Professional Documents
Culture Documents
views or policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development
Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any
consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.
• The CDHS 2014 reports extremely low levels of sexual activity in unmarried
adolescent girls so the increase in adolescent births is in married girls. The
percentage of girls 15-19 who were married increased from 10% in 2010 to 15.4%
in 2014. The increase in married adolescents has been in older adolescents, with
child marriage (by age 18) staying constant (18.4% and 18.5% of women 20-24 in
2010 and 2015 respectively). The percentage married by age 20 has risen from
37.3% to 40.8% in 2014.
• The highest increase in adolescent pregnancy is in adolescents with no education,
where the percentage who have begun childbearing has increased from 17% to
37.1%, and in those adolescents in the lowest two wealth quintiles. Most of the
increase is in adolescent girls bearing children at age 18 or 19. Only a small
percentage of girls gave birth at age 15 or 16 (approximately 4.4%). This recent
analysis of CDHS 2014 data is essential in helping to focus the national reproductive
health programme on these particular groups of adolescents.
• In 2013
• the population at marriageable age (18-30 years old) was 3.9 millions (26.6% of the
total pop) of which 2.1 million had not bee married (53.2%).
• The suggests high demands for health care of youth, especially reproductive health
and family planning for both married and unmarried youth.
• Only 7.4% of the pop aged 15-64 years old (9% among men and 5.8% among women
of the same ages) finished upper secondary education, vocational training and college
education.
• The % of pop aged 15-64 finishing upper secondary education, vocational training and
college education differs significantly by place of residence.
• Urban: total 19.3% male 23.5% female 15.3%
• Rural: total 3.3% male 4.2% female 2.5%
• Need for key policy directions, measures and actions in order to reduce the above
gender and geographic disparities.
• Promote the use of modern birth spacing methods of family planning among youth
and women to reduce unmet need for family planning
• Improve women’s access to education health care service and social and legal
protection
Reference: Ministry of Planning: National population policy 2016-2030, continue to improve the quality of life and well being of the people, General Secretariat for population and development
• In 2013
• Accelerate further reduction of the maternal mortality ratio, child mortality rate and
infant mortality rate
• Realize all the adolescent youth and couple’s reproductive needs and fertility
intentions are met and accelerate the pace of pop stabilization.
• Reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and decrease the spread of malaria, Tuberculosis
and other diseases towards the total elimination of spread.
Overview of Cambodia’s recent health and other relevant inter-
ministerial policy changes for women’s sexual and reproductive health
: up to date domestic policy developments as well as the progress on
recent mul-tilaterial and bilaterial assistance programs for women’s
sexual and reproductive health
Gender context in Cambodia
• Cambodian Millennium Development Goals 2003, National Population Policy, Rectangular Strategy
2004, National Strategic Development Plan 2009, and the 5 years Strategic Plan for Gender Equality and
the Empowerment of Women in Cambodia 2009-2013 or ‘Neary Rattanak III (Ministry of Women's
Affairs (MoWA)) with relevant partners
• National Action Plan to Combat Violence Against Women; the National Program on the Promotion of
Social Morality, Women and Khmer Family Values; the Social Security Policy and National Social
Protection Strategy for the Poor and Vulnerable; the Strategic Plan on Women, Girls and HIV/AIDS; and
sectoral Gender Mainstreaming Action Plans.
• Cambodian National Council for Women (CNCW), an inter-ministerial council comprised of secretaries
of state of line ministries and relevant institutions; the Technical Working Group on Gender (TWG-G),
established within the framework of the Government-Donor Consultative Committee (GDCC) to support
improved aid effectiveness; Gender Mainstreaming Action Groups (GMAGs) established in line
ministries, including the Ministry of Health (MOH); and Women's and Children's Consultative
Committees (WCCCs), established at sub-national government levels.
• Gender Mainstreaming Strategic Plan MOH 2006-2010
• Gender Mainstreaming Strategy and Action Plan for the Ministry of Health Cambodia (2014-2018)
The four objectives are to:
• improve gender responsiveness of MOH financing;
• strengthen equality of opportunity in MOH recruitment, training and promotion;
• increase the responsiveness of MOH programmes and service delivery to gender issues;
• strengthen the capacity of GMAG to address gender responsiveness within MOH.
