International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/iswcr

Original Research Article

Impact of mine waters on chemical composition of soil

in the Partizansk Coal Basin, Russia
Ola Arefieva a,n, Alina V. Nazarkina b, Natalya V. Gruschakova a, Julia E. Skurikhina c,
Vera B. Kolycheva a
a
Far Eastern Federal University, 8, Sukhanova str., 690950, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
b
Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far-Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Stoletia prospect, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
c
Pacific State Medical University, 2, Ostryakov Avenue, 690002, Vladivostok, Russian Federation

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Partizansk Coal Basin, located in the south of the Russian Far Eastern Region, was intensively mined from
Received 22 June 2017 1918 until 1998. Although it was mostly explored by underground excavation, the natural landscapes were
Received in revised form transformed into anthropogenic ones. After the mines closed, ground subsidence occurred widely, espe-
30 November 2018
cially in areas near the waste dumps. This caused water tables to rise to the surface and pollute the soil.
Accepted 5 January 2019
Available online 11 January 2019
Analysis of the hydrochemical composition of the mine waters were conducted in 2011–2013, and showed
low alkalinity and average level of mineralization. This can be explained by the fact that while going up
Keywords: through soil mass, the mine waters lost their much of their pollutants due to soil buffering. All mine water
Mine waters samples contain thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria E. coli that indicates a source of fresh fecal pollution.
Soil solution
Our research indicates increased hydrocarbon ion concentrations in mine waters, especially in autumn,
Chemical composition
that resulted in accumulation of chromium and copper compounds, which can cause soil pollution. A
Abandoned coal mines
Bacteriological contamination of water strong relationship between the chemical composition of the mine waters and soil extracts was found
within areas of unregulated groundwater discharge on the surface. Significant negative correlation be-
tween pH and content of metal compounds including chromium and copper was found at the “Avangard”
mine (r ¼  0.95); and between alkalinity and chromium content at the “Glubokaya” mine (r ¼  0.94).
& 2019 International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and
Power Press. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction methods, whereby groundwater abstraction ceases. Rising ground-

The accelerated mass closure of unprofitable coal mines without
appropriate environmental impact assessments and scientific jus-
tification has multicomponent environmental impacts (Taylor,
Mackay, Hudson-Edwards, & Holz, 2010). The range and scale of
detrimental post-mine closure impacts on landscape and biota are
various and reflect the the extent of the environmental protection
management measures. Core problems related to coal mine closure
are erosion and soil contamination (Hammarstrom, Seall II, Meier, &
Kornfeld, 2005), surface subsidence, collapse of water bearing
strata, deterioration of natural water quality (Audry et al., 2010;
Galan et al., 2003; Grosbois, Courtin-Nomade, Martin, & Bril, 2007)
and waste piles (Cherkesova & Tsurak, 2004; Tarasenko et al., 2004).
Closure of mines is, in most cases, carried out by "wet" closure
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: arefeva.od@dvfu.ru (O. Arefieva).
Peer review under responsibility of International Research and Training Center
on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and Power Press.
water and the discharge of polluted mine water at the surface
results. The acid mine water can be toxic; their chemistry reflects
the sulphide mineral content (Audry et al., 2010; Audry, Blanc, &
Schafer, 2005; Moncur, Ptacek, Blowers, & Jambor, 2005; Smolya-
kov, Ryzhikh, Bortnikova, Saeva, & Chernova, 2010).
A variety of mine water treatments are available, including:
liming for acid mine waters (Cravotta, 2003; von Willert &
Stehouwer, 2003; Ziemkiewicz, Skousen, Brant, Sterner, & Lovett,
1997), combustible gases (Lamminen et al., 2001; Laperche &
Bigham, 2002), wetlands (Ye et al., 2001), sulfate reducing bacteria
(Carmen-Mihaela, Gerald, & Bruno, 2007). For Russia the problem is
rather acute (Krupskaya et al., 2013) and attention is focused on
assessment and reclamation of mining damaged areas, as their
drainage water causes significant environmental damage. For
example, we showed that in the industrial area of the abandoned
Avangard mine (Partizansk Coal Basin, south of the Russian Far
East), underground and alluvial waters are mixing allowing leakage
of mine waters into public water supply sources. Correlations
between hydrochemical parameters of the polluted mine waters

