Report On Going

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Libali, Bhaktapur-8, Nepal
A
REPORT ON FINAL YEAR PROJECT
ON
“PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF YANKHUWA KHOLA
HYDROPOWER PROJECT”
(As a partial fulfillment of Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering)
(Course Code: CE755)
PROJECT SUPERVISOR: PROJECT MEMBERS:

Er. Satyaram Jyakhwa Muktinath Shiwakoti 071BCE21
Nitin Lageju 071BCE75
Rahul Pati 071BCE81
Sabin Birbal 071BCE82
Salim Dhonju 071BCE85
July, 2018
Pre-feasibility Study of Yankhuwa Khola Hydropower Project
PREFACE
Tribhuvan University has offered civil engineering project as course content for
Bachelor level in civil engineering. To introduce the students with the real civil
engineering and idea of practical working in professional field with the application of
theoretical knowledge gained during the whole four years, there is provision of
project work. It involves the desk study and field study of a civil engineering projects
and the preparation of the final report along with final defense and presentation. It
helps the students to be acquainted with the practical aspects which a professional
may encounter in the field thus preparing them towards any future problems that may
arise during practicing.
Hydropower engineering includes great diversified nature of work from

meteorological analysis to geological study, civil works, electromechanical
installation, operation, etc. Every effort has been made to collect the most reliable
data, past reports and relevant design information.
The objective of this project is to study the pre-feasibility and propose a design, for
the development of small-scale hydropower of Yankhuwa Khola. The goal of the
project is to benefit the people through the development of income from sale of power
to a utility. The design will include site locations of major components, estimations of
power generation capability, and a life cycle economic analysis. We have attempted to
design a project in which power generation accomplished with minimal negative
impact on environment.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Er. Sunil Duwal (Principal of
Khwopa College of Engineering) and Er. Ramesh Bala (Head of Civil Engineering
Department) for their kind help and assistance.
We are also indebted to our Supervisor Er. Satyaram Jyakhwa for assisting,
suggesting, motivating and supervising in every aspects of our study. Without his help
this study would probably be impossible.
At last but not the least, we would like to thank all our friends who directly or
indirectly help during the completion of this project work.
Muktinath Shiwakoti (071BCE21)

Nitin Lageju (071BCE75)
Rahul Pati (071BCE81)
Sabin Birbal (070BCE82)
Salim Dhonju (071BCE85)
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ABSTRACT
The Yankhuwa khola hydropower project is a run off type hydropower project located
at latitude 27°15’38’’N and 87°8’17’’E. The proposed site is located on the tributary
of Arun River.
The pre-feasibility study is carried out in order to find out whether the project is
feasible or not in the initial stage. From the study, if the project is feasible then other
study are performed. For the pre-feasibility study of hydropower, collection of data,
hydrology, topography etc. are performed. In the project Yankhuwa Khola
Hydropower Project, the prefeasibility analysis is to be performed.
The objective of this project is to study the feasibility and proposed a design for
Yankhuwa Khola hydropower project. In the first part all the hydrological analysis
including flood duration curve, comparison between high flood and low flood analysis
are carried out. Along with this hydraulic design of components, rate analysis, cost
estimation and financial analysis were carried out in the second part of the project.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROPOWER ............................................................................ 1
1.1 Study Background ........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objective of the study ..................................................................................... 2
1.3 Generation of Hydropower.............................................................................. 2
1.4 Sources of energy ............................................................................................ 3
1.4.1 Hydropower ............................................................................................. 3
1.4.2 Thermal Power ......................................................................................... 5
1.4.3 Nuclear power .......................................................................................... 5
1.5 Hydropower potential ...................................................................................... 6
1.6 History of Hydropower Development ............................................................. 7
1.7 Hydropower Development history in Nepal ................................................... 8
1.8 Hydropower Development in Nepal ............................................................... 9
1.9 Hydropower Potential in Nepal ..................................................................... 10
1.10 Nepal’s Power Supply/Demand Scenario ..................................................... 12
1.11 Challenges and Issues in Power Sector ......................................................... 13
1.12 Advantages of Hydropower over other sources of energy ............................ 14
1.13 Justification of role of Mini Hydropower in Nepal ....................................... 15
CHAPTER 2 ...................................................................................................................... 17
2.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................... 17
2.2 Location of project site:................................................................................. 17
2.3 Geology of project site .................................................................................. 17
CHAPTER 3 ...................................................................................................................... 18
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 18
CHAPTER 4 ...................................................................................................................... 19
HYDROLOGY .................................................................................................................. 19
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4.1 General .......................................................................................................... 19

4.2 Catchment Characteristics ............................................................................. 19
4.2.1 Catchment Physiography ....................................................................... 19
4.3 Rainfall data .................................................................................................. 21
4.4 Flow Analysis ................................................................................................ 22
4.4.1 Catchment Area Ratio (CAR) Method .................................................. 22
4.4.2 MIP Method ........................................................................................... 24
4.4.3 WECS/DHM (Hydest) Method.............................................................. 30
4.5 Flow Duration Curve..................................................................................... 37
4.6 Flood Hydrology ........................................................................................... 39
4.6.1 Statistical Hydrology ............................................................................. 39
CHAPTER 5 ...................................................................................................................... 46
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS ..................................................................................... 46
5.1 Headworks ..................................................................................................... 46
5.2 Diversion works ............................................................................................ 46
5.2.1 Weir and spillway .................................................................................. 47
5.3 Under sluice................................................................................................... 51
5.4 Divide wall .................................................................................................... 53
5.5 Trash racks .................................................................................................... 54
5.6 Energy Dissipator .......................................................................................... 54
5.7 Weir stability ................................................................................................. 55
5.8 Intake structure .............................................................................................. 59
5.8.2 Gravel trap ............................................................................................. 61
5.9 Settling basin: ................................................................................................ 63
5.9.1 Conveyance system ................................................................................ 65
5.10 Forebay .......................................................................................................... 68
5.11 Penstock ........................................................................................................ 69
5.11.1 Optimization .......................................................................................... 70
5.12 Anchor block and support piers .................................................................... 71
5.12.1 Provision of Expansion joints ................................................................ 73
5.13 Power House ................................................................................................. 73
5.13.1 Components of power house .................................................................. 74
5.13.2 Power house size .................................................................................... 74
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5.13.3 Height of power house ........................................................................... 74

5.13.4 Tailrace .................................................................................................. 75
5.13.5 Turbine ................................................................................................... 76
5.13.6 Generator................................................................................................ 79
5.13.7 Exciters .................................................................................................. 79
5.13.8 Ventilation, cooling and lubrication ...................................................... 79
5.13.9 Transformer............................................................................................ 80
5.13.10 Control room equipment .................................................................... 80
5.13.11 Switchyard.......................................................................................... 80
5.13.12 Transmission line ............................................................................... 80
APPENDIX – I .................................................................................................................. 81
vii
ABBREVIATIONS
AC Alternating Current
ACSR Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
amsl above mean sea level
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
BCDP Building Code Development Project
B/C Ratio Benefit Cost Ratio
BM Bench Mark
BoQ Bill of Quantities
Ch. Chainage
cm Centimeter
cm/s Centimeter per Second
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
D/L Distribution Line
DOED Department of Electricity Development
D/S Downstream
DDC District Development Committee
DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DRG No. Drawing Number
EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return
FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return
FY Fiscal Year
GM Silty Gravel
GoN Government of Nepal
GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic
GWh Giga Watt Hour
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Ha Hectare
HFL High Flood Level
HT High Tension
Hz Hertz
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
INPS Integrated National Power System
IPP Independent Power Producer
IRR Internal Rate of Return
Km kilometer
Kmph Kilometer per hour
KN/m2 Kilo Newton per Square Meter
kV Kilovolt
kVA Kilovolt Ampere
kWh Kilowatt Hour
LF Load Factor
lps Liter per second
LT Low Tension
m Meter
Max Maximum
mg/l Milligram per liter
Min Minimum
m/s Meter per Second
MoWR Ministry of Water Resources
MVA Mega Volt Ampere
cumec Cubic Meter per Second
MW Mega Watt
NEA Nepal Electricity Authority
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nos Numbers
NPV Net Present Value
NRs Nepalese Rupees
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PCC Plain Cement Concrete
PPA Power Purchase Agreement
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
rpm Revolution per Minute
RMR Rock Mass Rating
SC Sandy Clay
SFS Sulfur Hexa Fluoride
T Ton
TDS Tax Deduction at Source
ToR Terms of Reference
UCS Uniaxial Compressive Strength
U/S Upstream
V Volt
VAT Value Added Tax
VDC Village Development Committee
WECS Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
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CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION TO HYDROPOWER
1.1 Study Background
Hydropower is the source of renewable energy formed by the movement of

flowing mass of water on the surface of the earth with the help of positional
difference. Water resource is a major source for the economic development of the
country through the development of hydropower and other multipurpose projects.
Nepal has 83000MW total hydropower potential out of which 43000MW is
considered as techno-economically feasible. The advent of small hydropower
development in Nepal was Pharping Hydropower station in 1911 B.S with an installed
capacity of 500kW as the first station in Nepal knowing immense importance of
hydropower to fulfill the energy crisis. Nepal has established several programs related
to energy and power under government and private sectors such as Nepal Electricity
Authority (NEA), Water and Energy Commission Secretariats (WECS), Ministry of
Energy, Department of Electricity Development (DoED), Alternative Energy
Promotion Centre (AEPC) etc.
Nepal has huge hydropower potential. It has many numbers of rivers with the
significant head from which hydropower can be generated easily. In the developing
country, like Nepal, the major problem of people is scarcity of food for the
nourishment due to population growth. So we need energy for the efficient production
of food to cope with such challenging scenario. The scenario of energy consumption
is at the increasing rate. This causes depletion in non-renewable and exhaustive
sources of energy, which may cause energy crisis in the future. Also, it is essential to
meet the concept of sustainable development which means that our children should
get at least this much resource that we are consuming at present. So, energy
consumers should be encouraged on using non-exhaustive and renewable sources of
energy. Hydropower, one of the most reliable and common renewable sources of
energy, is abundantly available in the hilly regions like Nepal. Again, hydraulic
conveyance circuit can be beneficial for multipurpose use (irrigation, water supply
etc.). Hydropower production does not consume water, so it is considered as
renewable source of energy. Consumption of this energy is environmental friendly
because it uses water as fuel and no harmful by-products are produced. It does not
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emit greenhouse gases that cause ozone layer depletion and global warming. Because
of abundant water resources and potential hydropower sites available, there is huge
possibility of hydropower production. Large projects involve huge amount of funds
and the gestation period is large hence activities regarding development of Mini
Hydropower Projects are accelerating in these days which is technically, financially
and socially sustainable at the present scenario.
Hydropower projects of diverse capacities occupy a prominent position in the

process of infrastructure building of the country. For the reason, the hydropower
projects need to be cost effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly and
socially sound. Hence, the design of each component of a hydropower project
demands meticulous planning, optimization and judicious selection of the relevant
design parameters, particularly in view of country’s topography, young geology and
nature of highly sediment laden monsoon rivers.
1.2 Objective of the Study
The following are the main objectives of the study:
 To fulfill the partial requirement of the final year project for the Bachelor
Degree in Civil Engineering.
 To study and analyze the hydrological situation of the site.
 To design the hydraulic components of the hydropower plant.
 To design the structural components of the hydropower plant
1.3 Generation of Hydropower
The meaning of hydropower is the power that can be generated in the form of
electric power or any other mechanical power on account of the energy head
associated with the flowing or still water. The technical aspects of the development of
a physical scheme that is for the generation of hydropower comes under hydropower
engineering, which is also branch of water resources engineering. Hydropower in the
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form of electrical energy is obtained from the generator coupled with turbines, which
converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. The high head required for running
turbine is either created by constructing a dam across river or diverting its flow to a
location lower than the head pond or a fore bay. The electric power is very important
form of energy to energize a country for its economic growth and maintaining living
standard. Per capita consumption of electricity of a country gives us an indication as
to how developed the country is.
1.4 Sources of Energy
With the technology developed so far, commercial electricity can be generated

in one of the following three conventional sources:
• Hydropower
• Thermal power
• Nuclear power
Besides these, there are other unconventional sources of energy which are
listed as below. These are still under development and their costs of development are
yet to be competitive, hence, unable to take up substantial fraction of total installed
capacity of any country.
• Tidal power
• Solar power
• Geo-thermal energy
• Wind power
1.4.1 Hydropower
Hydropower uses the power of water to produce energy. Flowing water has
three types of energy heads, namely – potential head, pressure head and kinetic head.
While flowing, one type of energy head can be increased at the cost of others
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depending on conditions. The running water with one or a combination of more than
one types of energy heads causes spinning of a turbine that runs generator, which
produces electricity. Types of hydropower generation plants are:
1.4.1.1 Classification of hydropower projects
a) Classification based on head
The classification of hydropower project based on head is as follows in Nepal

