Lecture 3:

The Design and Analysis of Rectangular Section with Compression

Reinforcements. (Double Reinforced Rectangular Beams)
Lecture 4:
Singly and Double Reinforced Flanged Section in Bending.
Rectangular Section with Compression Reinforcements
(Double Reinforced Rectangular Beams)

1) to reversal moment for the beams of a reinforced frame (the

tension reinforcement provided for the negative moment
becomes the compression steel under positive moment).
2) to increase the moment resisting capacity of the section
(when is not possible to change the dimensions of the beam).
3) to reduce the long-term deflection of an element under
service loads (when the concrete begins to creep, the
compressive force in the beam is transferred from the
concrete to the steel, thus the concrete stress is lowered and
deflection due to creep is much reduced).

Deformations* and cracks of a non‐earthquake resistant structural frame

• the tensile stresses generated in some areas of concrete cause the

formation of cracks;
• in those areas the necessary reinforcement is placed.
• when the cracks are perpendicular to the axis of the member,
longitudinal reinforcement.
• when the cracks are diagonal, transverse reinforcement is placed to
control them.

(*The concrete deformations and cracks are presented in a very large scale to provide a better
understanding of the way the members behave. In reality they are so small that they are not visible to
the human eye.) 4
 Deformations and cracks of a structural frame during an earthquake

(2)
(1) In the case of an
In case of an earthquake extremely intense earth-
greater than the design quake, where failure of
earthquake we don’t some members is
want failure (fracture) of unavoidable, the elements
any member even if it that must not fail are the
remains permanently columns.
deformed, this means All failures must be flexural
that we need ductile because of their ductile
structural members. nature as opposed to
shear failures that have a
brittle behavior.

A. Design of rectangular reinforced concrete section with compression reinforcement

 7

B. Analysis of doubly
reinforced rectangular section
 cu 3  0.0035
Es  200GPa  200 103 MPa

• the resistance moment of the section:

M Rd  Fc  zc  Fs 2  z s
• the strains of the reinforcements bars are:
dx  s1 d d  s1  cu 3
 s1   cu 3   1  1 
x  cu 3 x x  cu 3  cu 3   s1
0.0035 700
 
 s1 700   s1
0.0035 
200 103 MPa

x  d2  s2 d d2   cu 3
 s 2   cu 3   1 2  1  s2 ' 
x  cu 3 x x  cu 3  cu 3   s 2
0.0035 700
'  
 s2 700   s 2
0.0035 
200 103 MPa
8
• the steel in tension yields if:

f yd x 700 700
 s1    
Es d 700   s1 700  f yd

• the steel in compression yields if:

f yd x 700 700
 s2  '   
Es d 2 700   s 2 700  f yd

• if the steel not yields, then the steel is in the elastic domain
and the stresses are:

1 
 s1   s1  Es  700    1 for tension
 
 1
 s 2   s 2  Es  700  1   for compression
 ' 

Example 1: The resistance moment when the tension stell yields and the compression steel
is in the elastic domain:

X 0
Fs1  Fc  Fs 2
As1  f yd  b    x   f cd  As 2   s 2
  d 
As1  f yd  b    x   f cd  As 2  700  1  2 
  x 
As1  f yd  x  b    x 2   f cd  As 2  700  x  As 2  700  d 2

b    x 2   f cd  As 2  700  x  As1  f yd  x  As 2  700  d 2  0

24.03.2016
As1  f yd  As 2  700 As 2  700  d 2
x2  x 0
  b    f cd   b    f cd
ax  1
 As1  f yd  As 2  700 
bx     bx  bx 2  4  a x  cx
   b    f cd  x
2  ax
 A  700  d 2 
cx   s 2 
   b    f cd 
10
 • If: x  d2
and
then
 s1  f yd x  d2
 s 2  700 
x
 s1   ud  0.9   uk
and

 x
M Rd      b  x  f cd   d    As 2   s 2  d  d 2 
 2 

• If: x  d2

then
 x
M Rd      b  x  f cd   d  
 2 

Conclusion: the compression reinforcements is not used for calculus if : x  d 2

11

Example 2: double reinforced section with compression reinforcement in elastic range

versus simple reinforced section. (C20/25, PC52)

12
 only tension reinforcement: (Example 1 – Lecture
2)
As1  f yd
x  7.54cm
    b  f cd
 x
Conclusion: the increasing of the resistance moment M Rd      b  x  f cd   d  
of a double reinforced section is small compared with a  2 
similar section simply reinforced if the compression
reinforcement is in the elastic domain M Rd  22.54kN  m
13

