Journal of the Andaman Science Association Vol.

19(2):149 - 156 (2014)

ISSN 0970 - 4183, Printed in India
© Andaman Science Association, Port Blair (A & N Islands), India

Influence of management practices of System of Rice

Intensification (SRI) on the physiological parameters,
microbial dynamics and yield of rice in Island Ecosystem
V. Damodaran*, B. K. Saren2, N. Ravisankar3, T. Subramani and N. Bommaya Samy
Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair - 744101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
2
Associate Professor (Agronomy), Vishva - Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal.
3
Present address: Principal Scientist (Agronomy), Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research,
Modhipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.
*Corresponding author email: damuvijayan@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT
Field experiments were conducted during wet season of 2007 and 2008 at Central Agricultural Research Institute,
Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands to evaluate the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) practices of rice in Island
ecosystem for increasing the productivity. Time of planting, spacing and nitrogen management practices significantly
influenced the physiological parameters and yield of rice while number of seedlings/ hill did not exert any influence on
yield. Crop growth rate was higher under early planting with closer spacing (20 x 20 cm) while the same recorded lower
value of light transmission ratio (41.6). Second fortnight of planting in June coupled with 20 x 20 cm spacing recorded
higher a, b and total chlorophyll contents (1.97, 1.04 and 3.64 mg/g respectively) with 9.2 % higher panicles/m2 and
higher grain yield (4 678 kg/ha). More number of bacteria, fungi and PSB are found with the application of 50 % RDN
through Gliricidia + 50 % RDN through urea followed by 75 % RDN through Gliricidia + 25 % RDN through urea.
Though application of 100 % RDN through urea recorded more number of panicles and highest grain yield (4 465 kg/
ha) but it was comparable with 50 % RDN through Gliricidia + 50 % RDN through urea. Hence, early transplanting
in June second fortnight using single seedling in 20 x 20 cm spacing with application of 50 % N through Gliricidia and
50 % N through urea can be recommended for improving the physiological, microbial activities in the rhizosphere and
achieving higher yield of rice under SRI practice in island ecosystem.

Key words: SRI, Management practices, Physiogical parameter, Nutrient uptake, Yield, Soil nutrient status

Paddy is the lifeline cereal of Andaman and Nicobar
Islands grown in 8 549 ha with the annual production of 26
249 t and productivity of 2.2 t/ha necessitating an import
of about 27 188 t of rice from the mainland. The low yield
of rice is mainly due to mono cropping of traditional rice
variety (C 14 - 8) with low or no input management. A
challenge in the future would be that more rice would have
to be produced from lesser inputs like land, water, labour,
and capital. Under this scenario, the System of Rice
Intensification (SRI) would be an appropriate practice to
produce more yield with less input. The SRI has proven
ability to increase rice production by 26 % or more
depending on the extent of adherence to its basic principles
viz., transplanting young seedlings, at wider spacing in
square pattern and keeping the soil moist and aerated
during vegetative phase (Uphoff, 2003). SRI involves a
number of specific techniques that are always required to
be tested and adapted according to local conditions. The
components of SRI have claimed substantial increase in
rice productivity in different rice growing areas. Among
the management practices, timely planting, appropriate
control of vegetative growth throughout the duration of
the crop, suitable transplanting densities for optimum
tillering and control of leaf growth by controlling water,
fertilizer are essential for improving the growth variables
responsible for high yield (Ghosh and Singh,1998).
Manipulation of planting geometry plays a significant
role in increasing the rice yield, as it is assumed to have
pronounced effect on tillering, interception and utilization
of light which in turn influence the rice yield.