(ref. Sanjeeb Baral)
1. Very low head (up to 15m)
2. Low head (below 60m)
3. Medium head (between 60-150m)
4. High head (between 150-350m)
5. Very High head (greater than 350m)
b) Classification based on installed capacity
The classification of the hydropower project based on installed capacity differs

country to country. In Nepal followings are adopted.
1. Micro hydropower project (up to 100KW)
2. Mini hydropower project (100KW to 1MW)
3. Small hydropower project (1MW to 25MW)
4. Medium hydropower project (25MW to 100MW)
5. Large hydropower project (greater than 100MW)
c) Classification based on storage capacity
On the basis of storage capacity the hydropower plant can be classify as

follows.
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 Run-of-River (RoR)/ Peaking Run-of-River (PRoR)
This type doesn’t have the storage or reserving capacity. The water flows and
passes through the turbines. It is continuously moving and should not remain
static. So the water coming from upstream should be used at the moment or it
should go around the dam. Weir is constructed across the river to maintain
the water level and discharge to the power plant.
 Storage plants
These types of plant have storage capacity which regulates the hydrograph of
the river by one or more seasons. Dam is constructed across the river to store
the water. These plants require high initial investment but provides a much
more efficient and controlled use of the available water.
1.4.2 Thermal Power
In a thermal power plant, fuel such as coal, diesel, gases or combination of

fuels is burnt in order to produce steam, which drives a turbine. Because of the long
time required for producing and accumulating steam, thermal power plants require
several hours for startup, and, they are not very responsive to the demand. Hence, they
are basically used for base load as they have less peaking capability. The operation
and maintenance cost is very high in case of thermal power.
1.4.3 Nuclear power
Nuclear power plants are similar to fossil fuel steam plants except that nuclear
fission produces the heat required to generate the steam. The nuclear systems are
operated at a lower pressure and temperature.
Unconventional sources
•Tidal power
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•Solar power
•Wind power
•Geo-thermal
1.5 Hydropower Potential
A. Gross Potential:
The power, which can theoretically be generated, is known as gross potential power
(Physically based upper limit for power production, can never be attained due to
difficulties in construction, loss, etc.).A river basin is divided into several cascades.
Based on the head and hydrograph of that particular cascade the power can be
calculated. Then, the total power in a river basin can be calculated using the following
relation.
∑n
i=1 ηγQH
P= 100
Where, γ = specific wt. of water
Q = Design discharge m3/s
H = net head, m
n = number of cascades
Therefore P = 9.81QH; in kW
The estimated gross potential of Nepal is 83,000MW.
B. Technical Potential
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All the theoretically possible power in nature cannot be produced due to various
constraints like unfavorable geology, topography, climatic conditions, accessibility,
etc. So, the power, which is technically viable to produce, is known as technical
potential. Technically potential power is about 43000MW.
C. Economically Potential
The technically feasible projects cannot be implemented if they do not give a good
return once the investment is made. Moreover, it is not always economically feasible
if the internal rate of return is higher than the prevailing interest rate and the
benefit/cost ratio is more than unity.
1.6 History of Hydropower Development
Human have been harnessing water to perform work for thousands of years.
By using water for power generation, people have worked with nature to achieve a
better lifestyle. There are evidences of it in Greek and Roman civilization. Though,
Michael Faraday demonstrated that mechanical energy could be converted into
electrical energy and vice versa, in 1831, development and use of electrical energy
began gaining momentum after 1890. By 1900, hydropower plants had become a
common source for obtaining electricity. In the early 19th century, progress in the
hydropower development was slow because of less efficiency in power transmission
over the long distance. The pace of hydropower development increased dramatically
after 1930. United States made a policy to invest in water based projects to create jobs
for unemployed and to stimulate economic recovery in the country when it faced
severe economic hardship in 1929. In the former Soviet Union, hydropower was
considered synonymous with industrialization and economic prosperity after 1920.
After World War II, leaders of African and Asian nations replicated the Western US
model to meet energy and water needs of their own countries and many large scale
hydropower projects were built in India, Pakistan and Egypt between 1950 and 1980.
None of the projects in US, former Soviet Union and India had the objective
of exporting energy to its neighboring to earn revenue for the country. In recent
decades, the concept of production of electrical energy has been changed. Now, it has
been traded between two or more nations after agreement upon certain terms of trade.
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Exporting electricity to a neighboring country to earn revenue for the government is

one of the stated objectives of developing large scale hydropower projects in Nepal.
1.7 Hydropower Development history in Nepal
Nepal, being a developing country, is facing a lot of challenges to raise its

economic status. To achieve the sustainable development of any country, it is
necessary to use its available natural resources. Nepal is endowed with rich
hydropower resources which is the major source of renewable energy. Hence the
major achievements in the socio-economic development of Nepal could be possible
through power harnessing of the water resource. First approach in hydropower
development in Nepal was the power generation from the construction of Pharping
Hydropower station (500 kW) in 1911. But the progressive development was gradual
only after the Sundarijal (640 kW) and Panauti (2400 kW) Hydropower Stations
came into operation after long interval of 23 and 29 years. The completion of
Dhankuta Hydropower station (240 kW) in 1971 was regarded as the benchmark of
small hydel development of Nepal. The establishment of small hydel development
board in 1975 was another milestone under which several small hydro schemes such
as Jhupra (345 kW), Doti (200 kW), Jumla (200 kW) etc. were made during 1975 to
1985. Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), established 1985, responsible for
generation, transmission and distribution of electric power brought the revolution in
hydropower development.
Many potential sites for hydropower generation had identified by private

consultancies and companies in collaboration with NEA. Prior to 1960, all the
hydropower stations were constructed through grant aid from friendly countries like
the USSR (Panauti), India (Trishuli, Devighat, Gandak, Surajpura- Koshi) and China
(Sunkoshi). Since 1970, hydropower development took a new turn with the
availability of bilateral and multilateral funding sources. From 1990s, subsequent to
the adoption of the policy of economic liberalization, hydropower development took
yet another turn with the private sector entering the arena. After formulating
Hydropower Development Policy – 1992 by government of Nepal, many private
sectors are involving towards power development. In order to encompass projects of
various scales intended for domestic consumption as well as to export hydropower,
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the former policy was replaced by the Hydropower Development Policy 2001 to
provide further impetus to active participation of private sectors.
Development of hydropower in Nepal is a very complex task as it faces

numerous challenges and obstacles. Some of the factors attributed to the low level of
hydropower development are lack of capital, high cost of technology, political
instability, and lower load factors due to lower level of productive end-use of
electricity and high technical and non-technical losses.
1.8 Hydropower Development in Nepal
Hydropower development can play an important role in the overall economic

development of Nepal. The vast Hydropower potential can not only bring prosperity
to the country but can also is a means of regional cooperation for mutual benefits of
South Asia. The present and future utilization of hydropower in the country will only
be a small fraction of the total potential. Hence, many of people believe that Nepal
can earn much needed revenue from export of power to India and the region.
Hydropower projects are capital intensive. With the declining trend of

availability of scarce public resources and soft loans and grants from multilateral and
bilateral agencies, such financial resources will have to be mobilized through the
private sector. However, due to limited availability of financial resources within a
domestic private sector, the foreign direct investment in hydropower sector has been
considered a must.
The “Hydropower Development Policy, 2001” of Nepal encourages private

sector investment in hydropower sector. Procedures and arrangements have been laid
out for granting licenses for study, production, transmission and distribution of hydro-
electricity. The Department of Electricity Development (DoED) under the Ministry of
Energy (MOE) has been given the promotional and study functions for hydropower
development including the task of issuing the licenses under a One Window Policy.
Time bound processing of applications by DoED, the rates for royalty and other taxes
and the rules for repatriation of return on foreign investments have been explicitly
stated in the new policy to promote and assist the private sector.
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1.9 Hydropower Potential in Nepal
Nepal, lying between India and China against the impressive Himalayas
comprises of the most diverse climatic ranges and physical environment in the world.
From the Gangetic plains at about 70m altitude to the Mt. Everest at 8,848 m altitude,
there is only the distance of about 170 km. These slopes are the steepest slopes in the
world resulting high hydropower potential. Because of the existence of snow fed
perennial rivers, several tributaries and countless streams, Nepal is considered as the
World's second richest country in the gross hydropower potential. Gross hydropower
potential of Nepal is 83,000 MW out of which about 43,000 MW is techno-
economically feasible. Approximately 6,000 rivers and rivulets, with a total drainage
area of about 194,471 km2, flow through Nepal, 76% of this drainage area is
contained within Nepal. Drainage area of 33 rivers of Nepal is greater than 1,000
km2. Based on available hydrological data estimated annual runoff from the rivers of
Nepal is 220 billion cubic meters, with an average annual precipitation of 1530 mm.
In addition to surface water resources, Nepal is also endowed with extensive
groundwater resources. Groundwater is found in most of the Terai and in some mid-
hill valleys like Kathmandu and Dang. The minimum possible annual recharge is
estimated to be 5.80 billion cubic meters. Table 1.1 describes Nepal’s economic
hydropower potential relative to development size. (Source: Water Resources in
Nepal. S. K. Sharma)
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Table 1.1Summary of Economic Hydroelectric Development Opportunities
Number of Total Total Generation
Category Project Capacity Power
Identified MW GWh/yr.
10-100MW (Medium) 157 6,200 38,000
100-300MW (Medium) 47 7,815 42,056
300-1000MW (Large) 20 9,437 45,723
>1000 MW(Large) 5 19,463 50,985
Total 229 42,915 176,764
Source: WECS estimate, 2000 (excludes micro, mini and small hydropower Source)
Table 1.2 Economically Feasible Hydropower Potential
No. of Feasible Project Feasible Potential

River Basin
Sites (MW)
Saptakoshi 40 10.86
Sapta Gandaki 12 5.27
Karnali 7 24.00
Mahakali 2 1.125
Southern Rivers 5 0.878
Total 66 42.133
(Source: Vidhyut, Bhadra 2069)
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1.10 Nepal’s Power Supply/Demand Scenario
The annual peak power demand of the Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS)
in fiscal year 2011/12 is estimated to be 1,026.65 MW, with 448 MW power
estimated to have been shed. Out of the 578.65 MW of power actually supplied,
349.71 MW was contributed by NEA hydro, 5.3 MW by NEA thermal, 102.2 MW
by IPP hydro and the rest 121.44 MW was import. Compared to the preceding fiscal
year’s figure of 946.1 MW, the annual peak power demand of the INPS registered a
growth rate of 8.5%.
Energy demand of INPS in fiscal year 2011/12 is estimated at 5,194.78 GWh,

out of which only 4,178.63 GWh (80.4%) could be supplied. The rest 1,016.15 GWh
(19.6%) was re- sorted to load shedding. Of the total supplied energy volume,
3,432.56 GWh (82.2%) was contributed by domestic generation and 746.07GWh
(17.8%) by import from India. Domestic supply included 1,073.57 GWh (31.3%)
from IPPs and the rest 2,358.99 GWh (68.7%) was from NEA owned power stations
with a share of 2,357.43 GWh from hydro and 1.56 GWh from thermal.
(Source: NEA-Annual report 2017)
www.nea.org.np
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Table 1.3 List of Major Hydropower Plant in Nepal
Name Capacity (MW) Name Capacity (MW)
Trishuli 24.00 Gandak 15.00
Sunkoshi 10.05 Devighat 14.10
Kulekhani 1 60.00 Kulekhani 2 32.00
Marsyangdi 69.00 Kali-Gandaki A 144.00
Khimti Khola 60.00 Jhimruk 12.30
Bhote Koshi 36.00 Chilime 20.00
(Source: NEA-Annual Report 2017)
1.11 Challenges and Issues in Power Sector
In a steep terrain country like Nepal with dispersed villages, electrification is

very costly. This situation poses challenges in managing the financial resources to
expand the electrification network. The basic infrastructure is not well developed. The
cost of project development often includes infrastructures such as long approach
roads, transmission line and so on. The majority of equipment and materials also have
to be imported, which requires foreign currency and transportation overland for a long
distance from the port. The major share of the financing for the projects is from the
foreign loans and investment, which are to be paid back in terms of foreign currency
under strict conditions. The challenges lie in developing cheap and reliable
hydropower projects so as to keep the tariff within the reach of everyone. Nepal
Government is, therefore, undertaking power sector reform measures with a view to
bring about improvements to remedy the situation. It is encouraging to note that the
private sector is gradually entering the power market. The main challenge to the
private sector is the transfer of technical knowledge and easy access to the
international markets for financing mechanisms. Although significant foreign
investment has been attracted in recent years, much still remains to be invested for
meeting both internal demand and the significant potential for the export of power.
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Donors and friends of Nepal are requested to come ahead in helping it in making best
use of these opportunities.
Nepal has given priorities for the use of electricity in transport, tourism,
industry and agriculture sectors. Special attention is provided to increase the load
factor of small and isolated generations through the use of electricity in domestic
industries. Considering high liquidity in the local financial market, efforts should be
made to channelize local resources in electricity sector through various initiatives
such as establishment of rural electricity fund, power development fund and
encouraging other financial instruments. The involvement of private sector in
generation is encouraging. The government is open to public-private partnership.
1.12 Advantages of Hydropower over other sources of energy
Hydropower is the only feasible and rational solution in solving the energy
crisis in case of Nepal. It is environment friendly and non-polluting system of energy.
Moreover, water being recurrent in nature's streams, it is a renewable source of energy
and causes no strain on non-renewable sources of energy like fossil fuels which are
not in abundance in Nepal, thus, reducing the dependency on them.
This source not only assists environment but also the economy, as no fossil
fuel is used. So, no imports are needed to be made which saves money. The cost of
this electricity is less than the electricity produced from fossil fuel and nuclear power.
The energy production value of the water doesn't deplete once it has been used,
meaning a number of cascade projects are feasible on the same river thus optimizing
the energy yield given the suitability of terrain.
Hydropower is efficient for peaking load system due to its efficiency in

control. The closing and running time of a hydropower plant is minute compared to
thermal or nuclear power which takes months to shut down or start. It is reliable. This
is one of the advantages that other renewable energy sources don’t have. Rainfall as
the energy supply can always be predicted, unlike the case with wind energy.
Hydro turbines can convert at least 95% of the energy into electricity, thus the
system is very efficient. Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean
14
electricity. Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of

recreational opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and boating. Most hydropower
installations are required to provide some public access to the reservoir to allow the
public to take advantage of these opportunities. Other benefits may include water
supply and flood control. Besides these advantages of Hydropower over other
sources, it can also be used specially in Nepal to elevate the standards of targeted
groups of people. If properly developed, hydropower can be a tool to improve nation's
economy.
1.13 Justification of role of Mini Hydropower in Nepal
Our nation’s economy is seldom able to sustain the cost of construction of big
projects and almost inevitably requires foreign donors or loan investments. Also, it
needs to be realized that we may not be able to utilize the power produced from such
big projects immediately after project completion depending on the PPA. Small hydro
might be the solution which the nation’s private sector can also afford to invest in.
Hydropower projects in Nepal pay approximately Rs.1 billion per year as

royalty to the Government of Nepal. Hydropower royalty constitutes about 1% of
government budget, and about 6% of the non-tax revenue of the government of Nepal
(IPPAN newsletter 2010). This further justifies the need of development of
Hydropower which can be achieved through small hydropower.
As power transmission in Nepal is by grid system (INPS), there occur

considerable losses while transferring power from production area to demand area. In
such cases if small hydro can be constructed in particular demand area, power
utilization can be done efficiently.
Another advantage with micro hydropower is that with a sufficient head the
hydro scheme can be quite compact and a small amount of water is enough to produce
the electricity needed for light and other equipment. Mini Hydropower causes less
environmental impact compared to big hydropower projects. They can be effective
tools to elevate the overall economic standards of a particular group of people.
15
Small hydro power project is independent to the local community in regards to

its investment and incurs little problems regarding social and community matters.
Work quality in small hydro power project is of intermediate type, thus, it is easy to
plan, construct, monitor and maintain.
16
CHAPTER 2
2.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The proposed “Yankhuwa Khola Hydropower Project” has to be constructed

on Yankhuwa Khola. It is located in Bhojpur district in the Eastern Development
region of Nepal. It is Run-off-River (ROR). This river is a tributary of Arun River.
The catchment area of the project site at the intake is found to be 64.6 km2.
2.2 Location of project site:
Yankhuwa Khola Hydropower Project is located in Godak VDC of Bhojpur

district in Eastern Development Region of Nepal. The location and geological
coordinates of project site are 27°15’38’’N and 87°8’17’’E. The location of the
project site is shown in section.
2.3 Geology of project site
The project area lies in Lesser Himalayan zone. The Lesser Himalayan Zone is
bounded to the north by the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and to the south by Main
Boundary Thrust (MBT). Generally two types of sequences namely autochthonous
and allochthonous can be distinguished in this Zone throughout the Himalayas. The
both sequences of the Lesser Himalaya mainly have unfossiliferous, sedimentary, and
meta-sedimentary rocks such as slate, phyllite, schist, quartzite, limestone, dolomite,
etc., ranging in age from Precambrian to Eocene. There are also some granitic
intrusions in this zone.
17
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
The methodologies involved for the pre-feasibility Study of Yankhuwa Khola

Hydropower Project are given below in a chronological order:
a) Literature review based on internet, various booklets available.

