.
Albert Einstein, Letter (1921)
(from the Latin nasci,
complex phenomena that are
shaped by a collection of
cultural, political and
psychological factors.
nations are a nations are
nation is a group of people
who share a common
language, religion, history and
traditions.
nations are
a nation is a group of
people bound together by
shared loyalties or allegiances,
often expressed in the form of
patriotism (although national
identity and patriotism do not
necessarily coincide).
-
be employed with little
precision, often being used
interchangeably with terms
a nation is a group of people
who regard themselves as a
natural political community,
expressed, most clearly, in the
desire to establish or maintain
statehood.
For , the innate character
of each national group was
ultimately determined by its
natural environment, climate
and physical geography shaping
the lifestyle, working habits,
attitudes and creative
propensities of a people.
Above all, he emphasised the
importance of language, believed to be
the embodiment of a people's distinctive
traditions and historical memories. Each
nation thus possesses a
(literally, the 'spirit of the nation'), which
reveals itself in songs, myths and legends,
and provides a nation with its source of
creativity.
(1983) highlighted the
degree to which nations are 'invented
traditions'.
Rather than accepting that modern
nations have developed out of long-
established ethnic communities,
Hobsbawm argued that a belief in
historical continuity and cultural purity
was invariably a myth and, what is more,
a myth created by nationalism itself.
A is one in which
citizenship has greater political
significance than ethnic identity; not
uncommonly political nations contain a
number of ethnic groups and so are
marked by culturally heterogeneity.
When nationalism is a reaction against
the experience of foreign domination or
colonial rule, it tends to be a liberating
force linked to the goals of liberty, justice
and democracy
(1983) emphasised the degree
to which nationalism is linked to modernisation
and, in particular, to the process of
industrialisation.
Gellner stressed that while pre-modern or
'agro-literate' societies were structured by a
network of feudal bonds and loyalties,
emerging industrial societies promoted social
mobility, self-striving and competition, and so
required a new source of cultural cohesion.
This was provided by nationalism. Nationalism
therefore developed to meet the needs of
particular social conditions and circumstances.
(1991) also portrayed
the modern nation as an artefact, in his
case as an 'imagined community'.
Anderson pointed out that nations exist
more as mental images than as genuine
communities, which require a level of
face-to-face interaction to sustain the
notion of a common identity.
appears to be a progressive
and liberating force that offers the
prospect of national unity or
independence
It also appears to be an irrational and
reactionary creed that allows political
leaders to conduct policies of military
expansion and war in the name of the
nation.
When nationalism is a product of social
dislocation and demographic change, it
can become a vehicle for racism and
xenophobia
refers to prejudice or hostility
towards people on the grounds of their
racial origins, whether or not this is linked to a
developed racial theory
fear or hatred of foreigners;
pathological ethnocentrism
1. Liberal Nationalism
2. Conservative Nationalism
3. Expansionist Nationalism
4. Anticolonial Nationalism
Naive and romantic
They see the progressive and liberating face
of nationalism; theirs is a tolerant and
rational nationalism.
Liberals see nationalism as a universal
principle, but they have less understanding
of the emotional power of nationalism,
which, in time of war, can persuade people
to fight, kill and die for their country.
The goal of Liberal Nationalism is
misguided
aggressive and militaristic form of
nationalism that is underpinned by
chauvinist, and often racialist,
assumptions
a form of political organization and a
political ideal
Sole legitimate unit of political role
It offers the prospect of both cultural
cohesion and political unity, thus allowing
those who share a common cultural or
ethnic identity to exercise the right to
independence and self-government
principled form of nationalism based on
the nation-state ideal
The central theme of this form of nationalism
is a commitment to the
The principle that the nation is a sovereign
entity; self-determination implies both national
independence and democratic rule
inward-looking or insular form of
nationalism associated with the promise
of social cohesion and public order,
generated through national patriotism
has a distinctively nostalgic and
backward-looking character
aggressive and militaristic form of
nationalism that is underpinned by
chauvinist, and often racialist,
assumptions
The nation-state now confronts a number of
challenges. They have been subject to
centrifugal pressures generated by the growth
in ethnic politics.
Externally, they have confronted
challenges from the growing power of
supranational bodies, the advance
economic and cultural globalization,
and the need to find international
solutions to the environmental crisis

