PROGRAM ON LONGITUDINAL LOAD

AND CONTAINMENT STUDY

PROJECT 4, PROJECT 4B,

PROJECT 3313 AND ANY
FUTURE PROJECTS
Line as a System
Loads
PRIMARY SECONDARY

 Wind  Broken Phase

 Ice  Tower Failure

 Combined  Insulator Break

Wind & Ice
Line Failures Due to Cascade
Failure related load requirements such as the broken wire
load (BWL) have been used successfully to ensure the
satisfactory performance of structures and to mitigate the
effects of severe differential wire tensions. Based on past
experience (EPRI 1997; EPRJ 1998), the breakage of
conductors and ground wires is a frequently occurring
problem that has caused the cascading failure of more than
2500 structures in the last 20 years.
1966 - Denmark ( 167 Towers Collapsed )
1975 - Wisconsin ( 289 Towers Collapsed )
- Indiana ( 69 Towers Collapsed )
1992 - Iowa / Nebraska ( ## Towers
Collapsed )
1993 - Texas ( 16 Towers Collapsed )
Unbalanced Longitudinal Load
ICE SHEDDING
BROKEN CONDUCTOR
 Without Ice
 With Ice
BROKEN INSULATOR
 Suspension
 Strain
BROKEN HARDWARE
 Suspension
 Strain
ADJACENT TOWER FAILURE
 Suspension
 Angle / Strain
Failure Modes
VERTICAL
TRANSVERSE
LONGITUDINAL
Methodology

INSULATOR BREAK ( SUSPENSION POINT )

Methodology

TOWER FAILURE
Methodology

BPA STUDY – Kempner (1997)

Mechanics
STATIC RESIDUAL LOAD
DYNAMIC COMPONENT ( IMPACT LOAD )
2 Span ADINA Models

Powertech Model

NL Hydro Model
3 Second Response Charts
4.5E+04

4.0E+04

3.5E+04

3.0E+04

2.5E+04

2.0E+04

1.5E+04

1.0E+04

5.0E+03

0.0E+00
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

NL hydro 2 span Peyrot/EPRI Powertech

Model Damping

Powertech Model – 13 seconds

hydro 2 span

3.0E+04
2.5E+04
2.0E+04
1.5E+04
1.0E+04
5.0E+03
0.0E+00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17

Newfoundland Hydro Model – no ice load 6% damping – 16 seconds

NL Hydro – Ice Load Model

NL Hydro Model With Ice Load Applied

hydro 2 span with ice

1.6E+05
1.4E+05
1.2E+05
1.0E+05
8.0E+04
6.0E+04
4.0E+04
2.0E+04
0.0E+00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17

16 Second Response after broken conductor – 10% damping

Broken Insulator

Conductor Tension - Broken Insulator

80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Schedule
PROJECT 4 WAS BROKEN DOWN IN VARIOUS
PHASES
STATE OF THE ART STUDY ON LRD –
COMPLETED IN 2002
NUMERICAL MODELLING-ON GOING
PROTOTYPE DESIGN SPECIFICATION
TESTING
FULL SCALE TEST ON A LINE – IF NECESSARY
Status
WHERE WE ARE ON PROJECT 4 STATUS?
NUMERICAL MODEL – PRELIMINARY TEST
WITH ADINA STARTED EARLY 2003
DRAFT REPORT COMPLETED LATE SUMMER
REVIEW INDICATED MAJOR PROBLEMS
WITH THE INITIAL MODELLING –
SUGGESTION WAS MADE TO CORRECT THIS
STILL PROBLEM WITH DAMPING MODELLING
Mitigation – Containment
Philosophy
1. DEVELOPMENT OF A PROPER CASCADING
GUIDELINE REQUIRES THE KNOWLEDGE
AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE DYNAMIC
LOADING ON A LINE
2. IT WAS ORIGINALLY ENVISAGED THAT
PROJECT 4 WILL PROVIDE THIS WHEN
COMPLETED
Mitigation – Containment
Philosophy
Design for Longitudinal Load
 RSL-Static Component
 Dynamic (Peak Load) - Extent of Damage
Anti-Cascade Tower
Increased Strength of Suspension Tower
Re-conductoring Option
Release Mechanism
 Slip-Clamp
 LCD/LRD ( Project 4)
Discussions – Where Do We
Go From Here?
Evaluate Current State Of The Art
-Task Force Study
Avoid Duplication
McGill Work & HQ Full Scale Test
One Day Workshop To Identify Focused
R & D Which Will Provide Meaningful
Results in the Future