GRD Journals | Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering | Emerging Research and Innovations in Civil Engineering

(ERICE - 2019) | February 2019

e-ISSN: 2455-5703

Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in

Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of
Olpad Taluka, Surat
1Kakadiya
Bhumika 2Babulal M. Vadher 3P. G. Agnihotri
1
P. G. Student 2Principal and Professor 3Professor
1
Department of Civil Engineering
1,2
Government Engineering College, Surat, Gujarat, India 3Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of
Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India

Abstract
India is an agricultural dominated country. Agriculture is a backbone of India. Nearly 65% of population is dependent on this
sector. Hence study of crops and cropping pattern play a vital role to increase the crop production. In this study an attempt will be
made to map the different cropping pattern followed in Olpad taluka of Surat, Gujarat. A multidate Landsat satellite data from
USGS will be used to generate cropping pattern and study of crop rotation during Kharif and Rabi will be carried out. To
accomplish this Arc GIS software of (ESRI) will be used. This map is validated by taking the ground truth data using GPS receiver
in the study area to improve the accuracy of the mapping. Various vegetation indices will be calculated using GIS and RS to access
the efficiency of cropping system.
Keyword- Cropping Pattern, GIS, Remote Sensing, Vegetation Indices
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION
With the increasing population the pressure on the limited agricultural resource is ever increasing. The total population in India is
projected to be 1.62 billion by 2050. Consequently, the question before us which needs to be answered is how to use rapidly
shrinking per capita land resources in a sustainable manner. Agriculture and allied sectors contribute 13.9 per cent of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) and play a vital role in the Indian economy where nearly 65 per cent of the rural households depend on
agriculture. Cropping pattern is a spatial phenomenon and refers to sequence and arrangements of crops in an area at a point of
space and time. The cropping patterns and intensity of a region are closely influenced by a spectrum of factors including
geoclimatic, socio-economic, historical and political factors.
Cropping pattern analysis is essential for studying the sustainability of agriculture. Remote sensing and Geographical
Information System (GIS) has become very useful tools for the management of dynamic agricultural resource. Satellite imagery
has made it possible to map croplands and identify crop types at local, regional and global level. In recent times satellite data has
proved to be a valuable source to acquire timely, cost effective and precise information (M.P.Sharma 2014) in spatial domain about
the existing cropping systems. Various authors have revealed the usefulness of satellite data for cropping pattern analysis. Analysis
of cropping pattern using field observation is very laborious so satellite imagery gives us better option for analysis of cropping
pattern. So, this study is carried out to find how effectively we can use satellite imagery for cropping pattern mapping.

II. STUDY AREA

Olpad is agriculturally prosperous taluka of Surat Gujarat. The study area (Olpad Taluka) is bounded by 20° 0' 0" to 21° 7' 48"
north latitude and 72° 22' 48" to 74° 13' 48" east longitude region of south Gujarat. Population is about 2 lakh is Surat district's the
6th least populous sub district, located in Surat district of the state Gujarat in India. There are 104 villages in the Olpad as shown
in fig 1, among them Olpad is the most populous village with population of about 16 thousand and Thothab is the least populous
village with population of 170.

A. Topography
Olpad taluka’s total area is 560 km², and the density of Olpad taluka was 360 per sq.km at the 2011 Census. Dandi is the biggest
village in the sub district with an area of 69 km2 and Bhagwa is the smallest with 1 km2. 70% of area of taluka has deep to medium
black soil. 30% area is coastal zone which has deep, fine texture, salt affected soil.

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 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of Olpad Taluka, Surat
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B. Temperature and Rainfall

The summers are quite hot with temperatures ranging from 37.78°C to 44.44°C. The climate is pleasant during the monsoon. The
winters are not very cold but the temperatures in January range from 10°C to 15.5°C. Average rainfall in Olpad taluka is between
900-1000 mm.

C. Agriculture in Olpad Taluka

This Taluka has wide range of cropping systems like paddy-sugarcane, paddy-wheat, paddyfallow, paddy-pulses, cotton-fallow,
sorghum-wheat, and vegetable-paddy. Major crops in black soils area Pulses, Paddy, and Cotton. Major crops in coastal zone are
Paddy - Cotton, Sorghum, and Wheat. Olpad has 63% of cultivable area. And 80% of area is irrigated from cultivable area.

