4 Baseband transmission sends the information signal as it is without modulation(without frequency shifting)

while passband transmission shifts the signal to be transmitted in frequency to a higher frequency and then
transmits it, where at the receiver the signal is shifted back to its original frequency.

Baseband refers to the original frequency range of a transmission signal before it is converted, or modulated, to a
different frequency range. For example, an audio signal may have a baseband range from 20 to 20,000 hertz.

Baseband signal. ... A baseband bandwidth is equal to the highest frequency of asignal or system, or an upper
bound on such frequencies, for example the upper cut-off frequency of a low-pass filter. By
contrast, passband bandwidth is thedifference between a highest frequency and a nonzero lowest frequency.

5 Pulse modulation is “the process in which signal is transmitted by pulses (i.e., discontinuous
signals) with a special technique”. The pulse modulation is classified as analog pulse
modulation and digitalpulse modulation

2 Introduction. Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radiocommunication system where components that have been
typically implemented in hardware (e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, etc.) are
instead implemented by means of software on a personal computer or embedded system.

10 The input signals themselves do not have much power and need a fairly large antenna in order to transmit the
information. In order to keep communication cheap and convenient and require less power to carry as much
information as possible,carrier systems with modulated carriers are used.

A carrier signal is a transmitted electromagnetic pulse or wave at a steady base frequency of alternation on which
information can be imposed by increasing signalstrength, varying the base frequency, varying the wave phase, or
other means. This variation is called modulation.

6 Source coding is the process that is used to encrypt information removing unnecessary data so that bandwidth of
the signal is adjusted for effective transmission. ... While channel coding is done by adding redundancy to the data
so that noise in the channel doest effect or corrupt the data.

Source Coding is the efficient representation of data generated by a discrete source. This means we convert our
generated source data to binary form and it is uniquely decodable at the receiver. Suppose our source generates four
different voltages and we need to transmit that information to the receiver. Now to do that we need to represent that
data which we can do by using two bits (00,01,10,11) that is four different possibilities. To make source coding
efficient we use statistics of the source data Examples of source coding are Huffman Coding , Lempel-Ziv coding etc

Channel coding is done to control errors occurred due to noise in the channel. The channel encoder in the transmitter
accepts the message bits and adds redundancy according to a prescribed rule. The receiver exploits the redundancy
and to decide which message bits were transmitted. For more details about channel encoding refer linear block codes,
cyclic codes and convolutional codes

3Simply put, multiplexing deals with how multiple signals can utilize a single resource i.e - sampling, modulation etc.

Multiple access on the other hand, deals with which signal can utilize which particular resource - frequency
allocation/time slot allocation etc.

This can be made clear with the help of the following example:

In normal radio transmission for example, each station transmits on a separate frequency. This is Frequency
Division Multiplexing. However, there are limitations to this type of transmission. As the number of users
increases, some of the frequencies have to be reused.
Provided the transmitters and receivers are separated by a significant distance, the frequencies can be reused.
However, in a high density user area, this separation is not possible. So what to do?

The get around, is to reduce transmitter power so that signals from one area (cell) don't interfere with those from a
neighbouring area. This is Space Division Multiplexing(SDM) on top of FDM. This is the idea behind cellular
communication.

However there is one problem. Suppose five users within a single cell, initiate telephone calls simultaneously. How do
you determine, which frequency is to be allotted to which user?

This is where we need a multiple access protocol - to assign frequencies to users. This protocol is called FDMA.

Now as the number of users increases, even FDM would prove to be inadequate. So what next?

The solution is to accommodate multiple users on a single frequency. This is what TDM is all about.

But again the same old problem repeats. If five users initiate telephone calls simultaneously, then how do we
determine which user gets to transmit in which time slot?

That is where TDMA comes in, to assign time slots to each user