For detailed literature review of different aspects of this project, various
books, guideline manuals, literature from internet and report of senior students
had been referred.
b) Discussion with teachers and seniors associated with similar field.
It was very useful to discuss our project with our supervisor, teachers and
seniors and found out appropriate solution for different problems. They gave
us proper guidelines and directions to implement our project in more precise
manner. All in all, they helped us to find the most appropriate way to complete
our project. Further study about the project from different sources i.e. internet,
various booklets available, interaction with teachers and seniors was so great
to us in designing in easy way.
c) Preliminary design study.
Our preliminary design study included various alternative designs and
sketches for each component system. This design was prepared on the basis of
literature review, making a tentative design of project and also estimating cost
related to project along with the preparation of drawing of different structures.
d) Design finalization.
The design of various component of this project is finalized on the basis of
feasibility of structures, cost and available materials.
e) Costing estimating and financial analysis.
Various literatures have been preferred during the costing and financial
analysis. For the rate analysis of each material, rate prescribed by Department
of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) is used and cost
of each material is determined according to the rate prescribed by District
Development Committee of Bhojpur. Cost of project had been estimated as
per rate analysis and shape and size of structures.
18
CHAPTER 4
HYDROLOGY
4.1 General
This section contains an overview of the hydrology of the Yankhuwa Khola

catchment at the proposed headwork. The objective of the hydrological study is to
study rainfall pattern, pertain discharging capacity of the catchment, predict design
discharge of the river, and acquire sedimentology information at the proposed intake
site.
An accurate assessment of long-term hydrology is essential to any hydropower

project. Longer the hydrological record, more reliable is the estimation of design flow
for the project. In case of ungauged rivers or rivers with limited flow records, it is
necessary to look at the catchments in the vicinity with similar characteristics and has
long term flow data. Based on river location, different empirical methods are also
available to estimate flow in the river.
In the case of Yankhuwa Khola, there are flow or rainfall records around
headwork. However there is processed long term stream flow data available in the
hydrological catchments for a gauging station established by Department of
Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM). Hence, care should be taken to predict the flow
available in the river. Other empirical methods used in case of ungauged river can
also be used to compute the flow.
The estimation of hydrological parameters for Yankhuwa Khola Hydropower

Project is based on the combination of above mentioned methods. The flow is
obtained from correlation with flow measured in Shabha Khola and Henwa khola at
Tumlingtar, the gauged river in the vicinity and empirical methods.
4.2 Catchment Characteristics
4.2.1 Catchment Physiography
The Yankhuwa Khola is a perennial and non-snow fed river. Yankhuwa Khola
19
is one of the tributaries of Arun River. The catchment area of the Yankhuwa Khola at
the proposed intake site is calculated to be 64.6 km2.The catchment area below
5000m is about 64.6km2. Geographically, the basin is located in the Bhojpur District,
Eastern Development Region of Nepal. The river bed is gently sloping towards west-
east direction.
Figure 4.1 Catchment area of Yankhuwa Khola at intake
20
Table 4.1: Characteristics of the Yankhuwa Khola catchment at the proposed

headwork
Parameters
Location Headwork
Catchment Area (km2) 64.6
Area Below 5000m(km2) 64.6
Precipitation (mm) 1271.914
4.3 Rainfall data
Precipitation data is needed for the analysis of surface runoff and to know the
nature of the catchment with respect to the river flow. The DHM is responsible for
the collection of all precipitation data throughout Nepal. There are more than 250
DHM precipitation stations throughout Nepal and station no. 1324 (Bhojpur), station
no. 1321 (Tumlingtar), and station no. 1325 (Dingla) are the nearest to the catchment
and is being used in this project. Details of meteorological station are presented in
table no 4.2 below:
Table 4.2: Rain gauge station near proposed Yankhuwa Khola HP
S.N. Station Name Stn. No. Annual Avg. ppt, (mm)
1 BHOJPUR 1324 1283
2 TUMLINGTAR 1321 1211
3 DINGLA 1325 1907
21
4.4 Flow Analysis
Analysis of the discharge can be performed if necessary discharges were

recorded by the established gauge station. Water availability assessment for water
projects are made on the basis of long term continuous data regarding the monthly
flow of river. Future upcoming projects use the recorded data as statistical analysis
and probabilities. Average monthly discharges of the river from previous year's
records are taken for the determination of flow of river for proper design
consideration.
Based on hydro-meteorological data availability at the proposed site, river

basin can be classified into two categories namely: Gauged river basin and ungauged
river basin.
For ungauged basin, the flow estimation methods are used to estimate the mean
monthly flow and flow duration curve. The various methods which is generally used
in the context of Nepal are listed below:
1. Catchment Area Ratio (CAR) method

2. Medium Irrigation Project (MIP) method
3. WECS/DHM method
4.4.1 Catchment Area Ratio (CAR) Method
CAR method is the applied in case the considered basins are hydro-meteorologically
similar. Discharge at base station (proposed site) is obtained by multiplying available
long term data at the hydrometric station with the ratio of basin area of base station
and the index hydrometric station or Hydrologically Similar Catchment (HSC) i.e.
𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑏 𝑃𝑏
𝑄𝑏 = 𝑄𝑜 ∗ 𝑜𝑟 𝑄𝑏 = 𝑄𝑜 ∗ ∗
𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝑃𝑜
Where, Qb, Qo are the discharge at the base and index station respectively
Ab, Ao are the catchment area of a base and index stations respectively
Pb, Po are the annual average precipitation of base and index stations
respectively
22
Discharge (m3/s)
Month CAR derived CAR derived from

from Hewa Sabha
JAN 1.164 0.519
FEB 0.923 0.430
MAR 0.834 0.397
APRIL 1.264 0.546
MAY 2.768 1.298
JUN 5.337 2.846
JULY 8.166 4.488
AUG 9.134 4.922
SEP 7.654 4.394
OCT 4.892 2.205
NOV 2.792 1.103
DEC 1.747 0.690
23
10
Hydrograph for CAR method
9
6
Discharge
5 CAR
Hewa
4
3
CAR
2
Sabha
1
0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Month
4.4.2 MIP Method
The MIP Method presents a technique for estimating the distribution of

Monthly flows throughout a year for ungauged location. For application to ungauged
station, it is necessary to obtain one flow measurement in the low flow period from
November to April.
1. In the MIP Method, Nepal is divided into seven hydrological Zones.

Once the catchment area of the scheme, flow measurement in the low
flow period and the hydrological zone is identified, long-term average
monthly flow can be determined by multiplying the unit hydrograph
(of the concerned region) with the measured catchment area.
2. Hydrological zone can be identified based on the location of scheme in
the hydrological zoned map of Nepal.
3. For catchment areas less than 100 sq.km MIP Method is used for better
results.
24
If the major data is on 15th of the particular month, the coefficient given in the
table is directly used. For other data of measurement, coefficient for the data is found
by interpolation.
April Flow =1*Measured discharge/ (Coefficient of particular month)
Monthly Flow=April flow*monthly coefficient
Table 4.3 Monthly coefficients for non – dimensional regional hydrographs
Month Region1 Region2 Region3 Region4 Region5 Region6 Region7
May 2.60 1.21 1.88 2.19 0.91 2.57 3.50
Jun 6.00 7.27 3.13 3.75 2.73 6.08 6.00
Jul 14.50 18.18 13.54 6.89 11.21 24.32 14.00
Aug 25.00 27.27 25.00 27.27 13.94 33.78 35.00
Sep 16.50 20.19 20.83 20.91 10.00 27.03 24.00
Oct 8.00 9.09 10.42 6.89 6.52 6.08 12.00
Nov 4.10 3.94 5.00 5.00 4.55 3.38 7.50
Dec 3.10 3.03 3.75 3.44 3.33 2.57 5.00
Jan 2.40 2.24 2.71 2.59 2.42 2.03 3.30
Feb 1.80 1.70 1.88 1.88 1.82 1.62 2.20
Mar 1.30 1.33 1.38 1.38 1.36 1.27 1.40
Apr 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Note: all values for mid-month
25
Fig 4.3 Hydrological Regions of Nepal according to MIP
26
Measured April Flow Predicted Hydrograph

Month Hydrograph
Flow (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)
JAN 2.4 0.644
FEB 1.8 0.483
MAR 1.3 0.349
APR 1.0 0.268
MAY 2.6 0.698
JUN 6.0 1.610

0.268
JULY 14.5 3.890
AUG 25.0 6.707
SEP 16.5 4.427
OCT 8.0 2.146
NOV 4.1 1.100 1.100
DEC 3.1 0.832
27
Hydrograph Measured Flow April Flow Predicted

Month
(m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) Hydrograph (m3/s)
JAN 2.4 0.597
FEB 1.8 0.448
MAR 1.3 0.323
APR 1.0 0.249
MAY 2.6 0.647
JUN 6.0 1.492

0.249
JULY 14.5 3.606
AUG 25.0 6.218
SEP 16.5 4.104
OCT 8.0 1.990
NOV 4.1 1.020
DEC 3.1 0.771 0.771
28
8
Hydrograph for MIP method
7
5
Discharge
From
4 Nov
From Dec
3
0
Month
29
4.4.3 WECS/DHM (Hydest) Method
It is developed for predicting river flows for catchment area larger than 100 km 2 of
ungauged river based on hydrological theories, empirical equations and statistics. In
this method, the total catchment area, areas between 5000 m to 3000m are required as
input. Flow contribution per unit area (km2) for 5000 to 3000m and from lower
elevations, i.e., below 3000m is assumed to be in different proportion during flood.
However, for long term average monthly flow, all areas below 5000m are assumed to
contribute flows equally per km2 area.
From WECS method, long term flow was calculated by using equation:
Qmean(month)=C *(Total basin area) A1*(Basin area below 5000m +1) A2*(Monsoon
wetness index)A3
Where Qmean(month) is the mean flow for particular month in m3/s, C, A1, A2, and A3 are
coefficient of the different months given in Table 3.8
The catchment area can be calculated from the topographical maps. The input data
required in the equation are total basin area (km2), basin area below 5000m (km2) and
the average monsoon precipitation (mm) estimated from isohyetal map.
30
Table 4.4 Values of coefficients
C A1 A2 A3
0.0142 0.0000 0.9777 0.0000
0.0122 0.0000 0.9766 0.0000
0.0100 0.0000 0.9948 0.0000
0.0080 0.0000 1.0435 0.0000
0.0084 0.0000 1.0898 0.0000
0.0069 0.9968 0.0000 0.2610
0.0212 0.0000 1.0093 0.2523
0.0255 0.0000 0.9963 0.2620
0.0168 0.0000 0.9894 0.2878
0.0097 0.0000 0.9880 0.2508
0.0018 0.9605 0.0000 0.3910
0.0015 0.9536 0.0000 0.3607
31
The method was developed by WECS/DHM in 1990 for determining the hydrological
characteristic of ungauged catchment. This method is used to determine the
instantaneous peak flood, long term and mean monthly flow by using computer
software or manually. But in this project we have used excel spreadsheet.
32
Month Discharge from WECS (m3/s)
JAN 0.850
FEB 0.725
MAR 0.641
APR 0.628
MAY 0.806
JUN 2.613
JUL 8.059
AUG 9.785
SEP 7.458
OCT 3.342
NOV 1.379
DEC 0.920
33
12
Hydrograph for WECS method
10
8
Discharge
Discharge
6 from
WECS
0
Month
34
MIP derived
CAR derived CAR derived MIP derived from
MONTH WECS from Dec
from Hewa from Sabha Nov discharge
discharge
JAN 1.164 0.519 0.850 0.644 0.597
FEB 0.923 0.430 0.725 0.483 0.448
MAR 0.834 0.397 0.641 0.349 0.323
APR 1.264 0.546 0.628 0.268 0.249
MAY 2.768 1.298 0.806 0.698 0.647
JUN 5.337 2.846 2.613 1.610 1.492
JUL 8.166 4.488 8.059 3.890 3.606
AUG 9.134 4.922 9.785 6.707 6.218
SEP 7.654 4.394 7.458 4.427 4.104
OCT 4.892 2.205 3.342 2.146 1.990
NOV 2.792 1.103 1.379 1.100 1.020
DEC 1.747 0.690 0.920 0.832 0.771
35
12
Hydrograph at intake
10
8
Discharge
6 CAR
derived
from
4 Henwa
0
Month
36
4.5 Flow Duration Curve
If a run-off-river hydropower scheme requires flows greater than the minimum

stream flow for power generation, it is useful to know the variation of flow over the
years to select the most appropriate turbine configuration. For this purpose,
information presented in the form of a flow-duration curve is most useful. The
average flow-duration curve is an exceedence probability-discharge curve showing
the percentage of time when a particular flow is equaled or exceeded. The flow
duration curve was prepared from the generated mean daily flow data at the intake site
from transformation of mean daily flow data of Shabhaya Khola and Henwa khola
observed at the gauging station 602 and gauging station 602.5 respectively. The
generated mean daily flow data for the intake site was arranged in descending order to
find the flow corresponding to different probability of exceedence. The result of the
flow duration curve has been shown below in table 4.5.
Table 4.5: Flows at different percentile of exceedance
CAR1 CAR2 WECS MIP 1 MIP 2 MIP average
0% 9.134 4.922 9.785 6.707 6.218 6.463
5% 8.602 4.683 8.836 5.453 5.055 5.254
10% 8.115 4.478 7.999 4.373 4.054 4.214
15% 7.834 4.427 7.668 4.078 3.780 3.929
20% 7.191 4.084 6.635 3.541 3.283 3.412
25% 5.917 3.233 4.371 2.582 2.394 2.488
30% 5.204 2.654 3.124 1.985 1.840 1.913
35% 4.958 2.301 2.723 1.690 1.567 1.629
40% 4.052 1.842 2.120 1.406 1.303 1.355
45% 2.897 1.343 1.441 1.125 1.043 1.084
50% 2.780 1.200 1.150 0.966 0.895 0.931
37
55% 2.717 1.082 0.917 0.825 0.765 0.795
60% 2.156 0.855 0.878 0.751 0.696 0.724
65% 1.675 0.668 0.844 0.690 0.639 0.664
70% 1.409 0.589 0.819 0.660 0.612 0.636
75% 1.239 0.539 0.785 0.604 0.560 0.582
80% 1.184 0.524 0.741 0.515 0.478 0.496
85% 1.080 0.488 0.696 0.436 0.404 0.420
90% 0.947 0.439 0.650 0.362 0.336 0.349
95% 0.883 0.415 0.635 0.313 0.290 0.301
100% 0.834 0.397 0.628 0.268 0.249 0.259
Flow Duration Curve

