(1)

Objective Solutions (Hydrology and OCF)

1. (b) Len g th of ju mp = 6. 9 (y 2 –y 1 ) =  2   d 2  = 2.828d,

[experimentally]
5/3
 L = 6.9 (2 – 0.2) = 12.42  d2  /  2.828d2/3 = 0.1364,

 12 m d = 0.614m

4. (a)
2. (a)
x T = x  k T n1
T

R
y T  yn
xT = x  n 1
Sn

Assume yn = 0.577

TE
1 2.8 m
Sn = 1.2825
2
  T  
 ln ln  T  1   0.577 
   0.45
1/5
3 = 1.65 
 2Q2  1.2825
AS
yc = 2.8m   2 

 gm  T = 83.97 year  84 years

where m = 2 5. (b)
1/5
 2Q2 
 2.8 =   y1  v12 / 2g = y2  v 22 / 2g
 9.81  22 
M

Q 2/5 = 5.078 Q = y 1 b1 v 1 = y 2 b2 v 2

Q = 58.109 m3/sec Solve these equations simultaneously :

Specific energy, v 2 = {(2g) (y 1 – y 2) / [1 – y 2b2/

S

y 1b1)2]}1/2,
(58.109)2
E =  2.8 Q = y 2 b 2 v 2 = {(2g ) (y 1 – y 2 )/
2
IE

1 
  2.8 11.2  2  9.81 [1 – b22 y22 )]}1/2
2 
= (2.8 + 0.7)m = 3.5 m = {(2) (9.807) (2 – 1.4)/[1/(32)
(1.4)2–1/(4.5)2 (2)2]}1/2 = 16.3
3. (c) A 5/3 /p2/3
w = 0.1364
. The most efficient m3/s.
triangular section has a 90° angle and
1 : 1 side slopes 6. (c) Since the first storm produces 1 cm net
and the second storm produces 2 cm,
1  divide all runoffs by two. Offset the
A =    d 2  d 2  = d ,pw
2

2 second storm by 4 hr

 (2)
first second pw = 3.6 + 2.0 +  4.0  2.0 2   3.6  1.6 2
hour total
storm storm
0 0 0 +1.6 = 10.03 m
2 5 5
4  17.50 17.5 R = A/pw = 12.40/10.03 = 1.236 m
6 30 10 40
2.419 = (1.0/0.013)2/3(s)1/2
8 21 35 56
10 15 60 75 s = 0.000746
12 12.542 54.5
14 7.530 37.5 This slope represents a drop of the channel
16 5 25 30 bottom of 0.000746 m per meter of length, or
18 0 15 18.8 0.746 m per kilometer of length.

R
20 10 12.5 10. (d)
22 0 0 Q = (A)(1.0/n)(R2/3)(s1/2)
hence the peak is 75 m3/s

TE
A1 = (12)(5 + 2.438)+ (2)(5 +2.438) (5 +
7. (b)
2.438)/2– (2.438)(2.438)/ 2 = 141.6 m 2
Q
(pw )1 ] =  5  2.438 2   5  2.438 2 +
3
30m /s 12 + 52  52 = 29.59 m
AS
64h t
Q1 = 141.6 1.0 / 0.025 141.6 / 29.59 2/3
1  0.0010 1/2 = 508.6 m3 / s
Direct-runoff volume =  30  64  60  60 =
2
3.456 × 106 m2/s
M

A 2 = 120  2.438    2.438   2.438  /

3.456 106
Runoff depth =  0.0288m
120 106 2 = 295.5 m2

= 2.88 cm  pw  2 =120 + 2.4382  2.4382 = 123.4 m

S

8. (a)
Q 2 =  295.5 1.0 / 0.040 295.5 / 123.4 2/3
Rainfall = 0.5 × 12 = 6.00 cm
IE

 0.0010 1/2 = 418.1 m3 / s

Loss = 6.00 – 2.88
Q = Q1+Q2 = 508.6 + 418.1= 926.7 m3/s
= 3.12 cm in 12 hours
11. (c)
3.12
 -index =  0.26 cm / h d0 = Ccy = (0.85)(1.0) = 0.85 m
12

9. (a) p1 /   v12 / 2g  z1 = p2 /   v 22 / 2g  z2  h2
A = (3.6)(2.0) + (4.0 – 2.0) [(1.6 2
0  0  6 = 0 + v t /  2   9.807   0.85  0
+ 3.6)/2] = 12.40 m2

v = (1.0/n)(R2/3)(s1/2) = Q/A = 30/ v t = 10.05 m/s

12.40 = 2.419 m/s
v a = Cv v t = (0.95)(10.05) = 9.548
m/s
 (3)
Q = Av = [(0.85)(1)](9.548) = 8.12
m3/s per meter of width  m3   3
m 
Qh Q0  60  150 
 s  s 
Q= = 3 = 250 m3/s
12. (b) Q12 m
36
s
E1 = E3
2 15. (c)
y1  v12 / 2g = y3  v 3 / 2g
f0 = Initial infiltration capacity/rate = 10
1  v12 /   2   9.807   = 0.30  v 32 /  2   9.807 
mm/h.
y 1 v1 = y 3 v3 fc = Final cons tant infiltration capacity/
v 1 = y 3v 3/y 1 = (0.30)(v 3/1) = 0.3000v 3 rate = 5 mm/h.

f = Infiltration rate at any time t.

