CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

& TESTING
Bs in civil engineering
ccspc
METHODS
• Site Mixed Concrete
• Use: 1 bagger Mixer with Mixing board
• The time elapse between the introduction of the
mixing water to the cement and aggregate and
placing of the concrete in final position shall not
exceed 45 minutes. Setting time ½ to 1 hour
• Water shall be removed from excavation before
concrete is deposited. Flow of water shall be
diverted through proper side drains to a pump, or
be removed by other approved methods to avoid
washing over freshly deposited concrete.
• Concrete in girders, beam and slabs in
superstructures shall be poured in a monolithic and
continuous manner if possible.
• All concrete shall be moist cured for a period of not
less than seven (7) consecutive days after placing
by an approved method or combination of methods
applicable to local conditions.
Removal of Forms and Falsework:

Forms and falsework shall not be removed without

the consent of the Engineer. When concrete strength
tests are used for removal of forms and supports, such
removal should not begin until the concrete has attained
the percentage of the specified design strength shown in
the table.
 ITEM 405 – STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
Minimum Time Minimum Percentage
Design Strength
Centering under 14 days 80%
girders, beams,
frames or arches
Floor slabs 28 days 70%

Walls 1 day 70%

Columns 2 days 70%

Sides of beams and 1 day 70%

all other vertical
surfaces
 Concrete
Technology
 CONCRETE
A MIXTURE PRODUCED THROUGH A PROCESS OF
HYDRATION
INGREDIENTS

•AGGREGATES

•ADHESIVE (CEMENT)

•WATER
 CONCRETE

paste aggregate

cement water Fine Coarse

aggregate aggregate
( active group)
(inactive group)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF CONCRETE

1. Workability
2. Strength
3. Durability
4. Impermeability
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF CONCRETE
1. Workability – defined as the ease in placing concrete
without segregation into the final position where it is
allowed to harden.

 degree of workability is dependent on the type of

construction and the methods of handling and placing
concrete
 water function
 grading and maximum size of aggregates
Measuring Workability:

There is no accurate method or

instrument to measure workability.

The method commonly used is the

slump test.
2. Strength – capability to withstand loads,
minimum strength requirements for compression,
flexure, shear and bond of intended use.

 Strength of concrete is principally

dependent on the water-cement ratio.

 The strength of concrete continues to

increase with age as long as it is
protected from drying.
3. Durability – durability of concrete is
important to be able to withstand
deterioration due to weathering action.

 After construction, durability of

concrete decrease with time due to
physical, chemical reaction and
internal factors.

 Durability is also a function of the

water-cement ratio.
4. Impermeability – Imperviousness
(waterproofness) is an essential
requirement of concrete exposed to the
weather.

Concrete that does not leak is made

by causing a small amount of water
and curing it well for a long period.

 With less water used in the mixing,

the concrete product can be made
dense which contributes to water
tightness.
SETTING TIME

½ TO 1 HOUR
HARDENING TIME

2 TO 12 HOURS
CURING TIME

28 DAYS MAXIMUM
TYPES OF CONCRETE
MASS CONCRETE
STIFF, MEDIUM MIXTURE WITH A HIGH
AMOUNT OF BIG GRAVELS USED FOR
GRAVITY NON-REINFORCED
STRUCTURES.
TYPES OF CONCRETE

MASS CONCRETE
• FOUNDATIONS
• BRIDGE ABUTMENTS
• RETAINING WALLS
• DAMS
TYPES OF CONCRETE

SPECIAL CONCRETE
STIFF MIXTURE WITH A HIGH
AMOUNT OF CEMENT AND FINE
AGGREGATES USED FOR
REINFORCED STRUCTURES.
TYPES OF CONCRETE
SPECIAL CONCRETE
• FOUNDATIONS
• WALLS
• COLUMNS
• GIRDERS
• SLABS
• FOOTINGS
AGGREGATES

•SAND – UP TO 9 MM
DIAMETER

•GRAVEL- 9 MM TO 65 MM
DIAMETER
 Classification of aggregate
1. Natural aggregate – taken fro natural deposits without
change in their nature during production.(wala jd ni gi-
agi galing o processo)