12
10
8
Discharge
CAR1
6 CAR2
WECS
4 MIP 1
MIP 2
2
0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Percentage of exceedence
38
We have selected the design discharge from MIP method as our design discharge. The
selection is done on the criteria that the WECS method uses empirical equation’s to
predict the long term flow and moreover, the method is reliable for catchments above
100 km2. The CAR method on the other hand is based on the conversion of actual
measured discharges of Hydrologically Similar Catchment (HSC) and hence more
reliable.
4.6 Flood Hydrology
Establishment of hydrological and flow during normal condition are essential

for designing water resources and other water related projects. Such estimate are
based on statistical analyses of long term hydrological data collected on project site
on regular basis. Unfortunately several water resources projects are identified at
location either without any hydrological measurement or with inadequate
information for reliable hydrological analysis. Need arises in such instances for
estimating discharge on the basis of regular hydrological characteristics.
Hydrological investigations were carried out to collect hydrological data and to
estimate the pertinent hydrological parameters like design flood flow, long term
average flow, low flow and flow duration curve.
Since the Yankhuwa Khola Hydropower Project is a run-of river project, it is

essential to conduct long term hydrological investigation as well as to estimate the
low flow and flood flow to ensure reliable flow data.
4.6.1 Statistical Hydrology
The planning and designing of water resource project needs information on

different hydrological events that are not governed by the known physical and
chemical laws but are governed by laws of chance, e.g. stream-flow in any given river
varies from day to day. The statistics deals with the computation of sample data but
probability deals with measure of chance or likelihood based on the sample data.
39
Due to random nature of hydrological phenomenon, the concept of probability

is important in hydrology.
Objectives of statistic hydrology are
 Interpretation of observation.
 Search for hydrologic probabilistic regularities.
 Extraction of maximum information from hydrological data.
 Presentation of hydrologic information.
4.6.1.1 Design Flood Analysis
4.6.1.1.1 High Flood Analysis
Evaluation and design of any water resources project’s such as design of

hydropower, design of culverts and bridge etc. Reliable flood estimates are essential
as the value ability of project depends on the economy of hydraulic structures. Flow
measurement data for flood analysis are taken from nearest gauging station and
hydrological analysis of ungauged reach of river was carried out by indirect method
of consisting of regional prediction methods and empirical methods. The regional
prediction methods used in the study include followings frequency distribution
functions for prediction of extreme floods.
a. Gumbel’s extreme value distribution

b. Log-Pearson type III distribution
c. Log normal distribution
There are three types of asymptotic distribution developed to fit the extreme
values like maximum values or minimum values. It is general practice to use
extreme value type I distribution also known as Gumbel’s distribution to fit the
flood discharges of various rivers. Gumbel (1941) proposed this concept. He
defined the largest of 365 days flow as the flood. According to him, probability of
y
an event equal or greater than a value x0 is P( X  x0 )  1  e  e

where, y is dimensionless variable
40
y = (x-a)
a = x – 0.45005 x
 = 1.2828 / x
y = 1.2825(x-x) / x + 0.577
y
p  1  e e
Where 𝑥̅ is mean and x is standard deviation of the variate X. In practice it is the
value of X for a given p that is required and the eqn. is transposed as
Y p   ln  ln 1  p 
Noting that the return period T = 1/p and designating YT for the value of Yp,
commonly called the reduced variate, for a given T.
 T 
YT   ln ln
 T  1
 T 
YT   0.834  2.303 log log
 T  1
So, the value of variate X with a return period T is X T  x  K x where,
 yT  y n 
K where value of yn = 0.5453 and Sn = 1.148 are obtained from table for
Sn
n = 43.
b. Log Pearson type III distribution
Log Pearson type III distribution is extensively used in USA for frequency
analysis of annual maximum floods. In this method, the variate is first transferred
into logarithmic form base 10.
Steps
1. First transform the all of X values i.e. variate of random hydrologic series
into logarithmic form (base 10).
41
Y = log X
2. For this Y series recurrence interval T is given by
YT = Y+ KTY
3. Calculate the coefficient of skewness.
Cs = N (z-z) 3/ ((N-1) (N-2)z 3)
4. Obtain the variation of KT= f(Cs, T) from the table for Log Pearson type III
distribution or by using the following formula and steps.
p = 1/T
1
w = √𝑙𝑛
𝑝2
2.51557+0.80285 𝑤+0.010328 𝑤2
z = w – 1+1.432788𝑤+0.189269𝑤2+0.001308 𝑤3
KT = z+ (z2-1) Cs/6 + (z3-6z) (Cs/6)2/3 – (z2-1) (Cs/6)3 +z (Cs/6)4

+1/3(Cs/6)5
YT = Y+ KTY
XT = 10 YT
c. Log Normal Type distribution
Chow (1954) reasoned that this distribution is applicable to the hydrological

variables formed as the product of other variables since if X = X1, X2, X3,….Xn,
then Y = log X=∑𝑛𝑖=1 log 𝑋𝑖= ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑌𝑖 , which tends to the normal distribution for
larhe n provided that the xi are independent and identically distributed. The log
normal distribution has been found to describe the distribution of hydraulic
conductivity in a porous medium, the distribution of raindrop sizes in storm, and
other hydrological variables.
Steps
1. First transform the all of X values i.e. variate of random hydrologic series
into logarithmic form (base 10).
Y = log X
2. For this Y series recurrence interval T is given by
YT = Y+ KTY
3. Calculate probability of exceedence p by p = 1/T
42
4. The value of Z corresponding to probability of exceedence p can be

calculated by calculating an intermediate variable w as
1
w = √𝑙𝑛 𝑝2 for 0<p≤0.5, when p>0.5, 1-p is substituted for p.
2.51557+0.80285 𝑤+0.010328 𝑤2
z = w – 1+1.432788𝑤+0.189269𝑤2+0.001308 𝑤3
5. Now find YT = Y+ KTY, where the frequency factor KT for the normal
distribution is equal to z. So YT = Y+ zY
6. After finding the YT by above equation, find the XT = antilog (YT).
Comparision between Log Normal, Gumbel, Log Pearson for High Flood
Analysis
Estimated value
Time Period Observed value
Gumbel's Log Pearson Log Normal
2 17.935 17.935 16.55351326 17.126172
5 28.950 28.976 26.16350574 26.51116
10 36.223 36.287 33.91830143 33.321176
15 40.206 40.411 38.81408557 37.347189
20 43.149 43.299 42.47919069 40.243342
25 44.960 45.524 45.4414344 42.517631
30 46.772 47.333 47.9437805 44.395961
Correlation 0.999891837 0.995259593 0.9987702
standard deviation 10.48050912 11.26115917 9.7499215
Standard error 0.154143698 1.095192896 0.4833972
43
The lowest standard error occurred in WECS method. But since the values of the
constants used in this method are not updated since a long time the method is not
much reliable. Hence we take Log normal distribution which has second lowest
standard deviation. i.e. Q100= 59.178 m3/sec is taken as 100 years design flood.
4.6.1.1.2 Low flood Anaylysis
Information of low flow is needed to determine the maximum power that a run-of-
river plant can generate during the peak of the dry season. The minimum usable flow
in a stream determines the value of reliable firm power and then firm energy.
Knowledge of minimum stream flow is essential also for determination of minimum
water level that can goes down to the river at the intake. Therefore, Low flow analysis
is essential in the planning of hydropower in run off river and pondage run off river
modes. The duration curve of the long-term daily inflow series predicts the flow
duration for an average hydrological year. Individual dry and wet years would display
different flow duration characteristics. For a hydroelectric plant, sustained low flows
experienced in the dry years are critical to the operation resulting in nil energy
generation when the flow becomes less than the minimum permissible flow to avoid
considerable cavitations. In order to predict the likelihood of this occurring, a
probabilistic low flow analysis was carried out by analyzing the mean daily project
inflow time series the Yankhuwa Khola at the intake sites using the minimum
instantaneous flow series. In addition to the frequency analysis, regional approaches
WECS-DHM and DHM-2004 were also applied to estimate the likely hood of the low
flow values.
The regional prediction methods used in the study include followings frequency
distribution functions for prediction of extreme floods.

b. Log-Pearson type III distribution
c. Log normal distribution
44
4.6.1.1.3 Construction Flood Analysis
Generally, the construction works of the Hydropower components is done on the

winter (dry season beginning from November to March) and the work is stopped
during monsoon when the flood level is high. In such cases, the construction flood
analysis is done by taking the maximum mean monthly discharges of the construction
period and flood magnitudes of different year is calculated. This flood is known as
construction flood.
45
CHAPTER 5
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
5.1 Headworks
Headworks are all structural components to divert water from river and to
draw sediment free water in a hydropower projects. In hydropower projects, the
diversion work is generally constructed in boulder stage of river with steep gradient.
So, in river wide variety of sediment sizes are occurred in concentration during flood
time. Hydrology of Nepalese rivers comprise of high variation of flow during dry
season and wet season. Head works is constructed in the river to divert water in steep
river profile. So to overcome these issues, the headwork site should be carefully
selected constructed and wisely operated for sustainable hydropower generation.
Hence head works cover the structure from diversion weir to settling basin to achieve
the function of diversion and to draw sediment free water from the river to the project.
The main components of run of river head works with side intake are weir, intake,
under sluice, divide wall, flood wall, gravel trap, approach canal and settling basin.
5.2 Diversion works
The diversion works control the flow of water from the source river into the
headrace. They comprise a diversion weir (usually), an intake and sometimes river
training works. The diversion works are part of the head works, and serve the
following functions:
1. Maintain the design flow with nominal head losses during both
monsoon and dry seasons.
2. Prevent, or at least minimize, the bed load and other floating materials
(ice, timber, leaves etc.) entering the canal.
3. Safely contain peak flows in the river and away from the hydro system
so that damage is not caused to the structures.
46
The principle maintenance task associated with civil works is often the
removal of sediment and debris carried by the incoming water, which can cause
damage to the turbines. It is therefore, essential that the adopted intake design
prevents sand, bed load and debris from entering the intake as much as possible.
One of the main causes of problems in the operation of hydropower schemes

is a poorly designed intake which may permit operation of the scheme in the short
term but beyond that, cause serious damage to the system. The design of an
appropriate intake structure in Nepal requires an adequate understanding of
Himalayan Rivers since they have some unique features.
5.2.1 Weir and spillway
5.2.1.1 Weir
A weir is a structure built across a river to raise the river water and store it for
diverting a required flow towards the intake. If the major part or the entire ponding of
water is achieved by a raised crest and smaller part or nil part of it is achieved by the
shutters then it is called weir. If most of the ponding is done by gates and smaller or
nil part of it is done by the raised crest, then it is called Barrage or River Regulator. A
diversion weir is required at the intake only if adequate flow cannot be diverted
towards the intake during the low flow season. The weir may be temporary, semi-
permanent or permanent construction. As the weir receives the direct impact of a
flood, it is the most vulnerable civil structure so should be designed properly in
hydropower projects. While constructing weir, attention must be given to the
geomorphology of the river, and any changes that may be taking place. It should also
be noted whether the river is eroding, aggrading, or shifting its course. Possible future
change also should be taken into account.
Some key consideration for the design of weir:
a. Type: A weir should be permanent in nature for hydropower project. Sloped,

ogee shaped weir or other types of weir are practiced in hydropower project.
b. Location: The weir should be adjacent to the intake so that water is always
available and there is no sediment deposit in front of the intake. A sufficient
47
capacity under sluice should be designed to pass flood water and high
sediment concentration. Divide wall separate the weir portion and under sluice
portion.
c. Height: The weir should be sufficiently high to create enough submergence
and driving head. The height should be such that the water level rises above
the upper edge of the intake mouth.
d. Operation: The weir profile should be such that movement of bed load is
possible and boulders can roll over it.
e. Stability: Weir should be designed to prevent from overturning, lifting or
sliding during the high flows and floods.
f. Seepage control: Proper arrangement of cutoff wall and clay blanket should
be designed as an integral part of weir to control seepage through weir.
g. Surface protection: The surface of the weir should be properly designed to
withstand the impact of heavy boulders. Heavy boulder lining, hard stone
lining, steel lining etc. are possible protection measure of the weir surface.
Elevation of weir crest
There are various factors that affect the elevation of the crest, but in our case,
diversion of water is the purpose and the height should be sufficient to pond the water
at a level that can facilitate design flow in the intake. The height of the weir is
governed by the height of intake sill, depth of intake orifice and depth of the river at
the intake site.
Length of weir
The length of the weir depends upon the width of the waterway at the intake site.
Crest length should be taken as the average wetted width during the flood. The
upstream and downstream should be properly examined for the protection
consideration.
The rise in water level on the upstream of the structures after construction of the weir
is called afflux. Fixation of afflux depends on the topographic and geomorphologic
48
factors. A high afflux shortens the length of the weir but increases the cost of the river
training and river protection works. For alluvial reaches it is generally restricted to 1
m but for mountainous region it may be high. The water way must be sufficient to
pass high floods with desired afflux. A weir with crest length smaller than the natural
river width can severely interfere the natural regime of flow thus altering the
hydraulic as well as the sediment carrying characteristics of the river.
Design considerations of weir
• lf weir across part of the river length is sufficient, then it should not be
extended across the entire width. Apart from adding extra cost it also encourages
sediment deposition upstream of the weir.
• The weir height should be as low as possible (i.e. Weir crest level = h, just
sufficient to maintain the water level in the intake). This makes the structure
more stable, less susceptible to flood damage and also minimizes sediment
deposition.
• The design of weir includes computing the elevation of weir crest, length of weir,
computing the forces acting on the weir and checking the safety of the weir from all
aspects like overturning, sliding, crushing etc.
• Determination of elevation of the crest is governed by various factors such as height

of intake sill, depth of intake orifice and depth of the river at the intake site.
Diversion of water is the main purpose here and hence the height should be
sufficient to pond the water at a level that can facilitate design flow in the intake.
• The height of the crest affects the discharge coefficient and consequently the water
head above the weir as well as the back water curve.
• The elevation of the weir crest has to be fixed such that the design flood is safely
discharged to the downstream without severe damage to the downstream.
• The elevation of the weir determines the head of the power production.
• The height of the weir crest affects the shape and location of the jump and the design
of the basin.
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• The height of the weir crest affects the discharge that can be diverted into the canal.
5.2.1.2 Spillway
Spillway is a structure constructed at a dam site for effective disposing of surplus

water from upstream to downstream. Spillway is a safety valve for a dam. The excess
is drawn from the top of the reservoir and conveyed through a constructed waterway
back to the river or to some natural drainage channel. The basic purpose of spillway is
to provide a means of controlling the flow and providing conveyance from reservoir
to tail water for all flood discharges up to the spillway design flood (SDF). A terminal
structure to provide energy dissipation is usually provided at the downstream end of
the spillway. The degree of energy dissipation provided is dependent upon the
anticipated use of the spillway and the extent of damage that will occur if the terminal
structure capacity is exceeded.
Spillway may be controlled or uncontrolled. There are different types of

