CHAPTER 1

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one

or a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually
embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast,
a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks
depending on programming. Embedded systems have become very important today as they
control many of the common devices we use.

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of
scale.

Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and
MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the
systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single
microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted
inside a large chassis or enclosure.

In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have
some element of programmability. For example, Hand-held computers share some elements
with embedded systems such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power
them but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be load
and peripherals to be connected.

An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either

fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular kind of
application device. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household
appliances, airplanes, vending machines, and toys (as well as the more obvious cellular phone
and PDA) are among the myriad possible hosts of an embedded system. Embedded systems
that are programmable are provided with a programming interface, and embedded systems
programming is a specialized occupation.Certain operating systems or language platforms are
tailored for the embedded market, such as Embedded Java and Windows XP Embedded.
However, some low-end consumer products use very inexpensive microprocessors and
limited storage, with the application and operating system both part of a single program. The
program is written permanently into the system's memory in this case, rather than being
loaded into RAM (random access memory), as programs on a personal computer are.

1.2. CHARACTERISTIC OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

 Speed (bytes/sec): Should be high speed

 Power (watts): Low power dissipation
 Size and weight: As far as possible small in size and low weight
 Accuracy (%error): Must be very accurate
 Adaptability: High adaptability and accessibility
 Reliability: Must be reliable over a long period of time

1.3. APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

We are living in the Embedded World. You are surrounded with many embedded products
and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets. Television,
Radio, CD player of your living room, Washing Machine or Microwave Oven in your
kitchen, Card readers, Access Controllers, Palm devices of your work space enable you to do
many of your tasks very effectively. Apart from all these, many controllers embedded in your
car take care of car operations between the bumpers and most of the times you tend to ignore
all these controllers.

 Robotics: industrial robots, machine tools, Robocop soccer robots

 Automotive: cars, trucks, trains

 Aviation: airplanes, helicopters

 Home and Building Automation

 Aerospace: rockets, satellites

 Energy systems: windmills, nuclear plants

  Medical systems: prostheses, revalidation machine.

1.4. MICROCONTROLLER VERSUS MICROPROCESSOR

What is the difference between a Microprocessor and Microcontroller? By

microprocessor is meant the general purpose Microprocessors such as Intel's X86 family
(8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, and the Pentium) or Motorola's 680X0 family (68000, 68010,
68020, 68030, 68040, etc). These microprocessors contain no RAM, no ROM, and no I/O
ports on the chip itself. For this reason, they are commonly referred to as general-purpose
Microprocessors.

A system designer using a general-purpose microprocessor such as the Pentium or the

68040 must add RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers externally to make them functional.
Although the addition of external RAM, ROM, and I/O ports makes these systems bulkier
and much more expensive, they have the advantage of versatility such that the designer can
decide on the amount of RAM, ROM and I/O ports needed to fit the task at hand. This is not
the case with Microcontrollers.

A Microcontroller has a CPU (a microprocessor) in addition to a fixed amount of

RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and a timer all on a single chip. In other words, the processor, the
RAM, ROM, I/O ports and the timer are all embedded together on one chip; therefore, the
designer cannot add any external memory, I/O ports, or timer to it. The fixed amount of on-
chip ROM, RAM, and number of I/O ports in Microcontrollers makes them ideal for many
applications in which cost and space are critical.

In many applications, for example a TV remote control, there is no need for the
computing power of a 486 or even an 8086 microprocessor. These applications most often
require some I/O operations to read signals and turn on and off certain bits

1.5. MICROCONTROLLERS FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

In the Literature discussing microprocessors, we often see the term Embedded

System. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system
products. An embedded system product uses a microprocessor (or Microcontroller) to do one
task only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs
one task only; namely getting the data and printing it. Contrast this with a Pentium based PC.
A PC can be used for any number of applications such as word processor, print-server, bank
teller terminal, Video game, network server, or Internet terminal. Software for a variety of
applications can be loaded and run. Of course the reason a pc can perform myriad tasks is that
it has RAM memory and an operating system that loads the application software into RAM
memory and lets the CPU run it.

