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Influence of stacking sequence on mechanical properties of basalt-jute fiber-

reinforced polymer hybrid composites

Article · December 2012

DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2012-0063

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Amuthakkannan Pandian Manikandan Vairavan

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 DOI 10.1515/polyeng-2012-0063      J Polym Eng 2012; 32: 547–554
Pandian Amuthakkannan*, Vairavan Manikandan, Jebbas Thangaiah Winowlin Jappes and
Marimuthu Uthayakumar
Influence of stacking sequence on mechanical
properties of basalt-jute fiber-reinforced polymer
hybrid composites
Abstract: Different stacking sequences of woven basalt
and jute fiber hybrid composites were prepared using
compression molding techniques. The static mechanical
properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact behaviors
were studied. A constant pressure was applied to all the
fabricated composites, and fibers were arranged in dif-
ferent layering patterns. It was found that from the differ-
ent layering patterns, the tensile and flexural properties
slightly increased for hybrid composites having alternate
layers of basalt and jute fiber. To study the fracture surface
morphology of the hybrid composites, scanning electron
microscopy was also performed.
Keywords: basalt fiber; hybrid composites; jute fiber;
mechanical properties; scanning electron microscopy
(SEM).
*Corresponding author: Pandian Amuthakkannan, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil 626
126, India, e-mail: pa_kanna@yahoo.co.in
Vairavan Manikandan: Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil 626 126, India
Jebbas Thangaiah Winowlin Jappes: Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil 626 126, India
Marimuthu Uthayakumar: Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil 626 126, India
1 Introduction
Composite materials produced today for hulls, surfboards,
sporting goods, swimming pool linings, building panels,
and car bodies, i.e., fiber-reinforced resin composites that
have a high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight,
ratio have become important in weight-sensitive applica-
tions. Czigány [1] made a comparative study of hybrids of
carbon and basalt fibers with polypropylene matrix. To
achieve sufficient interfacial adhesion, the fibers were
treated with a reaction mixture of maleic acid anhyride
and sunflower oil. The strength of the hybrid composites
improved by surface treatment, and this was proven by
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mechanical tests and microscopic analysis. An acoustic
emission test also carried out using a suitable microphone
to find the mode of failure. The results showed that the
basalt-carbon fiber hybrid has a significant improvement
in static properties over monocomposites and over basalt
and hemp fiber. Jawaid et al. [2] investigated the trilayer
hybrid composites of palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFBs)
and jute fiber prepared using palm oil EFB as the skin
material and jute as the core material, and vice versa. A
remarkable reduction in the void content of hybrid com-
posites in different layering patterns and a slight increase
in tensile property were observed for the composite
with jute as the skin and palm oil EFB as the core mate-
rial. Padma Priya and Rai [3] experimentally analyzed
the degree of mechanical reinforcement that could be
obtained by the introduction of glass fibers in biofiber
(silk fabric)-reinforced epoxy composites. The addition of
a small amount of glass fabric to the silk fabric-reinforced
epoxy matrix enhances the mechanical properties of the
resulting hybrid composites. It has also been observed
that the properties increase with an increase in the weight
fraction of reinforcement content to the maximum extent.
The water uptake of hybrid composites was observed to
be lower than that of unhybridized composites. Woven
coir-glass hybrid polyester composites were developed,
and their mechanical properties were evaluated for differ-
ent stacking sequences. These results indicated that coir-
glass hybrid composites offer the merits of both natural
and synthetic fibers [4].
Basalt-carbon fiber hybrids with alternate stack-
ing sequences reinforced with epoxy composites have
been developed to improve the toughness properties of
conventional carbon fiber-reinforced composite materi-
als. The experimental results confirm that hybrid com-
posites containing basalt fibers display a 46% higher
open-hole compression strength than plain carbon fiber
composites. Hybrid composite laminates are also less
sensitive to open holes compared with plain carbon
fiber composite laminates [5]. Hybrid friction materi-
als were manufactured using ceramic and basalt fibers.
The friction coefficient of these materials increases
548      P. Amuthakkannan et al.: Basalt-jute fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid composites

