GRD Journals | Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering | Emerging Research and Innovations in Civil Engineering

(ERICE - 2019) | February 2019

e-ISSN: 2455-5703

Change Detection of Land use/Land Cover

(LULC) using Remote Sensing and GIS in Surat
City
1Roma Patel 2B. M. Vadher 3Sahita Waikhom 4V. G. Yadav
1
PG Student 2Professor 3Associate Professor 4Assistant Professor
1,2,3,4
Department of Civil Engineering
1,2,3,4
GEC, Surat, Gujarat, India

Abstract

Perennial, historical and current define information about the land use and land cover changes of the Earth’s surface is thoroughly
essential for any kind of sustainable development program because in which LULC serves as one of the major input criteria. LULC
dynamics are analysed by using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This study is an attempt to evaluate
the changes in land use/land cover in Surat city situated in the state of Gujarat at western part of India over a 10 year period. The
study made use of LandSat imageries of 2006 and 2016 taken from USGS earth explorer. Maximum Likelihood classification
method is used to classify the images. Five LULC categories like water, vegetation, built up area and bare land were identified and
mapped. The results shows that land cover changes occurred in water, vegetation, built up area and bare land were 3.12%, 15.5%,
12.50%, 24.95% respectively.
Keyword- Land use Land Cover, LandSat Image, Remote Sensing, GIS, Surat city
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION
Environmental change are occurred due to Land use and land cover change because LULC is most important anthropogenic driver
of environmental change on all spatial and temporal scales. These changes embrace the greatest environmental concerns of human
populations today, including climate change, biodiversity loss and the pollution of water, soils and air. So that monitoring the
negative consequences of LULC has therefore become a major priority of researchers and policymakers around the world. (K M
Kafi et al, 2014) Objective of the study is development of land use land cover map of Surat city and identification of the decadal
change in land use land cover of Surat city.
Surat city is go through tremendous growth in admitting increasing population.(Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, 2011, Census India 2011) The city is often experiencing change concerning built up area expansion. GIS-based
examine on land use transformation are efficient and necessary for land use planning in places which are undergo rapid growth in
demand for growth of economy and development. Planning should be done on the basis of trends of land use change. Many cities
and towns are crashing with a land use change along the major roads and highways and in sprawling the city. Often, this leads to
a ribbon development along major roads and highways. Data collection from the satellite are having benefits of cost effective, less
time consuming, global availability, better quality of data, etc.(Priyank P. Patel et al, 2016)
Remote sensing detect and monitor the change occured in LULC with the use of several multi-date images. The
differences occurring in LULC between the acquisition dates of images that are mainly due to various natural conditions and human
actions. The prosperous use of satellite remote sensing for LULC change detection depends upon adequate understanding of
landscape features, image systems, and methodology used in relation to the aim of study. (O.R. Abd El-Kawy et al, 2010)

II. STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION

A. Study Area
Surat is a city located on the western part of India in the state of Gujarat. It is one of the most dynamic city of India with one of
the fastest growth rate due to immigration from various part of Gujarat and other states of India.(Surat Municipal Corporation) It
is accessible from all corners of the country through airways, railways and roadways. The port city of Surat falls within the
geographical location of North Latitude 21degrees to 15 minutes and East Longitude 72 degrees to 52 minutes. Surat is the 8th
largest city of India in terms of population and largest in non-capital cities. Area of the Surat Municipal Corporation is 326.515
km2.(Surat Municipal Corporation)

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 Change Detection of Land use/Land Cover (LULC) using Remote Sensing and GIS in Surat City
(GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 072)

For this study Surat city (Figure 1) is selected which is divided in seven different zones by Surat Municipal Corporation.
City mayor’s foundation report says that Surat is the 4th fastest growing city globally, so it is selected for change detection. The
population of Surat city is continuously increasing and spilling over into the extended area of the city which results in a change of
land use.

Fig. 1: Study area- Surat city

B. Data Collection
This study discusses change of land use land cover derived from satellite images for a decade. Landsat satellite images are
downloaded from USGS earth explorer website. Landsat 7 ETM for WGS 84, Zone 43N Date: 23-Oct-2006 is collected. Image
has sensors called Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS image WGS 84, Zone 44, Date: 27-Nov-2016
is collected. Image has sensors called Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). Here, spatial resolution
of the satellite is 30 m, so to get area covered, each band pixels are multiplied by 30 m X 30 m. A shape file is an Esri vector data
storage format which is used for storing the location, shape, and attributes of geographic features. The shape file of Surat is
georeferenced with Surat municipal map with its coordinates.