. In this robot as the fire sensor senses the fire, it senses the signal to microcontroller.
In an Embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically burned into
ROM. An x86 PC contains or is connected to various embedded products such as keyboard,
printer, modem, disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM drives, mouse, and so on. Each one of
these peripherals has a Microcontroller inside it that performs only one task.
 CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

2.1.WORKING

Notice boards play a vital role mostly in educational institutions. The events,
occasions or any news, which has to be passed to the students, will be written on the notice
boards present in every floor in the colleges or schools. The present system is like, a person
will be told the news and he has to update this news on all the notice boards present in the
college or school. This will be seen mostly during the examination seasons.

The time table or the schedule of the exams has to be given to the students. This will
be done by writing the details on the notice boards. But this process consumes a lot time to
update the news on all the notice boards and there may be chances that the person
responsible may commit some mistakes or he may be absent sometimes. So, this may create
disturbances and the entire schedule may be disturbed. To avoid all these, Wireless
Electronic Notice Board have been designed which completely eliminates the manual work.

The GSM Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM card and act just like a
mobile phone with its own unique phone number. Advantage of using this modem will be that
you can use its RS232 port to communicate and develop embedded applications. Applications
like SMS Control, data transfer, remote control and logging can be developed easily. The
modem can either be connected to PC serial port directly or to any microcontroller. It can be
used to send and receive SMS or make/receive voice calls. It can also be used in GPRS mode
to connect to internet and do many applications for data logging and control. In GPRS mode
you can also connect to any remote FTP server and upload files for data logging.

This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad band SIM300 GSM
modem for direct and easy integration to RS232 applications. Supports features like Voice,
SMS, Data/Fax, GPRS and integrated TCP/IP stack.
 This project is designed in such a way that the microcontroller is interfaced to the
GSM modem through a serial line driver IC MAX232 along with an LCD. The GSM modem
can receives the message from any mobile as well as it can transmit the messages to any
mobile number. In our project, if we send any message to the GSM modem it receives the
message and passes the same to the controller. Then the controller performs the predefined
task of displaying the same received message on the LCD.

Here we use 8051 as a microcontroller with 5v DC Power supply. Serial

(UART) protocol is primary concern here. The main heart of this project is GSM/GPRS
modem and it work on GPRS AT commands.

2.1.1.BLOCK DIAGRAM

Power
Supply
8

0
Max-232
5 LCD

GSM
/GPRS

Modem

Figure.2.1Block diagram

2.2.APPLICATIONS

 Electronic notice boards in Schools, Bus Stops and Railway stations.

 Managing traffic
 Advertisement conference hall
  Any public utility places

CHAPTER 3

AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER

3.1. FEATURES OF MICROCONTROLLER

 Compatible with MCS-51TM Products.

 8 Kbytes of In-System Reprogram able Flash Memory-
Endurance: 1,00Write/Erase Cycles.
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
 Three-Level Program Memory Lock.
 256 x 8-Bit Internal RAM.
 32 Programmable I/O Lines.
 Three 16-Bit Timer/Counters.
 Eight Interrupt Sources.
 Programmable Serial Channel.
 Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes.
 4.0v to 5.5v Operating Range.
 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel.
 Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode.
 Watchdog Timer.
 Dual Data Pointer.
 Power-off Flag.
 Fast Programming Time.
3.2. PIN CONFIGURATION

Figure.3.1. Pin configuration of AT89S52 Microcontroller

3.2.1. PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC: Supply voltage

GND: Ground

PORTS:

All ports are bi-directional; each consists of a latch, an output driver and an input
buffer. P0, P1, P2 and P3 are the SFR latches ports 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The main
functions of each port are mentioned below.

Port0: input/output bus port, address output port and data input/output port.
Port1: Quasi-bi-directional input/output port.
Port2: Quasi-bi-directional input/output port and address output port.
Port3: Quasi-bi-directional input/output port and control input/output pin.
RST:
 Reset pin. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while oscillator is running resets
the device

ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the lower byte of
address during access to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)
during flash programming.
PSEN:
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89S52 is executing the code from external program memory , PSEN is activated twice
each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to
external data memory.
EA/VPP:
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to ground in order to enable the device
to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H to FFFFH. EA
should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
XTAL 1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL 2:
Output from an inverting oscillator amplifier.
ARCHITECTURE OF 8051:

Figure.3.2. Architecture of 8051

SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS

3.3.1. A & B Registers
They are used during math and logically operations. The register A is also used for
all data transfers between the micro controller and memory. The B register is used during
multiplication and divided operations. For other instructions it can be treated as another
scratch pad register.