149
Damodaran et al.
Among various nutrients, nitrogen is integral part
of structural and functional protein, chlorophyll, nucleic
acid and plays a vital role in crop development. In
coming decades, organic sources of nitrogen would be
vital for reducing the cost of fertilizers, supplementing
the nutrients, maintaining the soil productivity and
ecosystem stability for sustained crop production. Hence,
the present study was carried out to standardize the SRI
practices (time of planting, spacing, number of seedlings
per hill and Nitrogen management) and its influence on
physiological attributes, microbial biomass and yield of
rice in Island ecosystem.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiments were carried out during wet
season of 2007 and 2008 at Bloomsdale farm, Central
Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands. The soil was clay loam in texture with
pH 6.2, EC 0.2 dS/m, organic carbon 0.6 % , low in
available Nitrogen (245 kg/ha), medium in Phosphorus
(11.2 kg/ha) and low in available Potassium (128 kg/
ha). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with
three replications. Time of planting and spacing was
assigned to main plot while number of seedlings per hill
and nitrogen management was assigned to sub plot. The
main plot treatments were planting in Second fortnight
of June with 20 x 20 cm (M1), Second fortnight of June
with 25 x 25 cm(M2), Second fortnight of July with 20
x 20 cm( M3) and Second fortnight of July with 20 x 20
cm (M4) while the sub plots were assigned with number
of seedlings per hill One (H1), Two (H2) and Nitrogen
management practices such as 100 % of recommended
dose of N through Gliricidia (N1), 100 % RDN through
urea (N2), 50 % RDN through Gliricidia + 50 % RDN
through urea (N3) and 75 % RDN through Gliricidia +
25 % RDN through urea (N4). 15 days old seedlings of
rice cv. Bhavani raised in MAT nursery were transplanted
in the main field as per the treatments. The recommended
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J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 19 (2):2014
dose of fertilizer 90, 60, 40 kg N, P and K/ha was adopted
for rice. 100 % P and 50 % K was applied as basal and
remaining 50 % K was applied at Panicle initiation stage
through inorganic sources as per the treatment. In the case
of organic treatments, the quantity of P and K supplied
by Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) was estimated and the
remaining quantity was supplemented with inorganics.
Gliricidia contains 2.9 % N, 0.5 % P2O5 and 2.8 %
K2O on fresh weight basis. However, no addition of K
from inorganic source was done, since Gliricidia leaf
incorporation met the K requirement. N through inorganic
sources was applied in three equal splits as basal, tillering
and Panicle Initiation (PI) stage. Nitrogen in the form of
Urea, Phosphorus in the form of Single Super Phosphate
and Potassium in the form of Muriate of potash was
applied. Conoweeder was operated three times during
the crop growth period in between the crop rows in both
the directions at 10, 25 and 40 DAT. The weeds were
thus incorporated in to the soil as well as the soil was
stirred. Growth and yield parameters were recorded as
per standard procedures. Grains from individual net
plot were sun dried, cleaned and weighed and yield was
expressed at 14 % moisture basis while straw was sun
dried for 4 days and weighed separately. Grain and straw
yields were expressed in kg/ha. Crop growth rate (CGR)
in different growth stages was computed as per formula
given by Watson (1958) and expressed in g m - 2day - 1.
The intensity of solar radiation falling above the canopy
(Ia), middle and also below the canopy (Ib) in all directions
was measured and worked out at flowering stage with lux
meter. The Light Transmission Ratio (LTR) was computed
(Ib/Ia x 100) as per the procedure suggested by Yoshida
et al., (1972) and expressed in percentage. Chlorophyll
was extracted in 80 % acetone and their optical density
readings were read out at 663 nm, 645 nm and 652 nm
in a spectrophotometer and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b
and total chlorophyll contents were estimated as per the
method suggested by Yoshida et al., (1972) and expressed
as mg/g fresh weight of leaf.
Damodaran et al.
Where,
OD – Absorbance at specific wavelength
V – Final volume of chlorophyll extract in 80 % acetone
W – Fresh weight of tissue extracted
Microbial population in the soil at flowering stage of the crop were assessed through standard serial dilution
technique (Pramer and Schemidt, 1965) using Nutrient agar medium for heterotrophic bacteria, Potato dextrose agar +
streptomycin media for fungi and Pikovskaya media for Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Physiological parameters
Time of planting, spacing and N management
practices significantly influenced the Chlorophyll
contents (a and b), Crop growth rate (CGR) and Light
transmission ratio (LTR) of rice at flowering stage
(Table 1) while number of seedlings/ hill did not exert
any influence on the physiological parameters of rice.
Early planting in second fortnight of June with closer
spacing of 20 x 20 cm recorded higher chlorophyll a and
b contents of 1.97, 1.04 mg/g respectively, CGR (29.64 g
m2/day) and the lower value of LTR (41.6) as compared to
delayed planting in July with same density and same time
of planting with wider spacing of 25 x 25 cm. Among
the nitrogen management practices, application of 100
% RDN through urea recorded higher chlorophyll a
and b (1.92 and 0.94 mg/g), CGR (25.74 g m2/day) and
lower LTR but it was at par with N3 (50 % RDN through
Gliricidia + 50 % RDN through urea). Leaves during
growth stage experience a wide range of irradiance in
natural environments. Utilization of the amount of light
available, depends on the specific changes in composition
and structure of chloroplasts. Chlorophyll pigments play
an important role in the photosynthetic process leading to
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J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 19 (2):2014
biomass production. In the present study, early planting in
second fortnight of June with closer spacing of 20 x 20 cm
recorded higher chlorophyll contents. This is in agreement
with the findings of Tari et al., (2009). Nitrogen nutrition
influenced the quantity, structure and composition of
photosynthetic apparatus and played a crucial role in
determining the photosynthetic capacity of the plant.
Similarly Ahmad et al (2003) also reported that the
nitrogen was an important constituent of photosynthetic
components of crop plants and approximately 60 % of
the nitrogen in a plant leaf with C3 photosynthesis is
invested in photosynthetic components. Higher CGR
recorded under early planting with closer spacing can
be attributed to accumulation of more dry matter during
this phase. The lower LTR indicates higher yield. In the
present study, early planting in second fortnight of June
with a plant population of 25 hills m - 2 in (20 x 20 cm)
expressed its superiority in reducing the LTR which was
11.24 % lesser compared to 25 x 25 cm . As the plant
density increases, mutual shading and competition for
light might cause an elongation of stem to facilitate more
light interception. Lowest LTR recorded in closer spacing
of 20 x 20 cm was mainly due to higher population per
unit area with more number of leaves which might have
facilitated better interception and utilization of light.
 Table 1. Physiological parameters of rice as influenced by the management practices of System of Rice
Intensification (SRI) technique
Treatments Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b CGR(g/m2/d) at LTR at flowering
at flowering at flowering flowering to maturity
Damodaran et al.