R
1 + (0.3000v 3 ) 2 / [(2) (9.807)] = 0.30 +
v32 /   2   9.807   The equation of infiltration capacity curve
is

13. (c)
v 3 = 3.88 m/s

2y 4/y 3 = –1 + 1  8 
2
N F 3 

1/2 TE t–1 = 0.95 (hour –1)
f = fc + (f0 – fc) e–Kt

where K is a constant having unit of

Substituting values, we get

AS
N F = v / gy
f = 5 + (10 –5) e–0.95t when t is in hr.

(NF) 3 = 3.88 /  9.807  0.30  = 2.26 To find the total infiltration  f in mm

during 6 hr storm, we have to integrate
2y 4/(0.30) = –1 + [1 + (8) (2.26) 2]1/2 the above equation of ICC between 0 hr to
M

6 hr, as
y 4 = 82 cm
6 hr
14. (b) t =6 0.95t t= 6 t =6 0.95t
f = 
0
t =0
5  5. e = t=0 5  5t =0 e
Q – peak discharge m3/s
= 30 + 5.25 = 35.25
S

Q h – hydrograph peak discharge m 3/s

16. (a)
Q 0 – measured peak discharge m3/s
IE

V 1 = q/y 1 = 10/1.25 = 8.00 m/s

Q 12 – hydrograph discharge at 12 h m 3/s
Fr = V / gy
From the illustration, at 12 h the discharge
is 36 m3/s and the gaging station measures
Fr = 8.00 /  9.807 1.25  = 2.285
150 m3/s. The unit hydrograph shows the
peak occurring at 6 h with a discharge of 1/2
2
60 m3/s. 2y 2/y 1 = – 1 + 1  8  Fr 1 

Q Q0 2y 2/1.25 = – 1 + [1 + (8) (2.285) 2]1/2

Qh = Q12
y 2 = 3.46 m

V1y 1 = V2y 2
 (4)
(8.00) (1.25) = (V2) (3.46) drought at an area is greater than 0.40,
such an area is called as chronically
V 2 = 2.89 m/s drought prone area.
17. (b) IMD defines drought in any area when
the rainfall deficiency in that area is >
Fr = 2.89 /  9.807 3.46  = 0.496 26% of its long term normal. It is
further classified into moderate and
Loss, Ej = (y 2 – y 1)3/4y 2y 1= (3.46–1.25)3/ severe drought depending upon whether
[(4) (3.46) (1.25)] = 0.624 m the deficiency is between 26 to 50% and
more than 50% respectively. For the
E 1 = y 1 + v12 / 2g = 1.25 + 8.002 / country as a whole, the area-weighted

R
[(2) (9.807)] = 4.51 m rainfall having normal of 88 cm also
called Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall
Percentage dissipation = Ej/E1 = 0.624/4.51 (ISMR), is considered when the rainfall
= 0.138 or 13.8 percent deficiency exceeds 10% and when the

TE
area under drought exceeds 20% of the
63 total area of the plains in the country,
18. (c) -index =  0.5 cm/h
6 such a situation is considered as
drought for the country as a whole.
Check option 1
20. (b)
AS
12  R
0.5 cm/h =
6  K(h 22  h12 )
Q =
R = 9 cm r
2.303 log10 2
r1
Hence, correct
Check option 4 h 2 = H – s2 = 40 – 2.0 = 38 m
M

3R h 1 = H – s1 = 40 – 3.5 = 36.5 m

0.5 =
12
1.5  k (382  36.52 )
 R = 0 (cannot be negative) = 2.303 log (75 / 25)
60
S

10

19. (d) As per Indian meterological department

 K = 7.82 × 10–5 m/sec.
Decrease from normal
IE

precipitation Transmissibility = KH = 7.82 × 10 –5 ×

< 25 40 = 3.13 × 10–3 m2/sec.
26-50%
21. (c)
> 50%
Classification k (h12  h 2w )
No drought effect Q =
2.303 log10 (r1 / rw )
Moderate
Severe
1.5   7.82  105 (36.52  h 2w )
 If the drought occurs in an area with a  =
60 2.303 . log (25 / 0.15)
probability of 0.2 £ P £ 0.4 the area is
classified as a drought prone area.
h2w = 36.52 – 520.7
 If the probability of occurrence of
hw = 28.49 m
 (5)
draw down at pumping well = 40 – 28.49 m Q (m3/hr)
= 11.51 m