3.3.2. PSW (program status word)

It contains math flags; user flags F0 and register select bits RS1 and
RS0 to determine the working register bank.

3.3.3. Stack and Stack pointer

 Stack is used to hold and retrieve data quickly. The 8 – bit SP is incremented before
data is stored during PUSH and CALL executions. While the stack may reside anywhere in
on-chip RAM, the SP is initialized to 07H after the stack to begin at manipulated as a 16 – bit
register or as two independent 8 – bit register.

3.3.4. PC (program counter)

It addresses the memory locations that program instructions are to be fetched. It is the
only register that does not have any internal address.

3.3.5. Flags
They are 1–bit register provided to store the results of certain program instructions.
Other instructions can test the conditions of the flags and make the decisions accordingly. To
conveniently address, they are grouped inside the PSW and PCON. The micro controller has
4 main flags: carry(c), auxiliary carry (AC), over flow (OV), parity (P) and 3 general-purpose
flagsF0, GF0 and GF1.

3.3.6. SBUF (Serial Buffer)

The microcontroller has serial transmission circuit that uses SBUF register to hold
data. It is actually two separate registers, a transmit buffer and a receive buffer register.

When data is moved to SBUF, it goes to transmit buffer, where it is held for serial
transmission and when it is moved from SBUF, it comes from the receive buffer.

3.4. TIMER REGISTERS

Register pairs (TH0, TL1), (TH1, TL1) are the 16-bit counter registers for
timer/counters 0 and 1.
3.4.1. Control registers

SFR‘s, IP, TMOD, SCON and PCON control and status bits for the interrupt system,
Timers/counters and the serial port.

3.4.2. Oscillator and clock circuit

This circuit generates the clock pulses by which all internal operations are
synchronized. For the microcontroller to yield standard baud rates, the crystal frequency is
chosen as 11.059MHz.
3.5. MEMORY ORGANISATION

The 89S52 micro controller has separate address for program memory and data
memory. The logical separation of program and data memory allows the data memory to be
accessed by 8-bit address, which can be quickly stored and manipulated by an 8-bit CPU.

Nevertheless, 16-bit data memory address can also be generated through the DPTR
register. Program memory (ROM, EPROM) can only be read, not written to. There can be up
to 64k bytes if program memory the lowest 4k bytes of program are on chip. In the ROM less
versions, all program memory is external.

The read strobe for external program is the PSEN (program store enable). Data
memory (RAM) occupies a separate address space from program memory the lowest 128
bytes of data memory are on chip. Up to 64 bytes of external RAM can be addressed in the
external data memory space.

3.6. SERIAL INTERFACE

The serial port is full duplex, i.e. it can transmit and receive simultaneously. It is also
receive buffered which implies it can begin receiving a second byte before a previously byte
has been read from the receive register. The serial port receives and transmits register and
reading SBUF accesses a physically separate receive register. This serial interface had four
modes of operation:

MODE 0

In this mode of operation the serial data centers and exists through RXD.TXD outputs
the shift clock. Eight data bits are transmitted/ received, with the LSB first, the baud rate is
fixed at 1/12 of the oscillator frequency. Reception is initialized by the condition RI-0 and
REN=1.

MODE 1

In this mode 10 bits (a start bit 0, 8 data bits with LSB first and a stop bit are
transmitted through TXD port received through RXD. At the receiving end the stop bits goes
into RB8 in the SFR SCON. The baud rate is variable.
MODE 2

In the 2, 16 bits (a start bit 0, 8 data bits (LSDB first), a programmable 9th data bit
and a stop bit) are transmitted through TXD or received through RXD.The baud rate is
programmable to either 1/32 or 1/64 of the oscillator frequency

MODE 3

The function of mode 3 is same as mode 2 except that the baud rate is variable.
Reception is initialized by the incoming start bit if REN=1.