spillway according to location, operation, structures etc. Straight drop, Overflow or
Ogee, Chute, Side Channel, Shaft, Siphon, Orifice, gated etc. are some types of
spillways.
Shape of spillway
Ogee spillway is modified type of vertical drop spillway which has a control weir that
is ogee-shaped (S-shaped) in profile. It is an improvement upon the free over fall
spillway and is widely used with concrete, masonry, arch and buttress dams. Ogee
spillway works effectively only on one particular head called designed head. If this
exceeds lower nappe will separate from spillway profile causing cavitation and if it
decreases, extra positive hydrostatic pressure will be created causing reduction in
discharge. The discharge capacity of Ogee shaped spillway is maximum as compared
to that of other type of weirs. Ogee shaped weir increases hydraulic efficiency and
prevent cavitation.
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Location of spillways
Spillways are required in headrace canals to spill excess flows during the monsoon
and in case of obstruction in the canals. Similarly, spillways are also required at the
fore bay to spill the entire design flow in case of sudden valve closure at the
powerhouse.
The excess flows that are discharged via a spillway should be safely diverted into the
streams or nearby gully such that they do not cause any erosion or damage to other
structures. Sometimes, this may require the construction of a channel to the natural
water course. Locating spillways close to a gully will save the cost of channel
construction.
Design considerations of spillway:
1. Spillway should be designed properly so as to dispose of the excess water without

causing any damage to the dam or any component.
2. It should be hydraulically (less flow separation, smooth flow at entrance) and

structurally (stable and strength for different for different loading conditions)
adequate.
3. Design discharge for spillway should be appropriate (1000 years return period is
taken for design of large dams).
4. As the flow velocity is very high through the passage of the spillway, its surface
should have sufficient erosion and cavitation resistance capacity.
5. There should be sufficient provision of appropriate dissipation of high kinetic

energy possessed by flow at the downstream; otherwise there will be severe bed
erosion.
5.3 Under sluice
An under sluice is a component of diversion works that facilitates bed load

control at the intake and prevents the inflow of bed load to it. It is provided close to
51
the intake to flush out the sediments deposited in front of it and thus controls the bed
levels in its approach area. Hydraulic design of the under sluice shall consist of
determining its location, length, profile and opening size. The under sluice shall be
provided in continuation with the overflow section, separated from the latter by a
divide wall.
Design considerations of under sluice:
1. The length shall be capable of passing at least twice the diverted discharge to
ensure efficient flushing capacity.
2. The length shall be capable of passing about 10 to 20 percent of the maximum

flood discharge at high floods.
3. The length shall be capable of passing fair weather freshets and low monsoon
floods for obviating overtopping and/or operation of crest gates.
4. The crest and upstream floor levels are generally kept at lowest bed level of the
deep channel of the river.
5. The bed load is kept off by intake sill in front of the sluice.
6. Solid matter that is deposited in front of the sluice can be led off to the downstream
side by continuous or intermittent flushing after a sluice has been opened.
7. The under sluice may consist of one or more bays and a single bay with smaller
opening is preferred for small river flows. The bay opening shall be sized to pass
the largest possible boulders brought along by the river. Generally, the minimum
opening shall be twice the boulder size expected in the river stretch in the vicinity
of the head works.
8. The under sluice shall be designed as a broad-crested weir with downstream

submergence. Its crest level shall be maintained close to the general ground level;
about 2 m below the intake invert level. The design shall be done in accordance
with the design of a flumed section. The capacity of the under sluice shall be
sufficient under submergence conditions.
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5.4 Divide wall
The divide wall is a masonry or a concrete wall constructed at right angle to

the axis of the weir, and separates the ‘weir proper’ from the ‘under-sluices’. The
divide wall extends on the upstream side beyond the beginning of the canal head
regulatory; and on the downstream side, it extends up to the end of loose protection of
the under-sluices.
Functions served by divide wall
1. It separates the under-sluices from the weir proper. The crest level of the under-
sluices is lower than that of the weir proper, so these two are separated by divide
wall.
2. It helps in providing a comparatively less turbulent pocket near the canal head
regulator, resulting in deposition of silt in this pocket and, thus, to help in the entry
of silt free water into the canal.
3. Divide wall may keep the cross currents, if at all they are formed, away from the
weir. Cross currents lead to vortices and deep scours, and therefore, prove
hazardous to weirs.
Design considerations of divide wall:
The divide walls can be designed as cantilever retaining walls subjected to silt
pressure and water pressure from the under-sluices side. For the worst case, the design
should be checked for full silt pressure on the pocket side with equal water on two
sides during low floods, and also for maximum differential water-head, when full
discharge is passing through the under-sluices and no discharge is passing the weir.
The value of differential pressure may be taken, arbitrarily, as 1.0 m for water head
and about 2.0 m for silt pressure.
53
5.5 Trash racks
The entrances to intakes and dam outlets are generally covered with trash
racks to prevent the entry of debris, ice, etc. into the conduit. These racks are nothing
but bar screens, made from steel bars spaced at 5 to 15 cm center to center (in both
directions) depending upon the maximum size of the debris required to be excluded
from entering the conduit. The velocity of flow through the rack is kept low
(generally less than 0.62 m/s), so as to minimize losses. The floating debris, ice, etc.
which are stopped by the racks and thus get collected on them, are removed by
manual labor when required.
5.6 Energy Dissipator
When the flow is spilled through the Spillway, the potential energy possessed
by the flow is converted into the kinetic energy. This excessive kinetic energy should
be dissipated so that it could not cause any damage downstream of the dam. Energy
dissipation below the overflow sections of river diversion structures of run-of-river
hydropower projects shall be achieved through one of the following structures:
a) Hydraulic jump type stilling basins

b) Roller buckets
c) Deflector or flip buckets
Stilling basins may be defined as the structure in which the energy dissipating action
is confined. If the phenomenon of hydraulic jump is basically used for dissipating this
energy, it may be called a hydraulic jump type stilling basin.
The stilling basins shall consist of an apron provided with one or more of the
following appurtenances to make them more economical:
a) Chute blocks
b) Baffle blocks
c) End sills
The auxiliary devices like chute blocks, baffle piers, sill and dented sills may be used
as additional measures for controlling the jump.
54
Chute blocks
They are kind of serrated device and provided at the entrance of the stilling basin. The
incoming jet of water is furrowed and partly lifted from the floor, producing a shorter
length of the jump than what would have been without them. They also help in
stabilizing the flow and thus improve the jump performance.
According to the Froude number, the stilling basin may be U.S.B.R. stilling basin –II
(Fr > 4.5) and U.S.B.R basin IV (Fr lies between 2.5 to 4.5).
The provisions of the sheet piles, cutoff walls, impermeable concrete floor and
protective works have been designed considering various factors as presented in the
detailed design of the weir structure. The parameters under considerations are
→ Hydraulic jump characteristics
→ Length and the height of formation of jump
→ Seepage Pressure
→ Erosion characteristics
5.7 Weir stability
The following parameters are considered:
Forces acting on Weir
The main forces which are acting on the weir when it will be operation are water
pressure, uplift pressure, silt pressure and weight of weir.
Weight of weir
The weight of weir and its foundation is the major stabilizing or resisting force. While
calculating the weight, the cross section is spitted into rectangle and triangle. The
weight of each along with their C.G. is determined. The resultant of all these forces
55
will represent the total weight of dam acting at the C.G. of dam. The sectional area of
each part is multiplied by unit weight of concrete to obtain the weight of that part.
The weir is designed with ogee profile for spilling over its length. Hence weight is
calculated by knowing its section and multiplying by its unit weight.
Hydrostatic Pressure
It is the largest external force acting perpendicular on the surface of the weir. It has
the largest capacity for disturbing the stability of the dam. Its magnitude is given by:
P = 0.5*γ*H2 *b
Where, γ= unit weight of water, H=depth of water, b=width of the weir surface
Since pressure distribution diagram due to water is triangular, the value of the total
horizontal pressure due to water will be area of the triangle. The pressure P acts at
C.G. of the pressure distribution triangle i.e. H/3 from the base.
Uplift pressure
Water seeping through the pores, cracks and fissures of the foundation material,
seeping through the weir body itself and seepage from the bottom joint between the
weir and its foundation exerts an uplift pressure on the base of the weir. Uplift
pressure tries to tilt or topple the weir, a part of the weir would get neutralized by
uplift pressure and thus net foundation reaction due to vertical forces will be reduced.
Intensity of uplift pressure is maximum at upstream end of the weir and less at
downstream end of the weir. The analysis of seepage is done using Khosla’s theory. It
is the mathematical solution of the Laplacian equation and it is easy and accurate
method for seepage analysis.
56
Silt pressure
Silt gets deposited at the bottom, along the upstream face of the weir. The silt exerts
the horizontal and vertical pressure as exerted by the water. So, flushing of the silt
should be done regularly to reduce its effect of destabilizing the weir. It is done by the
use of under sluice gate. The silt pressure is given by the relation:
Psilt=0.5*γsub*H2 *Ka
Where, γsub = submerged unit weight of silt, H = depth of silt deposited and Ka =
coefficient of active earth pressure and is given by,
(1−sin ∅)
Ka= (1+sin ∅) , ∅ =Angle of internal friction of silt. The silt pressure force also acts at
a height of H/3 from the base.
5.7.1.1 Mode of failure and criteria for structural stability of weir
Overturning about the toe
If the resultant of all the possible forces (internal and external) acting on the dam cuts
the base of the weir downstream of the toe, the weir would overturn unless it can
resist tensile stresses. In real practice, such condition will not arise because the weir
will fail much earlier by compression. To safeguard the weir against overturning, the
resultant of the forces should never be allowed to go downstream of the toe. The ratio
of resisting moment to the overturning moment about the toe is the factor of safety
against overturning and it should be greater than 2.
Failure due to development of tension
Both cement concrete and masonry are very weak in tension. So, from safety point of
view the tension is not allowed to be developed in the dam anywhere. The minimum
𝑉 6𝑒
compressive stress in the weir is (1 − ) 𝑒. The nature of this stress remains
𝐵 𝐵
compressive till value of e is less than (B/6) .When e exceeds (B/6) the value of
𝑉 6𝑒
(1 − ) becomes negative. The negative sign shows that the nature of this stress is
𝐵 𝐵
57
tensile rather than compressive. Hence, as soon as e exceeds (V/B) tension is

developed in the weir and weir fails by opening of the joints, as concrete and masonry
are almost nil in tension. So while designing the weir section, it should be so designed
that the resultant should pass through middle third part of the section to avoid the
possible tension on the weir section.
Sliding
In this mode, the weir as a whole slides over its foundation or one part of the weir
may slide over the other. Sliding will occur when the net horizontal force above any
plane in the weir or at the base of the weir exceed the frictional resistance developed
at that level. For safety, the factor of safety should be always greater than 1.
Design summary:
The weir is a concrete gravity type non-gated overflow weir. The ogee shaped
diversion weir is designed to divert the design discharge of 16.16m3/s in normal flow
condition through the side intake situated on the left bank. The diversion weir is 130m
long and 3.9m above the river bed. The crest level of the weir is set at EL. 487.81m
and the bottom of the weir is set at EL. 483.91m. The overflow weir is designed to
pass the 100 year flood of 2589.80m3/s. The high flood level (HFL) corresponding to
100 year return period flood is determined at 490.06m. The surface of the overflow
weir will be lined with high strength concrete to prevent erosion during monsoon
floods. Rock foundation is placed on the upstream part of the diversion weir to
prevent the river bed from scouring.
The under sluice is designed for 10% of design flood. It is 10m wide in total with the
provision of 2 gates of 5m each. The under sluice gate is designed for passing
boulders and other bed load. 2 bays of 5m under sluice is provided. The crest level of
the under sluice is kept at EL.483.91m. The under sluice which is 10m long is
separated from the weir portion by thick concrete divide wall of 0.5m. There are 2
openings and width of each opening is 5m. Lining is done at side walls and at bottom
to protect erosion of concrete.
58
5.8 Intake structure
Intake is the structure to obtain the required quantity of water from the river or the
reservoir for the different engineering purpose such as irrigation, power generation,
and water supply, etc. It is a structure to divert water into a conduit leading to the
power plant. An intake structure should ensure good quality of water in proper
quantity and a control over the supply of water. For this purpose, arrangements of
weir and intake structure must be chosen to evacuate necessary amount of water at
any regime to the channel. The peak discharge must be safely evacuated without any
damage. The intake should be provided with trash racks to prevent the entry of debris
into the conveyance canal and to avoid the possible damage to it.
Prerequisites of the location of intake structures:
1. The course of the river should be relatively permanent at the intake site, i.e.
the river should not change its course at the intake location at the time.
2. The river should not have a large gradient at the intake site.
3. As far as possible the intake should be placed at the side of rocky outcrop or
large boulders for the stability and the strength.
4. The intake should be on the concave bank of the bend for good performance.
This limits sediment deposition at the intake area and also ensures the flow
availability during the dry season.
5. Generally intake is provided 2-10 m upstream of the diversion weir and the
crest of the intake is raised 1-1.5 m bed of the diversion structure.
6. In case there is a confluence of two rivers in the selected site, the intake should
be located downstream of the confluence to take advantage of the flow of both
rivers.
5.8.1.1 Types of intake
Generally, one of the following types of intakes shall be used for run-of-river
hydropower projects: (a) Side intake (b) Frontal intake (c) Drop intake
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5.8.1.1.1 Side intake
Side intake is a structure built along a river bank and in front of a canal to divert the
required water safely. They are simple, less expensive, easy to build and maintain.
Side intake consists of trash racks, intake opening, gate slot, breast walls, piers and
service platform.
Design considerations of side intake:
a. It is suitable for most of the river categories. A square or rectangular orifice