2007 2008 Pooled 2007 2008 Pooled 2007 2008 Pooled 2008 Pooled
Time of planting & spacing
M1 - June second fortnight + 20 x 20 2.07 1.88 1.97 1.23 0.84 1.04 26.89 29.64 41.8 41.4 41.6
cm 32.38
M2 - June second fortnight + 25 x 25 1.93 1.72 1.83 0.97 0.70 0.84 24.60 20.12 22.36 47.9 47.9 47.9
cm
M3 - July second fortnight + 20 x 20 1.96 1.78 1.87 1.00 0.73 0.86 24.82 21.05 22.93 46.5 47.9 47.0
cm
M4 - July second fortnight + 25 x 25 1.82 1.38 1.60 0.90 0.59 0.75 23.42 18.93 21.18 50.6 51.5 51.0
cm
SEm± 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.40 0.34 0.37 0.7 0.7 0.7
CD (P=0.05) 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.05 1.39 1.18 1.28 2.3 2.4 2.4
Number of seedling/hill

152
H1 - One seedling 1.94 1.66 1.80 1.02 0.71 0.86 26.20 21.63 23.91 46.8 46.6 46.7
H2 - Two seedling 1.96 1.72 1.84 1.03 0.72 0.87 26.41 21.87 24.14 46.6 47.6 47.1
SEm± 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.40 0.33 0.37 0.7 0.7 0.7
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Nitrogen management
N1 - 100 % RDN through Gliricidia 1.84 1.50 1.67 0.94 0.64 0.79 23.40 19.39 21.40 52.0 53.2 52.6

N2 - 100 % RDN through urea 2.03 1.81 1.92 1.10 0.78 0.94 28.16 23.32 25.74 41.8 42.3 42.1

N3 - 50 % RDN through Gliricidia + 1.98 1.75 1.87 1.02 0.73 0.88 27.22 22.46 24.84 44.5 44.5 44.5
50 % RDN through urea
N4 - 75 % RDN through Gliricidia + 1.93 1.70 1.82 1.05 0.71 0.88 26.42 21.83 24.13 48.4 48.4 48.4
25 % RDN through urea
J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 19 (2):2014