3.7.UART (Universal Asynchronous Transmitter & Receiver)

One of the microcontroller features making it so powerful is an integrated UART,

better known as a serial port. It is a full-duplex port, thus being able to transmit and receive
data simultaneously and at different baud rates. Without it, serial data send and receive would
be an enormously complicated part of the program in which the pin state is constantly
changed and checked at regular intervals. When using UART, all the programmer has to do is
to simply select serial port mode and baud rate. When it's done, serial data transmit is nothing
but writing to the SBUF register, while data receive represents reading the same register. The
microcontroller takes care of not making any error during data transmission.
 CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE COMPONENTS

4.1.POWER SUPPLY:

Figure.4.1.power supply

4.1.1.TRANSFORMER:

Transformer is a static device used to convert the voltage from one level to another level
without change its frequency. There are two types of transformers

1. Step-up transformer
2. Step-down transformer
Step-up transformer converts low voltage level into high voltage level without change its
frequency.

Step-down transformer converts high voltage level into low voltage level without change its
frequency.

In this project we using step-down transformer which converts 230V AC to 12V AC [or]
230V AC to 5V as shown below.
 Figure.4.2.Transformers

4.1.2.DIODES:
Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction. The arrow of the circuit symbol shows
the direction in which the current can flow. Diodes are the electrical version of a valve and
early diodes were actually called valves.

Figure.4.3. Diode Symbol

A diode is a device which only allows current to flow through it in one direction. In this
direction, the diode is said to be 'forward-biased' and the only effect on the signal is that there
will be a voltage loss of around 0.7V. In the opposite direction, the diode is said to be
'reverse-biased' and no current will flow through it.

4.1.3.RECTIFIER
 The purpose of a rectifier is to convert an AC waveform into a DC waveform (OR)
Rectifier converts AC current or voltages into DC current or voltage. There are two different
rectification circuits, known as 'half-wave' and 'full-wave' rectifiers. Both use components
called diodes to convert AC into DC.
The Half-wave Rectifier

The half-wave rectifier is the simplest type of rectifier since it only uses one diode, as
shown in figure.

Figure.4.4Half Wave Rectifier

The Full-wave Bridge Rectifier

The circuit in figure 3 addresses the second of these problems since at no time is the
output voltage 0V. This time four diodes are arranged so that both the positive and negative
parts of AC wave form are converted to DC .The resulting waveform is shown in figure
 Figure.4.5. Full-Wave Rectification Figure 4.6.Full -Wave Rectifier

4.1.4.CAPACITOR FILTER
The capacitor-input filter, also called "Pi" filter due to its shape that looks like the
Greek letterpi, is a type of electronic filter. Filter circuits are used to remove unwanted or
undesired frequencies from a signal.
A typical capacitor input filter consists of a filter capacitor C1, connected across the
rectifier output. The capacitor C1 offers low reactance to the AC component of the rectifier
output while it offers infinite reactance to the DC component. As a result the AC components
are going to ground. At that time DC components are feed to Regulator.

Figure.4.7.Centered Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier with a Capacitor Filter

4.1.5.VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
A voltage regulator is an electricalregulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active
electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC
or DC voltages. There are two types of regulator are they.
 Positive Voltage Series (78xx) and
 Negative Voltage Series (79xx)
78xx:’78’ indicate the positive series and ‘xx’ indicates the voltage rating. Suppose 7805
produces the maximum 5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is 5V.
79xx:’78’ indicate the negative series and ‘xx’ indicates the voltage rating. Suppose 7905
produces the maximum -5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is -5V.
These regulators consists the three pins there are
Pin1: It is used for input pin.
Pin2: This is ground pin for regulator
Pin3: It is used for output pin. Through this pin we get the output.

Figure.4.8.Regulator

4.2.RS232 SERIAL INTERFACE

Figure.4.9. RS 232 Serial Interface

In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communication transmission

of data. It formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment)
such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment, originally
defined as data communication equipment[1]), such as a modem. The RS-232 standard is
commonly used in computerserial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics
and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin out of connectors.
The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface between Data Terminal Equipment
and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued
in 1997.An RS-232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer, used for
connections to modems, printers, mice, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and
other peripheral devices.