Example 3: singly versus double reinforced sections

double reinforced 1.57cm2 – singly reinforced

M Rd  23.38kN  m 0.57cm2 M Rd  22.54kN  m
1.00cm2
 if this difference is added to the tension reinforcement and the section is considered as
simply reinforced, then an important increasing of resistance moment is obtained:

singly reinforced

M Rd  27.15kN  m 14
Example 4: if we double the reinforcing percentage of the resistance steel both in the case of
singly and double reinforced sections, we obtain:

singly
reinforced
section

M Rd  22.54kN  m M Rd  37.80kN  m
p  1.24% p  2.47%

15

Double reinforced section

• the steel yields both in

tension and compression
reinforcements

As1  As2 fyd

x
M Rd  23.38kN  m M Rd  44.12kN  m    b  fcd
• the compression

M Rd     b  x fcd   d 
reinforcement is in elastic x 
domain (not yields)  
 2 

 A s2  fyd  d  d 2 

 x
M Rd      b  x  f cd   d  
 2 
 As 2   s 2  d  d 2 

M Rd  51.05kN  m
16
 Conclusions:
• in normal reinforcing situations, the compression reinforcement not leads to a significant increase
of the resistance capacity,
• to over-reinforced elements, the compression reinforcement leads to a significant increase
of the resistance capacity,
• it is not economic to use compression reinforcement in a section before all the singly reinforcing
possibilities are used

17

Sections with resistance reinforcements on multiple rows:

X 0
t c
    b  x  f cd   Asi   si   Asj   sj
i 1 j 1
 si
 si h  x  di h  di   h  di 
 Es h  di  si  Es   cu 3    1  700    1
 cu 3 x  1  x   x 
 cu 3 x

 sj
 sj x  d j  dj   d 
 Es dj  sj  Es   cu 3  1    700  1  j 
 cu 3 x 1  x   x  18
 cu 3 x
 h  di  c  dj 
    b  x  f cd   Asi  700  
t
 1   Asj  700  1  
i 1  x  j 1  x 
x - is the solution of the resulting quadratic equation

Once x calculated, the reinforcements strains and stresses values can be obtained:
• for tension reinforcements:
 si h  x  di

 cu 3 x  si   si  Es if f yd
 si 
h  x  di   h  di  Es
 si   cu 3     0.0035    1 and
 x   x  f yd
 si  f yd if  si 
Es
• for compression reinforcements:
 sj x  d j
 f yd
 cu 3 x  sj   sj  Es if  sj 
Es
xdj   d 
 sj   cu 3     0.0035  1  j  and
 x   x  f yd
 sj  f yd if  sj 
Es
The resistance moment can be calculated with the following relation:
t c t c
M Rd  Fc  zc   Fsi  z si   Fsj  z sj      b  x  f cd  zc   Asi   si  z si   Asj   sj  z sj
i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1 19

Flanged Section in Bending

• T-sections and L-sections, having their flanges in compression, can both be designed or
analyzed in a similar manner,
• the flanges generally provide a large compressive area.

  x  hf

Singly
Reinforced

FLANGED
  x  h f and  s1  lim
SECTIONS

Double
Reinforced
  x  h f and  s1  lim
20
 Singly Reinforced Flanged Section –
the Depth of the Stress Block Lies Within the Flange:   x  hf

•   x  h f , the section can be considered as an equivalent rectangular section of

breadth equal to the flange width b.
• the non-rectangular section below the neutral axis is in tension and is, therefore,
considered to be cracked and inactive

21

Singly Reinforced Flanged Section –   x  hf the T section is designed

as a equivalent rectangular
section h x b :

• for   x  h f, we obtain the resistance moment of the plate: MRd=Mplate

 hf  1
M Ed  M plate  b  h f   f cd   d   
 2  bw  d 2  f cd
M Ed b   hf  hf 
   
 1  0. 5  
bw  d 2  f cd bw d  d 

b hf  hf 
We conclude that: if      1  0.5  then the depth of the stress block lies within
bw d  d 
 the flange.   x  h
f 
M Ed
The required reinfocement quantity is: As1 
f yd  z 22
Singly Reinforced Flanged Section –   x  hf and  s1  lim