22. (a)
E
10,000
Given, Inflow hydrograph

G
B = 3 m; y = 1.5 m; B´ = 2 m 8,000

Outflow hydrograph
1 2
T.EL 400 H
v12 /2g v 22 /2g
0.15m
y = 1.8 m y2
O A (1) B (20) C (96) D Time
Z = 0.3m (hrs.)
1 19

R
96
1 2
Channel storage after 1 hour
As there is no loss of energy between
section 1 & 2, writing energy equation

v12
2g
v2
 y1 =  Z + y + 2
2 2g

Here, y1 =  Z + y 2 + 0.15
TE =

=
(Total inflow 1 hr–Total outflow in 1 hr)

(Area of OEA – Area of OAH)

Time at which peak of outflow hydrograph

occurs
AS
y2 = y 1 –  Z – 0.15 = 1.5 – 0.3 – 95
= 1 (10,000  8,000) = 1 + 19 = 20
0.15 = 1.05 m 10,000
hours
v12 v2
Also,  0.15 = 2
2g 2g
M

8,000
Ordinate of H =  1 m3/hr = 400m3/hr.
20
v 22 v12
 = 0.15
2g 2g  Storage after 1 hour

Q2 Q2
S

– = 0.15 1  1 
2g  (1.05  2)2 2g  (1.5  3)2 =   10,000  1     400  1  = 4800 m3.
2  2 
Q2 Q2
IE

 = 0.15  Channel storage after 1 hour = 4,800 m3.

86.52 397.305

Q 2 = 16.59 24. (a)

Q = 4.07 m3 /sec Maximum storage will occur in the channel

23. (d)
Peak of inflow hydrograph = 10,000 m3/hr
Peak of outflow hydrograph = 8,000 m3/hr
Time base of inflow hydrograph = 96 hours.
at the time of intersection of inflow and
outflow hydrograph. Because, till this point
inflow in the channel is greater than the
outflow and beyond this point, outflow is
more than the inflow and hence channel
storage will decrease beyond this point.
Hence, Maximum storage will occur at t =
20 hours, from the starting.
 (6)
Maximum storage = (Area of OEGB) – (Area Seepage velocity,
of OGB)
Disch arg e velocity
= (Area of OEA + Area of AEGB) – Area v1 =
Porosity
of OGB
0.5
=  2m / day
= 1
2
1

 10,000  1  (10,000  8,000)  19
2
1
2
0.25

Time of travel of inert tracer from one well

× 8,000 × 20 to another
= (5,000 + 171,000) – 80,000
Dis tan ce between wells
t =
96,000 m3

R
= Velocity
 Maximum storage = 96,000 m 3. 1500
=  750 days
2

TE
25. (c)
27. (c)
Considering on element of width dx
Equation of current meter
From mass conservation equation
V = aNs + b ... (i)
Q + qdx = Q + dQ
AS
Here,
dQ
q = V = Stream velocity at the instrument
dx
location in m/s

q N s = Revolutions per second of the current

meter
M

a, b = Constant of current meter

Q Q+dQ From (1)
S

12
0.25 = a × + b ... (ii)
50
dx
IE

30
dQ 0.46 = a × + b ... (iii)
50
– q =0
dx
From (2) & (3)
26. (c)
a = 0.583, b = 0.11
Hydraulic gradient,
From (i)
Difference in head 45  20 1
i = = = V = 0.583 Ns + 0.11
Length 1500 60

Discharge velocity, 50
= 0.583 × + 0.11
60
v = k i

1 = 0.6 m/s
= 30  = 0.5 m/day
60
 (7)
28. (b) 6 12
2 2
 Kx dx   K(12  x) dx = 1
Normal depth = y 0 0 6

72 k + 72 k = 1
1 5/3 1/2
q = y S
n 0 0
1
k 
144
1 5/3
1.5 = y  0.0004 1/2
0.02 0 33. (a)

y 0 = 1.275 m Rational formula is

QP = CiA
1/3
Critical depth = yc =  q2 / g  QP doesnot depend on time and if inten-

R
sity, i is same, then QP i.e., peak flow
1/3 doesn’t change.
  2 
=  1.5  = 0.612m
34. (c)
 9.81 

Depth of flow,

y = 0.9 m

Since, y 0 > y c  mild slope

TE The Muskingum equation is used for
routing of floods in river channels. This
equation is written as–

S = k [Ix  (1  x) Q]
AS
y 0 > y > y c  M 2 profile 35. (d)

29. (c) Hydraulic flood routing equation is–

 I1  I2   Q1 t   Q2 t 
30. (a)   t   S1   = S  
 2   2   2 2 
M

11 None of the options is correct

Precipation = 150×10 4   165000 m3
100 36. (c)

Runoff = 2.5 × 10 × 3600 = 90000 m 3 1

T =
P
S

Runoff 90000
=  0.545 1
precipation 165000  P =
50
IE

31. (a) Probability of occurance of event r times in

n
n successive years = Cr pr q n r
93  92 72.6 78.9 
PD =   = 97.04 cm
3  90 67 77  5 0
5  1   1 
 Probability = C5   1  
32. (b)  50   50 

The Pdf has to satisfy the condition that 5

 1 
 =  
 50 
 f (x)dx = 1

= 3.2 × 10–9
 (8)
37. (c)

Channel improvement is a structural flood

control measure.