4.3. MAX 232

Max232 IC is a specialized circuit which makes standard voltages as required by

RS232 standards. This IC provides best noise rejection and very reliable against discharges
and short circuits. MAX232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers. To ensure data
transfer between PC and microcontroller, the baud rate and voltage levels of Microcontroller
and PC should be the same. The voltage levels of microcontroller are logic1 and logic 0 i.e.,
logic 1 is +5V and logic 0 is 0V. But for PC, RS232 voltage levels are considered and they
are: logic 1 is taken as -3V to -25V and logic 0 as +3V to +25V. So, in order to equal these
voltage levels, MAX232 IC is used. Thus this IC converts RS232 voltage levels to
microcontroller voltage levels and vice versa.

Figure.4.10 . pin diagram of MAX232

4.3.1. SCON (serial control) REGISTER

The SCON register is an 8-bit register used to program the start bit, stop bit and data bits of
data framing.
 Figure.4.11. serial control register

SM0 SCON.7 Serial port mode specifier

SM1 SCON.6 Serial port mode specifier
SM2 SCON.5 Used for multiprocessor communication
REN SCON.4 Set/cleared by software to enable/disable reception
TB8 SCON.3 Not widely used
RB8 SCON.2 Not widely used
TI SCON.1 Transmit interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the
Beginning of the stop bit in mode 1. Must be
cleared by software.
RI SCON.0 Receive interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the
beginning of the stop bit in mode 1. Must be
cleared by software.
SM0 SM1
0 0 Serial Mode 0
0 1 Serial Mode 1, 8-bit data, 1 stop bit, 1 start bit
1 0 Serial Mode 2
1 1 Seria lMode 3

Of the four serial modes, only mode 1 is widely used. In the SCON register, when
serial mode 1 is chosen, the data framing is 8 bits, 1 stop bit and 1 start bit, which makes it
compatible with the COM port of IBM/ compatible PC’s. And the most important is serial
mode 1 allows the baud rate to be variable and is set by Timer 1 of the 8051. In serial mode 1,
for each character a total of 10 bits are transferred, where the first bit is the start bit, followed
by 8 bits of data and finally 1 stop bit.
4.4. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
4.4.1. INTRODUCTION TO LCD

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists
of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and
two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other.

Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked
by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to
pass through the other.

A program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices that
communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached to an
controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the controllers
are 16X1, 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 1 line 16 characters
per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

Many microcontroller devices use 'smart LCD' displays to output visual

information. LCD displays designed around LCD NT-C1611 module, are inexpensive, easy to
use, and it is even possible to produce a readout using the 5X7 dots plus cursor of the display.

They have a standard ASCII set of characters and mathematical symbols. For an 8-bit
data bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus 10 I/O lines (RS,RW,D7,
D6,D5,D4,D3,D2,D1,D0).
 For a 4-bit data bus it only requires the supply lines plus 6 extra
lines(RS,RW,D7,D6,D5,D4). When the LCD display is not enabled, data lines are tri-state
and they do not interfere with the operation of the microcontroller.

Figure.4.12.2x16 LCD Display

4.4.2. USES

The LCD s used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments is the
simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent
advances in technology have resulted in better legibility, more information displaying
capability and a wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCD s being extensively
used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The LCD s has even started
replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and graphics, and also in
small TV applications

4.4.3. LCD PIN Diagram

LCD PIN DIAGRAM

Figure.4.13.Pin Diagram of LCD

 Table.4.1.Function of control lines

PIN SYMBOL FUNCTION

1 VSS Power Supply(GND)

2 VDD Power Supply(+5V)

3 VO Contrast Adjust

Instruction/data register
4 RS select

5 R/W Data Bus Line

6 E Enable Signal

7-14 DB0-DB7 Data Bus Line

Power supply for LED

15 A B/L(+)

Power Supply for LED

16 K B/L(-)
4.4.4 .CONTROL LINES

EN:
 Line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending
it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0) and then
set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are
completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by
the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.

RS:

Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.).When RS is high
(1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen.