type of intake should be chosen if site conditions permit as this allows the
design flow into the waterways but limits excess flow during floods when
appropriately sized. The intake orifice should be fully submerged (minimum
of 30 to 50 cm) during the dry season to provide the full design flow.
b. Straight river u/s and d/s of the intake.
c. The invert shall be minimum 0.5 to 2 m above the under sluice crest level,
according to site condition, to prevent entry of bed sediments into the intake
opening due to turbulence in sluice bay flow.
d. According to the flushing requirement and tentative losses the intake has to be
oversized than the design flow by about 10% to 20%. The design discharge for
intake will be taken as 10 to 20% in addition of the turbine discharge.
e. The entrance velocity through the intake opening should be less than 0.6 to 0.8
m/sec. but for small system the velocity can be up to 1.0 m/sec.
f. A course trash rack should be provided to prevent big boulders and floating
logs from entering into the headrace canal.
g. A gate/stop log should be provided to regulate flow during operation and
maintenance.
h. To optimize the downstream canal and other structures, a spillway should be
provided close to the intake.
i. A side intake should include an orifice downstream of the trash rack at the
riverbank, through which water is initially drawn into the headrace. An orifice
should be provided to limit the excessive flows during floods.
60
Protection work
Protection works are the river protection and river training works to safeguard the
intake structure against flood, debris and sediment. Trash racks are used to prevent the
entry of trash matters in the canal. To prevent adverse effect of seepage, sheet pile is
used inside the ground below sill.
Design summary:
The intake structure is designed for 20% more than design discharge for flushing
purpose, i.e. Qdesign(intake) =1.2Qdesign. The intake is designed considering free flow
submerged condition at normal flow and gated condition at flood discharge. The sill
height of the intake is raised 1m above bed level, 2-numbers of gated structures are
provided with dimension as 1.3m*0.7m. 50mm coarse trash rack opening is provided
with thickness 10mm.
The design of the intake and trash rack is shown in Appendix –II and drawings are
provided in Appendix –VI.
5.8.2 Gravel trap
Gravel trap, as the name denotes are designed to trap gravel that enters the intake
along with the diverted flow. It is constructed close to the intake in order to prevent
gravel from getting into approach channel. In the absence of this structure, gravel can
settle along the gentler section of the head race or in the settling basin and reduce the
discharge capacity of canal and ultimately cause the wearing and choking of the
turbine units. Main function of the gravel trap is to collect the bed load, smaller than
the trash rack opening size, entering through it to the approach canal. Gravel trap’s
location is governed by the site conditions, availability of flushing head and gravel
carrying capacity of the approach canal. Its dimension depends on the flow velocity,
gravel size and specific density of the gravel and it should be sufficient to settle and
flush gravels passing from the coarse trash rack. Gravel trap is generally designed to
collect maximum of 12 hours gravel deposit. A flushing arrangement associated
within the gravel trap is operated to flush out the collected gravels to the river.
61
Flushing frequency is less during the low flow periods whereas continuous flushing is
recommended during the monsoon. A gravel trap may be equipped with an overflow
spillway. The gravel trap traps the coarse particle greater than 2 mm size.
Protection works
Gates are used to control the flow across the gravel trap. Flushing gates are used to
flush the settled matters. Flushed water and the excess water are safely diverted to the
river using open channel.
Design considerations of gravel trap:
a. Gravel trap should be located at a safe place but as close to the intake as
possible or sometimes even within the intake so that debris is not carried a
long distance into the waterways.
b. Flow velocity must not exceed the upper limit so as not to allow suspended
again as boundary friction is predominant for short width, the effective length
may be taken only 85% of provided length. To be able to trap particles greater
than 2 mm diameter, the velocity in the gravel trap should be limited to 0.6
m/s.
c. The length of gravel trap should be at least three times the width of headrace
canal or 2 m, whichever is larger.
d. Generally, continuous flushing is adopted for gravel trap as the sediment load
is high. Gates are used to control flow at flushing orifice at inlet. Sufficient
bed slope and cross slope is required to make the flushing effective. The
concentration approach, which is modern and rational approach, is used for the
design.
e. Continuous flushing system is used in the gravel trap which works
continuously in the monsoon season and can work as intermittent flushing at
the time of low flow. 10% water is used for flushing purpose.
f. Gates are used to control the flow across the gravel trap. Flushing gates are
used to flush the settled matters. Flushed water and the excess water are safely
diverted to the river using open channel.
62
Design summary
flush the settled matters. The dimensions of gravel trap are length 5m, width 2m and
height 2m. Length of the inlet zone is 1.27m with inlet angle 11 degrees and for outlet
zone the length is 0.5m and outlet angle 27 degrees. Flushed water and the excess
water are safely diverted to the river using open canal. The opening of flushing canal
is of width 0.5 m and depth 0.2 m in size and the slope is 1 in 30. Fine trash rack is
provided in gravel trap. The thickness of bars is 5mm, spacing between bars is 50mm
and inclination angle is 70 degrees. Design calculation and drawings are presented in
Appendix –II and VI respectively.
5.9 Settling basin:
The particles escaped from the gravel trap, if allowed to flow through
penstock pipe and turbine, cause abrasion of such units and reduce efficiency as well
as durability. In addition, problem of clogging is always present due to such particles
in turbine units. So, in the finer particles escaped from gravel trap are to be removed
before entering into penstock. For this purpose, a structure is constructed which is
called ‘Settling basin’. Settling basin is the structure to remove suspended sediments
from the conveyance water for power plant.
The main principle of the design of settling basin is to reduce the mean
velocity of the flow, by increasing the cross sectional area (widening its width and
lowering the floor). The basic principle of settling is that the greater the basin surface
area and the lower the through velocity, the smaller the particles that can settle. A
settling basin has a significant larger cross sectional area than the headrace canal and
therefore the flow velocity is lower which allows the settling of the suspended
materials. Settling basins can remove suspended inorganic particles ranging from sand
(2 mm in diameters) to silt (0.002 mm in diameter), depending on basic design.
For more reliable operation, more than one chamber is employed. It will not
interrupt whole system when it is to be stopped for maintenance. To ensure uniform
flow, transitions are provided at inlet and outlet. Both height and width wary
gradually in inlet transition and width varies in outlet transition. Flushing of deposited
63
matters is essential for smooth operation of settling basin. The lateral and longitudinal
slope may be provided for this purpose. There must be control of flow in and from
settling tank. For this purpose gates can be used. The flushed water and the excess
water are safely diverted to the river using open channel.
Design considerations of settling basin:
1. It shall be designed to be functional, easily operable and economical, both for

construction and operation.
2. The settling basin shall be designed to remove as much of the sediment load in
the water as is economically and hydraulically possible.
3. It shall be designed to ensure efficient flushing of settled sediments so that
frequent flushing during floods, when the sediment content of rivers is at its
peak, is not required. It shall be designed such that power generation is not
interrupted or reduced during flushing operations.
4. Settling basin must satisfy the following design considerations:
Settling capacity
a. The size of the basin must be large enough to allow a large percentage
of the fine sediment to fall out of suspension and be deposited on the
bottom.
b. The geometry of the inlet and outlet transitions and any other
curvatures must be such as to cause minimum turbulence, which might
increase the trapping efficiency of the basin.
Storage capacity
The basin should be able to store the settled particles for some time unless it is
flush out.
Flushing capacity
The basin should be able to flush all these settled particles along with the
incoming flow in the basin by opening flushing gates or valves.
5. The design of settling basin also depends upon the characteristics of

suspended sediments, particles of hard or soft rock or soil origin like quartzite,
64
granite, basalt, gneiss, etc. concentration of sediments with the river flow,
required removal percentage of suspended sediments.
6. The geometry of inlet, the width of basin and any curvature must be such as to
cause minimum turbulence which might impair the efficiency.
7. Concentration approach is used to design it. Trap efficiency is selected as 90%
removal of 0.2 mm sized sedimentary particles. Vetter’s equation is used for
efficiency calculations. Hazen’s equations and various charts are used to
compute the transit velocity and the settling velocity.
Protection works
flush the settled matters. Flushed water and the excess water are safely diverted to the
river using open channel.
Design summary:
Settling basin is designed following standard practices. Camp’s equation and Shield’s
graph are used to compute the transit velocity and the settling velocity. The design
discharge for settling basin is taken as 1.32m3/s. Two chambered settling basin of
height 1.3m and 35.7m length including transition length are provided. It can settle
particles greater than 0.2mm in size. Inlet transition is 1.9m long with inlet angle 15
degrees and outlet transition is 3.8m long with outlet angle 30 degrees. Two flushing
canals of size 0.5m width and 0.2m depth are provided. Flushing discharge is taken to
be 20% of Q. Efficiency of the basin is found to be 92% as per vetter formula. Detail
design of settling basin is presented in Appendix – II and drawing is shown in
Appendix – VI.
5.9.1 Conveyance system
The conveyance system used to convey the water diverted from the intake to
the settling basin of inlet chamber is termed as headrace canal. Hydropower plants
65
exhibit a great deal variety in water conveyance system. A high head diversion plant
is generally associated with tunnel to divert water where as a medium head to low
head diversion plants generally employ canal diversion. Geology, topography and
hydrology are major factors to select such options. For small plants with low heads
intra basin diversion having fairly straight reaches of river, canal is the best option.
Headrace has to convey extra discharge for continuously flushing the settling basin.
Design aspect of conveyance system
The conveyance system can be non-pressurized (free gravity flow) or pressurized

flow. Depending upon the flow condition inside the tunnel, it could be either pressure
tunnel or the non-pressure tunnel. Flow through canal is non-pressurized.
Design considerations of canal alignment:
a. The canal alignment should be sufficiently diverted away from the river so
that the risk of flood damage is minimum.
b. The alignment should be along the level to slightly sloping ground, pass
through stable terrain and follow the shortest reasonable route with a
minimum crossings and a minimum of head loss and minimum seepage loss
because loss in head or discharge is the loss in power production.
c. From earthwork point of view, the alignment should be selected to balance cut
and fill as far as possible.
A power canal is the canal, which feeds water to a hydropower plant. The flow in
canal is open channel flow i.e. non-pressurized flow. Manning’s equation is the most
widely used formula in open channel flow. From economic point of view, size should
be smallest possible and channel section should be most economical. But, from
constructional feasibility the most economical channel section obtained by
minimizing perimeter may not be always economical. Size and bed slope have inverse
relationship. So, choice of bed slope is dependent on the size of canal.
66
A power canal is generally of rectangular shape and is rigid boundary channels.

Lining is used to reduce roughness and seepage. A larger size not only incurs cost but
also increases the cost of cross drainage works and cost of operation and maintenance
and the risk of failure. The canal should be shortest possible and as straight as
possible.
The velocity should be non-scouring and non-silting. To get small sections, a high
velocity which does not scour the lining material is usually desired but to save head, a
mild is preferred. The slope is limited by non-settling criteria. Tractive shear approach
is always used to ensure sufficient shear stress to cause scouring of particle
transported by it. The shear stress induced by water on the particles should be greater
than critical tractive shear stress of the particles.
Or, τ0 ≥ 𝜏𝑐: or, γwRS ≥ 0.056γw(Ss-1)*dia. of sediment
𝑑
For d>6mm, the above relation implies, R*S = 11
Protection measures for Headrace
The alignment of the canal is selected to ensure maximum stability as far as possible.
As the canal follows the contour and the area is flat at most of the sections, not heavy
protection works would be required.
Design summary:
A rectangular canal from intake to gravel trap is 79.75m long, 1.5m wide and 1.1m
high with freeboard 0.3m. Feeder canal from gravel trap to settling basin is 44.89 m
long, base width is 1.5m and depth is 1.m. Power canal is 897.28m long, 1.5m wide
and 1.1m high. As the canal follows the contour and the area is flat at most of the
sections, not heavy protection works would be required. All the canals are concreted
and are opened type. Detail design of the canal is presented in Appendix – II and the
drawings are shown in Appendix – VI.
67
5.10 Forebay
A forebay is a storage basin which is constructed at end of the headrace canal

and beginning of the penstock. Its main function is to temporarily store water which is
rejected by the plant due to reduced load during off-peak hours and also to meet the
instantaneous increased demand when the ground profile changes form slightly
sloping to steep. The design of forebay is similar to that of that of settling basin, in
general except that exit portion is replaced by a trash rack and penstock entrance area.
The entrance to the penstock should fully submerge in its design. The different parts
of the forebay are entrance bay or basin, spillway, flushing sluice, screens, valve
chamber and conduit or penstock gate.
Design Consideration Of Forebay
a. The forebay has been designed for storing the water required for running the
turbine for 2 minutes.
b. Stored water is utilized while starting the turbine.
c. The transition canal is provided for lowering the velocity gradually.
d. Forebay is constructed immediately before the inlet of the penstock pipe and
started at the end of the headrace canal.
Protection Measures of Forebay
The forebay is located at a flat area which has been used as the cultivate area. The top
of the structure is above ground level. The downhill is provided with retaining
structures to ensure its stability. The uphill side of it is provided with catch drain. The
excess water from the forebay is allowed to spill form the spillway structure
constructed on it. This water is safely discharge to the river using an open channel
constructed for the purpose. Gates are used at its inlet and outlet for its safe operation
68
Design summary:
Forebay is designed following standard practices. The design discharge for forebay is
taken as 1.32m3/s. Forebay of width 4m, height 3.6m and 24m length are provided.
Inlet transition is 4.67m long with inlet angle 15 degrees. Two flushing canals of size
0.5m width and 0.2m depth are provided. Flushing discharge is taken to be 20% of Q.
Detail design of forebay is presented in Appendix – II and drawing is shown in
Appendix – VI.
5.11 Penstock
A penstock is a pipe that conveys the flow from the forebay or surge tank to
the turbine. The potential energy of the flow at the inlet chamber is converted into the
kinetic energy at the turbine of a hydropower plant via the pipe known as penstock.
Water flows under pressure in the penstock. It has to bear a very high pressure caused
due to water hammer effect at the sudden closure of the gate by governing mechanism
of the turbine. The thickness should be sufficient to resist hoop stress developed by
water hammer pressure and normal pressure not exceeding the allowable stress.
Penstock alignment should be straight to avoid head loss at bents and the extra cost of
anchor block unless it is mandatory by site condition. The penstock may be embedded
or exposed as per topography, location of inlet chamber/ surge chamber, power house
and construction easiness etc. The penstock alignment should start where the ground
profile gets steeper.
Design considerations of penstock:
a. The owner requirements play an important role. Preferred material, plant

operation requirement, annual cost of capital investment and cost of power
house and revenue loss are to be considered.
b. The site specific requirements like right-of-way limitations, environmental
restraints, terrain configuration etc. should be considered.
c. For a particular head and discharge, there may be several options for the size
of penstock according to continuity equation (Q=A*V). Also head loss
69
increases squarely with increase in velocity as per Darcy-Weisbach

equation,hl= flv2/2gd. So, smaller sized penstock saves cost of construction
material but the loss of energy due to loss of head takes place and vice versa.
So, we can deduce as optimum diameter which minimizes the total cost and
the same is adopted for the project. Water hammer pressure in excess of
normal water pressure can be expressed in equivalent water column height as
hm = Vc*(Va/g)
where, Vc = velocity of water in penstock
𝑘 1
Va = velocity of wave = √ 𝜌𝑚 ; km = √ 1 𝐷
( + )
𝑘 𝑡𝐸
Where k= bulk modulus of water
D= diameter of penstock
T = thickness of penstock
E= Young’s modulus of elasticity of steel
= density of water
4. If the penstock has to feed more than one turbine, it should be decided
considered whether to use independent pipes in number equal to the number of
turbine or to use one pipe and bifurcate it at turbine inlet. Length from inlet
chamber to powerhouse, construction feasibility, reliability transportation and
fabrication feasibility are some important factors to be considered for this.
5.11.1 Optimization
The penstock pipe usually constitutes a significant portion of the total hydro
construction cost. Larger size means higher cost and smaller size means increased
head loss. So, there is always an optimum size of penstock for which the total cost of
loss and the material is minimum. To seek this size, optimization technique is used. It
involves a careful choice of pipe material, an economical diameter such that the head
70
loss is within acceptable limits, and wall thickness so the pipe is safe for the design
head and any surge effect that may result from sudden blockage of the flow.
Protection works for Penstock
Penstock is very sensitive structure and its failure is of fatal nature. Exposed penstock
is susceptible to temperature stress and hence, should be provided with expansion
joints. Anchor blocks are used to resist vertical and horizontal forces in the penstock.
They prevent yielding of penstock. Expansion joints are provided adjacent to them.
To support at intermediate locations and prevent bending stress, slide blocks are used.
The inner surface of penstock is galvanized and the outer surface is frequently painted
to prevent from corrosion. Frequent checking should be carried out for the safe
operation.
Design summary:
One penstock of diameter 0.8m, length 781.46m and thickness of 8mm is provided.
The total cost of penstock is NRs. 3452150.54. It is partially buried. The penstock is
bifurcated at the just upstream of powerhouse. For first bifurcation, the length and
diameter are 11m and 0.6m respectively, then length is 22m and diameter is 0.6m and
Detail design calculation and drawing are presented in Appendix – II and VI
respectively.
5.12 Anchor block and support piers
An anchor block is an encasement of a penstock designed to restrain the pipe