with increasing additional basalt fiber content, but the 2 Experimental details
specific wear rates of the composites decreased up to
30 vol% of fiber content and then increased. The wear
tests showed that the coefficient of friction decreases with 2.1 Materials
increasing load and speed but increases with increasing
disc temperature up to a maximum of 300°C [6]. Aramid The basalt fibers were supplied by ASA. TECH, Ohlsdorf,
fiber-ultrahigh-modulus polyethylene fiber interply hybrid Austria. The jute fibers were supplied by S. N. Broth-
composites were fabricated with changes in the stacking ers (Cochin, Kerala, India). Polyester resin, methyl ethyl
sequence. The flexural strength and modulus of the hybrid ketone peroxide (MEKP), and cobalt napthenate were pur-
composites were measured to investigate the effect of stack- chased from Sakthi Pvt. Ltd. (Tamilnadu, Chennai, India).
ing sequence [7]. Aramid fiber-glass fiber hybrid composites The properties of basalt and jute fibers are presented in
were prepared to examine the compressive performance of Table 1, and the property of polyester resin is shown in
impacted composites. The effects of the stacking sequence Table 2.
and surface treatment on the compression after the impact
performance of the three-layer hybrid composites were
investigated with respect to the delamination area. As the 2.2 Fabrication of composites
impact velocity increased, the laminates exhibited a signif-
icant reduction of compressive strength owing to a larger Basalt fiber-jute fiber-reinforced polymer matrix com-
delamination area within the laminate [8]. Amico et al. posites were fabricated using compression molding tech-
[9] and Mariatti et al. [10] studied the mechanical pro- niques of a uniform pressure without heating. A general-
perties of pure sisal, pure glass, and hybrid sisal-glass com- purpose polyester resin was used as the matrix, and a
pression-molded composites in which various stacking plain weave of 220 g/cm3 woven basalt and jute fibers was
sequences of fiber mat layers were used. Results showed used as composite. For a proper chemical reaction, cobalt
that the hybridization originated a material with general napthenate and MEKP were used as the accelerator and
intermediate properties between pure glass and pure the catalyst, respectively. The curing of the polyester resin
sisal. However, the importance of controlling the stack- was done by incorporating 1.5 vol% MEKP catalyst with
ing sequence to enhance properties was evident. Accord-
ing to Kuan et al. [11], the mechanical properties of com-
posites based on self-reinforced polypropylene and glass Sample particulars Basalt fiber Jute fiber
fiber-reinforced PP have been investigated. The repeated
Moisture content (%) 0.15 9.58
low-velocity impact responses of hybrid plain-woven com-
Density at room temperature (g/cm3) 2.64 1.347
posite panels were studied by drop-weight experiments. Diameter of fiber (mm) 0.0166 0.4497
The effects of hybridization and lay-up sequence on the Mean breaking strength (G) 1644.4 1570.75
repeated drop-weight impact responses of woven compos- CV of strength (%) 13.6 26.97
ites were investigated. It was observed that damage accu- Mean elongation (%) 1.15 1.56
CV of elongation (%) 13.37 16.91
mulations could be slowed down using hybridization. It
was also observed that the lay-up configuration of a hybrid
Table 1 Properties of basalt fiber (single yarn).
composite had a significant influence on damage accumu-
lation rate. Hybrid specimens with glass-epoxy skins sur-
vived double the number of successive impacts compared
with hybrid specimens with graphite-epoxy skins [12]. Appearance Pale yellowish clear liquid
There are two types of fibers that are used as reinforce- Viscosity at 25°C 500–600 cP
ments: natural and synthetic fibers. A lot of work has been Volatile content 34%–36%
done on composites based on these fibers [13–17]. Acid value 23–27 mg KOH/g
In the present work, the mechanical properties of Density at 25°C 1.12–1.13
polyester-based woven basalt and jute fiber-reinforced Cross-linking mixture 1.5% catalyst and 1.5% accelerator
Gel time at 25°C 15–25 min
hybrid composites have been studied with different stack-
Tensile strength 50 N/mm2
ing sequences to concentrate the effect of layering differ- Elongation at break 1.8%
ent fibers. The interaction between the reinforcement and Flexural strength 110 N/mm2
the matrix was studied by observing the fracture surface
of composites using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Table 2 Typical properties of the unsaturated polyester resin.