Fig. 1: Study area Olpad taluka

III. METHODOLOGY

A. Data Acquisition and Data used

For the cropping pattern mapping of study area, the initial step is the data acquisition. The present study relies on data from remote
sensing combined with ground observations. Remote sensing is useful for crop mapping. Sometimes, aerial photographs and field
data collection can be uneconomical and difficult to obtain, so quick updating and monitoring becomes difficult. Thus, satellite
imagery is often the better option.
Some satellite data products have free access and they can be downloaded from different websites developed by the data
provider. A variety of remote sensing systems exist, for which the specification is distributed among a variety of websites from
data providers, satellite operators and manufacturers. In order to choose a data product for a given project, a remote sensing data
user must be aware of the different products and their applications.
Landsat 8 images of Olpad taluka of 30th September and 3rd December as shown in fig.2 and fig.3 is used for the study.

Fig. 2: Satellite image of Olpad taluka 30th September and 3rd December

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 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of Olpad Taluka, Surat
(GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 068)

Name of Feature Description

Date of Acquisitions 30th September 2018 3rd December 2018
WRS Path and Row Path 148 and Row 45 Path 148 and Row 45
UTM zone 43 43
Output format GeoTiff GeoTiff
Technical Specification of Satellite
Satellite Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper)
No. of Bands 11 11
Spatial Resolution 30 m 30 m
Temporal Resolution 16 days 16 days
Image size 185 km X 172 km 185 km X 172 km
Swath 185 km 185 km
Table 1: Image properties of satellite images

IV. GROUND TRUTH DATA COLLECTION

For locating details of crop type ground truth data are collected using GPS 72 H (GARMIN) which is used for providing exact
location

Fig. 3: Ground truth data collection using GPS

Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Crop type

21° 18' 55" 72° 41' 44" Sugarcane
21° 14' 01" 72° 42' 49" Paddy
21° 13' 55" 72° 44' 02" Paddy
21° 25' 20" 72° 40' 51" Cotton
21° 22' 44" 72° 52' 28" Sugarcane
21° 16' 12" 72° 46' 32" Sugarcane
21° 18' 45" 72° 46' 59" Paddy
21° 18' 30" 72° 52' 21" vegetables
21° 21' 41" 72° 47' 10" Paddy
21° 23' 17" 72° 48' 42" Sugarcane
21° 20' 46" 72° 52' 21" Sugarcane
21° 19' 13" 72° 39' 43" Fallow
21° 25' 50" 72° 53' 24" Sugarcane
21° 20' 20" 72° 44' 03" Cotton
21° 19' 25" 72° 52' 35" Barren land
21° 18' 42" 72° 53' 19" Sugarcane
21° 19' 33" 72° 51' 39" Sugarcane
Table 2: Ground truth points

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 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of Olpad Taluka, Surat
(GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 068)

V. METHODOLOGY FOR GENERATION OF CROPPING

A. Pattern Map
Landsat data products can be used to generate crop pattern map. Band 4 (Red) and Band 5 (NIR) is used to generate NDVI image.
Software used for this is ARC GIS 10.1 (ESRI)
Following step wise methodology is adopted for generation of cropping pattern map.

Fig. 4: Methodology chart for generation of cropping pattern map

B. Generation of NDVI Map

For generation of NDVI map Arc GIS 10.1 (ESRI) is used.
Fig. 5 shows NDVI map of Olpad taluka. The NDVI values of Olpad taluka Ranges from 0.57 to -0.22 that gives amount of
vegetation. The minus value suggests the low vegetation and positive value suggest the healthy vegetation.

Fig. 5: NDVI map of Olpad taluka

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 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of Olpad Taluka, Surat
(GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 068)

VI. CROPPING PATTERN MAP OF OLPAD TALUKA (KHARIF SEASON)

Cropping pattern map is generated using NDVI map in Arc map 10.1 as shown in Fig. 5. In map we can see that major crop in
Olpad is Sugar cane and Paddy.
Type of crop % Area of crop
Sugar cane 35.60319971
Paddy 24.16804879
Cotton 15.2546503
Fallow 4.793957796
Barren land 5.139955602
Residential area 7.522773086
Water body 7.517414713
Table 3: Area wise distribution of Crop land

Fig. 6: Cropping Pattern map of Olpad Taluka

VII. CONCLUSION
Each crop has its unique NDVI range so cropping pattern map is generated by NDVI map of Olpad taluka doing supervised
classification in Arc map. We can say that satellite imagery can become useful in cropping pattern mapping without doing much
field work. And this map can be useful in finding out irrigation requirement, crop yield estimation etc.

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 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of Olpad Taluka, Surat
(GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 068)

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