movement in all directions. Anchor blocks should be placed at all sharp horizontal
and vertical bends, since there are forces at such bends which will tend to move the
pipe out of alignment. Anchor blocks are also required to resist axial forces in long
straight sections of penstock. They tend to prevent the movement of the penstock due
to steady or transient forces including expansion and contraction forces and water
hammer pressures. They provide necessary reaction to the dynamic forces at the
71
bends. Support piers are short columns that are placed between anchor blocks along
straight sections of exposed penstock pipe. These prevent the pipe from sagging and
becoming overstressed. However, the support piers need to allow pipe movement
parallel to the penstock alignment which occurs due to thermal expansion and
contraction.
Anchor blocks and support piers are required at the following locations:
a. At vertical or horizontal bends of the penstock. A filled penstock exerts forces

at such bends and the pipe needs to be properly anchored.
b. Immediately upstream of the powerhouse. This minimizes forces on the
turbine housing.
c. At sections of the penstock where the straight pipe length exceeds 30 m. This
is to limit the thermal expansion of the pipe since an expansion joint will be
placed downstream of the anchor block.
d. Support piers are required along the straight sections of exposed penstock
between anchor blocks. The maximum spacing of support piers to avoid
overstressing the pipe is generally 5m.
Design considerations of anchor blocks and support piers:
Water flowing under pressure when diverted from straight path exerts pressure as the
bends. To resist various forces these blocks are designed. First the structures are
tentatively sized and the various forces that act on them are resolved. The minimum
calculated block size that is safe against bearing, sliding, and overturning is accepted.
The design process includes little iteration. Various forces that can act on anchor
blocks and support piers are:
a. Component of the weight of pipe and enclosed water perpendicular to the

pipe alignment
b. Frictional force of pipe on support piers
c. Force due to hydrostatic pressure within a bend
d. Force due to component of the weight of pipe parallel to the pipe
alignment
e. Dynamic forces at pipe bend
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f. Force exerted due to the reduction of pipe diameter

g. Force due to the soil pressure acting on the upstream face
Design summary:
12 numbers of anchor blocks are used. Design calculation and drawing are presented
in Appendix – II and VI respectively.
5.12.1 Provision of Expansion joints
Mechanical joints either expansion joint or bolted sleeve type coupling is used in both
exposed and buried penstocks to accommodate the longitudinal movement caused by
the temperature changes and to facilitate the construction. The joints shall allow for
movement where differential settlement or deflections are anticipated. Expansion joint
permit only the longitudinal movements. Expansion joints should be provided just
below the anchor block. Length of the expansion joints = α∆tL.
5.13 Power House
Power house is one of the major components of the hydropower project. It

accommodates electro-mechanical equipment like turbine, generator, agro-processing
units and control panels. The switch gear, control room, engineer’s room, reception
room, operator’s accommodation are provided with it. The main function of this
building is to protect the electro-mechanical equipment from adverse weather and
possible mishandling by unauthorized persons. The power house should have
adequate space such that all equipment can fit in and be accessed without difficulty.
Depending upon the location, the powerhouse can be surface powerhouse and
underground powerhouse. Surface power house is cost effective and is best suited
when the powerhouse is far away from flood plain. Underground powerhouse is
located inside the rock mass which makes it more stable against flood effects and
other external forces. Due to underground construction and high technological
methods, the underground powerhouse is highly costlier than surface ones. Some
73
powerhouses are located as semi-underground structures being partly on surface and

partly underground.
5.13.1 Components of power house
1. Machine hall
It is a room in which the generating sets are usually arranged in a single line,
the orientation of which will be determined according to the arrangement of the
intake or penstock and of the tailrace.
2. An unloading and erection bay
It is the bay in which the plant can be subsequently be dismantled or

reassembled.
3. Annexes of the extension to the machine hall to the electrical

equipment house
4. Passage of ducts for cables and bus bars and pipes.
5. Workshop with basic machine tools.
5.13.2 Power house size
It mainly depends on the discharge, head, type of turbine and generator, number of
units and the general arrangement in the power house. Sufficient clear space should be
available for installation of various components and for maintenance purpose.
5.13.3 Height of power house
Height of the power house is fixed by the dimensions of lower turbine block and its
superstructure. Height of the lower turbine block from the foundation to the floor of
the machine hall is to be determined by the thickness of foundation plate, dimensions
of the turbine. The height of the power house should be sufficient for the installation
of turbine, generator and shaft and gear mechanism. There should be sufficient space
74
for removal and overhaul of any of the components without disturbing other
components. Sufficient clear space is also provided for crane operation etc.
Design summary:
Power house is semi underground type. Length, width and height of the power house
are 31m, 12.5m and 16m respectively. Design calculation and drawing are shown in
Appendix – II and VI respectively.
5.13.4 Tailrace
Tailrace is the final civil structure that conveys the design flow from power house
back to the river where it is disposed off. Open channels or pipes can be tailrace
structure.
Often, inadequate attention is given to the design and construction of the tailrace since
the flow at this stage does not contribute towards power production. However, such a
practice can result in inadequate depth of the tailrace pit or erosion of slopes, which
could threatens the powerhouse structure.
Design criteria
Design of the tailrace canal is similar to that of headrace canal. Since head loss does
not need to be minimized a higher velocity can be allowed in tailrace channel. Note
that at higher velocities higher grade of concrete is required to resist erosion.
Reinforced concrete may become economical for a steep channel. Ideally the
discharge should be disposed off over rock or large boulders.
Design summary:
The bottom width of the rectangular tailrace canal with bed slope 1 in 600 is 1.5m and
the height of canal is 1m and freeboard of 0.3m is provided.
75
5.13.5 Turbine
Turbines are machines which convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy and
transmit it to the generator through direct coupling of shaft to it which in turns
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Based on the energy conversion,
turbines are classified as impulsive and reactive turbines.
Impulsive turbine
It is a turbine in which the water entering the runner possesses kinetic energy only i.e.
in this case, the pressure is atmospheric pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine.
The available kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy. E.g. Pelton and
Turgo turbine.
Reaction turbine
It is a turbine in which the water entering the runner possesses pressure and kinetic
energy. As the water flows through the runner, the water is under pressure and
pressure energy goes toe changing into kinetic energy. This type of turbine is always
enclosed by an airtight casing and the runner and casing is completely full of water. It
changes kinetic and potential energy into mechanical energy. E.g.: Francis, Kaplan
turbine.
Design criteria
Number of unit identification
The flow variation is very high in Nepalese rivers and single turbine may not work in
dry season mainly due to very less flow in dry season compared to the design flow.
As per thumb rule, turbine does not rotate if the flow through the turbine is less than
2/3 of the rated discharge i.e. design discharge for the turbine. Even though the
76
turbine rotates, the efficiency will be reduced considerably at low flow less than 2/3
of the rated discharge.
Turbine type selection
Selection of suitable type of turbine for the project depends upon several factors like
head, discharge, power production, load condition and corresponding efficiency,
quality of water, tail water level, size, construction feasibility etc.
77
Selection guidelines of turbines:
Pelton High discharge and low head
Francis Medium discharge and low head
Kaplan double regulated High discharge and high head
Kaplan single regulated High discharge and medium head
Propeller Low discharge and low head
Turbine Type Specific speed
Pelton 4 – 70
Francis 60 – 400
Kaplan 300 – 1100
For medium high to medium low heads and normal quality of water, Francis turbine is
suitable. Turbine is designed based on the specific speed (Ns), which is the speed of
the geometrically similar (identical in shape, blade angles, gate opening etc.) turbine
that would develop unit power under a unit head. For specific speed between 60 to
400 rpm, Francis turbine is suitable. Since, reaction turbine is susceptible to
cavitation; setting of turbine is made based on the cavitation criteria. A draft tube is
always provided with the reaction turbine to receive the pressure head at the outlet of
the turbine. Efficiency of the Francis turbine decreases substantially at part load
operation. For runoff river plants, discharge of the river becomes lower than the
design discharge of the plant. So, part load operation is essential. If a Francis turbine
is allowed to run at part load for long time, cavitation become more serious. Thus,
these criteria should be kept in mind while designing the turbine.
78
Design summary:
For Yankhuwa Khola HP, Pelton Turgo turbine is selected. Based on the graph
between the rated discharge and net head i.e. Q rated vs. H, the turbine type is
selected. Also because of head of 106.651m head we have selected Pelton turbine.
Discharge variations in the river would happen as per FDC. The total installed
capacity is 823.165KW. Two turbines are used in the power house. Diameter of each
of the turbine is 1m.
5.13.6 Generator
The 3-phase synchronous generator of output voltage of 11 KV is generally used to

produce electrical power from the mechanical power. The vertical shaft alignment is
preferred. The stator of generator is manufactured in a number of segments which are
then joined at the site.
5.13.7 Exciters
The poles of the rotor have to be fed with field current, which is achieved through
excitation system. This is known as a static excitation scheme. The main requirement
of the exciters is the reliability with a steady and stable excitation current. The whole
excitation system is made automatic achieve quick and accurate control.
5.13.8 Ventilation, cooling and lubrication
The generator cooling can be achieved by air circulation through the stator ducts. This
may be closed circuit air cooling system which feeds air to the blades of fan provides
on the rotor. Cooling by water is the common process. There is a lubrication
arrangement to provide lubrication to the bearing.
79
5.13.9 Transformer
The generator voltage (11 KV) has to be step up to the transmission voltage level
(132KV) to minimize loss. This is achieved by the use of step up transformer. These
transformers are oil filled for insulation purpose as well as for cooling purposed. A
specially designed firefighting equipment is always included at the transformer site.
For surface power stations, outdoor locations are common. The numbers of
transformer may be as many as the generating units.
5.13.10 Control room equipment
The hydroelectric station has a centralized control for its various components. The
entire system is controlled from the control room. The control includes machine
starting and stopping, machine loading and frequency control, generator and system
voltage control, machine running supervision and hydraulic control.
5.13.11 Switchyard
The term switchyard is a general term applied to all the variety of the apparatus in the
power house employed for making and breaking the circuit. It may consist of
switches, isolators, circuit breakers. The cost of switchgear depends upon the cost of
bus bar voltage. The size of the switchgear assembly depends upon the individual
machine size.
5.13.12 Transmission line
To evacuate power from the project, the project will construct single circuit 132 kV
transmission line with different type conductor from power house to distribution area.
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APPENDIX – I
HYDROLOGICAL
CALCULATION
81
1. DISCHARGE CALCULATION
1.1 Average Discharge of Sabha Khola
Station no. 602
Location Tumlingtar
River Sabha Khola
Latitude 27°18’20”
Longitude 87°13’15”
Catchment area 375 km2
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1981 4.74 3.96 3.68 9 10.7 17 38.9 49.9 32.8 11.6 7.8 5.77
1982 4.73 4.44 4.15 6.17 11.2 26.1 64 43.1 32 15.1 11.3 8.03
1983 6.05 4.92 4.27 4.51 26.5 33 70.1 49.7 53.9 24.6 13.5 8.8
1984 6.52 5.8 4.63 9.27 28.4 29 69.3 39.9 58.7 23.3 14.4 9.47
1985 6.99 6.25 5.55 6.28 18.1 54.5 85.4 65.8 59.4 25.85 15.9 9.43
1986 6.56 5.01 4.39 7.27 8.96 27.7 46.9 50.8 52 28.4 12.7 7.92
1987 5.64 4.46 5.5 7.06 10.6 19.8 48.3 59.2 77.6 39.3 18.7 10.1
1988 7.07 5.92 5.97 6.55 11.7 21.4 52.4 80.5 67.3 28.8 12.8 8.53
1989 6.96 5.56 6.36 5.21 11.8 27.7 54.1 63 74.4 25.1 16 10.4
1990 6.91 6.43 6.68 9.16 23.1 35.55 50.45 70.65 67.55 24.2 13.5 8.68
1991 7.09 4.91 4.53 7.42 15 43.4 46.8 78.3 60.7 23.3 11 6.96
1992 6.38 5.11 4.06 6.61 9.53 22.9 65.5 52.8 43.3 34.6 12.55 7.38
1993 5.67 5.31 3.58 5.79 18.4 23.1 44.8 77.5 46.3 37.2 14.1 7.79
82
1994 6.2 4.62 5.05 5.41 10.2 34.5 41.2 68 73.5 24.9 13.8 10
1995 7.5 6.73 5.8 5.08 22.8 51.8 52.5 68.4 49.3 25 16.4 11.2
1996 8.1 4.75 3.96 4.02 32.9 67 77.9 45.32 35.5 20.3 11.2 8.95
1997 7.51 6.79 6.2 6.46 10.2 24.4 23.6 31.5 30.8 17 11.6 9.03
1998 7.732 6.74 6.46 8.49 16.5 30.5 34 40.9 24.4 20.7 11.8 8.61
1999 6.9 5.54 5.24 6.18 33.7 59.7 86.3 58.4 63.2 53 21.2 11.2
2000 7.6 6.53 5.47 5.49 17.9 40.9 72.7 74 24.8 13.4 8.75 6.52
2001 5.05 4.72 4.81 5.8 12.5 16.2 17.8 44.3 43.9 37.5 11.6 8.55
2002 7.15 5.94 5.24 6.19 10 29.8 47.9 53.5 33.4 15.4 8.41 4.45
2003 3.96 4.07 4.52 5.87 5.66 61 54.5 53.1 47.8 43 15.96 7.58
2004 6.74 5.64 4.61 7.37 20.3 38.4 53.6 50.6 77.2 46.8 23.5 10.7
2005 6.48 5.76 4.91 5.29 9.58 26.6 49.4 49.2 45.9 17.4 9.79 7.69
2006 5.86 5.41 5.25 6.92 11 20.2 25.6 35.9 52.4 21.1 15.4 9.26
2007 7.25 6.12 6.61 9.33 17.4 35.5 66.9 64.2 59.8 32.5 20.9 10.8
2008 6.35 4.9 4.21 8.68 17.9 51.1 78.5 81.9 69.8 33.7 15.9 11.5
2009 7.24 4.7 3.13 10.4 13.1 25.6 57.9 119 56.2 16.78 8.04 4.73
2010 3.08 2.05 1.9 4.74 14.6 58.9 83.3 102 112 36.2 9.5 5.2
Avg 6.40 5.30 4.89 6.73 16.01 35.11 55.35 60.71 54.20 27.20 13.60 8.51
83
1.2 Average Discharge of Henwa Khola