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2019.01.001
2095-6339/& 2019 International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and Power Press. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This
is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
58 O. Arefieva et al. / International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63
and parameters of the river water quality (Belaya and Melniki
Rivers), and also parameters of water quality of the wells used by
local population for water supply are established by Nazarkina,
Arefieva, Kadyrova, Buyanova, and Savenkova (2013). Sorbents for
mine water purification - perlite modified by expanding and hy-
drophobization treatment were offered by Arefieva et al. (2013).
This research project was directed at establishing the impact of
mine waste piles on the chemical composition of soil solutions in
industrial areas of abandoned coal mines on the example of Avan-
gard mine of the Partizansk Coal Basin (south of the Russian Far
East). The results demonstrate that there is a transformation of the
chemical composition of soil water extracts beneath the mine waste
deposits (rock dump), including: pH changes, concentrations of
sulphide and silicon compounds in the humic horizon; iron, chro-
mium and copper compound concentration in the mineral horizons
(Arefieva, Nazarkina, Gruschakova, & Sidorova, 2014).
At the time of mine closure the questions of monitoring techni-
ques and legislative instruments are particularly important. In Russia
these procedures are less well defined, whilst in Canada and the USA
the procedures associated with the liquidation of unprofitable mines
are implemented. In Canada abandoned mines are inspected. A
number of committees are working in connection with abandoned
mines and a long-term program and concept for mine abandonment
has been developed (Corwan, Mackasey, & Robertson, 2010;
Mackasey, 2000), with a framework for responsible mining and
mining standards development (Miranda, Chambers, & Coumans,
2005). In the USA, the Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation
Act is implemented (Sutton, 1979).
Mine waters are potentially ecologically harmful kinds of waste
waters. The coliphages pollution intensity of domestic water
amounts to 106–108 BFU/100 ml, and of mine and quarry waters –
104–105 BFU/100 ml (Guidelines 2.1.5.800-99, 2000). The source
of the microbial contaminants of coal mine leachates is the leakage
of fecal waters from nearby settlements into coal mine leachates
(Avchinnikov, 2000; Mukhin, 2008).
The impact of coal mine leachates (mine water) on the soil not
been assessed recently. It is the objective of this paper is to study
the impact on adjacent soil of mine leachates (mine water) from
abandoned mines of the Partizansk Coal Basin.
Fig. 1. The location of the Abandoned Mines.
2. Materials and methods
Partizansk Coal Basin is located on the South of the Russian Far
Eastern Region (the longitude - 135.0, the latitude - 45.0). The
Partizansk Coal Basin developed in 1918–1998. In 1996–1998
groundwater abstraction ceased, causing groundwater rise and
flooding of abandoned mines. Currently, mine water are discharging
at the ground surface and penetrating into underground waters.
Joint sampling of mine water and soil was undertaken in
2011–2013 in Autumn (October) and Spring (May) in the industrial
areas of the Partizansk Coal Basin at the following abandoned
mines: Avangard (point 11 - Autumn, point 12 - Spring), Glubokaya
(point 21 - Autumn, point 22 - Spring), Nagornaya (point 31 -
Autumn, point 32 - Spring). Joint samples of mine water and soil
were taken in places of discharging mine waters on the ground
(Fig. 1). A total of eighteen (18) samples were collected from the
study area from October 2011 to May 2013.
The chemical composition of mine waters was studied for core
hydrochemical parameters (Table 1). All measurements were
performed at least in triplicate.
Soil-water extracts from specific soil horizons were prepared in
compliance with guideline for chemical analysis of soils
(Arinushkina, 1970). For preparation of soil-water extracts the ratio
of the solid-to-solution ratio 1:5 was used. In the studied samples
the concentrations of Suspended substances, Nitrates (NO3--N),
Nitrites (NO2--N), Ammonium-nitrogen (NH4 þ -N), Phosphates
(PO43-), Sulfides (S2-), Sulfates (SO42-), Silicon compounds (SiO2),
Chromium (VI), Total iron, Nickel, Cobalt, Aluminum and Copper
were measured using a HACH DR2700 (Germany) spectro-
photometer according to HACH methods 8006, 8039, 8507, 8155,
8048, 8131, 8051, 8185, 8023, 8008, 8150, 8078, 8012 and 8506,
respectively. рН of soil-water extracts was determined by
potentiometer with glass electrode, electrical conductivity – by
conductometer OK-102/1 (Hugary, Radelkis). Statistical analysis of
the results of chemical composition of mine waters and soil-water
extracts was done with the StatSoft Statistica 10.0. To compare the
sample frame results of a chemical composition of mine waters
and water extracts the analysis of variance was carried out. To
establish the influence of mine waters on the water extracts
composition of the soils the correlation and regression analyses
were carried out.
 O. Arefieva et al. / International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63 59

