Journal of Natural Fibers

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Influence of Ultrasonic Radiation on the Dyeing of

Cotton Fabric Using Reactive Yellow 145 Dye

S. Adeel, S. Kiran, T. Gulzar, F. Rehman, M. Azeem, Z. Ahmad, M. Zuber, M.

Kamran & Z. Iqbal

To cite this article: S. Adeel, S. Kiran, T. Gulzar, F. Rehman, M. Azeem, Z. Ahmad, M.

Zuber, M. Kamran & Z. Iqbal (2017) Influence of Ultrasonic Radiation on the Dyeing of
Cotton Fabric Using Reactive Yellow 145 Dye, Journal of Natural Fibers, 14:5, 658-665, DOI:
10.1080/15440478.2016.1266292

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2016.1266292

Published online: 17 Feb 2017.

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JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
2017, VOL. 14, NO. 5, 658–665
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2016.1266292

Influence of Ultrasonic Radiation on the Dyeing of Cotton Fabric

Using Reactive Yellow 145 Dye
S. Adeela, S. Kiranb, T. Gulzarb, F. Rehmanb, M. Azeemc, Z. Ahmadd, M. Zuberb, M. Kamranb,
and Z. Iqbald
a
Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; bDepartment of Applied Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; cDepartment of Botany, Government College
University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; dNoor Fatima Textile (Pvt.) Ltd., Faisalabad, Pakistan

ANSTRACT KEYWORDS
Ultrasonic (US) radiation has a promising effect in textile processing due to its Cotton; colorfastness
eco-friendly nature, rapid, cost and time effective tool. For the present study, properties; eco-friendly tool;
the cellulosic fabric and dye solution were irradiated with ultrasonic (US) Reactive Yellow 145 dye;
spectraflash SF600;
radiation for different times (10–60 min.). Dyeing was performed using non-
ultrasonic radiation
radiated and irradiated cellulosic with nonradiated and irradiated Reactive
Yellow 145 dye. Different dyeing parameters such as temperature, pH, material 关键词
to liquor ratio and time were optimized using irradiated dye and irradiated 色牢度性能; 棉; 环保工具;
cotton. It is found that US treatment of dye solution for 20 minutes gives good 活性黄145染料; 光谱闪光
color strength by dyeing un-irradiated fabric at 70 °C, for 35 min using dye bath SF600; 超声波辐射
of pH 9 in the presence of 5 g/100 mL of salt as exhausting agent keeping
40 mL of dye volume. Colorfastness properties of fabrics dyed at optimum
condition of various shades show that US treatment has improved the grading
of fastness from fair to good. It is found that US irradiation had not only
enhanced the strength of dye on irradiated fabric but also improved the
dyeing properties. It is also concluded that US treatment has not only reduced
the dyeing time, temperature but also reduced the amount of salt and dye
volume used, which is the proof that this tool is cost, time and energy effective.

摘要
由于超声波（US）辐射具有环保、成本低、时间效率高等特点，它在纺织
品加工应用中富有前景。在本研究中，用超声波（US）辐射对纤维素织物
和染料溶液照射不同时间段（10-60分钟），然后分别用未照射和经过照射
的活性黄145染料对未照射和经过照射的纤维素进行染色，使用经过照射
的染料和经过照射的棉来优化不同染色参数，例如温度、pH值、材料/液
体比率以及时间。研究发现，经过 20 分钟超声波处理的染色溶液，在5克/
100毫升盐液作为排出剂并保持 40 毫升染料体积的条件下，用pH 9的染浴
在70℃下对未照射的织物染色 35 分钟，可得到良好的着色强度。在各种
色调的最佳条件下染色的织物的色牢度性质表明，超声波处理将色牢度的
等级从“尚可”改善为“良好”。研究还发现，超声波照射不仅增强了经照射
织物上染料的强度，还改善了染色性能。由此我们得出结论：超声波处理
不仅能缩短染色时间、降低温度要求，而且能减少所使用的盐和染料体积
的量，这证明超声波在成本、时间和能量效率上具有优势。

CONTACT S. Kiran shumaila.asimch@gmail.com Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Government College
University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/WJNF.
© 2017 Taylor & Francis
 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 659

