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By : Manish Arora
EPS
• EPS stands for Evolved packet system.
• whole LTE system is developed to provide all types services through
packet switching.
• To achieve this GTP (GPRS tunneling protocol is being used).
• GTP is application layer protocol which differentiate session based
on TEID (tunnil end identifier).
• UDP is used as a transport layer protocol.
• A bearer is a pipe that carry data from one node to another node.
• There are two types of GTP messages used one for control plane
and one for user plane.
• EPS bearer has following components like TEID , Transport layer
address, etc
GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) in LTE
• GPRS Tunneling protocol is an important
IP/UDP based protocol used in GSM, UMTS
and LTE core networks.
• It is used to encapsulate user data when
passing through core network and also carries
bearer specific signalling traffic
between various core network entities.
• This protocol has several advantages which
will be discussed later.
Bearer in LTE
• UE <------------------------------>enb<---------------------------------->SGW <---------------------->PGW<------->Internet
• The pipes, which are carrying data from PGW to UE and vice versa called
EPS bearer.
• when data reaches at PGW from external world it process and create a
GTP-U packet and sent to SGW.
• SGW does the same thing it remove the GTP-U header received from PGW
and create a new GTP-U header then forward packet to eNB.
• Once eNB receives GTP-U packet it removes header GTP-U header and
then PDCP layer at enodeb performs IP header compression and ciphering
and map to logical channel
• then message sent to UE through radio channel. radio bearers identified
by bearer Identity (1-32) and logical channel identity(3-11).
GPRS Tunneling Protocol Types
Why is GTP used in LTE?
version 1 GTP-U
version 2 GTP-C
How GTP-U Works ?
• GTP-U encapsulation of UE user plane traffic can be easily understood by taking any simple example. Lets
see what happens when IP packet generated by UE reaches to eNodeB and is then forwarded to SGW.
• Consider any application on UE creates an IP/TCP packet. This packet consist of actual data by application,
TCP or UDP header and then IP field information which has source address of UE and destination address
of application server (e.g. Facebook)
• When the eNodeB receives this packet over air interface, it will put the IP packet inside GTP header which
has information related to tunnel IDs. Then further, it is encapsulated inside UDP and IP header and
forwarded as ethernet frame towards SGW. Here the IP header contains eNodeB IP as a source address
and SGW IP as a destination address
GTP-C signalling messages
•
Default bearer 1: Used for signaling messages (sip
signaling) related to IMS network. It uses qci 5
•
Dedicated bearer: Used for VoLTE VoIP traffic. It uses
qci 1 and is linked to default bearer 1
•
Default bearer 2: Used for all other smartphone traffic
(video, chat, email, browser etc)
Why dont we use dedicated bearer
for ims signaling as well ?
•
IMS network is separate network from normal
internet.
• And it comes with its own APN.
• Therefore we need separate default bearer
for IMS network.
• This also helps in separating IMS traffic from
normal internet traffic as well
How it is decided to send voip traffic
on dedicated bearer?
•
Both UE and eNB has TFT which has rules for
certain services. For example, incase of VoLTE
voip traffic, the rule are defined on the basis
of protocol number , destination network ip
network etc
• Then What kind of PDN address does Dedicated EPS Bearer will use ?
• The answer is "Dedicated EPS Bearer uses the PDN address of Default EPS Bearer it is linked to".
• Then how a Dedicated EPS Bearer knows which Default EPS Bearer it is linked to ?
• The answer is that it is via a information element called "Linked EPS Bearer Identity" (See the arrow
shown in the picture above)
• What are the information that both Default EPS Bearer and Dedicated EPS Bearer has ?
• The answer is "QCI".
• Can Default EPS Bearer and Dedicated EPS Bearer can have the same QCI value ?
• The answer is "No, they must have different QCI value".