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 P. Amuthakkannan et al.: Basalt-jute fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid composites      549
SI no.
1 2 3 4
Stacking sequence B/B/B B/B/J B/J/B
Table 3 Possible stacking sequence.
1.5 vol% cobalt napthenate (accelerator), and the mixture
was stirred to ensure a homogeneous mixture.
The resin mixture was then used to fabricate the
mixture of basalt and jute fibers through the compression
molding technique. For all the samples, a total of 12 layers
with four layers in each stage was maintained. For the
alternating stacking sequence, a total of 12 layers with
one layer in each stage was maintained. Hence, a uniform
thickness was obtained with varying stacking sequence.
The detail of the stacking sequence is presented in Table 3.
The samples were allowed to cure for about 3 to 4 h at
room temperature. A similar procedure was adopted
for the preparation of the basalt-jute fiber-reinforced
polymer composites with a varying stacking order. The
strong hydrogen bonding interaction between the car-
bonyl group of the polyester resin matrix and the hydroxyl
group of the basalt and jute fibers as reinforcing materials
resulted in the matrix and fiber being held very close to
each other, which enhanced the properties of the compos-
ite materials.
3 Mechanical property evaluation
3.1 Tensile strength
The tensile test is generally performed in a universal
testing machine. The dimension of the specimen was
165 × 13 × 3 mm, and a thickness of 3 mm was maintained
for the composite specimen. The tensile test was per-
formed in an AUTO make universal testing machine (UTM)
(capacity 3 Ton) with a crosshead of 1 mm/min, and the
test was done as per ASTM D638 standards.
3.2 Flexural test
The three-point bending test was used to determine the
flexural modulus, flexural strength, and strain at break of
the basalt fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Flexural
tests were conducted on the cured samples (sample size
127 × 13 × 3 mm) using a UTM (Deepak Polyplast Pvt. Ltd.,
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5 6 7 8 9
B/J/B/J/… B/J/J J/B/B J/B/J/B/J/… J/J/J J/J/B
Ahmedabad, India) with a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min
according to ASTM D790-98; a span length of 50 mm was
maintained.
3.3 Impact strength
An impact test was used to determine the amount of
energy required to break the specimen. An un-notched
Izod Impact test was conducted to study the impact energy
according to ASTM D256 (Deepak Polyplast Pvt. Ltd.). The
un-notched specimens were kept in a cantilevered posi-
tion, and a pendulum was swung around to break the
specimen. The impact energy (Joules) was calculated
using a dial gauge that was fitted to the machine.
All tests were performed with five samples, and the
mean was reported.
4 Results and discussion
4.1 Tensile strength
It was obvious that the pure basalt fiber polymer com-
posite has better properties than the hybrid with natural
fiber. These properties were lower by 21.8% in composites
with an alternating stacking sequence of basalt and jute
fibers than in composites with only basalt fiber layers;
the former is 16.3% greater than B/J/J composites with
respect to these properties. Between pure basalt and
pure jute fiber composites, the basalt fiber composite was
53.1% greater than the jute fiber composite. The alter-
nating arrangement of basalt and jute fiber exhibited an
average tensile strength of 126.26 MPa. The average tensile
strength of the B/B/J combination was found to be 130.17
MPa. Increasing the stacking sequence of the basalt fiber
increased the mechanical properties. The tensile strength
values are plotted in Figure 1.
During the tensile test of the hybrid composites, a
displacement of the hybrid composites was observed,
with the B/J/J stacking order having a higher displace-
ment of 15.5 mm. The alternate stacking sequence of the
550      P. Amuthakkannan et al.: Basalt-jute fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid composites

18

Displacement at FMAX (mm)

hybrid composites had a displacement of 15.2 mm. From
16
the displacement data of hybrid composites, it was noted 14
that adding more layers of jute fiber to the composites 12
increases the elongations. Figure 2 shows the graph of the 10
8
stacking sequences vs. displacement.
6
The layering pattern of the basalt and jute fibers in 4
the hybrid composite was reported to affect the tensile 2
0
strength and the displacement of the hybrid composites,

B
J
J

J
B

B
B/
J/
J
B/

B/
B/
J

J/

J/
B/

J/
and in using a hybrid composite that contains two fibers,

J/

B/
B/

J/
J/
B/

J/
B/
J/

B/
B/

J/
Stacking sequence

J/
the advantages of one could compensate for the proper-

B/
B/
J/
ties lacking in the other. In the present case, the lack of
tensile strength in the natural (jute) fiber is compensated Figure 2 Displacement of the different stacking sequences of
composites.
by the high tensile strength of the synthetic (basalt) fiber.
This results in the basalt fiber breaking-down failure
when a high load is applied, which transfers a high stress of the outer jute layer. Hence, the flexural strength domi-
to the weaker jute fabric. The jute fabric alone cannot nates in the J/J/J composite when compared with other
withstand the heavy load, and this leads to the failure combinations.
of the fiber, resulting in the failure of the composite. The Flexural modulus is a measure of resistance to
typical microscopic examination of the causes of failure is deformation during bending. The flexural modulus of
presented in Figure 3. basalt-jute fiber-reinforced polymer composites with dif-
ferent stacking sequence was tested, and the results are