Introduction
The field of ultrasonic is still making advances towards excellence, and many applications of ultrasonic
waves are found in science and technology (Mason 1991). Currently, the potential use of ultrasound in
leather, textiles, and chemical process industries with the aim to increase the process efficiency, reduce
process time, and to improve product quality as an advanced manufacturing techniques are studied
(Hamaky et al. 2007; Sivakumar et al. 2009). Although different techniques (Bouatay et al. 2016) have
been applied such as mercerization (Bhatti et al. 2012; Qin et al. 2008), cationization, bio-polishing
(Saravanan et al. 2009), ultraviolet (Bhatti et al. 2016), gamma radiations (Adeel et al. 2015; Adeel et al.
2017) to improve the quality of textile processing yet the role of ultrasonic treatment has its own
importance. This is because textile processes usually consume a lot of energy and water and researchers
are concerned with the development and implementation of new techniques to improve different
properties of textile materials (Asim and Mamood 2003; Hassan 2009). In this sense, the application of
ultrasound (US) in textile processing has started to be considered as an alternative process to the
conventional methods to color depth and to reduce the effluent waste in textile (Kamel et al. 2010; Sun,
Guo, and Liu 2010; Vouters et al. 2004). The prime benefit of using US energy in textile dyeing is
improvement in mass transfer who can otherwise be achieved through high temperature, prolonged
time and addition of various chemicals (Udrescu, Ferrero, and Periolatto 2014).
Keeping in view the advanced benefits of US energy, we report the improvement in dyeing of cotton
fabric using Reactive Yellow 145 dye with the aim of enhancement of color strength and fastness
characters under mild conditions. Cotton is the most abundant biodegradable cellulose fiber in nature
(Blouein and Jr 2013; Mohsin et al. 2013), the cellulose chains are made up of β-1, 4-D glucopyranose
units which are cross linked by 1,4-glucosidic bonds. Cotton has a unique property of dye uptake
ability through bonding with various classes of dyes due to the hydroxyl groups present in cellulosic
matrix (Clark 2011). Of all dyed textile fibers, cotton is the most commonly used, and more than 50%
of cotton produced is dyed with reactive dyes (All’egre et al. 2006; Machnowski et al. 2013). Reactive
dyes are widely used in the textile industries because of their simple dyeing procedure and good
stability during washing process (Glover 2005; Muruganandham and Swaminathan 2004). It is a class
of highly colored organic substances primarily utilized for tinting industries that attach themselves to
their substrate by a chemical reaction that forms a covalent bond between the dye molecule and that of
the fiber(Matyjas and Rybicki 2003). The present study is aimed to improve the color strength and
fastness characteristics of cotton fabric using Reactive Yellow 145 dye via implementation of US energy
as well as to make the reactive dyeing process cost, time and labor effective.

Materials & methods

Materials
Commercially available sample of Reactive Yellow 145 dye (structure given below) was obtained
from Noor Fatima Textile Processing Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. Faisalabad, Pakistan. Grey fabric was
obtained from Rahem Textile Faisalabad and its pretreatment was done by following the documen-
ted method of Gulzar et al. (2015).

Irradiation process
Both cotton fabrics and dye solution were treated with different time periods of ultrasonic radiations,
such as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes using Rosh-137 (40-V) Ultrasonic irradiator at Govt.
College University Faisalabad, Pakistan. After the ultrasonic ray’s treatment, dyeing process was
carried out using non-radiated solution/non radiated cotton (NRS/NRC), radiated solution/radiated
cotton (RS/RC), non-radiated solution/radiated cotton (NRS/RC) and radiated solution/non radiated
cotton (RS/NRC). For optimization, all US treated fabric samples were assessed in CIE lab system.
660 S. ADEEL ET AL.

Na+
O-
O
O S O
Cl HN NH2
NN
N N O
O -
O
OS N N N S S +
H H O- Na
O O
O O O
S
O O- Na+ Na+

Optimization of dyeing conditions

Various dyeing parameters such as temperature, time, pH, salt concentration and material to liquor
ratio of dyeing were optimized. These dyed fabrics washed with distilled water, dried at room
temperature and sent to CIE lab system for the evaluation of color strength properties. The effect
of temperature was studied by carrying out experiments in temperature range of 40–80°C with
increment of 10°C, and got results by taking 50°C as standard. Material to liquor ratio was adjusted
to be 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50 and 1:60 to get optimal volume amount. Salt concentrations used
were 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 g/100 mL for achieving good exhaustion (Usman et al. 2016). The effect of
pH change for dyeing was monitored parameter in range 5–11, so that the most favorable pH for
dyeing may be explored. Dyeing time was also optimized by carrying out dyeing for 15–75 min at
regular time intervals of 5 minutes.