38. (a)

S. No Structure Recommended design flood

1. Spillways for major and medium (a) PMF determined by unit hydrograph and
projects with storages more than 60 mm3 probable maximum precipitation (PMP)
(b) if (a) is not applicable or possible flood

R
frequency method with T = 1000 years

2. Permanent barrage and minor dams (a) SPF determined by unit hydrograph and

TE
with capacity less than 60 Mm3 Standard project storm (SPS) which is
usually the largest recorded storm in the
region
(b) Flood with a return period of 100 years.
(a) or (b) whichever gives higher value.
AS
3. Pickup weirs Flood with a return period of 100 or 50 years
depending on the importance of the project.
4. Aqueducts
(a) Waterway Flood with T = 50 years
(b) Foundations and free board Flood with T = 100 years
M

5. Project with very scanty or inadequate Empirical formulae

data

39. (b) Power developed Q y

T 0 (A)
x t
S

= QH  Plant  conveyanie

where T = Top surface width, y = depth
= 10  15  20  0.85  0.7 of flow.
IE

= 1785 kW  The momentum equation is given by

40. (c)
y V V 1 V
   S0  S f (B)
Probable maximum flood (PMF) is defined x g x g t
as greatest or extreme rainfall of a given
duration that is physically possible over a V = velocity of flow,
sttation or basin.
S0 = bed slope,
Muskingum method is a hydrologic method
of flood routing. Sf = energy line slope

 Equation (A) and (B) are Saint Venants

In differential form the continuity
equation for unsteady flow in a reach Equation for gradually varied unsteady
with no lateral inflow given by flow.
 (9)
Hy dr olog ic r ou tin g meth o d employ asseration and reason are correct and
essentially the equation of continuity r eason is th e c or rec t ex planation of
hydraulic methods employ the continuity asseration.
equation together with the equation of
motion of unsteady flow. 48. (c)

41. (d) For a given specific energy, discharge is

maximum at critical flow.
v
F0 = Q2
gy E = y 2
A  2g
1/3
 q2   q 
y0 =  2   F0 =  Q = A 2g (E  y)
y0 gy0 
 F0 g  

R
1/3 d Q2T

yc  q /g  = F2/3
2
Putting
dy
 0, we get
gA 3
1
= 1/3 0
y0  q2 

TE
 2 
 F0 g  Which corresponds to critical flow condition.
And at critical depth, gradient of discharge
yc
 = F02/3 dQ  Q2T 
y0 0  from  1
dy  gA 3

AS
 yc = 0.6 × 22/3
49. (d)
42. (b)
Unit hydrograph can be applied from 2 km 2
43. (a)
to 5000 km2.
44. (b)
50. (a) Consider cases in list–II
M

45. (b)
CaseI
46. (d)

47. (a)
NDL
S

1/3 CDL
 q2  Steep
yc =   NDL
 g 
IE

Steeper

q 2 = y3c  g
Hence C–1
q = C RS  y c  at critical flow Case II

q 2 = C2 (y c .S)  y2c
yn M2
1
S =
 C2 
  yc
 g 

i.e., bed slope is 1 in C 2 /g here both Subcritical

 (10)
Hence, A – 2d 54.

Case 3 For known specific energy, discharge is

maximum.

Hence (1) is incorrect. Answer is (b)

55. (c)
M3
Subcritical yn
yc C  gy  9.8  9.8  9.8 m/s
Subcritical
Veloc ity of w av e mov in g u pstr eam
= C –V

R
Case 4
= 9.8 – 3 = 6.8 m/s.

56. (b)

TE
NDL
57. (b)
NDL
y
AS
Hence B –4

Correct answer is option (a)

51. (c)
M

E
Refer to vertical line which cuts at y 1 and
y 3 in the specific energy curve.
Near the critical condition, slope of curve
52. (c) is very large.
S

58. (b)

yc 59. (d)
IE

S2
Confining layers overlying or underlaying
an aqu if er ar e seldom c o mpletely
yn
impermeable, instead most of them leak to
some extent. It is commonly known as leaky
aquifer when an aquiterd is either on its
53. (a) top, or bottom or on both sides.

(1) Specific force is minimum for a given 60. (c)

discharge for critical flow.
Inflection point on the recession limb of a
hydrograph is the result of a change in the
Q2T controlling physical process of the excess
(2)  1 for critical flow.
gA 3 precipitation flowing to the outlet i.e., it
represent the end of baseflow.
 (11)

Conventional Solution
Sol-1 (a) Given,

Return Period T (in years) Peak (m3/s)

50 30,800
100 36,300
To calculate,
Magnitude of flood with return period,
T = 20 years, using Gumbel’s method.
As per Gumbel’s method,

R
XT = X + k · N 1
X50 = 30,800 m3/s
X100 = 36,300 m3/s
X200 = ?

k =
yt  yn
sn
TE
AS
  T 
yt = –  ln ln  
  T  1  
yn, sn are functions of no. of years of record which in this case will remain same and is unknown.