Table 1
Methods of determining core hydrochemical parameters.

Hydrochemical parameters The method The technique

рН Potentiometry A potentiometer using a glass electrode

Mineralization Gravimetric To determine a mineralization the solid residue was calcinated in the muffle furnace within 3–3.5 h at a tem-
perature of 500–600 °C.
Colour Photoelectrocolorimetric It was determined by a chromocobalt scale using the spectrophotometer UNICO-1201 at λ ¼ 413 nm.
Turbidity Photoelectrocolorimetric It was determined by a suspension of kaolin scale using the spectrophotometer UNICO-1201 at λ ¼ 530 nm.
Total iron content Photoelectrocolorimetric It was determined by a sulphocyanide method using the spectrophotometer UNICO-1201 at λ ¼ 4500 nm.
Permanganate demand Titration It was determined by Skopintsev's method. To 100 ml of the studied water we added 10 ml of 0.01 mol L  1
solution of potassium permanganate and 3 ml of 33% of solution of sodium hydroxide and boiled within 10 min.
Further the test was neutralized by sulfuric acid (1:3) solution. Then in a flask 0.5 g of potassium iodide, 3 ml of
sulfuric acid (1:3) were added and the emitted iodine was titrated by sodium thiosulphate solution.
Hardness Titration It was determined by volumetric trilonometric method using a chromogen.
Calcium Titration It was determined by volumetric trilonometric method using a murexide.
Alkalinity Titration It was determined by the acidimetric method.
Chloride Titration It was determined by the argentometric titration with potassium chromate as indicator.
Sulfate Titration It was determined by iodometric titration.

Sampling for bacteriological analysis and the study for micro-
biological parameters were done in compliance with (Guidelines
4.2.1884-04, 2004). The following parameters were determined:
total number of mesophilic aerobic and optionally anaerobic mi-
croorganisms (TMC), total and thermotolerant Coliform bacteria,
coliphages.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Chemical and bacteriological study of mine waters
The chemical composition of mine waters from Avangard,
Glubokaya and Nagornaya mines is shown on Fig. 2. Mine waters
of Nagornaya and Glubokaya are moderately hard with increased

Fig. 2. Mineralization (a), pH value (b), calcium concentration (c) and hardness (d) of Partizansk Coal Basin's mine water: 1 – Avangard; 2 – Glubokaya; 3 – Nagornaya.
60 O. Arefieva et al. / International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63

Table 2
Results of bacteriological study of mine waters.

Sampling point TMC (CFU/ Total coliform bacteria Thermotolerant coliform bacteria Coliphages (BFU/100
1 ml) (CFU/100 ml) (CFU/100 ml) ml)

Avangard 256 7000 125 56

Glubokaya 550 8700 120 25
Nagornaya 20 3000 43 Not found
Permissible level for discharge into aquatic objects (Guidelines -a 100 100 100
4.2.1884–04, 2004)
Permissible level for drinking and public water supply (Sanitary Not over 50 Not over 1000 Not over 100 Not over 10
rules & norms 2.1.5.980-00, 2000)
Permissible level for recreational water consumption and within – Not over 500 Not over 100 Not over 10
communities (Sanitary rules & norms 2.1.5.980-00, 2000)

a
not normative parameter.