SEm± 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.57 0.47 0.52 1.0 1.0 1.0
CD (P=0.05) 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.05 1.62 1.34 1.48 2.8 2.9 2.8
RDN= Recommended dose of Nitrogen; Interaction non - significant
Damodaran et al.
Microbial population
Microbial analysis performed at flowering stage
revealed that except the N management practices microbial
population in the rhizosphere was not influenced by the time
of planting, spacing and number of seedlings/hill in both
the years. Application of 50 % RDN through Gliricidia
+ 50 % RDN urea (N3) registered higher bacterial
count (62.3 x 107 CFU/g) and it was at par with N4 (75
% RDN through Gliricidia + 25 % RDN through urea)
while the later recorded with more PSB count (5.2 x 106
CFU/g). In contrast, application of 100 % RDN through
urea recorded higher count of fungi (0.98 x 104 CFU/g)
which was at par with application of 50 % RDN through
Gliricidia + 50 % RDN urea and 75 % RDN through
Gliricidia + 25 % RDN through urea. More microbial
population due to integrated application of Gliricidia with
reduced level of inorganic N in the present study may be
due to the positive influence of N from inorganic source
at initial stages by masking the initial inhibitory effect
of organic acids produced during decomposition which
promoted the rapid multiplication of microflora in the
soil. This is in line with the findings of Uphoff (2006).
At later stages, microbes might have facilitated rapid
decomposition of Gliricidia and enhanced the organic
matter content of soil and hence microbial population was
more at flowering stage with combined application of 50
% RDN through Gliricidia + 50 % RDN through urea.
Similarly, Satyanarayana (2006) also reported the soil that
was supplemented with organic matter supported larger
and diverse population of micro organisms.
Yield attributes and yield
Yield components viz panicles/m2, panicle weight
and yield of rice was significantly influenced by time
of planting, spacing and nitrogen management practices
while number of seedling/hill did not exhibit much
variation on the same (Table 3). Early planting in June
second fortnight with 20 x 20 cm spacing recorded 9.1
% higher panicles/m2 with heavier panicle (3.07 g)
compared to the same time of planting with wider spacing
of 25 x 25 cm. The number of panicles/ m2 was higher at
increased plant density and decreased with wider spacing.
This may be due to higher plant population per unit area.
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J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 19 (2):2014
Similar results were earlier reported by Choudhury et al.,
(2007). Among the nitrogen management practices, N2
(100 % RDN through urea) recorded the higher number
of panicles (218) and panicle weight (3.01 g) but the
same was at par with N3 (50 % RDN through Gliricidia
+ 50 % RDN through urea) and N4 (75 % RDN through
Gliricidia + 25 % RDN through urea). This may be due
to the positive effect of Gliricidia green leaf manuring
which improved the physical and chemical properties of
soil due to its decomposition and increased the availability
of adequate N during the later growth period of the crop
and thereby promoted the translocation of assimilates to
sink resulting in higher panicle weight. This is in line with
the findings of Singh et al., (2002).What was true of yield
attributes is true for grain and straw yield. Early planting
in June second fortnight with closer spacing of 20 x 20
cm recorded significantly higher grain yield in both the
years. The increase in grain yield was 461 kg/ha in 2007
and 470 kg/ha in 2008 and 30 % and 26 % higher straw
yield in the corresponding years as compared to the same
time of planting with wider spacing of 25 x 25 cm. At
the same time one month delay in planting (July second
fortnight) accounted 357 and 368 kg/ha reduction in yield
with same density of population. This can be attributed
to better growth and yield components due to efficient
utilization of resources which in turn improved the yield
attributes and thereby increased the yield. Further due to
more number of panicles/m2 produced in the early planting
with closer spacing must have contributed to higher grain
yield. Similarly Gill et al., (2006) also reported that
delayed transplanting in July compared to June resulted
in sharp reduction in grain yield due to reduction in
favourable growing period. Further wider spacing may
increase yield per plant but may often lead to a decrease in
grain yield per unit area due to less plant population. This
is true in the present findings. Closer spacing gave higher
yield in comparison with wider spacing. Karmakar et al.,
(2004) reported that closer spacing gave higher yield in
comparison with wider spacing. Number of seedlings/hill
had no significant effect on yield.
Thus, it can be concluded that early transplanting in
June second fortnight using single seedling in 20 x 20 cm
spacing with application of 50 % N through Gliricidia
and 50 % N through urea can be recommended for
 Table 2. Influence of management practices of System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
technique on microbial population (No. of CFU/g) at flowering stage of rice
Damodaran et al.

