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Abstract
The current state of globalization had increased the demand for ground water due to the growth in the population. In order to be
more responsible in protecting the ground water resources various artificial methods had been adopted. The areas located around
the Vadamaradchy lagoon in Jaffna peninsula of northern part of Sri Lanka are highly vulnerable to water scarcity and saline
ground water issues due to the lack in the proper utilization of available sources. This exploration is concerned on quantitative
estimation of storage capacity of Vadamaradchy lagoon and to find the most efficient hydraulic structure which can be easily
accessible to solve the salinity of groundwater and to increase the water level in a productive manner of these prone areas. The
study area is characterised by an average rainfall of 1298±683 mm. The catchment runoff from average rainfall (1298 mm) is 78.72
MCM and from 65% dependability rainfall (1128 mm) is 61.08 MCM. The capacity of ponds and waterways in the catchment area
of Vadamaradchy lagoon is 13.66 MCM. Vadamaradchy lagoon is directly receiving 101.25 MCM from average rainfall and 87.99
MCM during 65% dependability rainfall. The lagoon is incapable to store 166.31 MCM and 135.40 MCM of water during average
rainfall and 65% dependability rainfall respectively. So, in order to retain the surcharge water, it is necessary to construct 3 m
height embankment around lagoon boundary. Annually pond can hold maximum 140.4 MCM of water which can easily satisfy
the water requirement (30.66 MCM) of total population.
Keyword- Vadamaradchy Lagoon, Ground Water, Fresh Water Cultivation, Jaffna
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I. INTRODUCTION
Various solutions have been considered in different studies to supplement the shortfall in fresh water which has been caused by
increasing agricultural activities and contamination of ground water in Jaffna district. Increasement in nitrate, salinity and bacterial
levels above the national standards is a tremendous concern necessitating a definite solution immediately. The increasing retrograde
quality of ground water disclose the need of possible alternative sources of supply and for preservation. Most of the runoff drains
to the sea through the intermittent rives and through lagoons. It has been shown that the salinity of water in underground reservoirs
increased when the recharge from the rainfall was reduced. Hence, steps should be taken to increase the recharge to the underground
resources by conserving more of the rainwater (Navaratnarajah, 1994). Recharging the ground water reservoir and protecting it
from salt-water intrusion are great importance to the existence of Jaffna Peninsula.
II. OBJECTIVES
The objective of the study is to store the excess runoff, to improve the ground water quality and to develop a model in
Vadamaradchy lagoon.
season (Webb, 1943) proved the concept as sound and this project is to develop it further with a little bit of new technology to have
a robust system on the ground which is very unlikely to be damaged during extreme weather.
Jaffna receives 75% of its rainfall between September and December during North-East monsoon each year while most
of the rainfall is in November (www.meteo.gov.lk). Vadamaradchy lagoon is located in the interior of the Jaffna peninsula and
having the surface area of 78 Sq. Km which is described as brackish to saline lagoon connected to the Indian Ocean by a narrow
channel at Thondaimanaru, with an average depth of the lagoon in wet season around 2 m. Vadamaradchy lagoon comprise a
catchment area of 298 Sq. Km. Principal vegetation consists of sea grass beds, salt marsh, mangrove swamps, Palmyra and coconut
palms, forest scrub rice fields and croplands in the surrounding areas. There are extensive mangroves swamps and sea grass beds
in the north-west and south-east part of the lagoon, while extensive mudflats dominate the eastern and western ends. However,
surrounding areas of the lagoon are used for agriculture. The figure 2 shows Vadamaradchy lagoon at Thondaimanaru barrage.
A. Methodology
In this exploration, analysis is carried out by using Lacy’s formula for estimation of catchment runoff from rainfall. Here Lacy’s
formula is used because he has considered monsoon duration factor and catchment class characteristic to calculate the runoff
precisely (Lacey, G., 1930).
P
R= (1)
1+304.8f/PS
Where R is runoff in cm, P is rainfall in cm, f is monsoon duration factor which is considered as mentioned below
0.50 – very short
1.00 – standard length
1.50 – very long
And S is a value dependent on catchment class characteristic as
0.25 – flat, cultivated B.C. soil
0.60 – flat, partly cultivated soil.
1.00 – average
1.70 – hills and plains, little cultivated
The preliminary dimensions of low embankment dam up to the height of 4.5 m is shown in table 1 using Strange’s recommendation
(Strang G,1973).
Sr. No Design parameters Strange’s recommendation
1 Top width (m) 1.85
2 Upstream side slope (H:V) 2:1
3 Downstream side slope (H:V) 1.5:1
4 Maximum free board (m) 1.2 to 1.5
Table 1: Strange’s recommendation for preliminary dimensions of embankment dam
Source: Irrigation engineering and hydraulic structures by SK.Garg
V. CONCLUSION
The present study of Vadamaradchy lagoon reveals the preliminary dimensions (see figure 2) of the low embankment from
Strange’s recommendation. Therefore, the hydraulic height of embankment is chosen as 1.8 m from 65% dependability rainfall.
From Strange’s recommendation maximum freeboard of 1.2 m is provided, top width 1.85 m, upstream side slope 2:1 (H:V),
downstream side slope 1.5:1 (H:V). For this above dimension we can store a maximum 140.4 MCM of water up to a rainfall of
1281 mm (65% dependability rainfall). Vadamaradchy lagoon in the Jaffna Peninsula have sufficient resources to meet the water
demand of 30.66 MCM of whole population and above proposed model of embankment will prevent the intrusion of stored water
in lagoon to the low-lying areas like Idaikadu and Tampalai moreover, it can be easily accessible way to solve the salinity of
groundwater and to increase the water level in a productive manner of these prone areas like Karaveddy, Kapoothu and Mandan.
REFERENCES
[1] Department of Agrarian Development- Jaffna.
[2] District secretariat, Jaffna. http://www.jaffna.dist.gov.lk/index.php/en/
[3] Janen, S. S., & Sivakumar, S. S. (2014). Ground Water Quality Improvement of Jaffna Peninsula of Sri Lanka by Regulating
Water flow in the lagoon Mouths. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 5, 973-978.
[4] Lacey, G., (1930). Stable channels in alluvium. Minutes Proc., Inst. Civ. Engrs, Lond. 229, 259–292.
[5] Metrological Department of Sri Lanka. (2012). Climate in Sri Lanka. Retrieved from Metrological Department:
www.meteo.gov.lk
[6] Navaratnarajah, V. (1994). Water Problems in the Jaffna Peninsula. Affordable Water Supply and Sanitation, Proceedings of
the 20th WEDC Conference. Colombo, Sri Lanka: WEDC Loughborough, UK.
[7] Sivakumar, S. S. (2013). Reclamation of Land and Improve Water Productivity of Jaffna Peninsula of Northern Sri Lanka by
improving the water quality of the lagoons. Irrigation Department.
[8] Spencer E (1967) A method of analysis of the stability of embankments assuming parallel inter-slice forces. Geotechnique
15:11– 26.
[9] Strang G, Fix J (1973) An analysis of the finite element method. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.