‫مقرر هندسة الطرق‬

Highway Engineering – CIV 435

Lecture 8

Chapter 18
.‫ هصادر وخصائص واستخذاهات الزابط البيتىهيني‬.‫أ‬
.‫ تصوين الخلطات االسفلتية‬.‫ب‬
. ‫ هصانع انتاج الخالطات االسفلتية‬.‫ج‬
1.Sources, Properties and Uses of Bituminous Binders.
2.Asphalt mix design
3.Asphalt Concrete Mixing Plants.

1
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 1
 ‫هزاجعة للعولي‬

‫‪ ‬اسئلة‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬تعلٌقات‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬مالحظات‪.‬‬

‫د‪.‬ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬ ‫‪Slide No.:‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

 ‫اجلزء االول‬
‫الرابط االسفلتي‬
‫‪ :‬تارخيه وانواعه وخصائصه‬
‫‪Asphalt Binder‬‬
‫‪History, Types and Properties‬‬

‫د‪.‬ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬ ‫‪Slide No.:‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

 Terminology

1. Bitumen: A class of black or dark brown

solid, semisolid, or viscous cementitiuos
substances, natural or manufactured,
composed principally of high molecular
weight hydrocarbons, of which asphalts, tars,
pitches, and asphaltites are typical.

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 4

 Terminology
2. Asphalt Cement: Is a dark brown to black cementitiuos
thermoplastic material naturally occurring or obtained
from petroleum refining.
1. AC is valuable to engineering projects because it is inexpensive,
strong adhesive, waterproof and durable.
2. AC is a thermoplastic solid to semi-solid at room temp, it can be
liquefied by heating, dissolving in solvents, or emulsifying by water.
3. AC is restricted to martial that have been supplied without
Modification (i.e. straight-run-asphalt).
4. AC has complex chemical composition which 90 to 95% by weight is
composed of carbon and hydrogen balance is heteroatom and
metals.
5. AC has a very complicated morphology (molecular structure),
traditional scheme is asphaltenes and maltenes (Oils & Resins).
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 5
 Terminology
5. Asphalt Binder: Includes both modified and
unmodified asphalt cements.
6. Blown Asphalt: Is an AC that has been oxidized
and consequently hardened by passing air at an
elevated temperature (200 C).
7. Liquid Asphalt: An AC that is liquefied to
facilitate handling and application by
emulsification or by “cutting” with a solvent (MC,
RC, Emulsions).

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 6

 History of Asphalt
 The word asphalt came from the Greek word “asphaltos”,
meaning “secure”.
 Noah Peace be Upon him used Tar to cover his
ark as stated in the Bible.
 The documented use of naturally occurring asphalt dates back
almost to 4000 B.C.
 625 – 650 B.C.: The first recorded use of asphalt as a road-
building material was in Babylon.
 In 1902 is the beginning of refining asphalt from petroleum.
 Today it encounters for the majority of road construction in
millions and millions of tons.
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 7
 Origin of Asphalt: Natural

Asphalt occurs naturally in asphalt lakes

such as:
Trinidad Island northern coast of Venezuela.
La Brea “Tar” pits near Los Angeles.
Also occurs naturally impregnated within
porous rock “rock asphalt”, which is a
mixture of sand, limestone, and asphalt.

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 8

 ‫‪9‬‬
‫د‪.‬ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬ ‫‪Slide No.:‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
 Rock Asphalt

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 10

 Origin of Asphalt: Petroleum

‫ ٌطلك علٌة البعض‬... ‫ٌعتبر االسفلت ناتج ثانوي لعملٌة تكرٌر النفط‬
‫عبارة ”حثالة البرمٌل“ وتعتمد خصائصه على طرٌقة التكرٌر واإلنتاج‬
.‫ونوعٌته‬
A number of products are obtained
‫الخام‬ ‫النفط‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫وعلى‬
from one barrel of crude. Asphalt
cement is what is left after the
more volatile products are removed
and it is commonly referred to as
the “bottom of the barrel”; It’s
properties depend on:
Refining Process.•

Composition of crude source.•

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 11

 Refining Process

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 12

 Origin of Asphalt: Petroleum
ً‫الفنزوٌل‬ ‫العربً الثقٌل‬ ‫النٌجٌري الخفٌف‬
BOSCAN ARABIAN NIGERIA
VENEZUELA HEAVY LIGHT
API Degrees 10.1 - 0.999 38.1 - 0.834
28.2 - 0.886
SP. Gravity 6.4 0.2
2.8
% Sulfur
Gasoline‫البنزٌن‬ 3
6
Kerosene‫الكٌروسٌن‬ 7 21
33
Lt. Gas Oil‫الزٌت الخفٌف‬
26 14
Hv. Gas Oils‫الزٌت الثقٌل‬
10 20