M Ed b hf  hf 
• if   x  h f , then:       1  0.5 
bw  d 2  f cd bw d  d 

M Ed  M Rd ,1  M Rd ,2
As1  As1,1  As1,2  x
M Rd ,1  Fc1  z1  bw    x   f cd   d  
x  2 
z1  d   hf 
2 M Rd ,2  Fc 2  z2  b  bw   h f   f cd   d  
hf  2 
z2  d 
2
23

Singly Reinforced Flanged Section –   x  hf and  s1  lim

 hf  1
M Rd ,1  M Ed  M Rd ,2  M Ed  b  bw   h f   f cd   d   
 2  bw  d 2  f cd

 hf 
b  bw   h f   fcd   d  
M Rd ,1 M Ed  2 
 
bw  d  f cd
2
bw  d  f cd
2
bw  d  f cd
2

 s1  lim Singly Reinforced

Section

hf  b   hf 
 s1         1  1  0.5  
d  bw   d 

 s1  lim Double Reinforced

Section
24
 • if  s1  lim , then the flanged section is simply reinforced:

Fs1,1  Fc ,1  0 bw    x   f cd  As1,1  f yd
 x f f
As1,1        bw  d  cd    bw  d  cd
 d f yd f yd

Fs1,2  Fc ,2  0 b  bw   h f   fcd  As1,2  f yd

f cd
As1,2  b  bw   h f  
f yd

f cd f
As1  As1,1  As1,2    bw  d   b  bw   h f   cd
f yd f yd
  b  hf  f
As1        1    bw  d  cd
  bw  d  f yd

• we check if the tension steel yields:

 s1 d  x 1  1    1    f yd
  s1   cu 3    1   cu 3     0.0035      yd 
 cu 3 x         Es 25

Double Reinforced Flanged Section –   x  hf and  s1  lim

M Ed  M Rd ,1  M Rd ,2  M Rd ,3
As1  As1,1  As1,2  As1,3
 x
x M Rd ,1  Fc1  z1  bw    x   f cd   d  
z1  d   2 
2  hf 
hf M Rd ,2  Fc 2  z2  b  bw   h f   f cd   d  
z2  d   2 
2
M Rd ,3  Fs1,3  z3  Fs 2  z3  As 2  f yd  d  d 2 
z3  d  d 2

26
• if  s1  lim , then the flanged section is double reinforced, and :

M Rd ,1  lim  bw  d 2  f cd
 hf 
M Rd ,2  b  bw   h f   f cd   d  
 2 
M Rd ,3  M Ed  M Rd ,1  M Rd ,2

1

As 2  f yd  d  d 2   M Ed  lim  bw  d 2  f cd  b  bw   h f   f cd  d  0.5  h f  
bw  d 2  f cd

As 2  f yd  d  d 2  M Ed lim  bw  d 2  f cd b  bw   h f   fcd  d  0.5  h f 

  
bw  d 2  f cd bw  d 2  f cd bw  d 2  f cd bw  d 2  f cd

As 2  f yd  d  d 2   b  hf  hf 
   lim    1    1  0.5  
bw  d  f cd
2
 bw  d  d 

 b  hf  hf 
  lim    1    1  0.5  
As 2   bw  d  d   b  d 2  f cd
d  d 2  w
f yd As1,3  f yd  As 2  f yd

As1,3  As 2
27

f cd
As1,1  f yd  bw    lim  d    f cd As1,1  bw    lim  d   
f yd

f cd
As1,2  f yd  b  bw   h f   f cd As1,2  b  bw   h f  
f yd

As1  As1,1  As1,2  As1,3

f cd f
As1  bw    lim  d    b  bw   h f   cd  As 2
f yd f yd

As1   
f cd
f yd
 
 bw    lim  d  b  bw   h f  As 2

28
   b  hf  f
As1        1    bw  d  cd
  bw  d  f yd

29

Section 1-1
Effective width of flanges

The effective flange width of T beams,

depends on:

• the web and flange dimensions,

• the type of loading,
• the span,
• the support conditions,
• the transverse reinforcement.

The design of the effective flange width is

based on the distance l0 between points of
zero moment if:
leff ,i
leff ,i 1
 2 / 3...3 / 2 
l0  0.15  leff ,1  leff ,2  l0  0.15  leff ,2  leff ,3
leff ,3  0.5  leff ,2

l0  0.85  leff ,1 l0  0.7  leff ,2

leff ,1 leff ,2 leff ,3 30

31