4.2 Flexural strength

A
The stacking order of B/B/B-reinforced composite was
34.30% greater than that of the B/B/J sequence. When
compared with pure basalt fiber polymer composites,
those with the B/J/B stacking order were 2.73% lower. The
alternate sequence of basalt and jute fiber (B/J/B/J/…) was
30.99% greater than the B/J/B combination (Table 4, Figure
4). A better mechanical interlocking between the natural
fibers exhibits better properties, and it is poor when com-
bined with the synthetic fiber due to poor adhesion. The
jute fiber at the outer layer surface can have more stress,
and when combined with the basalt fiber, the failure of
the composites occurs due to failure and delamination
B

180
160
Tensile strength (MPa)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
B

B
J/

J/

B/

B/
B/

J/

J/

J/

B/
B/

J/
B/

B/

B/

J/

J/
B/

J/
B/
J/
B/

J/
B/
J/

Stacking sequence

Figure 1 Tensile strength of the different stacking sequences of

composites. Figure 3 (A) and (B) SEM images of tensile tested specimen.

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 P. Amuthakkannan et al.: Basalt-jute fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid composites      551

Stacking sequence Increased by (%) Stacking sequence Increased by (%)

B/B/B > J/J/J 21.52 B/B/B > J/J/J 38.67

J/B/J/B/J/… > B/J/B 14.04 J/B/J/B/J/… > B/J/B 9.39
B/J/J < J/B/B 11.93 B/J/J < J/B/B 12.48
B/B/J > B/J/B 2.73 B/B/J > B/J/B 0.1

Table 4 Percentage of flexural strength variations with stacking Table 5 Percentage variations in flexural modulus.
sequence.

presented in Figure 5. It was obvious that the B/B/B stack- the arrangement of the material layers. Due to lower strain
ing sequence was greater than the other combination. The of the jute fiber, a better modulus exists in the jute fiber
percentage variations in flexural modulus are represented composites and it is not noticed for other combinations
in Table 5. due to poor interfacial bonding between the fibers.
The failure of the composites during the three-point
bending load was mainly observed with the delamination
of the hybrid composites. Delamination causes damage 4.3 Impact strength
to the waxy layer present in the surface of the jute fiber
(Figure 6, white surface). When the outer surface of the The stacking order of the alternate combination of basalt-
composites is layered with the jute fiber, immediate failure jute fiber (B/J/B/J/…)-reinforced composite was 69.68%
occurred at the leading surface of the composites. The greater than the B/J/J fiber-reinforced composite. The
flexural properties of hybrid fiber-reinforced plastics are stacking of the alternate combination of the basalt-jute
not only dependent on the hybrid composition but also on hybrid-reinforced composite was 57.37% greater than

500
450
Flexural strength (MPa)

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
B

B
B

J
B
J
J
B

B/

J/
J/
J/
B/
J/
B/

J/
B/

J/

J/
J/
B/
B/

B/
J/
B/
B/

B/

J/
B/
J/
B/

J/

Stacking sequence

Figure 4 Flexural strength of hybrid composites.

6000
Flexural modulus (N/mm2)

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
B

B
B
J
J

J
J

J/
B/

J/

J/

J/
B/

J/
B/
B/

B/
B/

B/

J/
J/
B/

B/

J/
J/

J/
B/

B/
J/

J/
B/

Stacking sequence

Figure 5 Flexural modulus of hybrid composites.

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552      P. Amuthakkannan et al.: Basalt-jute fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid composites

Stacking sequence Increased by (%)

A
B/B/B > J/J/J 6.9
J/B/J/B/J/… > B/J/B 17.42
B/J/J < J/B/B 72.4
B/B/J < B/J/B 63.1

Table 6 Percentage of variation in impact strength of composite.

Figure 6 (A) and (B) SEM images of the flexural-tested specimen.

that of the B/B/J fiber-reinforced composite. Similarly,

the J/J/B combination was 35.8% greater than the B/B/J
stacking order (Figure 7). The percentage of variation in
the stacking sequence of polymer composites is presented
in the Table 6.
The failure of composites was due to the waxy
layer in the jute fiber (Figure 8). In some cases, the Figure 8 (A) and (B) SEM images of the impact-tested specimen.