RW:

Line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the
data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively
querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command.
All others are write commands, so RW will almost always be low.

POTENTIOMETER

Variable resistors used as potentiometers have all three terminals connected. This
arrangement is normally used to vary voltage, for example to set the switching point of a
circuit with a sensor, or control the volume (loudness) in an amplifier circuit. If the terminals
at the ends of the track are connected across the power supply, then the wiper terminal will
provide a voltage which can be varied from zero up to the maximum of the supply.

Figure.4.14.potentiometer symbol

PRESETS

These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor. They are designed to be
mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. For
example, to set the frequency of an alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light-sensitive circuit, a
small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust presets. Presets are much cheaper than
standard variable resistors so they are sometimes used in projects where a standard variable
resistor would normally be used.

MULTITURN PRESETS

These are used where very precise adjustments must be made. The screw must be
turned many times (10+) to move the slider from one end of the track to the other, giving very
fine control.

Figure.4.15. preset symbol

LCD interface with the microcontroller (4-bit mode)

Figure.4.16. LCD interference with microcontroller

4.5. GSM TECHNOLOGY

4.5.1. DEFINITION OF GSM:

 GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone

system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital
wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses
data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time
slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band. It supports voice calls
and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 k bit/s, together with the transmission of SMS (Short
Message Service).

4.5.2. HISTORY

In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations

(CEPT) created the Group Special Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile
telephone system that could be used across Europe. In 1987, a memorandum of
understanding was signed by 13 countries to develop a common cellular telephone system
across Europe. Finally the system created by SINTEF lead by TorleivMaseng was selected.

In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications

Standards Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990.
The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with joint technical
infrastructure maintenance from Ericsson.

By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone networks
being operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries. As of the end of 1997, GSM service was
available in more than 100 countries and has become the de facto standard in Europe and
Asia.

4.5.3. GSM FREQUENCIES

GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges (separated into

GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks
operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including
Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and
1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated. Most 3G GSM networks in Europe
operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are
assigned in some countries where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation
systems.

GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base
station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF
channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used.
In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger frequency range.
This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink) and 925–960 MHz (downlink),
adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the original GSM-900 band.

Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech
channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst
periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames
in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 Kbit/s, and the frame
duration is 4.615 ms.

The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in

GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz
bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US. The 850MHz band is also
used for GSM and 3G in Australia, Canada and many South American countries. By having
harmonized spectrum across most of the globe, GSM’s international roaming capability
allows users to access the same services when travelling abroad as at home. This gives
consumers seamless and same number connectivity in more than 218 countries.

Terrestrial GSM networks now cover more than 80% of the world’s population. GSM
satellite roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not
available.

4.5.4. MOBILE TELEPHONY STANDARDS

Table.4.2. Mobile Telephone Standards

1G-FIRST GENERATION OF MOBILE NETWORK

The first generation of mobile telephony (written 1G) operated using analogue
communications and portable devices that were relatively large. It used primarily the
following standards:

 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), which appeared in 1976 in the United
States, was the first cellular network standard. It was used primarily in the Americas,
Russia and Asia. This first-generation analogue network had weak security
mechanisms which allowed hacking of telephones lines.

 TACS (Total Access Communication System) is the European version of the AMPS
model. Using the 900 MHz frequency band, this system was largely used in England
and then in Asia (Hong-Kong and Japan).

 ETACS (Extended Total Access Communication System) is an improved version of

the TACS standard developed in the United Kingdom that uses a larger number of
communication channels.

The first-generation cellular networks were made obsolete by the appearance of an

entirely digital second generation.

2G-SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE NETWORKS

The second generation of mobile networks marked a break with the first generation of
cellular telephones by switching from analogue to digital. The main 2G mobile telephony
standards are:

 GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most commonly used
standard in Europe at the end of the 20th century and supported in the United States.
This standard uses the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands in Europe. In the
United States, however, the frequency band used is the 1900 MHz band. Portable
telephones that are able to operate in Europe and the United States are therefore
called tri-band.

 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) uses a spread spectrum technique that
allows a radio signal to be broadcast over a large frequency range.