Fig. 3. Seasonal characteristic of colour (a) and pH value (b) of Partizansk Coal Basin's mine waters: Avangard  11 (Autumn), 12 (Spring); Glubokaya  21 (Autumn), 22
(Spring); Nagornaya  31 (Autumn), 32 (Spring).

mineralization. At Avangard, mine waters are soft with moderate colour of those mines’ waters in spring is explained by humic
mineralization, possibly because of natural filtration through the substances with meltwaters.
soil horizon. High mineralization and hardness at Glubokaya
relates to waste pile materials close to mine water discharge.
3.2. Chemical composition of soil-water extracts and mine waters
By pH, the mine waters studied are close to natural waters:
impact on soil-water extracts
at Avangard the medium reaction is rather acidic, at Nagornaya –
rather alkaline.
The area's contamination was assessed by analysing soil-water
As alluvial and mine waters mix, the quality of water supply
extracts, which indicate the most mobile forms of contaminating
resources deteriorates. The study of microbiological parameters
elements that are easily transformed into other media (natural
revealed that mine waters differ by TMC characterizing pollution
water). Statistical differences in chemical composition of soil-water
of water source with organic matters, by coliform index reflecting
extracts were found only in the pH, which is different in Nagornaya
the level of fecal contamination of water and by coliphage content
and Avangard mines (Fig. 4).
(Table 2).
The water in all samples complies with permissible con-
taminant threshold level in accordance with the Sanitary rules and
norms 2.1.5.980-00 (2000). However in all samples analyzed
thermotolerant coliform bacteria were found to be a better in-
dicator of recent fecal contamination than general coliform bac-
teria and are predominantly represented by E. coli. The source of
the E.coli in the mine water is the leakage of sewage waters from
the nearest inhabited locality. The assessment of waters’ microbial
contamination showed that they may be a potential pathogenic
source of natural water body. Mine waters were characterized by
high microbial content which indicates available sources for mi-
crobial contamination.
Seasonality may affect pH and colour of mine water. At
Avangard mine, seasonal differences of mine water's chemical
composition have not been found (Fig. 3). In Autumn, mine waters
of Glubokaya and Nagornaya are more alkaline. This may be
explained by leaching of waste piles during typhoons. The intense Fig. 4. pH of soil-water extracts: 1 – Avangard; 2 – Glubokaya; 3 – Nagornaya.
 O. Arefieva et al. / International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63 61

correlation was seen between the composition of mine water and

Fig. 5. Seasonal characteristic of the chemical composition of Partizansk Coal Ba-
sin's soil-water extracts: Avangard  11 (Autumn), 12 (Spring); Glubokaya  21
(Autumn), 22 (Spring); Nagornaya  31 (Autumn), 32 (Spring).
Seasonal changes in the chemical composition of soil-water ex-
tracts is shown on Fig. 5. Seasonal variations between the chemical
composition of Glubokaya's soil-water extracts by pH are apparently
linked with the active development of erosion. At Avangard and
Nagornaya no significant seasonality was found. At Nagornaya, no
solid-water extract (Table 3). During spontaneous discharge of mine
waters, the growing mine water's mineralization may cause an
accumulation of chromium, copper, iron, sulfates, sulfides and
phosphates in soil solution. Inverse correlation between mine water's
pH and the content of chromium, copper, nitrates, silicon com-
pounds, sulfides, phosphates evidences the decrease of mobility of
those compounds in alkaline medium. The interdependency
between mine water's pH and the content of chromium and copper
in soil extract is characterized by a wide confidence interval,
evidencing the uncertainty of prediction (Fig. 6).
At Glubokaya, inverse dependency between the alkalinity
of mine water flowed out waste pile's base and the content of
chromium, nitrates, silicon and ammonium is seen. Growing
alkalinity of mine water leads to fixation of those compounds in
the soil which is confirmed by the regression equation (Fig. 7).
Our research shows that in the industrial areas of the aban-
doned coal mines of Partizansk the main sources of contamination
are the mine waters and waste piles (Fig. 8).
The present work shows that coal mine leachates affect the
composition of the soil solutions. Mine waters rise has had a sig-
nificant impact on water quality of the alluvial water-bearing
horizon and, as a result, on the quality of water sources of a
noncentralized water supply.