35
Impact strength (J/cm2)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
,

B
,

J
B

J.

B
J

J.
J

J/

J/
J/
B/

J/
B/

B/
B/

B/

J/

J/
B/
B/
B/

B/

J/
J/

J/
B/

B/
J/

J/
B/

Stacking sequence

Figure 7 Impact strength of hybrid composites.

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 P. Amuthakkannan et al.: Basalt-jute fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid composites      553
delamination of the hybrid composites is due to the lack
of bonding strength between the fiber and the matrix.
In the visualization of the impact-tested area, delami-
nation developed near the outer surface of the compo-
sites when the impact force traveled through the width
of the specimen, and fiber failure and matrix cracking
were the dominant damage. It may be suggested that
the presence of basalt fiber multilayers tends to stop
crack propagation and thus shows that the resistance
to impact loading of basalt-jute fiber-reinforced poly-
ester composites improves with fiber alone. In addition,
alternate layering arrangements offered resistance to
impact load, and it is important to note that the stack-
ing sequence has a great significance on the damage of
hybrid composites.
5 Mechanism of failure
The failure of the hybrid composites was analyzed using
SEM. During the testing of the delamination, voids,
failure of fiber, fiber pull-out, and debonding were
observed.
In tensile tests, the failure of composites started with
the jute fiber and propagated to the consecutive layers of
the composite. After the failure of the jute fiber, the basalt
fiber started to fail and elongated to some extent; the
hybrid composites were the last to fail. A typical micro-
graph of the specimen is presented, and the SEM image
of tensile-tested specimens showed that the waxy layer
and the moisture content of the jute fiber is higher than
the basalt fiber. During the flexural test of hybrid com-
posites, the failure started from the bottom layer of the
composites and gradually propagated to the successive
layers of the composites; this was observed through SEM
examinations. The impact strength of the hybrid compo-
sites revealed that the delamination is due to the presence
of jute fiber at the outer layer. Jute fibers can withstand a
higher impact load nearer to the basalt fiber. It can be sug-
gested that the presence of basalt fiber multilayers tends
to stop crack propagation, which is not the case for the
jute fiber layers.
In all the stacking sequences of basalt and jute fiber
hybrid composites, by alternating both fibers, the compos-
ite exhibits properties superior to other stacking orders.
Improper interfacial bonding due to the waxy layer of jute
fiber leads to delamination on application of the load.
The alternating combination, in which one is placed over
another, leads to a relatively increased bonding strength.
Delamination occurred because of improper bonding
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between the reinforcement and the matrix, which in turn
was due to the waxy layer of the jute fibers. This is due to
the fact that delamination tends to occur at the interface
of two different layers, such as delamination between jute
fiber-polyester and basalt fiber-polyester. Due to the closer
packing of plain woven fibers, it prevented the crack prop-
agation and the load transfer at the fiber matrix interface
is found to be most effective.
6 Conclusion
This comparative study of different hybrid configurations
based on basalt fiber-jute fiber-reinforced laminates con-
firms the slight superiority of basalt fiber-woven lami-
nates over jute fiber.
From the experimentation, the following results
emerged:
– Based on the tensile test, the tensile strength
exhibited by the composite material with stacking
of basalt fiber is significant. When compared with
hybrid composites, the B/B/J stacking order had the
highest tensile strength.
– From the impact test, it is seen that hybrid
composites influence the impact strength. The B/J/B
stacking shows a better impact strength among
hybrids of basalt and jute fibers.
– In the flexural test, the flexural strength and flexural
modulus are highest for the composite material with
the alternate stacking of basalt fiber and jute fiber-
reinforced polyester matrix composites.
Overall analysis shows that the reinforcement of the
basalt fiber composites with jute fiber composites has a
considerable effect on the mechanical properties of the
hybrid composites. The lack of mechanical properties of
the jute fiber was compensated for by the basalt fiber,
and the alternating combination of basalt and jute fiber
hybrid composites shows better mechanical properties. It
is clearly seen that hybridizations are able to slow down
the damage to the composites.
Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge the
financial assistance provided by Department of Science
and Technology (DST), Government of India, vide sanc-
tion SR/S3/ME/0038/2007, for this work. The authors also
thank the Centre for Composite Material, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam University for
their extended support to carry out the work.
Received June 25, 2012; accepted September 27, 2012; previously
published online November 12, 2012
 554      P. Amuthakkannan et al.: Basalt-jute fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid composites

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