 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) uses a technique of time division of

communication channels to increase the volume of data transmitted simultaneously.
TDMA technology is primarily used on the American continent, in New Zealand and
in the Asia-Pacific region.

3G-THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILE NETWORK

The IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000)

specifications from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the
characteristics of 3G (third generation of mobile telephony). The most important of these
characteristics are:

1. High transmission data rate.

2. 144 Kbps with total coverage for mobile use.

3. 384 Kbps with medium coverage for pedestrian use.

4. 2 Mbps with reduced coverage area for stationary use.

5. World compatibility..

4.5.5 INTRODUCTION TO THE GSM STANDARD

 The GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) network is at the start of the
21st century, the most commonly used mobile telephony standard in Europe. It is called as
Second Generation (2G) standard because communications occur in an entirely digital mode,
unlike the first generation of portable telephones.

When it was first standardized in 1982, it was called as Group Special Mobile and
later, it became an international standard called "Global System for Mobile communications"
in 1991.

In Europe, the GSM standard uses the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands. In
the United States, however, the frequency band used is the 1900 MHz band. For this reason,
portable telephones that are able to operate in both Europe and the United States are
called tri-band while those that operate only in Europe are called bi-band.

The GSM standard allows a maximum throughput of 9.6 kbps which allows
transmission of voice and low-volume digital data like text messages (SMS, for Short
Message Service) or multimedia messages (MMS, for Multimedia Message Service).

4.5.5.1 GSM STANDARDS

GSM uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same
radio frequency.

There are three basic principles in multiple access, FDMA (Frequency Division
Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), and CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access). All three principles allow multiple users to share the same physical
channel. But the two competing technologies differ in the way user sharing the common
resource.

TDMA allows the users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal
into different time slots. Each user takes turn in a round robin fashion for transmitting and
receiving over the channel. Here, users can only transmit in their respective time slot.

CDMA uses a spread spectrum technology that is it spreads the information contained
in a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original signal.
Unlike TDMA, in CDMA several users can transmit over the channel at the same time.
 TDMA principle is of GSM’s (Global System for Mobile communication). To reduce
the effect of co-channel interference, fading and multipath, the GSM technology can use
frequency hoping, where a call jumps from one channel to another channel in a short interval.

4.5.6 THE CONCEPT OF CELLULAR NETWORK

Mobile telephone networks are based on the concept of cells, circular zones that
overlap to cover a geographical area

Figure.4.16. cellular network

Cellular networks are based on the use of a central transmitter-receiver in each cell,
called a "base station" (or Base Transceiver Station, written BTS). The smaller the radius of a
cell, the higher is the available bandwidth. So, in highly populated urban areas, there are cells
with a radius of a few hundred meters, while huge cells of up to 30 kilometers provide
coverage in rural areas.

In a cellular network, each cell is surrounded by 6 neighbouring cells (thus a cell is

generally drawn as a hexagon). To avoid interference, adjacent cells cannot use the same
frequency. In practice, two cells using the same frequency range must be separated by a
distance of two to three times the diameter of the cell.

4.5.7.ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM NETWORK

 In a GSM network, the user terminal is called a mobile station. A mobile station is
made up of a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card allowing the user to be uniquely
identified and a mobile terminal.

The terminals (devices) are identified by a unique 15-digit identification number

called IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). Each SIM card also has a unique (and
secret) identification number called IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity). This
code can be protected using a 4-digit key called a PIN code.

The SIM card therefore allows each user to be identified independently of the
terminal used during communication with a base station. Communications occur through a
radio link (air interface) between a mobile station and a base station.

Figure.4.17. cellular network (Grafical)

All the base stations of a cellular network are connected to a base station
controller (BSC) which is responsible for managing distribution of the resources. The system
consisting of the base station controller and its connected base stations is called the Base
Station Subsystem (BSS).
 Finally, the base station controllers are themselves physically connected to the Mobile
Switching Centre (MSC), managed by the telephone network operator, which connects them
to the public telephone network and the Internet. The MSC belongs to a Network Station
Subsystem (NSS), which is responsible for managing user identities, their location and
establishment of communications with other subscribers. The MSC is generally connected to
databases that provide additional functions:

4.5.8 GSM MODEM

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A
wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a
dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless
modem sends and receives data through radio waves.