Evaluation of color fastness

To observe the influence of US on dyeing behavior of Reactive Yellow 145 dye, all irradiated and
nonradiated fabrics were assessed in CIE lab system using spectra flash SF600 with an illuminant
D65 10° observer. Colorfastness such as rubbing ISO-105-X12 using crock-meter, for light fastness
ISO 105-BO2 using fado-meter and washing ISO 105-CO3 were rated according to ISO methods.

Results and discussion

Ultrasonic (US) energy has marked a promising effect in reactive dyeing of cotton fabric using
Reactive Yellow 145 (Figure 1). It was revealed that 20 minutes cavitation using ultrasonic rays to
dyes solution (RS) has given maximum color strength onto non-radiated fabric (NRC) as compared
to irradiated fabric (RC). The US energy for long time did not cause stimulation of dye molecules to
sorb onto fabric, while too much time (above optimum, 20 min) cause breakdown of molecules
which upon dyeing rush toward fabric rapidly and form weak bond (Kannan et al. 2006). Hence the
current study recommended that it is suitable to radiate dye solution than to fabric which reveals
that US (RS, 20 min) is time and cost effective tool. Hence it is found that 20 minutes is optimum US
treatment time for stimulating and cavitation of Reactive Yellow 145 molecules using nonradiated
fabric (NRC).
Temperature is an essential parameter in any dyeing process. At low temperature, the rate of dyeing was
slow while at high temperature the rate of stripping is favored. While at optimum temperature the dyeing
equilibrium is achieved and good color strength was observed. The data given in Figure 2 shows that effect
at high temperature the hydrolytic degradation of dye might occur and actual colorant got less chance to
sorb onto non-radiated fabric at 70 °C (Gulzar et al. 2015), not only dyeing equilibrium is achieved but also
leveled dyeing with good color strength was obtained. Hence 70 °C is the optimum dyeing temperature for
dyeing of nonradiated fabric (NRC) using irradiated dye solution (RS, 20 minutes).
 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 661

250
NRC/NRS RC/RS NRS/RC NRC/RS

200

Color Strength (%)

150

100

50

0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Ultrasonic Radiation Time (min.)

Figure 1. Effect of ultrasonic treatment time on dyeing of cotton fabric using irradiated and un-irradiated Reactive Yellow 145 dye
solution.

300
250
Color Strength (%)

200
150
100
50
0
40 50 60 70 80
Temperature (°C)

Figure 2. Effect of temperature on the dyeing of un-irradiated cotton fabric using Reactive Yellow 145 dye (RS, 20 minutes).

160
140
120
Color Stringth (%)

100
80
60
40
20
0
15 25 35 45 65 75
Dyeing time (min.)

Figure 3. Effect of time on the dyeing of un-irradiated cotton fabric using Reactive Yellow 145 dye (RS, 20 minutes).

The data displayed in Figure 3 show that US energy is time effective treatment in reactive dyeing
of non-radiated fabric using irradiated dye solution. Dyeing for low time, the materials are not active
to sorb onto fabric while heating for long time disturb the sorption and weakens the bond formed.
Hence dyeing for 35 min. is recommended for dyeing of non-radiated fabric (NRC) using US treated
dye solution (RS, 20 min). The reduction in dyeing time also revealed that US treatment is time
662 S. ADEEL ET AL.