Note :— Here yn = 0.577 and s n = 1.2825 is not assumed because it is normally valid for n > 200 years and value of
‘n’ is not specified in the question
M

XT = X + k N 1

X50 = X + k50 N 1
S

30,800 = X + k50 N 1 .......(i)

X100 = X + k100 N 1
IE

36,300 = X + k100 N 1 .......(ii)

X200 = X + k200 N 1 ......(iii)

 iii    ii  X 200  36,300 k 200  k100

 = k k
 ii    i  36,300  30,800 100 50

 y 200  y n   y100  y n 
 sn  sn 
X 200  36,300    
 =
5500  y100  y n   y500  y n 
  
 sn   sn 
 (12)

X 200  36,300 y 200  y100

 =
5500 y100  y50

  200     100 
 l n l n      –l n l n  
  199     99 
=   100    50  
 l n l n     –l n l n   
  99    49  

5.2958  4.6001
=
4.6001  3.9019

X 200  36,300

R
= 0.99642
5500
 X200 = 41780.31 m3/sec.

TE
 Magnitude of flood with return period of 200 years is 41780.31 m3/sec.
Sol-1 (b)
1 1
Q = A R2/3 S1/2 = A 5/3 P2/3 S1/2
n n
1/2
1  1 
AS
or 10 = A 5/3 P2/3  
0.012  5000 
or 10 = 1.18 × A5/3P-2/3
For most economical section
each side slopes = Half the top width
M

b  2my
or y 1  m2 =
2
or 2y 1  m 2 = b + 3y

or 2y 1  15 2 = b+ 3y
S

or b = 0.6055 y
and sum of side slope, T = b+3y
IE

P = 2b + 3y = 2 × 0.6055y + 3y = 4.21y
and A = y (b+my)
= y (0.6055y + 1.5y) = 2.104y2
From equatiuon (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
1.18 × (2.10y2)5/3 = 10
Solving we get y = 2.00 meters
and b = 0.6055 × 2 = 1.21 m

Sol-2 (a)
(1) Limitation of unit hydrograph theory
The basic assumptions made in defining a unit hydrograph were that.
 (13)
(a) The excess rain should occur uniformly over the entire basin.
(b) Its intensity should be constant during the entire duration
In actual practise, however these two conditions are never strictly satisfied, since storms do not
have uniform areal distribution, and their intensities also vary during the specified duration.
(2) DAD Curve
This curve reflects the areal characteristics of a storm of a given duration. A DAD curve express
graphically the relation b/w progressively decreasing avg depth of rain fall over progressively
increasing area from a given rainfall.

Mean
depth

R
D3hr
D2hr
D1hr

(3) Coefficient of Variation

TE
Catchment Area

Coefficient of variation calculated as the standard deviation divided by mean is often used to
make comparisons of rainfall variability. Coefficient of variation counts the variation of rainfall
with respect to the long period average (LPA) of rainfall.
AS
(4) Standard Project Flood
This is the flood that would result from a severe combination of meterological and hydrological
factors.
Sol-2 (b)
Area of flow, A = area of sector AOBA + area of triangle AOBN
M

1 2 1
= R .2  .2R sin (180  )R cos(180  )
2 2
= R 2   R 2 sin  cos 
S

2 1 
= R    sin  
 2 
A N
IE

Watted perimeter, P = 2R B

R R

0 Z
0 0

P
D
 (14)
1
R    sin 2 
A  2 
Hydraulic mean depth, m = 
P 2 R
(i) For maximum velocity, hydraulic mean depth should be maximum, i.e.
dm
= 0
d
1   R   1  
or   20  R .2 cos2   R    sin 2  2  = 0
40   2   2  
1
or  cos2  sin 2 = 0
2

R
or tan 2 = 2
  = 128.75º
Corresponding depth of flow,z = R  R cos(180  )  R  R cos(180  128.75)

TE
= R(1+ cos51.25º) = 1.62 R = 0.81D
(ii) For maximum discharge,Q = AC mi should be maximum

A A3
Since m = , therefore discharge will be the maximum whe is the maximum
P P
AS
d(A 2 / P) 1  2 dA dP 
 = 2  3PA  A3  = 0
d p  d d 
dA dP
or 3PA A = 0
d d
Substituting in the expression for P,
M

P = 2R
dA dp
or = R 2 (1  cos2) ; and  2R
d d
2 sin 22 
S

3
The condition becomes, 6R (1  cos )  2R     =0
 2 
4  6 cos2  sion 2 = 0
IE

which gives
 = 154º
Corresponding depth of flow
Z = R [1+cos (180–154)º]
= R(1+0.90) = 1.90r = 0.95D