Market- is a sytem of commercial
exchange that buyers wishing to acquire
a good and service into contact with
sellers offering the same purchase.
Money is used as a convenient means of
exchange.
Enterprise capitalism is the so called
Its central feature is faith in the
untrammelled working of market
competition , born out of belief that the
market is a self-regulating mechanism.
Collective capitalism is the adopted
South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore)
Distinctive character is its emphasis on
cooperative long term relationships.
An economic system is a form of
organization through which goods and
services are produced, distributed and
exchanged.
Modes of production
Three types of capitalist system in the
modern
world:
Enterprise capitalism
Social capitalism
Collective capitalism
Social capitalism refers to the form of
capitalism that has developed in much
of central and western Europe.
Founded on a link between industrial
and financial capital in the form of close
relationships between corporations and
regionally based banks.
Two different models of socialist economy:
State socialism
Market socialism
State socialism was a system adopted by
the USSR.
It is based on state collectivization, which
brought all economic resources under
the control of the party-state apparatus.
Market socialism was first used in
Yugoslavia.
It attempts to reconcile the principles of
socialism with the dynamics of market
competition.

Individualism isa belief in the primacy of Collectivism stresses the capacity of

the individual over any social group or human beings for collective action,
collective body, which suggests that the highlighting their willingness and ability to
individual is central to any political achieve goals by working together
theory or social explanation. rather than through self-striving.

Social class is a group of people who

share a similar social and economic
position.
For marxists, it is linked to economic
power.

hierarchical order.

The 20th century witnessed the emergence

of world politics in the sense that patterns of
conflict and cooperation amongst states