2. Manufactured aggregate – includes bust furnace slug

shale clay and light weight aggregate.(g-agi na ni ug g-
manufacture)

Aggregate are further classified into:

1. Fine aggregate – aggregate passing 4.75 mm or No. 4
sieve and retained on 0.075mm or No. 200 sieve.

2. Coarse aggregate – aggregate retained on 4.75mm or

No. 4 sieve.
 In general, it is required
that the aggregates shall be:

• Clean
• Hard (rigid / solid)
• Sound (good / undamaged)
• Durable (strong / enduring)
• Sizes should be w/in
specifications
IMPURITIES
AGGREGATES SHALL BE FREE FROM IMPURITIES
SUCH AS
CLAY, SILT
ORGANIC MATTERS

REMOVED BY
WASHING
CEMENT

•PORTLAND

•POZZOLAN
CEMENT
•PORTLAND
FOUNDER:
JOSEPH APSDIN
October 21, 1824
British Bricklayer/Mason
ISLE OF PORTLAND
NEAR ENGLAND
CEMENT

•STORAGE

• REDUCTION OF STRENGTH

CEMENT FRESH - 100 %

CEMENT STORAGE

REDUCTION OF STRENGTH

CEMENT AFTER 3 MONTHS - 20 %

CEMENT STORAGE

REDUCTION OF STRENGTH

CEMENT AFTER 6 MONTHS - 30 %

CEMENT STORAGE

REDUCTION OF STRENGTH

CEMENT AFTER 12 MONTHS - 40 %

CEMENT STORAGE

REDUCTION OF STRENGTH

CEMENT AFTER 24 MONTHS - 50 %

CEMENT STORAGE
CEMENT SHOULD BE STORED IN
A DRY ROOM ON A RAISED
WOODEN PLATFORM
APPROXIMATELY 20 CM ABOVE
GROUND LEVEL AND NOT LESS
THAN 30 CMS AWAY FROM WALLS
AND ROOF TO ALLOW FOR AIR TO
CIRCULATE
CEMENT STORAGE

CEMENT BAGS SHOULD NOT

BE STOCKED MORE THAN 10
LAYERS HIGH. TO PREVENT
BURSTING OF THE BOTTOM
BAGS, 7-8 BAGS ARE
RECOMMENDED.
Storage of Cement
Cement should be stored in a dry room.

30 cm

30 cm
20 cm
Storage of Cement
Cement Should not be stock more than 10 layers

7-8 bags are recommended

CONSUMING CEMENT

THE CONSUMPTION OF CEMENT

IS GUIDED BY THE RULE:

“FIRST-IN-FIRST-OUT”
FACTORS AFFECTING
QUALITY OF CONCRETE

•AMOUNT OF WATER
•QUALITY AND PROPERTIES
OF AGGREGATES
•STRENGTH OF CEMENT
•EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF
INGREDIENTS
•THOROUGH VIBRATION
•PROPER CURING
CURING

• SPRINGKLING WATER
• PONDING
• WATERING THROUGH THE
USE OF JUTE BAGS,
SAND, SOIL OR LEAVES
• USE OF CURING COMPOUND
After exposed surfaces of concrete have hardened
sufficiently to resist marring, they should be
cured by:

sprinkling or ponding (covering) with water or

by using moisture-retaining materials such as
waterproof paper, plastic sheets, wet burlap, or
sand. Special curing sprays are available.

The longer concrete is kept moist, the stronger

and more durable it will become.
STRENGTH OVER TIME
• For instance, the strength of just-poured
concrete may be about 70,307 g/sq cm (1000
lb/sq in) after drying for a day,
• 316,382 g/sq cm (4500 lb/sq in) in 7 days,
• 421,842 g/sq cm (6000 lb/sq in) in 28 days,
and
• 597,610 q/sq cm (8500 lb/sq in) after 5 years.
WATER

•MUST BE CLEAN
•CORRECT RATIO
(The wetter the mix,
the weaker the
concrete)
•FOR HAND MIXING
(18.5 LI – 21.5 LI)
Design Specification Requirements

Class of Concrete - A
Cement factor - 9.0 bags/ cu.m.
Sand factor - 0.50
Gravel factor - 1.00
Slump, mm - 76.2 mm
2”-4”