A1  2A3  A 2 108.6  2  103.1  99.8

Sol-3 (a) Average area of reach = = = 103.65 m2
4 4

P1  2P3  P2 65.3  2  60.7  59.4

Average wetted perimeter of reach = = = 61.53 m
4 4

A 103.65
Hydraulic radius, R =   1.685 m
P 61.53
 (15)
R2/3 = 1.416 m
1 1
Q = AR 2/3 S1/2   103.65  1.416 S
n 0.029
Q  5060.98 S m 3 /s

V2 V2
Assume V1 = V2  h1   h2   hL
2g 2g

 hL  h1  h2
hL 316.8  316.53
The energy line slope = S
L 250

1
 S
1000

R
1
 Q = 5060.98  160.04 m3 /s
1000
Eddy losses are neglected.
Hence Next trial

h1 
V12
2g
= h2 
V22
2g
 hL
TE
AS
V12  V22 Q2  1 1 
 hL =  h1  h2     h1  h2    2  2
A 
2g 2g  1 A2 

Q2  1 1 
(h1  h2 )   2  2
2g A A2 
 1
S =
l
M

(160.04)2  1 2 1 
0.25     
2  9.81  108.6  (99.8)2 
= = 9.184 × 10–4
250
S

 Q = 5060.98 S = 153.38 m3/s

Next trial
IE

2
 153.38 
V12  108.6 
 
=  0.10167
2g 2  9.81
2
 153.38 
V22  99.8 
   0.1204
=
2g 2  9.81
0.25  (0.10167  0.1204)
 S =  9.2508  10 4
250

 Q = 5060.98 S  153.93 m 3 /s
 (16)
Thus value is closer to the value of Q in previous trial and hence we should stop here.
The final value of Q can be taken as 153.93 m3/s.

Sol-3 (b)
18
q1 =  6 m3 s- m
3
V1y1 = 6 and y1 = 1.8 m
6
V1 =  3.33m s VW
1.8
y1
12 y2

R
V2y2 =  4 m3 s  m V2 V1
3

Equations are  Vw  V1  =  Vw  V2  y2

TE
  y12  y 22    Vw  V1  y1
and =  V1  V2 
2 g

 gy 2 
Solving, we get Vw = V1   2y  y1  y 2  
 1 
AS
and V2y2 = V1y1  Vw  y1  y1 

 9.91y 2 
 Vw = 3.33   2  1.80 1.8  y 2    3.33  2.725  y 2  y 2  1.8 
 
M

and 4 = 6  Vw  y 2  1.8 

Thus  y 2  1.8  3.33  2.72y 2  y 2  1.8    2  0

By trial, we get y2 = 1.515 m

S

 V3 = 2.640 m/s
and absolute velocity of surge, Vw = 7.0324 m/s
IE

Sol-4 (a)
(i) Rain fall excess during the first three hours = 20 – (2.5 × 3) –5
= 7.5 mm = 0.75 cm.
(ii) Rain fall excess during the second three hours = 67.5 – (3 ×2.5)
= 60 mm = 6 cm
(iii) Rain fall excess during the last three hours = 37.5 – (3 × 2.5)
Rain fall excess as ratio of unit of 1 cm during the subsequent 3-hour intervals are 0.75, 6 and
3 cm. The computations of run-off due to 0.75 cm rainfall excess will start from 03 hours. The
computations of run-off due to 6 cm rainfall excess will start from 06 hours. Lastly, the
computations of run-off due to 3 cm rain fall excess will start from 09 hours.
 (17)

Time Orinates Rain Surface run-off Base Total

in of 3-hour excess from rainfall flow discharge
hours unit hydro (cm/2 hour) excess during (cumecs) (cumecs)
graph successive unit
(cumecs) period (cumecs)
0.75 6.0 3.0 Sub-total
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
03 0 7.5 0 – - 0 10 10.9
06 110 6.0 82 0 - 82.5 10 92.5
09 365 3.0 5 660 0 934.0 10 944.0
12 500 274.0 2190 330 2895.0 10 2905.0
15 390 375.0 3000 1045 4337.5 10 2905.0
18 310 292.5 2340 1500 4072.5 10 4347.5
21 250 232.5 1860 1170 3217.5 10 3227.5

R
24 235 187.5 1500 930 2606.0 10 2616.0
27 175 176.0 1410 750 2291.5 10 2301.5
30 130 131.5 1050 705 1852.5 10 1862.5
33
36
39
42
45
95
65
40
22
10
97.5
71.3
48.6
30.0
16.5
780
570
390
240
132
TE 525
930
285
195
120
1376.3
1008.6
705.0
451.5
259.5
10
10
10
10
10
1385.0
1018.6
715.0
461.5
269.5
AS
48 0 7.5 60 66 126.0 10 136.0
51 0 0 30 30.0 10 40.0
54 0 0 10 10.0
Sol-4 (b)
2
Q = Cd 2g LH3/2
M