globe. This was seen in the First and Second Idealism

World Wars and the Cold War. As the 20th Realism
century drew to a close, there was a Pluralism
growing recognition that the very
parameters of political life has changed. Marxism
This more radically called into question the
conventional distinction between a
The defining characteristic of idealism is
that it views politics from the perspective
of moral values and legal norms. It is
concerned less with empirical analysis
than with the normative judgements. For
this reason, idealism is sometimes seen as
a species of utopianism.
sociopolitical theory that emphasizes the
diffusion of power amongst a number of
competing bodies or groups. As a theory
permeability of the state, and provides
an alternative to the state-centrism of
the realist model.
Globalization is the emergence of a
complex web of interconnectedness that
means that our lives are increasingly shaped
byt events that occur, and decisions that
are made, at a great distance from us. The
central feature of globalization is therefore
that geographical distance is of declining
relevance, and that territorial boundaries,
such as those between nation-states, are
becoming less significant. Rather, it
highlights the deepening as well as the
broadening of the political process, in the
Economic Globalization
Cultural Globalization
Political Globalization
relations should be guided by morality,
realism is grounded in an emphasis on
power politics and the pursuit of national
interests. Its central assumption is that the
world stage, and, being sovereign, is
able to act as an autonomous entity.
What makes the Marxist approach
distinctive is its stress on economic power
Although Marx was concerned primarily with
analyzing the structures of national
capitalism and particularly the antagonistic
relationship between the bourgeoisie and
the proletariat, an internationalist
perspective was implicit in his work.
sense that national and global events
(or perhaps local, regional, national,
international and global events)
constantly interact. The popular image
of globalization is that it is a top-down
process, the establishment of a single
global system that imprints itself on all
parts of the world.
Economic Globalization is reflected in the
idea that no national economy is now an
island; all economies have, to a greater or
lesser extent, been absorbed into an
interlocking global economy. The OECD
from a world of distinct national economies
to a global economy in which production is
internationalized and financial capital flows
Cultural Globalization is the process whereby
information, commodities and images that
have been produced in one part of the world
regions and individuals. This has sometimes
been portrayed as a process of
Macdonaldization is
the process whereby global commodities and
commercial and marketing practices
associated with the fast-food industry have
come to dominate more and more economic
sectors.
As the territorial nation-state is seen to be
less effective in delivering security, stability,
and prosperity, these goals are increasingly
achieved through collaboration with
neighbouring and geographically
proximate states. Regionalization may
merely be a step on the road to
globalization: the growth of economic
interdependence is likely, initially, to have a
regional character, regional organizations
being able to manage the relationships
between the nation-states and global
forces.
The desire to safeguard Europe from the
threat of Soviet expansionism an to mark
out for Europe and independent role
and identity in a bipolar world order
The wish of the USA to establish a
prosperous and united Europe, both as a
market for US goods and as a bulwark
against the spread of communism
The widespread acceptance, especially
in continental Europe, that the sovereign
nation-state was the enemy of peace
and prosperity
Political Globalization is evident in the
These are organizations that are
transnational in that they exercise
jurisdiction not within a single state, but
within an international area comprising
several states. Some examples are the
United Nations, NATO, WTO, the World Bank,
and the IMF. The inter-state emphasis of
political globalization sets it apart from the
rival conceptions of economic and cultural
globalization, which highlight the role of
nonstate and market-based actors.
On the other hand, regionalization may
be a counter-global trend, a form of
resistance to globalization. The most
significant impetus towards international
regionalization is undoubtedly
economic. International trade can both
foster harmonization of interests and
provoke deep suspicions and
resentment. Although countries wish to
penetrate the markets of other countries,
they have an equally strong incentive to
protect their own markets from foreign
competition.
the need for economic reconstruction in
war-torn Europe through cooperation and
the creation of a larger market
the desire to preserve peace by
permanently resolving the bitter Franco-
German rivalry that caused the Franco-
Prussian War(1870-71) and led to war un
1914 an 1939.
could be tackled only by integrating
Germany into a wider Europe
the same as that which underlies the
classical liberal justification for the state-
social-contract theory. Just as the only
means of ensuring order and stability
amongst individuals with different interests is
to establish a sovereign state, the only way
of preventing international conflict
between states each pursuing its national
interest is to create a supreme world power.
The two world wars of the 20th century,
and in particular the advent of
industrialized warfare, created
irresistable pressure to establish
institutions that could facilitate
international coooperation.
World Trade Organization (WTO) : The
system.
Foreign Policy
the pattern of behavior that one state
adopts while pursuing its interest in
relations with other states.
Foreign policy involves the implementation of a
group principles which shape the behavior pattern
of a state which negotiating with other states to
protect or further its interest
The Embassy
represents the state in its relations with the
foreign government to which they provide
constant stream of info on the vital statistics
of the nations' political, economic, and
cultural life
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) :
The IMF was set up to oversee the global
rules governing money in general and, in
particular, maintain currency stability
through a system of fixed exchange
rates.
The World Bank: The World Bank was
designed to reduce the element of risk in
foreign lending, thereby underpinning
economic stabilty.
The process of formulating a policy
Info and Intelligence gathering
Data Analysis or the translation of
information into alternative courses of action
Planning, followed by decision making
resulting in the adoption of policy guidelines
International Politics
deals with the consequences of the clash of
foreign policies in the competitive world
environment.
Things to consider for policies to be included in
International Politics.
The underlying Principles that shape the policy
the factors that condition the formulation of the policy
the agencies involved in policy making
the planning process
political dynamics and foreign policy [ the role of political
parties and interest groups ]
the techniques and instruments utilized in policy execution
Factors conditioning foreign policy
The geographic-strategic factor
the characteristics of size, climate, topography, and shape are
important.
ex. Philippines ginawang base militar ng amerikano
Population factor
(human resource)
Economic Resources factor
The prototype of a powerful state is usually described as one
possessing a well-integrated and highly industrialized economy.
Ideological factor
Ideology, meaning eto ung pinapaniwalaan ng tao. It serve to
legitimate the existing political system.
Two models of the international system
POLITICAL POWER.
A state's power potential is its capacity to influence or control
the behavior of other states for the purpose of promoting its
own vital interests.
POLITICAL INTERDEPENCE
INTEGRATION OF THE COMMUNITY OF THE STATES
From a small society of independent, self-sufficient European
states, the international community has developed into a very
large, interdependent, international system.
- aggression
examples
attack in pearl harbor, 1941. Hitler's invasion of
Poland 1939.
- underground activity (secret movements, etc)
- espionage (The systematic use of spies to get
military or political secrets)
- Guerilla Warfare (small-scale military operations
WITHIN enemy territory)
other tactics in international politics
-intervention (panghihimasok/pakikisali ng other
countries sa issue ng ibang country)
Principles governing the selection of aims and goals.
maintaining the integrity of the state
(parang maitenance ng title ng areas nila at ung possession ng
bagong territories)
Promoting the interests of the economy.
(prinopromote ang welfare ng state)
providing for the international security.
military, ganun.
Protecting the national Prestige
SOVEREIGNTY
developing a power potential to persecute an offensive war if
the occasion arises.
military din but more offensive.
Strategy and tactics in international politics
3 strategic plans of action.
- isolation ( tinatanggal sa mga alliance)
ex - Germany and Russia, excluded from League of Nations.
- neutrality
ex - Switzerland - naging diplomatic listening post for all
belligerents(countries na nagaaway) and as a Red Cross
administration, thereby providing of greater value to BOTH SIDES of
the conflict.
THEORIES IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
Balance-of-Power Theory
- ... the assumption that political equilibrium in a group of
states may be maintained if power id distributed among them
in such a fashion that no single state or combination of states
may gain permanent ascendancy over the rest and in such a
way that each may preserve its independence.
Collective-security theory
Example
league of nations, UN3)
Power-Polarization theory
distribution of power
PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
Political dilemmas
unequal distribution of power
economic dilemmas
unequal distribution of economic resources
(ex. raw mat. etc)
national security dilemmas
war still happening.
dilemma of peace