200

150

Color Strength (%)

100

50

0
5 6 7 9 10 11
pH

Figure 4. Effect of pH change on the dyeing of un-irradiated cotton fabric using Reactive Yellow 145 dye (RS, 20 minutes).

effective tool. On optimized time; the US irradiated dye molecules reacted with OH groups of
alkaline cellulosic sites in fixation phase resulting in strong covalent bond (Naz and Bhatti 2011).
In reactive dyeing, pH of dye bath always played its role because it determines the firm interaction
of dye with fabric (Bensah and Mensah 2013). Dyeing in alkaline medium did not favor the
interaction with fabric while highly alkaline medium may hydrolyzed dye with a consequent
reduction of the efficiency of fixation process. Another factor may dissociation of cellulosic fabric
due to high alkaline medium which also resulted in weak bonding with US irradiated dye solution
(RS, 20 minutes) (Batool et al. 2013), hence pH 9 (Figure 4) was found to be most suitable for
achieving good color strength.
In reactive dyeing using exhaust application method, high electrolyte concentration is required to
gain excellent color strength but the US energy have reduced the amount of salt in exhaust dyeing of
non-radiated cellulose fabric. The optimal elcetrolyte concentration was found to be 5 g/100 mL
(Figure 5) where maximum exhaustion occurred. High amount cause given less exhaustion while
exhaustion results in low color depth. While over exhaustion may cause desorption (Dong, Wang,
and Liu 2001). At optimal amount, the electrolyte ions surrounds the dye and water molecules and
brings it within short range of forces sorb onto fabric by bond formation which conclude in good
color strength.

250

200
Color Strength (%)

150

100

50

0
2 3 4 5 6 7
Salt Concentration (g/100ml)

Figure 5. Effect of salt concentration on dyeing of un-irradiated cotton fabric using Reactive Yellow 145 dye (RS, 20 minutes).
 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 663

140
120

Colour Strength (%)

100
80
60
40
20
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Volume Ratio (M:L)

Figure 6. Effect of material to liquor ratios on the dyeing of un-irradiated cotton fabric using Reactive Yellow 145 dye (RS,
20 minutes).

Table 1. Effect of ultrasonic treatment on colour fastness properties of cellulosic fabric using various shades of reactive yellow 145
at optimum conditions.
Rubbing Fastness
Shades Light Fastness Wet Dry Washing Fastness
0.5% 5 3–4 4 3–4
1% 5 3–4 4 4
1.5% 5 3–4 4 4–5
2% 5 3–4 4 3–4

The data given in Figure 6 reveal that 40 mL is the optimal volume after irradiation which gives
good color depth. The use of low value is another proof that US energy as cost effective tool in
reactive dyes.
The rating results given in Table 1 show that US treatment to dye solution followed by dyeing
using non-radiated fabric gave good to excellent color fastness properties.
This might be due to the reduction of dye particles size which in turn helps to sorb onto non-
radiated fabric more firmly by H-bonding or covalent bonding. Upon exposure to heat, light and
rubbing the dyed fabric resist to fade its color. The role of conjugation auxochrome and chromogen
also played their role to hinder the agencies to fade the color (Bhuiyan et al. 2015). Thus when the
ISO rating is applied, excellent fastness is observed. Hence at optimum conditions, the shades
(0.5%,1%,1.5%,2%) give good color characterizations.

Conclusions
This study was aimed to the improvement in the color strength and properties of irradiated and non-
irradiated cotton fabric at different time intervals of exposure to ultrasonic rays. The dyeing of ultrasonic
treated reactive yellow 145 dye solution and cotton fabric with different parameters such as temperature,
time intervals, salt concentrations, pH and material to liquor ratios were optimized. After evaluation of
dyed fabrics in CIE Lab system using spectra flash SF 650, it was concluded that the optimal time period
of ultrasonic irradiation dyeing was 20 minutes. To get good color strength and darker shades, non-
radiated fabric using irradiated reactive yellow solution was dyed at 70°C for 35 minutes keeping
material to liquor ratio of 1:40 using 5 g/100 mL of salt with optimized pH 9. Hence ultrasonic
irradiation has improved the color strength without harming the physical characteristics of cotton
fabric. It is also concluded that US treatment has not only reduced the dyeing time, temperature but also
reduced the amount of salt and dye volume used, which is the proof that this tool is cost, time and
664 S. ADEEL ET AL.

energy effective. It is inferred that US radiation technology being eco-friendly tool can also be success-
fully employed for other dyeing processes to get good color strength using different fabrics.

Acknowledgment
We are thankful to Mr. Muhammad Abbas Harris Dyes and Chemicals Faisalabad Pakistan for their technical
cooperation in this work.

Funding
We are thankful to Higher education commission of Pakistan for funding the research work (No. 20-2724/NRPU/R & D/
HEC/12-6828).

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