28 16
58
Bitumen‫االسفلت‬
Residuum 27 30

1
Vol. %

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 13

 Weight – Volume Relationships

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬
Specific Gravity Bridges the Gap Slide No.: 14
Some important AC Physical Properties
Specific gravity (AASHTO 228) :
 Varies between 0.95 to 1.05.
 It depends on temperature and source of asphalt.
 Determined using the pycnometer.
 Used in temperature-volume corrections and to convert between volume
and mass.
Consistency:
 Describes the fluidity or plasticity due to effect of temperature.
 Measured at varies physical states:
• Semi-solid range using penetration AASHTO T49
• Beginning of fluidity using softening point AASHTO T53 (The range of
temperature at which the asphalt softens).
• Fluidity range using viscosity AASHTO T202 and T201
• Elongation using ductility AASHTO T51
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 15
Some important AC Physical Properties
 Thermal coefficients.
 Cubical expansion, linear, specific heat and thermal conductivity.
 Important when calculating shrinkage for sealing and joint filling.
 Used in storage capacity calculations. 5000 gallons of asphalt binder
at 135 C will occupy 5200 gallons at 165 C.
 When predicting low-temperature cracking.
 Surface tension:
 Controls AC ability to spread and resist stripping in presence of
water.
 Very important in emulsification of AC and asphalt soil stabilization.

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 16

Some important AC Physical Properties
Solubility in solvents (AASHTO T 44):
AC is soluble in hydrocarbon solvents.
Presence of insoluble matters (such as wax, fillers, clays,
metallic oxides) effects binder cementing ability
 Flash point (AASHTO T48):
The temperature at which the heated asphalt will ignite
briefly.
Measured as a safety precaution.
Indication of the presence of volatile low boiling oil
fractions.
Measured using Cleveland open cup.

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 17

 ‫انظمة تصنيف الرابط‬
Grading and Testing Systems

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 18

 We Have Three Asphalt Binders
Q. Are all AB the same?? And which asphalt
binder is best for our project?

A B C
A. No, So we need to differentiate between
them and we must use asphalt binder that
gives the best performance.
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 19
 2. Penetration Grading System

 Aside from chewing, the penetration test is the oldest asphalt test.
 In 1888, H.C. Bowen of the Barber Asphalt Paving Company
invented the forerunner to the penetration test the “Bowen
Penetration Machine”.
 The basic principle of the penetration test, was to determine the
depth to which a needle penetrated an asphalt sample under
specified conditions of load, time and temperature.
 AASHTO T 49 “It is a classification system of asphalt cements based
on penetration in 0.1 mm at 25°C (77°F). There are five standard
penetration grades for paving: 40-50, 60-70, 85-100, 120-150, and
200-300

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 20

 2. Penetration Grading System

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 21

 3. Viscosity Grading
In the early 1960s an improved asphalt grading system
was developed that incorporated a rational scientific
viscosity test.
Viscosity measures liquid resistance to flow with respect to
time.
Viscosity is measured in poise (cm-g-s=dyne-second/cm2),
named after Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille).
The lower the number of poises, the lower the viscosity
and thus the more easily a substance flows. So, AC-5
(viscosity is 500 ± 100 poise at 60° C (140° F)) is less viscous
than AC-40 (viscosity is 4000 ± 800 poise at 60° C (140° F)).
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 22
 3. Viscosity Grading

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 23

 Temperature Effect on Asphalt
Consistency (penetration)

According to the pen grading A=B=C , But:

Asphalt A = Low temp susceptibility
Asphalt B = Medium temp susceptibility
Asphalt C = High temp susceptibility

C B
25
Temperature ,C

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 24

 Rutting

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 25

 Fatigue Cracking

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 26

 Low Temperature Cracking

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 27

 ‫طريقة تصنيف الرابط االسفلتي‬
‫حسب نظام السوبربيف‬
‫‪Superpave Asphalt Binder‬‬
‫™‬

‫‪Performance Grading‬‬

‫د‪.‬ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬ ‫‪Slide No.:‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬

 What is Superpave
‫ وهى نظام لتصوين الخلطات‬، ‫السىبزبيف هى الونتج النهائي لبزناهج شارب‬
‫االسفلتية الساخنة لوشاريع التنفيذ والصيانة يىظف هجوىعة هن هىاصفات‬
‫األداء واالختبارات والووارسات الختيار الوىاد واجزاء اختبارات االداء الوعجلة‬
.)1994( ‫وتصوين الخلطة‬
Superpave™ Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement is the final
product of the SHRP , it is a mix design system for new construction
and overlays. This system uses a series of new performance based
specifications, test methods and practices for material selection,
accelerated performance testing, and mix design (1994). . It integrates
the selection of materials (Asphalt Binder and Aggregate) and
volumetric proportioning with project's climate and design traffic.
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 29
 ‫أسس المواصفات‬
Specification Basis
AASHTO M 320: Superpave performance grading
(PG) is based on the idea that an HMA asphalt
binder’s properties should be related to the
conditions under which it is used, this involves
expected climatic conditions as well as aging
considerations.
A binder used in the Dammam in the Eastern
Province of the Kingdom should have different
properties than one used in Abha in Asser Province.

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 30

 1. Temperatures

Q. What temperatures do we need to address ?

 Rutting occurs at high pavement temperatures, T(high)

 Fatigue Cracking occurs at intermediate pavement

temperatures, T(inter), and

 Low Temperature Cracking occurs at low pavement

temperatures, T(low).

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 31

 1. Temperatures

Heavy Trucks

COLD Intermediate HOT

Low Temperature Fatigue Cracking Rutting

Cracking
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 32
 3. Aging
From standpoint of determining the asphalt
binder performance, three key ages we need
to address:
 New material:
• No aging
 During construction:
• Aging in the plant
• Aging during placement
 Late in the pavement's life:
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ • 7 - 10 years of service Slide No.: 33
 ‫مبدأ التصنيف‬
PG Concept

The values of the specification criteria that

warrant against distresses are independent
of the temperature, but the values must be
obtained at different temperatures (high,
intermediate and low) according to the
climate of the project.

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 34

 M320 Binder Specification
The binder designation is based on expected
extremes of hot and cold pavement temperatures.
Minimum pavement
Performance Grade o
design temperature, C

PG Thigh -Tlow
Average 7-day maximum
o
pavement design temperature , C
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 35
 M320 Binder Specification
The binder designation is based on expected
extremes of hot and cold pavement temperatures.

PG 64 - 10
Performance Minimum
pavement design
Grade Average 7-day
o
temperature, C
maximum pavement
o
design temperature , C

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 36

 Design Temperature (X -Y)
High Temperature = X =
Low Temperature = -Y =
Average 7-day
Minimum pavement
maximum pavement
design temperature @
design temperature @ a
the surface of the
depth of 20 mm from
pavement , C
pavement surface , C

Intermediate Temperature = ((High + Low)/2 )+4

Note: Does not appear in the grade designation

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 37

 Temperature Study …

Three sites, four pavement

thickness and measurements were
every 20.0 mm deep.
Measurements 24/7 for two years.
Develop models to predict 20.0
mm temperature below surface
from air temperature.
Draw the temperature zoning map
for KSA and GC.
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 38
 Temperature Max & Min …

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 39

 Temperature Zoning For PG, First Version

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 40

 Temperature Zoning For PG, Final

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 41

 M320 PG Binder Specification

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 42

 ‫اختبارات التصنيف‬
Binder Conditioning and Testing

‫درجة‬
‫الوميض‬ • AASHTO T48
Flash
Point

Original Binder ‫اللزوجة‬

‫الدورانية‬
From Refinery Rotational • AASHTO T316
Viscosity

‫القص‬
simulate no aging ‫الحركي‬ • AASHTO T315
DSR
(assumed age is zero).
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 43
 ‫اختبارات التصنيف‬
Binder Conditioning and Testing

‫القص‬
‫الحركي‬ • AASHTO T315

DSR
Residual Binder
From RTFOT
AASHTO T240 ‫اسطوانة‬
‫الضغط‬ • AASHTO R28
PAV
simulate short term aging
(assumed age of construction process).
44
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 44
 ‫اختبارات التصنيف‬
Binder Conditioning and Testing

‫القص‬
‫الحركي‬ • AASHTO T316
DSR

‫انثناء‬
Residual of PAV ‫العارضة‬ • AASHTO 313
AASHTO R28 BBR

‫الشد الغير‬
‫المباشر‬ • AASHTO T314
simulate long term aging DTT
(assumed age up to 10 years in service).
‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 45
 PG Testing Summary
Construction Rutting Fatigue Low Temp
Cracking Cracking
[DTT]

[RV] [DSR] [BBR]

Pavement Age
RTFO - Aging
No Aging
PAV - Aging

‫ابراهٌم الضبٌب‬.‫د‬ Slide No.: 46