International Law Nature of International Law

Body of principles and rules governing the rights and
duties of states, international organizations, and human
beings in their world relationships. (Traditional Def)
It hinges upon the existence of independent states, which
are expected to get along with one another subject to
the rule of law -->[ provides boundaries between
prohibited and permitted conduct ]
It would not exist if there is only one states, there should be
at least two states.
The sum of rights that a state may claim for
itself and its national from other states and of
its duties which in consequence it must be
observe toward them (prof. Brierly)
(Unorthodox Info)
consent.
It's at its best form when it is self-enforcing,
that is when states are aware that it is to their
mutual interest or advantage to conform to
law

Sources Of International Law Judicial decisions -The decisions of

Treatise international and municipal courts and the
a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject,
generally longer and treating it in greater depth than publications of academics can be referred
an essay, and more concerned with investigating or exposing to, not as a source of law as such, but as a
the principles of the subject.
International Custom means of recognizing the law established in
General Practices that have achieved legal standing. other sources
The General Principles of Law
It consist of provable precedents and authorities other than
Writing of Publicists
treatise and it is founded upon intelligent international public Equity - the mitigation of harsh laws.
policy.

Areas of International Law Approaches to International Law

The Law of War The International Legislation
The creation of legal state of war The creation of new international laws through
It governs the conditions under which such treaty
warfare may be conducted
The Law of Peace International Courts and Tribunals
Regulation or the control of scores of Example:
peacetime public and private relationships. U.N.
The Problem Of Neutrality
the imposing of neutrality onto the different
states.
International Organizations
An Association of states bound by a
treaty to secure common goals
Division of I.O.s
Public Organizations
e.g. U.N.
Private Organizations
e.g. the international chamber of commerce