Table 3
Correlation coefficients for chemical composition of mine waters (mg/L) and soil-water extracts (mg/L) of Partizansk Coal Basin (p o 0,05).

Soil-water extract

Mine water Chromium (VI) Copper Nitrates Silicon compounds Sulfates Ammonium Sulfides Phosphates

Avangard mine (N ¼ 4)
pH  0.95  0.95  0.96  0.95  0.95 – –  0.96
Mineralization 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.96 – 0.95 0.97
Chlorides 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 – 0.99 0.99
Sulfates 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 – 0.99 0.99
Glubokaya mine (N ¼ 6)
b
Alkalinity  0.94 –  0.86  0.88 –  0.96 – –
Chlorides, mg/l 0.97 – 0.91 0.81 – 0.98 – 0.84
Sulfates, mg/l 0.94 – 0.88 0.85 – 0.97 – 0.82
Nagornaya mine (N ¼ 4)
Mineralization – – – – – – – –
Solid residue – – – – – – – –
b
Alkalinity – – – – – – – –
Total iron – – – – – – – –

a
no correlation.

Fig. 6. Regression curve of chromium(VI) (a) and copper (b) content in soil extract dependency on mine water's pH.

b
mg-eq/L.
62 O. Arefieva et al. / International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63
Fig. 7. Regression curve of chromium content dependency on mine water
alkalinity.
Fig. 8. Impact of the abandoned coal mines on the environment.
It is shown (Nazarkina et al., 2013) that owing to a displacement
and lack of impermeable barriers mine waters have hydraulic
continuity and consequently impact on the river water quality
draining this region. Leaching of minerals by mine waters results in
fluorides, lead, sulfates water contamination of the River Melniki.
The increased alkalinity of mine waters is associated with the de-
crease in magnesium and iron content in waters of the River Belaya.
Leaching of waste piles affects the underlying soil water chem-
istry. However, our research has shown that waste piles do not
contain.the increased concentration of heavy metals, but are near
the waste piles. According to their properties the waste piles are
characterized by the increased alkalinity. The content of sulfides in a
water extract of the soils near the waste piles in the humic horizon
statistically differs from the natural soil (Arefieva et al., 2014).
The results of this research have the potential to form the basis for
the development of the parameters estimating changes of soil
properties and water sources affected by mine waters and waste
piles. For an assessment of a danger (risk) degree of the of the
abandoned coal mines it is possible to use the systematic monitoring
of soil water extracts and of water bodies adjacent to this territory
4. Conclusions
The research that has been conducted has shown that the
chemical composition of mine waters of the abandoned Partizansk
Coal Basin coal mines is a source of environmental contamination.
Nagornaya's mine waters are weakly alkaline, the other mines are
mildly acidic to neutral. Glubokaya and Nagornaya mine waters
are hard with an average mineralization. Colour and pH of mine
waters may differ by seasons.
Soil-water extracts are close to each other by the chemical
composition. Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of
soil-water extracts are seen only on Glubokaya mine, caused by
proximity to the impact of a waste pile.
The statistical analysis of the research results show that mine
waters impact on the chemical composition of soil-water extracts.
The analysis of the ecological conditions in areas of the aban-
doned coal mines confirms the considerable negative environ-
mental impact. Long term questions regarding the consequences
mine closure on environment and health of the population have
remained a low priority without systematic monitoring. These
results have the potential to form the basis for the development of
a soil and ecological programme of local environmental monitor-
ing. They could also form the basis for development of monitoring
and protection programmes where there is a potential for popu-
lations to be impacted by adverse environmental impacts in the
industrial areas of the abandoned coal mines.
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by The Ministry of education and
science of Russian Federation, project 14.А18.21.1896.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
YuE carried out formal analysis and writing - original draft.
NV carried out formal analysis and investigation. VB made
writing - reviw & editing. OD carried out visualization and
methodology. AV carried out data curation and conceptualization.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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