Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Incentives
Harvard Electricity Policy Group 12/2/04
ω
Constant angular velocity: ω
Sinusoidal voltage:
Imaginary Part V1 = V1 sin (ωt + φ1)
V1 φ 1
ω
φ2
φ1 Time-Domain
Real Part representation
To the engineer…...
Ei
• Synchronous Generator
Zd jIaXd
Ia δ
θ
Ia
Va IaR Overexcited
Generator
G Ei Va
Ei
jIaXd
Ia
θ δ IaR
Va
Underexcited Generator
To the rest of us…….an analogy helps
Mvar Transmission
Distribution
PQ
Load
Mvar
PQ
Load
Mvar
How we balance voltage
Mvar
Mvar
Mvar Transmission
Distribution
PQ
Load
Mvar
PQ
Load
Mvar
How we balance voltage
Mvar
Post fault Voltage levels
Maintained by automatic change
In generator reactive output
Transmission
Distribution
PQ
Load Lost capacitive effects from faulted circuit
Increased inductive effects from more heavily
loaded remaining two circuits
PQ
Load
UK Reactive Supply
1997 onwards
£
CU2
CU1
Location &
Effectiveness
Historic Performance
Capability Incentive
Investment /
Constraints
Units participating (April tender round)
160
140
120
100
eligible units
80 tenders received
60 sucessful with
supply agreement
40
20
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Features of “Market” Contracts Interacting with
System Operation and Investments
• Generator can use Mvarh price to incentivize
National Grid (as System Operator) to despatch unit
to low Mvar outputs