3
2
or q = Cd 2gH3/2
3
2
=  0.738 2  9.81(2)3/2
S

3
= 6.164 m3/s-m
Above channel bottom, neglecting upstream velocity head,
IE

upstream total energy = Hs + Hd

V12
and at the toe of spillway, total energy = y1 
2g

(assuming no energy loss due to flow over the spillway)

V12 q2 6.164 2
 Hs + H d = 42 = y1   y1   y1 
2g 2gy12 2  9.81y12
By trial, we get y1 = 0.2153m
 (18)
q 6.164

Initial Froude number, F1 = = 19.7 (Strong jump)
(gy13 ) 9.81 0.21533
2y 2
Now, = 1  1  8F12   1  1  8 19.72
y1
Solving, we get y2 = 5.89m

(y 2  y1 ) (5.89  0.2153)3
energy loss = = = 36.0458 m
4y1 y 2 4  5.89  0.2153
36.0458
Energy dissipation = 100 = 85.85%
42

R
Sol-5 (a)
Accumulated rainfall in 12 hours

TE
= 2.0 + 2.5 + 7.6 + 3.8 + 10.6 + 5.0 + 7.0
+ 10.0 + 6.4 + 3.8 + 1.4 + 1.4
= 57.7 cm
Total surface run-off in 12 hours
AS
= 25.5 cm
Rainfall which percolated in soil
= 57.7 – 25.5
= 32.2 cm
Average rate of infiltration rate in 12 hours
M

= 2.68  2.7 cm/hr

10.6
S

10
Rainfall in cm

10
8 7.6 7.0
6.4
6 5.0
IE

4 3.8 3.8
2.5 2.7 cm/hr
2.0 1.4 1.4
2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time

Rainfall 2.0, 2.5, 1.4 and 1.4 cm are less than 2.7 cm/hr.
So  index of the basin will be

7.6  3.8  10.6  5.0  7.0  10.0  6.4  3.8  2.7  8

index =
8
50.4  2.7  8
index =
8
index = 3.6 cm/hr.
 (19)
Sol-5 (b)

1.36 k(h 22  h12 )

(i) Q =
r
log 10 2
r1
Using suffix 1 for the well face, and suffix 2 for the observation well, we have
r1 = 10 cm = 0.1 m
r2 = 50 m
h1 = 235.6 – 210 = 25.6 m
h2 = 239.8 – 210 = 29.8 m
(h2 + h1) = 29.8 + 25.6 = 55.4 m
Q = 240 m2 /hour

R
1.36  k(55.4  4.2)
 240 = 50
log10
0.1
240

TE
k = 1.36  55.4  4.2 log10 500

= 2.045 m/hour = 49.15 m/day

(ii) If k is computed on the basis of assumed radius of influence, we have,
AS
1.36k (H2  h 2 )
Q = R
log10
r

R 300
where, =  3000
M

r 0.1
H = 240.5 – 210 = 30.5m
h = 235.6 – 210 = 25.6m

1.36k(30.52  25.62 )
S

 240 =
log10 3000
240
IE

or k = 1.36  56.1  4.9 log10 3000 = 2.23m/hour = 53.4m/day

53.4  49.15
 % error = 100  8.6%
49.15

1.36k(H2  h2 )
(iii) Q = R
log10
r
where, k = 2.045 m/hour
Q = 240 m2/hour

1.36  2.045(30.52  25.62 )

240 =
R
log10
r
 (20)
R 1.36  2.045  56.1  4.9
log10 = = 3.185
r 240
R
= 1531
r
R = 1531 × r = 1531 × 0.1 = 153m.
Sol-6 (a)
2
C 
We know N =  1

where  = 8%

R
S.D
Cp =  100
x

(x  x)2

TE
S.D. =
m 1
nt = 6
14  51  32  55  50  68
x = 6
= 49.5 cm
AS
(41  49.5)2  (51  49.5)2  (32  49.5)2  (55  49.5)2  (50  49.5)2  68  49.5)2
S.D. =
5

= 12.28
12.28
Cp = 100  24.81
49.5
M

2
C   24.81 
N =  v     9.62  10
    8 
Hence optimum number of Rain gauge sttions for the basin = 10
S

Sol-6 (b)
Bottom width, B = 3.5 m
Left side slope, Z1 = 1 : 1
IE

Right side slope, Z2 : 1 = 1.5 : 1

Manning’s coefficient, n = 0.016
2.6
Bed slope, S =  2.6  10 4
10000
Discharge, Q = 8 m3/s
Let the normal depth be y

z1y 2 z 2 y 2 1 1.5  y 2
A = By    3.5y  y 2    3.5  1.25y 
2 2 2 2
 2
Watted Perimeter, P = B  y z1  1  y z 2  1  3.5  y  1  1 
2 2
1.5 2  1 
 
