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As the reaction proceeded, ethyl acetate would change appreciably from its
original concentration, whereas the concentrations of NaOH and water would
remain essentially unchanged because they are present in great excess.
d [CH 3COOC2 H 5 ]
k '[CH 3COOC2 H 5 ]
dt
In general, when one of the reactants is present in such great excess that its
concentration may be considered constant or nearly so, the reaction is said
to be of pseudo-order.
Zero-Order Reactions
dA
K0
dt
A A0 K 0t
0.5 A0
t1/ 2
K0
2.303 a
k log
t ax
where the symbol a is customarily used to
replace c0, x is the decrease of concentration in time t,
and a - x = c.
First-Order Reactions
Theconcentration decreases
exponentially with time.
Theconcentration asymptotically
approaches a final value c∞ as time
proceeds toward infinity.
Half-Life for First-order
2.303 b( a x )
k log
t ( a b) a (b x)
Suspensions. Apparent Zero-
Order Kinetics
Suspensionsare another case of zero-order kinetics, in
which the concentration in solution depends on the drug's
solubility.
K0 1.5 x10
Determination of Order
Substitution Method
Half-Life Method
Artificial
lights are used to increase the effect of daylight
on a drug product
Accelerated Stability
Testing
Atvarious time periods, samples are
taken and analyzed for the viability
of the active contents
Practically
by using elevated
temperatures the k values for a drug
can be found under decomposition is
solution by plotting a function of the
concentration versus time
Fig. 14-20. Arrhenius plot for predicting drug
stability at room temperatures.
Example
Expiration Dating
The initial concentration of a drug decomposing
according to first-order kinetics is 94 units/mL.
The specific decomposition rate, k, obtained
from an Arrhenius plot is 2.09 × 10-5 hr-1 at
room temperature, 25°C. Previous
experimentation has shown that when the
concentration of the drug falls below 45 units/mL
it is not sufficiently potent for use and should be
removed from the market. What expiration date
should be assigned to this product?
Example
= 3.5x104hr ≈ 4 years
Fig. 14-21. Time in days required for drug
potency to fall to 90% of original value. These
times, designated t90, are then plotted on a
log scale in Figure 14-22.