10 Nov, 2017

Engr. Abdul Rehman

a.rehman@ntu.edu.pk

Department of Polymer Engineering

National Textile University, Faisalabad.
 Basic of Mechanics
 True Stress & Engineering Stress

 True Strain & Engineering Strain

 Learning exercise

 Quantitative diff. b/w Engineering stress & True

stress
 Quantitative diff. b/w Engineering strain & True

strain
□ Stress
 Uniaxial loading
F F

Ao
lo
F F

Af lf

“Stress”: Stress = ?
S = F/Ao Units--- ? (Mpa, Gpa, N/m2, psi)
 Stress is average force per unit area

 Where “F” is the load applied perpendicular to the specimens

cross sectional area.
 Units of force is newton (N) or pounds force (lbf)
 A0 is the original cross sectional area before any load or force is
applied.
 Units of A0 are m2 or in2
 When stress is applied the original cross sectional area A0

(Unstressed) changes to Ai.

 Units of stress are megapascals, MPa (1 MPa= 106 N/m2)

 MPa are the SI units for stress

 Other units used for stress is

 Pounds force per square inch, psi

□ True Stress
 True Stress– denoted by = F/Ai , Ai is the actual/
instantaneous area of the specimen at any given time
 Difference between True Stress ( )& Engineering Stress (S)
At small values of strain; ~S
F F

Ao
lo
Ai F F

Af
lf
 How could one can measure the actual area because it
needed to be done in real-time while the specimen was still
under loaded condition.

 The true stress ( ) uses the instantaneous or actual area of

the specimen at any given point, as opposed to the original
area used in the engineering values.
□ Strain
Measurement of ? Deformation? Stretching? Change in shape…
 It quantifies the change in shape in response to a force.

□ Engineering Strain □ True Strain

 Uniaxial loading  Uniaxial loading
e=
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
=
∆𝒍
=
𝒍𝒇 −𝒍𝟎 𝑙𝑓
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒍𝟎 𝒍𝟎 ∈= ln
𝑙0
Equivalent strains = Equivalent shape
change F F

Ao lo
F F

Af lf
□ True Strain
□ What is the smallest step in length we can get? dl From your calculus class?

F F
l

F F

L+dl
Amount of engineering strain when change in length is very small,
□ Difference between Engineering Strain and True Strain = ?

Learning Exercise
F F

Li=1”
F F

Li=2”

Calculate Engineering Strain and True Strain for the following cases:
1) One full step 1” to 2”
2) Two steps 1”→ 1.5” → 2”
3) Three steps 1”→ 1.33” → 1.66” → 2”
Calculate the sum of engineering strain and true strain for each step.
□ Difference between Engineering Strain and True Strain = ?
 Quantitative difference between
 Engineering Stress and True Stress
 Engineering Strain and True Strain
If deformation is homogeneous,
=S (1+e)
ε=ln (1+e)
Learning Exercise
What is the typical value of strain in elastic region for nylon?
For nylon, Elastic modulus E = 3 Gpa and Yield strength y= 45 MPa
Determine the strain at yield point;
= E . e assuming the nylon to be elastic

If deformation is homogeneous,
= S (1+e) = S (1.015) ε=ln(1+e) = ln (1.015) = 0.0148
In elastic region, engg stress and true stress or engg strain and true strain are same.