III. METHODOLOGY
Each image is downloaded in WRS tile (Worldwide Reference System) and contain data in seven different layers. To prepare Land
use map, a layer stack of that seven images are necessary and after that, an administrative boundary (of Surat Municipal Corporation
- SMC) layer once added, will get the Land use image of Surat. Land use maps are classified using ‘Unsupervised image
classification’ techniques. Present study focuses mainly on four land use class i.e. built up, water body, vacant land, and vegetation
cover. A flow chart of methodology is given here.

Steps for creating classified image

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 Change Detection of Land use/Land Cover (LULC) using Remote Sensing and GIS in Surat City
(GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 072)

Step 1: Composite all the bands of Landsat image

Windows > image analysis > select all bands > composite
Step 2: Clipping the composite image for three times to delete the background
arc toolbox > data management tools > raster > raster processing > clip
Step 3: Now apply mosaic to image arc toolbox > data management tools
raster > raster dataset > mosaic to new raster
Step 4: Add the shape file of study area on mosaic image
Step 5: Now extract remaining area by mask process
arc toolbox > spatial analyst tools > extraction > extract by mask
Step 6: apply the maximum likelihood classification to prepare land use land cover map.
The developed methodology algorithm will displays the LULC images and also shows the area covered by the different
selected classes in percentage. The algorithm is implemented on the colour class cluster to extract the feature. Following images
are the resultant LULC images generated through above methodology. The following figure shows the LULC map of Surat city
generated by above algorithm. The segmented LULC image created through ArcGIS is the as follows, showing different colour
class clusters. Here, by using supervised classification two satellite images are segmented of the year 2006 and 2016.

Fig. 2: Supervised classified image of year 2006

Figure 2 shows the classified image of year 2006 in which land cover is classified into four different classes, i.e.,
waterbody, urban area, vegetation area, bare land. The area covered by waterbody, urban area, vegetation area, bare land are 1860
ha, 8980 ha, 6438 ha, and 14680 ha respectively.

Fig. 3: Supervised classified image of year 2016

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 Change Detection of Land use/Land Cover (LULC) using Remote Sensing and GIS in Surat City
(GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 072)

Figure 3 shows the classified image of year 2016, which has land cover classified into four different classes, i.e.,
waterbody, urban area, vegetation area, bare land. The area covered by waterbody, urban area, vegetation area, bare land are 873
ha, 12990 ha, 11390 ha, 6707 ha respectively.

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows the results of LULC classification which are summarized for the years 2006 and 2016 in. In the decade of 2006 to
2016, vegetation area and urban area increased to 4952 ha (15.5 %) and 4011 ha (12.50 %) respectively. From 2006 to 2016 water
bodies and bare land decreased to 987 ha (3.12 %) and 7973 ha (24.95 %) respectively.
Area in %
Land cover class Area 2006(ha) Area 2016(ha) Area in % 2006(ha)
2016(ha)
Water 1860 873 5.82 2.70
Built up area 8980 12990 28.10 40.64
Vegetation 6438 11390 20.15 35.64
Bare land 14680 6707 45.94 21.00
31958 31958 100 100
Table 1: Statistics of Landsat classification area for 2006 and 2016
Figure 4 shows the land use land cover percentage area for year 2006 and year 2016 from the classified image of respective
years. Here, LULC changes reflect the dynamics observed in the socio-economic condition of a given study area. Also, changes in
the socio-economic situations cause land use/land cover changes through their influence on land management techniques used and
other various aspects of the farming systems, institutional settings, environmental policy. Therefore, socio-economic survey is
important to detect the factors that cause changes in land use/land cover of an area.

Fig. 4: Land use land cover of year 2006 and 2016

Decadal change of land use land cover during period of 2006-2016 Figure 5 shows waterbody area is reduced in year
2016 from year 2006, because in year 2006 population of surat city is 28,76,374 (After Extension of City Limit in 2006) and in
year 2011 population of surat city is 44,66,826 (Census 2011). Built up area is highly increased due to population and due to
implementation of town planning scheme. Vegetation area is slightly increased due to vegetation area grown in barren land. So,
barren land is reduced in year 2016 than year 2006.

Fig. 5: Percentage of different land-use/land-cover classes

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 Change Detection of Land use/Land Cover (LULC) using Remote Sensing and GIS in Surat City
(GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 072)

V. CONCLUSION
This study has established that the recent advancements in remote sensing and GIS technologies provide powerful tool for mapping
and detecting changes in land use/land cover. Study investigating decadal land use/land cover changes occurred in Surat city
between 2006 and 2016. The land reclamation projects that have taken place during the last decade have affected LULC changes
throughout the study area. Demographic changes have significantly affected Land Use in the surat city and shows significant
increase in the area covered. Regarding the undesirable changes in land use and the need for better sustainable development in the
city, we propose that the government should reconsider the policies applied to the study area, as well as the policies of the
surrounding regions that may directly or indirectly affect the development of the study area.

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