Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Exercise:
Give your own definition of waste
What is waste?
3
All those wastes which are neither liquid (ie. wastewater discharges)
nor gaseous (i.e. atmospheric emissions)
Refers to solid wastes from houses, streets and public places, shops,
offices, and hospitals, which are very often the responsibility of
municipal or other governmental authorities. Solid waste from in-
dustrial processes are generally not considered "municipal" however
they need to be taken into account when dealing with solid waste as
they often end up in the municipal solid waste stream.
What is municipal solid waste?
5
Classification by source
Household garbage
Also referred to as residential refuse or domestic waste, this
category comprises wastes that are the consequence of
household activities.
Classification by source
Commercial waste
from stores, markets, offices, restaurants and hotels. The wastes typically consist
of packaging and container materials, used office supplies, and food wastes.
Commercial waste:
0.1 -0.2 kg/cap/day
What is municipal solid waste?
7
Classification by source
Institutional waste
from schools, government offices,
hospitals, police and religious
buildings are included in this category.
Classification by source
Street sweeping
Street sweeping:
0.05 -0.2 kg/cap/day
Other categories of waste
9
Classification by source
POTENTIAL FOR
RECOVERY
STORAGE
COLLECTION
EQUIPMENT AND
WORKFORCE
METHOD AND SANITARY AND
FREQUENCY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
COLLECTION IMPACT
Nature of waste
16
Generation rates
Density
Composition
Moisture content
It is largely
influenced by the
waste
composition.
Generation & Composition
Nature of waste
21
30
25
Solid Waste Generation
Africa
20
15
Northern
America
10
Europe
5
Asia
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
12.5 billion tons / year in 2000 Over 25 billion tons / year in 2050
Uncollected solid waste clogs drains and causes flooding and subsequent
spread of water-borne diseases. Blocked storm drains and pools of stagnant
water provide breeding and feeding grounds for mosquitoes, flies and
rodents. Collectively, these can cause diarrhoea, malaria, parasitic
infections.
Hazardous waste present a mixture of potential hazards, which include chemical, physical and
biological hazards. The short-term human health effects that have been investigated in relation to
residential proximity to hazardous waste sites, include reproductive effects and developmental
effects in children. Studies have suggested that there may be an association between these outcomes
and exposures to the emissions from toxic disposal sites. Long-term effects, such as cancer, have
also been looked at, and some positive correlation has been found.
Another important human health effect is the psychological impact that proximity to these sites have
on communities. These include elevated levels of anxiety, insomnia, depression, headaches and
nausea.
Municipal solid waste disposal sites also present a mixture of physical, chemical and biological hazards.
Physical hazards manifest themselves in injuries such as strains, sprains, lacerations, amputations,
contusions, and even, death; these physical exposures are primarily seen among solid waste workers,
rather than surrounding communities. However, chemical and biological hazards are associated with the
inappropriate disposal of the waste itself and with emissions from the sites. These hazards have
been found to be associated with both acute and chronic human health effects in solid waste workers.
These health effects include dermatological; respiratory; cardiovascular; gastrointestinal and
neurologic effects.
Fonte: Englehardt et al. (2000), Solid Waste Management Health and Safety Risks: Epidemiology and
Assessment to Support Risk Reduction
Integrated solid waste management
28
so that:
people can lead healthy and productive lives
the natural environment is protected and enhanced
Goals:
to protect environmental health
to promote the quality of the urban environment
to support the efficiency and productivity of the
economy
to generate employment and income
Principles:
• minimise waste generation
• maximise waste recycling and reuse
• ensure the safe and environmentally correct disposal of
waste
Integrated solid waste management
31
Key aspects
Finanacial sustainability
2. Collection of waste
3. Waste treatment/recycling
4. Disposal of waste
Solid waste flow
33
Storage at the source
34
- stationary units:
- open depots
- three sided masonry units
- four sided masonry units with door opening and no roof
- portable units:
- large steel drums
- liftable metal containers (for use with trucks equipped
with hydraulic lifts)
- wood or metal trailers (for use with tractor)
-roll-on metal containers (for use with trailer truck bodies)
Storage at the source
36
Portable units:
- are suitable for large buildings as well as densely populated areas
- allow the transport unit to be used efficiently (transport of full
containers to the disposal site)
but
- are difficult to be sized and placed
Collection techniques
37
Three basic types of collection techniques:
Transfer stations:
- not only places where waste is passed from one form of transport to
another, in order to optimize productivity of the collection equipment and
crew
but
but