A P L
User classes
For one half of the personas the error remains

between 8% and 9%
For the remaining half of the personas the varies
between 15% and 24%
Context
Considering the magnitude of probability

14 60
Unknown classifications (in %)

12 50
10
Percent error
40
8
30
6
20
4
2 10
0 0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Threshold Threshold
Cannot classify all users

Can only be used when the classification of each user is
not mandatory
Context
Considering the classification history

2
10
1
10
Percent error
0
10
−1
10
−2
10
1 5 10 15 20 25
History size
Takes into account the previous classifications

With about 5 observations the error reduces up to a
negligible level
Context
Conclusion
Our Bayesian network model is suitable for the

learning and estimation of peer-level variables in the
local scenario
Global scenario is useful for the estimation of

system-level variables
User classifier reduces this time significantly to one

or a few observations
With the classifier both scenarios can be used

Context
Modeling Optimization for improved quality
Comparison through experimentation Experimental evaluation
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Contextual approach

Context
Sender-driven stabilization strategy
Issue with the receiver-driven strategy

Peers struggle to find stable neighbors
A large number of unsuccessful moves
New strategy
Instead of moving the receiver, the sender is moved
Pushes the unstable peers towards the outskirts of
the tree
Works in a decentralized way

Context
Swap
Start
A A
Join/Schedule
swap
Continue
B C E
B
When the scheduled time is up
Choose stable +list
D E C
D
inform other
children (list)
Swap with stable

child
accepted Remove from List is Request the

No No
as a child? the list empty? next peer
Yes
Yes
Add parent
Random join
End

Context
Experimental environment
PlanetLab: A globally distributed testbed for

networking and distributed systems’ research
Scribe: Push-based single tree system
BNs and classifier trained over 60 days of traces
2 hours traces used for experimentation from day 61
Local scenario
60 PlanetLab nodes
Bitrate: 64 Kbps

Context
Peers’ population throughout each

experiment
100
90
80
Number of online peers
70
60
50
40
30
WS
20 BN
EMA
10 20
BR
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time in minutes
Population shows similar pattern during all

experiments showing similar experimental conditions
Context
Frame losses
5
x 10
70 12
WS WS
BN BN
Cumulative missed packets

60
Missed packets ratio (%)
EMA 10 EMA
20 20
BR BR
50
8
40
6
30
4
20
10 2
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time in minutes Time in minutes
Consideration of user behavior reduces frame losses

Contextual approach shows better results than non
contextual one

Context
Communication cost
350 2000
BN BN
EMA 1800 EMA
Cumulative control messages

Number of control messages
300 BR BR
1600
250 1400
1200
200
1000
150
800
100 600
400
50
200
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time in minutes Time in minutes
BN produces a larger number of messages than

other approaches
Overall it incurs a small overhead (average 0.223
messages per minute by a peer)
Context
Modeling Closing remarks
Comparison through experimentation Perspectives
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Contextual approach

Context
Summary of the work

Synthesis of user behavior measurements and
extraction of the causal graph
Two kinds of models (contextual and non-contextual)
Users classifier to minimize the learning time of the

contextual model
Two stabilization strategies (receiver-driven,

sender-driven)
Comparison of the two approaches through

simulations and experimentations
Context
Conclusion and limits

Conclusion
User-awareness reduces stream disruption
Other performance metrics (delay, streaming quality)
are also improved
Contextual approach appears to be more accurate
than non-contextual one
Sender-driven (swap) stabilization strategy is more
effective
Limits
No support for dynamic behaviors
No consideration of malicious behavior
Context
Future directions
Short term future work
Inclusion of other metrics with stability
Modification to predict next channel
Feedback mechanism for dynamic behaviors
Extension of the semi-Markovian model
Long term future work

Investigation of user-oriented topologies
Consideration of malicious behavior
Application to resource allocation in C/S and CDN
systems
References
Thesis publications
International Journals
I. Ullah, G. Doyen, G. Bonnet and D. Gaïti, “A Survey and Synthesis of User Behavior Measurements in
Video Streaming Systems”, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2011.
I. Ullah, G. Doyen, G. Bonnet and D. Gaïti, “A Bayesian approach for user aware peer-to-peer video
streaming systems”, Elsevier Journal of Signal Processing: Image Communication (to appear), 2011.
International Conferences
I. Ullah, G. Doyen, G. Bonnet and D. Gaïti, “User behavior anticipation in P2P live video streaming systems
through a Bayesian network”, in: 12th IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network
Management (IM). IEEE, 2011, pp. 337-344.
G. Bonnet, I. Ullah, G. Doyen, L. Fillatre, D. Gaïti and I. Nikiforov, “A Semi-Markovian individual model of
users for P2P video streaming applications”, in: 4th IFIP International Conference on New Technologies,
Mobility and Security (NTMS). IEEE, 2011, pp. 1-5.
I. Ullah, G. Doyen, G. Bonnet and D. Gaïti, “Modeling User Behavior in P2P Live Video Streaming Systems
through a Bayesian Network”, in: 4th IFIP International Conference on Autonomous Infrastructure,
Management and Security, (AIMS), Springer, 2-13, 2010.
I. Ullah, G. Doyen, G. Bonnet and D. Gaïti, “Improving Performance of ALM Systems with Bayesian
Estimation of Peers Dynamics”, in: 12th IFIP/IEEE International Conference on Management of Multimedia
and Mobile Networks and Services, (MMNS). Springer, 2009, pp. 157-169.

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User-aware P2P live streaming systems modeling and comparison

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Context

Towards User-aware Peer-to-Peer Live

Environnements de Réseaux Autonomes

Ihsan Ullah User-aware P2P live streaming systems 2/50

Ihsan Ullah User-aware P2P live streaming systems 3/50

Video traffic trends

40% 50% 61%

Ihsan Ullah User-aware P2P live streaming systems 4/50

Live video streaming

Video streaming architectures

With router support

Scalability, security and

Telco-managed IPTV Telco-managed

uses IP multicast Client/Server CDN-based P2P

networks and expensive [LRLZ08]

Without router support

Ihsan Ullah User-aware P2P live streaming systems 6/50

P2P live video streaming

End-hosts (peers) form a

Ihsan Ullah User-aware P2P live streaming systems 7/50

P2P live video delivery methods

Ihsan Ullah User-aware P2P live streaming systems 8/50

Churn-resilient structures and large buffers

Current approaches consider user behavior globally

Ihsan Ullah User-aware P2P live streaming systems 10/50

Current models of user behavior metrics do not

Ihsan Ullah User-aware P2P live streaming systems 11/50

Ihsan Ullah User-aware P2P live streaming systems 12/50

Current session duration can be estimated from a

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Exponential Moving Average (EMA)

Averages previous sessions by giving exponentially

ESt = α × St−1 + (1 − α) × ESt−1 (1)

Aimed at the anticipation of user departures

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Bayes’ Rule (BR)

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Make a list of stable

Remove from List is

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12 computers in a LAN environment

Scribe: Push-based system

Bitrate: 256 Kbps

Arrival process: Poisson distribution (modified)

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Total successful moves

Total successful moves

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Conclusion and limits

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CDF of session durations

Measurements characterize user behavior patterns

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Environmental impacting Environment

factors: Variables in the Time-of-Day Day-of-Week Content Type

context that impact user

Variables that represent Elapsed

having relationships with Network

user behavior metrics

Time-of-Day Day-of-Week Content Type