Treatments Total heterotrophic Fungi (x104)* PSB ( x106)*

bacteria (x107)*
2007 2008 Pooled 2007 2008 Pooled 2007 2008 Pooled

Time of planting & spacing

M1 - June second fortnight + 20 x 20 cm 60.6 53.8 57.2 1.07 0.99 1.03 5.8 5.0 5.4

M2 - June second fortnight + 25 x 25 cm 59.1 52.1 55.6 1.00 0.96 0.98 5.3 4.7 5.0

M3 - July second fortnight + 20 x 20 cm 59.3 52.4 55.9 1.04 0.96 1.00 5.5 4.8 5.2

M4 - July second fortnight + 25 x 25 cm 57.8 49.3 53.5 1.02 0.94 0.98 5.3 4.8 5.1
SEm± 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.2 0.2
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Number of seedling/hill

154
H1 - One seedling 58.4 51.5 55.0 0.96 0.88 0.92 5.3 4.6 5.0
H2 - Two seedling 60.0 52.3 56.1 0.97 0.91 0.94 5.4 4.5 5.0
SEm± 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.2 0.2
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Nitrogen management
N1 - 100 % RDN through Gliricidia 57.2 49.4 53.3 0.83 0.80 0.82 5.0 4.2 4.6
N2 - 100 % RDN through urea 51.0 43.1 47.0 1.02 0.95 0.98 5.4 4.7 5.1
N3 - 50 % RDN through Gliricidia + 66.1 58.6 62.3 1.01 0.91 0.96 5.5 4.7 5.1
50 % RDN through urea
N4 - 75 % RDN through Gliricidia + 62.6 56.5 59.5 1.00 0.91 0.96 5.5 4.8 5.2
25 % RDN through urea
SE m± 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.1
J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 19 (2):2014

CD (P=0.05) 3.6 3.2 3.4 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.3 0.3 0.3
RDN= Recommended dose of Nitrogen * Colony Forming Units per gram of oven dry soil
 Table 3. Influence of management practices of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) technique on yield
parameters and yield of rice

Treatments Panicles/m2 Panicle weight (g) Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha)
Damodaran et al.

2007 2008 Pooled 2007 2008 Pooled 2007 2008 Pooled 2007 2008 Pooled
Time of planting & spacing
M1 - June second fortnight + 20 x 20 247 230 239 3.08 3.06 3.07 4 815 4 541 4 678 6 913 6 236 6 575
cm
M2 - June second fortnight + 25 x 25 220 217 219 2.86 2.82 2.84 4 354 4 071 4 212 5 332 4 935 5 134
cm
M3 - July second fortnight + 20 x 20 224 218 221 2.89 2.89 2.89 4 458 4 173 4 316 5 442 5 057 5 250
cm
M4 - July second fortnight + 25 x 25 156 154 155 2.65 2.50 2.58 3 973 3 610 3 792 4 905 4 583 4 744
cm
SEm± 3 3 3 0.04 0.04 0.04 69 66 68 86 83 84
CD (P=0.05) 11 11 11 0.16 0.15 0.16 237 231 234 298 286 292
Number of seedling/hill

155
H1 - One seedling 207 203 205 2.90 2.84 2.87 4 365 4 063 4 214 5 696 5 198 5 447
H2 - Two seedling 216 207 211 2.83 2.80 2.82 4 435 4 135 4 285 5 601 5 207 5 404
SEm± 3 3 3 0.04 0.04 0.04 66 61 63 85 78 81
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Nitrogen management
N1 - 100 % RDN through Gliricidia 198 188 193 2.55 2.52 2.53 4 109 3 748 3 929 5 075 4 691 4 883
N2 - 100 % RDN through urea 222 214 218 3.03 2.98 3.01 4 591 4 339 4 465 6 015 5 524 5 770
N3 - 50 % RDN through Gliricidia + 215 208 212 2.97 2.90 2.94 4 527 4 198 4 362 5 760 5 334 5 547
50 % RDN through urea
N4 - 75 % RDN through Gliricidia + 212 209 210 2.93 2.87 2.90 4 372 4 111 4 241 5 743 5 262 5 502
25 % RDN through urea
SEm± 5 4 4 0.06 0.06 0.06 93 86 90 120 110 115
CD (P=0.05) 13 12 13 0.17 0.17 0.17 263 244 254 340 313 326
J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 19 (2):2014

RDN= Recommended dose of Nitrogen

Damodaran et al.
improving the physiological, microbial activities in the
rhizosphere and achieving higher yield of rice under SRI
practice in the Island.
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