Policy 1 of health sector priority:
• Improve reproductive health, reduce maternal, newborn and
child mortality and malnutrition among women and children.
Strategy level: strategic priority focuses on health service delivery
system that is a core business of the whole health system, to ensure
that all population has access to and utilization of quality, safety and
effective health services in equitable manner through:
• Expanding the coverage of and access to improved quality health
services across geographical areas throughout the country; and
• Increasing the coverage social health protection mechanisms for
all Cambodians, regardless their socio-economic conditions.
• Health Equity Funds
1. Health Equity Funds for the poor
2. Health Equity Funds for informal workers and other groups target
Non-Independent Workers, District / Khan Councils, Commune / Sangkat, Village Chiefs, Vice-Chairmen,
CMAC, Moto, Cyclo ... with the right associations are guaranteed
• Subsidy Scheme from Facilities
• National social security funds for formal workers/employees
1. (The government's budget revenues through the Ministry of Economy and Finance provide the National
Security Fund with a 1% base of basic salary, of which 0.5% is the responsibility of the Royal Government
and 0.5% is the responsibility of the person. But now, the government has replaced the civil servants
2. Income from the employer is based on the contribution rate of the employer 2.6% of the average wage
involved (200,000 to 1,200,000 Riel) (enterprise, worker))
• More support for maternity:
• Women workers under the provisions of the Labor Law are funded by the Royal Government for a one-child
birth:
- One child is 400,000 Riels
- Two children are 800,000 Riels
- Three children are 1200,000 Riel
• Outsourced workers and other members
• Outsourced Workers District / Khan Councils Commune / District Chiefs / Vice-Presidents, CMAC Artists,
Motorbikes, Motorcycles, Cyclists ... Women, and whose names are in the correct contacts, are provided by
the Royal Government for the same maternity To the workers under the provisions of the Labor Code.
• Female public officials
• Women's public officials, including the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF)
One child is 800,000 Riels, two children, 1,600,000 Riels and 2,400,000 Riels, which the Ministry of the Institution provides.
• National strategy for reproductive and sexual health in Cambodia 2017-2020, 2013-2016,
2006- 2010, to ensure an effective and coordinated response to reproductive and sexual
health needs in the country: focus on increase coverage and service quality especially at 6
domain areas : Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kratie, Phnom Penh, Prah Vihear and Stung
Treng in high demand group (age group 15-24 years old , 40-49 Years old , in rural area, poor,
and low education) increase capacity of provider in counselling and provide long term and
permanent contraceptive methods services.
• Increase service providers' ability to provide counseling, increase long-term and permanent
contraceptive methods services at hospital, and ensure Health Equity Funds fund pay for post-
delivery family planning services and after abortion.
• Ensure availability of emergency contraception and dual protection (e.g. Condom plus for
entertainment workers and at Opportunistic Infection/ART sites..)
• Increasing men's participation in interventions, outreach and behavior change in dual protection
/ birth spacing
• Increase 4 ANC and addressing anemia and parasite effectively, increasing access to and
utilization of services in those areas that coverage are still slow, as well as among the vulnerable
groups
• Provide incentive for midwives who deliver babies in health facilities and increasing coverage of
health financing projects for promote access to health services and increase community demand
level.
• Increase midwives at HC level (2 persons/HC) especially at Prah Vihea, Stung Treng, Mondulkiri,
Rattanakiri
Challenges/problem and innovatives strategies
6. Authority (NAA) and National Centre for HIV/AIDS, Dermatology, and STIs (NCHADS).
7. , linkages, and community involvement
8. evidence based programming
9. Lack of budget for :
increase the knowledge of gender at all levels of the health sector;
monitor and evaluate all programmes and activities of the MoH to ensure that every programme
and activity responds to gender needs.
Implement national strategy for reproductive and sexual health in Cambodia 2017-2020 effective
and coordinated response and action required.
10. Human resources for revise Gender mainstreaming strategy and action plan for MOH (previous 2014-
2018)
11. effective health workforce for universal access (recruitment and training,)
12. Another barrier is that fewer Cambodian women want to become midwives
Conclusion
1. Need policy and strategy
2. Gender mainstream strategy is crucial for each program to implement
3. Need to have Gender mainstream strategy for guidance the implementation
4. Need resources available for operational strategy effective (human
resources, fund, supplies, logistic)