Figure.4.18. GSM/GPRS modem

A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an

external GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB cable. A
GSM modem in the form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use with a laptop
computer. It should be inserted into one of the PC Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop
computer.Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless
carrier in order to operate.

A SIM card contains the following information:

  Subscriber telephone number (MSISDN)

 International subscriber number (IMSI, International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

 State of the SIM card

 Service code (operator)

 Authentication key

 PIN (Personal Identification Code)

 PUK (Personal Unlock Code)

Figure.4.19. Establishing connection between PC and GSM

The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per minute is
very low i.e., about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute.

message to inform the SMS center that this SMS message has been sent before. If the
previous message submission was successful, the SMS center will ignore the new SMS
message but send back a message submission report to the mobile phone. This mechanism
prevents the sending of the same SMS message to the recipient multiple times.

CHAPTER 5
 SOFTWARES USED

5.1KEIL SOFTWARE
The μVision IDE combines project management, run-time environment, build
facilities, source code editing, and program debugging in a single powerful environment.
μVision is easy-to-use and accelerates your embedded software development. μVision
supports multiple screens and allows you to create individual window layouts anywhere on
the visual surface.

The μVision Debugger provides a single environment in which you may test,
verify, and optimize your application code. The debugger includes traditional features like
simple and complex breakpoints, watch windows, and execution control and provides full
visibility to device peripherals

figure 5.1 Keil u vision

5.2 PROTEUS 7
 The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for
electronic design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and
technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuitboards.
It was developed in Yorkshire, England by Lab center Electronics Ltd and is available in
English, French, Spanish and Chinese languages.

The first version of what is now the Proteus Design Suite was called PC-B and was
written by the company chairman, John Jameson, for DOS in 1988. Schematic Capture
support followed in 1990, with a port to the Windows environment shortly thereafter. Mixed
mode SPICE Simulation was first integrated into Proteus in 1996 and microcontroller
simulation then arrived in Proteus in 1998. Shape based auto routing was added in 2002 and
2006 saw another major product update with 3D Board Visualisation . More recently, a
dedicated IDE for simulation was added in 2011 and MCAD import/export was included in
2015. Support for high speed design was added in2017. Feature led product releases are
typically biannual, while maintenance based service packs are released as required.

Figure 5.2 Proteus 7

CHAPTER 6
 RESULTS

Figure.6.1. Photocopy of messsage displayed

The message send through sms is displayed on lcd display

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

7.1. CONCLUSION

The prototype of the GSM based display toolkit was efficiently designed. This
prototype has facilities to be integrated with a display board thus making it truly mobile. The
toolkit accepts the SMS, stores it, validates it and then displays it in the LCD module. The
SMS is deleted from the SIM each time it is read, thus making room for the next SMS. The
major constraints incorporated are the use of „*‟ as the termination character of the SMS and
the display of one SMS as a time. These limitations can be removed by the use of higher end
microcontrollers and extended RAM. The prototype can be implemented using commercial
display boards. In this case, it can solve the problem of instant information transfer in the
campus.

7.2. FUTURE SCOPE

The use of microcontroller in place of a general purpose computer allows us to

theorize on many further improvements on this project prototype. Temperature display during
periods wherein no message buffers are empty is one such theoretical improvement that is
very possible. The ideal state of the microcontroller is when the indices or storage space in
the SIM memory are empty and no new message is there to display. With proper use of
interrupt routines the incoming message acts as an interrupt, the temperature display is halted
and the control flow jumps over to the specific interrupt service routine which first validates
the sender‟s number and then displays the information field. Another very interesting and
significant improvement would be to accommodate multiple receiver MODEMS at the
different positions in a geographical area carrying duplicate SIM cards. With the help of
principles of TDMA technique, we can choose to simulcast and /or broadcast important
notifications. After a display board receives the valid message through the MODEM and
displays it, it withdraws its identification from the network & synchronously another nearby
MODEM signs itself into the network and starts to receive the message. The message is
broadcast by the mobile switching center for acontinuous time period during which as many
possible display board MODEMS “catch” the message and display it as per the constraint of
validation.

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