= 3.5 + 3.22y
 (21)

A  3.5  1.25y  y
 Hydraulic Radius, R = 
P 3.5  3.22y
By Manning’s equation, we have
1
Q = AR 2/3S1/2
n
2/3 1/2
1   3.5  1.25y  y   2.6 
 8 =   3.5  1.25y  y     
0.016  3.5  3.22y  10000 
5/3
1  3.5  1.25y  y 
 8 = 0.016  2/3
 0.016
 3.5  3.22y 
2/3 5/3

R
 8   3.5  3.22y  =   3.5  1.25y  y 

Taking cube on both sides, we get

TE
2 5
 512   3.5  3.22y  =   3.5  1.25y  y 

5
 3.5  1.25y  y 
= 
2
  3.5  3.22y 
512
Solving the above equation by hit and trial, we get
AS
y = 1.511 m

3.5  1.25y  y  3.5  1.25  1.511  1.511  0.9733m

R = 3.5  3.22y 3.5   3.22  1.511
The average shear stress on the channel bed may be given as
M

2.6
0 = RS  1000  9.81  0.9733   2.48N m 2
1000
Sol-7 (a)
Basin log, tp = Ct(L.Lc)0.3
S

Here Ct = 1.85, L = 80 km, Lc= 50 km

 tp = 1.85 × (80 × 50)0.3
 tp = 22.27 hrs
IE

Now, A standard duration of effective rainfall in hrs is given by

tp
tr =
5.5

22.27
 tr =
5.5

 tr = 4.05 hrs
When a non-standard rainfall duration tR hours is adopted, instead of the standard value, tr to
derive a unit hydrograph the value of basin lag is affected. The modified basin lag is given by
 (22)

21 t
tp = tp  R
22 4
Here tR = 3 hrs

21 3
 tp =  22.27 
22 4

 tp = 22.01 hrs
Therefore, the peak discharge for a non-standard ER of duration tR in m3/s is given by

2.78Cp A
Qp =

R
tp

where Cp = 0.45, A = 2100 km2, tp = 22.01 hrs

TE
2.78  0.45  2100
 Qp =
22.01

 Qp = 119.37 m3/sec
Now, the peak discharge per unit catchment area in m3/s/km2 is given by
AS
Qp 119.37
q = = = 0.0568m3 /s/km2
A 2100
 The width (in time units) are given as

5.87 5.87
W50 = = = 129.89 hrs
q1.08  0.0568 1.08
M

W50 129.89
and W75 = = = 79.22hrs
1.75 1.75
Where W50 = width of unit hydrograph in hrs at 50% peak discharge W75 = width of unit
S

hydrograph in hrs at 75% peak discharge

Also, time base, tb = 72 + 3tp = 72 + 3 × 22.01 = 138.03 hrs
IE

Sol-7 (b)
Specific Energy
It is defined as the energy stored per unit weight of liquid, using channel bottom as the datum.
It is given by:

Q2
E = y
2gA 2
Specific Energy Curve
For a given discharge Q, a curve between E and y is plotted which is known as specific energy curve
.

V2
The specific energy has two components, depth y and velocity head 
2g
 (23)
y
w
lo
alf w
c o
iti f l
cr cal
b ti
Su cri
Super critical
flow
yc 45°
E
Characteristics of Wave
(1) Curve is asymptotic to energy line at one end to a datum energy line at other end.
(2) The static energy line makes an angle of 45° with x axis for small slope channel and for steeper
slope the static energy line will be steeper.

R
(3) The specific energy is minimum at critical point C and the depth corresponding to this point yc
is known as critical depth.
(4) If depth of flow y > yc flow is known as subcritical flow.

Sol-7 (c)
Given,
TE
(5) If depth of flow y < yc, flow is known as supercritical flow.

q = 18m3/s, and hL = 1.1m

AS
3
 y2  y1 
Head loss, hL = 1.1 
4y1 y 2

(y 2  y1 )3
or y1y2 =
4.4
M

q2 y y (y  y ) (y 2  y1 )3 y 2  y1
Now, = 1 2 2 1 = 
g 2 4.4 2
8.8q 2 8.8 182
or (y 2  y1 )3 (y1  y3 ) =   290.64
9.81 9.81
S

2
y1 y  2q 2
Again, y2 =    1 
2  2  gy1
IE

2q 2 2 182
and =  66.055
g 9.81
From equation (1) and (2),
2
y2 y  66.055
y =    1 
2  2  y1

 y2 66.055 3y   y y12 66.055 

1 1  1
From equation (1)         290.64
 4 y1 2   2 4 y1 
As y1 is supercritical depth, take guidance for planning the trial form the fact that
 (24)
1/3
 q2 
y =   = (33.027)1/3 = 3.2084
 g 
Solving equation (3) by trial, we get,
y1 = 1.7895 (pre-jump depth)
y2 = 5.2465 m (post-jump depth

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