CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

The central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a

computer system that carries out the instructions of a
computer program, and is the primary element carrying
out the computer's functions. The central processing unit
carries out each instruction of the program in sequence, to
perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output
operations of the system. This term has been in use in the
computer industry at least since the early 1960s.The form,
design and implementation of CPUs have changed
dramatically since the earliest examples, but their
fundamental operation remains much the same.

Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, sometimes one-of-a-kind, computer.

However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely
given way to the development of mass-produced processors that are made for one or many
purposes. This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and
minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit (IC).

MOTHERBOARD
Prior to the advent of the microprocessor, a
computer was usually built in a card-cage case
or mainframe with components connected by a
backplane consisting of a set of slots
themselves connected with wires; in very old
designs the wires were discrete connections
between card connector pins, but printed circuit
boards soon became the standard practice. The
Central Processing Unit, memory and
peripherals were housed on individual printed
circuit boards which plugged into the
backplane.

During the late 1980s and 1990s, it became

economical to move an increasing number of
peripheral functions onto the motherboard (see below). In the late 1980s, motherboards began to
include single ICs (called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals:
keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. As of the late 1990s, many
personal computer motherboards supported a full range of audio, video, storage, and networking
functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and
computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component.

The most popular computers such as the Apple II and IBM PC had published schematic diagrams
and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse-engineering and third-party replacement
motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many
motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the
manufacturer's original equipment

The term mainboard is applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or
capability. In modern terms this would include embedded systems and controlling boards in
televisions, washing machines, etc. A motherboard specifically refers to a printed circuit board with
expansion capability.
 HARD DISK

hard disk or hard disk drive or hard drive HDD

abbreviated abbreviated HD is a hardware component
that stores data and contain secondary magnetic disk.
Hard disc was first invented by IBM engineers,
Reynold Johnson in 1956. The first hard disk is
composed of 50 disks measuring 2 feet (0.6 meters)
with the rotational speed reaches 1200 rpm (rotation
per minute) with a storage capacity of 4.4 MB. Hard
disks today there are only 0.6 cm wide with a capacity
of 750 GB. The largest capacity hard disk currently
reaches 2 TB with a standard 3.5 inch size.
If opened, looking hard at the end of the eye disc
bertuas arm attached to the disc which can rotate

The data stored in hard disk will not be lost when not given voltage. In a hard disk, there are usually
more than one disc to enlarge the capacity of data that can be accommodated.

In its development is now a physical hard disk becomes increasingly thin and small but has a data
capacity is very large. Hard disks is now not only be mounted inside the device (internally) but also
can be mounted on the outside of the device (external) using a USB or FireWire cable.

Because it is fragile and can not stand the shock, the hard disk can be categorized as glassware.

COMPUTER MEMORY

In computing, memory refers to the state information of a

computing system, as it is kept active in some physical
structure. The term "memory" is used for the information
in physical systems which are fast (i.e. RAM), as a
distinction from physical systems which are slow to
access (i.e. data storage). By design, the term "memory"
refers to temporary state devices, whereas the term
"storage" is reserved for permanent data. Advances in
storage technology have blurred the distinction a bit —
memory kept on what is conventionally a storage system
is called "virtual memory".

Colloquially, computer memory refers to the physical devices used to store data or programs
(sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital
computer. Computers represent information in binary code, written as sequences of 0s and 1s. Each
binary digit (or "bit") may be stored by any physical system that can be in either of two stable
states, to represent 0 and 1. Such a system is called bistable. This could be an on-off switch, an
electrical capacitor that can store or lose a charge, a magnet with its polarity up or down, or a
surface that can have a pit or not. Today, capacitors and transistors, functioning as tiny electrical
switches, are used for temporary storage, and either disks or tape with a magnetic coating, or plastic
discs with patterns of pits are used for long-term storage.
 MONITOR

Here I will take the example of the Monitor type of

LCD (Liquid Cristal Display). LCD consists of
two main parts Namely backlight and liquid
crystals. LCD backlight is the light source is
usually composed of 1 to 4 pieces (such tech)
fluorescent lamps. Backlight lamp is white. Liquid
Crystals will screen backlight. White light is the
order of several hundred light with different
colors. Several hundred light will be visible if the
white light reflection or a change in direction
experience beam. Colors that will be generated
depending on the angle of reflection. So if
different angle of reflection will also vary the
resulting color. By providing electrical voltage to a
certain value. Liquid crystal can change the angle.
And because the liquid crystal duty is to reflect light from the backlight, the previously white
backlight can be turned into many colors. Liquid crystal works like a window curtain. If you want a
white color liquid crystal displays will be open as wide so that a white backlight that will appear on
the screen. But If you want to display the color black. Liquid crystal-meeting will close tightly so
that no backlight is that through (so the screen will appear black.) If you want to show the other
colors live set the angle of reflection liquid crystal.

KEYBOARD
keyboard mempunyai prosesor sendiri dan
rangkaian sirkuit yang membawa
informasi menuju dan dari prosesor
tersebut. Bagian terbesar dari rangkaian
keyboard berupa “key matrix” .

“Key matrix” adalahsebuah kisi rangkaian

dibawah tombol-tombol keyboard. Di
dalam keyboard, tiap rangkaiannya
terputus (seperti saklar) pada titik dibawah tiap tombol. Ketika kita menekan sebuah tombol, tombol
tersebut menekan sebuah saklar, menjadikan rangkaian tersambung dan mengalirkan arus listrik
melaluinya. Jika kita lama pada tombol, prosesor mengenalinya sama dengan menekan tombol
tersebut berulang-ulang..

Ketika prosesor menemukan rangkaian tertutup (tersambung karena adanya penekanan tombol),
maka prosesor akan membandingkan lokasi yang rangkaian tertutup tersebut dengan peta karakter
yang tersimpan dalam ROM (read only memory) keyboard. Peta karakter pada dasar nya adalah
tabel daftar karakter yaitu daftar posisi tiap-tiap tombol atau kombinasi tombol beserta karakter
yang direpresentasikannya. Sebagai contoh, peta karakter memberitahu prosesor bahwa menekan
tombol “a” sendirian menghasilkan huruf kecil “a”, tetapi tombol Shift bersama tombol “a”
bersama-sama akan menghasilkan huruf kapital “A”.
 MOUSE

mouse is a tool used to enter data into a

computer other than the keyboard. Mouse
obtained so named because the panhandle-
shaped cable rats

Mouse was first made in 1963 by Douglas

Engelbart made from wood with a single
button. The second model is equipped with 3
buttons. In 1970, Douglas Engelbart introduced
the mouse that can determine the position of
XY on the computer screen, the mouse is
known as the XY Position Indicator (XY
position indicator).

The most common form of mouse has two

buttons, each one at top left and top right that can be pressed. However, computer-based Macintosh
computers typically use one-button mouse.

Mouse to work with motion capture using the ball hard and flat surface. The more modern mouse is
not using the ball again, but using an optical beam to detect motion. In addition, some are already
using wireless technology, both based radio, infrared rays, as well as bluetooth.

Currently, the latest technology already allows the mouse uses a laser system so that the resolution
can be up to 2,000 dots per inch (dpi), one can even reach 4800 points per inch. Usually the mouse
model is for fans of video games.
English Task

WHAT ARE THE MAIN PARTS OF THE COMPUTER

Compiled By :

Oktasaprialdi Pratama
Nurlita Habibu

PROGRAM INFORMATION SYSTEM STUDY

MANAGEMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL INFORMATICS AND COMPUTER

STMIK ADHI GUNA PALU

2011