Station no. 602.5
Location Pipletar
River Henwa Khola
Latitude 27°17'45"
Longitude 87°13'30"
Catchment area 110 km2
1974 2.9 1.96 1.64 2.38 5.27 10.8 33.4 31.3 24.5 17 6.75 2.78
1975 1.83 1.36 0.83 1.03 1.71 11.6 18.9 15.1 18.3 10.8 4.3 2.6
1976 1.85 1.58 1.11 1.52 6.59 16.6 22.9 23.8 17.9 10.7 7.84 6.06
1979 2 1.25 0.89 1.47 3.05 5.66 6.18 9.67 7.56 3.06 1.51 1.15
1984 1.74 1.57 1.24 2.07 7.95 7.57 17.9 13 12.7 6.68 3.53 2.05
1985 1.48 1.29 1.11 1.06 3.07 6.06 19.9 19.5 13.1 8.76 5.52 3.33
1986 2.23 1.53 1.28 1.37 2.13 8.36 11.5 12.6 13.3 8.89 4.39 2.7
1987 1.66 1.27 1.27 1.46 1.6 5.05 8.63 13.1 16.5 11.5 5.01 2.82
1988 1.7 1.2 1.57 0.92 2.12 2.1 10.7 23.4 13.9 8.61 3.99 2.56
1989 2.1 1.52 2.01 1.15 2.51 7.05 12.45 19.4 13 8.65 4.15 2.37
1990 2.14 1.9 1.96 2.17 5.46 12 14.2 15.4 12.1 8.68 4.3 2.18
1991 2.17 1.35 1.29 1.48 3.33 6.65 12.4 20.5 12.6 5.13 2.82 1.67
1992 1.43 1.26 0.98 2.09 3.78 7.52 13.4 20.95 13.95 6.74 3.08 1.97
1993 1.91 2.53 2.02 2.69 4.22 8.39 14.4 21.4 15.3 8.34 3.33 2.26
1994 1.5 1.22 1.08 1.16 2.3 13.2 21.4 20.3 16.45 6.75 4.11 3.43
84
1995 2.47 2.1 1.86 2.1 4.93 14.8 18.6 21.6 14 9.92 6.46 3.86
1996 2.94 2.17 2.18 1.69 8.07 12.2 19.3 19.7 15.4 12 6.32 3.95
1997 2.82 2.55 1.87 2.04 3.46 7.92 10.21 19.9 15 5.84 3.3 2.13
1998 1.26 0.75 0.56 4.72 11.1 15.7 14.4 12 10.4 6.96 3.72 2.87
1999 2.5 1.97 1.38 1.42 6.24 10.4 15.6 14.1 11.5 10.8 7.65 3.78
2000 2.17 1.67 1.36 2.56 9.62 10 13.2 11.2 8.56 6.25 3.95 2.53
2001 1.83 1.57 1.18 3.72 14.5 19.7 14.1 15.9 13.7 9.71 6.25 4.37
2002 3.23 2.14 1.56 3.87 7.89 11.1 15.5 16 9.82 5.45 4.02 2.86
2003 1.97 1.73 2.55 2.19 6.84 6.84 9.59 10.7 10.2 7.72 5.61 3.2
2004 2.16 1.35 0.85 1.4 3.48 13.7 11.6 10.9 12.2 9.84 5.22 2.85
2005 1.6 0.64 0.52 0.74 1.28 4.1 15.8 13 12.4 10.5 7.87 5.26
2006 2.63 1.88 2.2 7.37 3.22 11.9 15.5 13.4 14.6 9.77 7.87 5.4
2007 2.29 3.11 2.47 4.81 5.44 10.4 15.1 15.6 21.4 12.4 6.92 4.72
2008 1.97 1.59 1.43 1.92 2.4 10.5 14.4 17.6 21.5 15 8.31 5.27
2009 3.41 2.62 3.56 5.87 11.8 11.1 11.4 14 10 6.25 4.38 3.11
2010 2.31 1.9 1.64 1.48 2.08 4.65 12 14.6 13.6 9.57 6.36 3.32
85
1.3 Discharge of Yankhuwa Khola

USING CATCHMENT AREA RATIO
Average Monthly Discharge
Derived From Shaba Khola
River Yankhuwa Khola
Catchment Area 64.6 km2
1981 0.384 0.321 0.298 0.730 0.867 1.378 3.154 4.046 2.659 0.940 0.632 0.468
1982 0.383 0.360 0.336 0.500 0.908 2.116 5.189 3.494 2.594 1.224 0.916 0.651
1983 0.490 0.399 0.346 0.366 2.148 2.675 5.683 4.029 4.370 1.994 1.094 0.713
1984 0.529 0.470 0.375 0.752 2.302 2.351 5.618 3.235 4.759 1.889 1.167 0.768
1985 0.567 0.507 0.450 0.509 1.467 4.418 6.924 5.335 4.816 2.096 1.289 0.765
1986 0.532 0.406 0.356 0.589 0.726 2.246 3.802 4.119 4.216 2.302 1.030 0.642
1987 0.457 0.362 0.446 0.572 0.859 1.605 3.916 4.800 6.291 3.186 1.516 0.819
1988 0.573 0.480 0.484 0.531 0.949 1.735 4.248 6.526 5.456 2.335 1.038 0.692
1989 0.564 0.451 0.516 0.422 0.957 2.246 4.386 5.108 6.032 2.035 1.297 0.843
1990 0.560 0.521 0.542 0.743 1.873 2.882 4.090 5.728 5.476 1.962 1.094 0.704
1991 0.575 0.398 0.367 0.602 1.216 3.519 3.794 6.348 4.921 1.889 0.892 0.564
1992 0.517 0.414 0.329 0.536 0.773 1.857 5.310 4.281 3.510 2.805 1.017 0.598
1993 0.460 0.430 0.290 0.469 1.492 1.873 3.632 6.283 3.754 3.016 1.143 0.632
1994 0.503 0.375 0.409 0.439 0.827 2.797 3.340 5.513 5.959 2.019 1.119 0.811
1995 0.608 0.546 0.470 0.412 1.848 4.200 4.256 5.545 3.997 2.027 1.330 0.908
86
1996 0.657 0.385 0.321 0.326 2.667 5.432 6.316 3.674 2.878 1.646 0.908 0.726
1997 0.609 0.550 0.503 0.524 0.827 1.978 1.913 2.554 2.497 1.378 0.940 0.732
1998 0.627 0.546 0.524 0.688 1.338 2.473 2.756 3.316 1.978 1.678 0.957 0.698
1999 0.559 0.449 0.425 0.501 2.732 4.840 6.997 4.735 5.124 4.297 1.719 0.908
2000 0.616 0.529 0.443 0.445 1.451 3.316 5.894 5.999 2.011 1.086 0.709 0.529
2001 0.409 0.383 0.390 0.470 1.013 1.313 1.443 3.592 3.559 3.040 0.940 0.693
2002 0.580 0.482 0.425 0.502 0.811 2.416 3.883 4.337 2.708 1.249 0.682 0.361
2003 0.321 0.330 0.366 0.476 0.459 4.945 4.418 4.305 3.875 3.486 1.294 0.615
2004 0.546 0.457 0.374 0.598 1.646 3.113 4.346 4.102 6.259 3.794 1.905 0.867
2005 0.525 0.467 0.398 0.429 0.777 2.157 4.005 3.989 3.721 1.411 0.794 0.623
2006 0.475 0.439 0.426 0.561 0.892 1.638 2.075 2.911 4.248 1.711 1.249 0.751
2007 0.588 0.496 0.536 0.756 1.411 2.878 5.424 5.205 4.848 2.635 1.694 0.876
2008 0.515 0.397 0.341 0.704 1.451 4.143 6.364 6.640 5.659 2.732 1.289 0.932
2009 0.587 0.381 0.254 0.843 1.062 2.075 4.694 9.648 4.556 1.360 0.652 0.383
2010 0.250 0.166 0.154 0.384 1.184 4.775 6.753 8.269 9.080 2.935 0.770 0.422
Avg 0.519 0.430 0.397 0.546 1.298 2.846 4.488 4.922 4.394 2.205 1.103 0.690
87
Derived From Shaba Khola
River Yankhuwa Khola
Catchment Area 64.6 km2
1974 1.580 1.068 0.894 1.297 2.872 5.885 18.201 17.057 13.351 9.264 3.678 1.515
1975 0.997 0.741 0.452 0.561 0.932 6.321 10.299 8.229 9.972 5.885 2.343 1.417
1976 1.008 0.861 0.605 0.828 3.591 9.046 12.479 12.970 9.754 5.831 4.272 3.302
1979 1.090 0.681 0.485 0.801 1.662 3.084 3.368 5.270 4.120 1.668 0.823 0.627
1984 0.948 0.856 0.676 1.128 4.332 4.125 9.754 7.084 6.921 3.640 1.924 1.117
1985 0.807 0.703 0.605 0.578 1.673 3.302 10.844 10.626 7.139 4.774 3.008 1.815
1986 1.215 0.834 0.698 0.747 1.161 4.556 6.267 6.866 7.248 4.845 2.392 1.471
1987 0.905 0.692 0.692 0.796 0.872 2.752 4.703 7.139 8.992 6.267 2.730 1.537
1988 0.926 0.654 0.856 0.501 1.155 1.144 5.831 12.752 7.575 4.692 2.174 1.395
1989 1.144 0.828 1.095 0.627 1.368 3.842 6.785 10.572 7.084 4.714 2.262 1.292
1990 1.166 1.035 1.068 1.183 2.975 6.539 7.738 8.392 6.594 4.730 2.343 1.188
1991 1.183 0.736 0.703 0.807 1.815 3.624 6.757 11.171 6.866 2.796 1.537 0.910
1992 0.779 0.687 0.534 1.139 2.060 4.098 7.302 11.416 7.602 3.673 1.678 1.074
1993 1.041 1.379 1.101 1.466 2.300 4.572 7.847 11.662 8.338 4.545 1.815 1.232
1994 0.817 0.665 0.589 0.632 1.253 7.193 11.662 11.062 8.964 3.678 2.240 1.869
1995 1.346 1.144 1.014 1.144 2.687 8.065 10.136 11.771 7.629 5.406 3.520 2.103
1996 1.602 1.183 1.188 0.921 4.398 6.648 10.517 10.735 8.392 6.539 3.444 2.153
1997 1.537 1.390 1.019 1.112 1.885 4.316 5.564 10.844 8.174 3.182 1.798 1.161
88
1998 0.687 0.409 0.305 2.572 6.049 8.556 7.847 6.539 5.667 3.793 2.027 1.564
1999 1.362 1.074 0.752 0.774 3.400 5.667 8.501 7.684 6.267 5.885 4.169 2.060
2000 1.183 0.910 0.741 1.395 5.242 5.449 7.193 6.103 4.665 3.406 2.153 1.379
2001 0.997 0.856 0.643 2.027 7.902 10.735 7.684 8.665 7.466 5.291 3.406 2.381
2002 1.760 1.166 0.850 2.109 4.300 6.049 8.447 8.719 5.351 2.970 2.191 1.559
2003 1.074 0.943 1.390 1.193 3.727 3.727 5.226 5.831 5.558 4.207 3.057 1.744
2004 1.177 0.736 0.463 0.763 1.896 7.466 6.321 5.940 6.648 5.362 2.845 1.553
2005 0.872 0.349 0.283 0.403 0.698 2.234 8.610 7.084 6.757 5.722 4.289 2.866
2006 1.433 1.024 1.199 4.016 1.755 6.485 8.447 7.302 7.956 5.324 4.289 2.943
2007 1.248 1.695 1.346 2.621 2.964 5.667 8.229 8.501 11.662 6.757 3.771 2.572
2008 1.074 0.866 0.779 1.046 1.308 5.722 7.847 9.591 11.716 8.174 4.528 2.872
2009 1.858 1.428 1.940 3.199 6.430 6.049 6.212 7.629 5.449 3.406 2.387 1.695
2010 1.259 1.035 0.894 0.807 1.133 2.534 6.539 7.956 7.411 5.215 3.466 1.809
Avg 1.164 0.923 0.834 1.264 2.768 5.337 8.166 9.134 7.654 4.892 2.792 1.747
89
FLOOD ANALYSIS
HIGH FLOOD ANALYSIS AT INTAKE
Instantaneous Flood Discharge Calculation for Yankhuwa Khola
Discharge of Sabha Discharge of Yankhuwa from

Year
Khola(m3/s) Sabha(m3/s)
1974 210.00 17.025
1975 360.00 29.186
1976 222.00 17.998
1977 154.00 12.485
1978 309.00 25.052
1979 532.00 43.131
1980 333.00 26.997
1981 215.00 17.431
1982 489.00 39.645
1983 694.00 56.265
1984 161.00 13.053
1985 222.00 17.998
1986 128.00 10.377
1987 459.00 37.212
1988 213.00 17.269
1989 314.00 25.457
1990 260.00 21.079
90
1991 215.00 17.431
1992 210.00 17.025
1993 147.00 11.918
1994 274.00 22.214
1995 129.00 10.458
1996 340.00 27.565
1997 108.00 8.756
1998 98.00 7.945
1999 139.00 11.269
2000 155.00 12.566
2001 124.00 10.053
2002 110.00 8.918
2003 417.00 33.807
2004 112.00 9.080
2005 98.00 7.945
2006 124.00 10.053
2007 150.00 12.161
2008 155.00 12.566
2009 261 21.160
2010 323 26.187
91
GUMBEL
Discharge
of Decending Return
Year rank Yt Kt Xt(m3/s)
Yankhuwa order Period
Khola(m3/s)
1974 17.025 56.265 1 38 3.624 2.681 49.671
1975 29.186 43.131 2 19 2.918 2.067 42.786
1976 17.998 39.645 3 12.6667 2.498 1.702 38.701
1977 12.485 37.212 4 9.5 2.196 1.439 35.759
1978 25.052 33.807 5 7.6 1.958 1.232 33.443
1979 43.131 29.186 6 6.3333 1.761 1.061 31.521
1980 26.997 27.565 7 5.4286 1.592 0.913 29.869
1981 17.431 26.997 8 4.75 1.442 0.783 28.414
1982 39.645 26.187 9 4.2222 1.308 0.667 27.109
1983 56.265 25.457 10 3.8 1.186 0.561 25.920
1984 13.053 25.052 11 3.4545 1.074 0.463 24.824
1985 17.998 22.214 12 3.1667 0.969 0.372 23.803
1986 10.377 21.160 13 2.9231 0.871 0.286 22.845
1987 37.212 21.079 14 2.7143 0.778 0.205 21.939
1988 17.269 17.998 15 2.5333 0.689 0.128 21.076
1989 25.457 17.998 16 2.3750 0.604 0.054 20.249
1990 21.079 17.431 17 2.2353 0.522 -0.017 19.454
1991 17.431 17.431 18 2.1111 0.443 -0.086 18.684
92
1992 17.025 17.269 19 2 0.367 -0.152 17.935
1993 11.918 17.025 20 1.9 0.291 -0.218 17.203
1994 22.214 17.025 21 1.8095 0.218 -0.282 16.485
1995 10.458 13.053 22 1.7273 0.145 -0.345 15.777
1996 27.565 12.566 23 1.6522 0.073 -0.408 15.076
1997 8.756 12.566 24 1.5833 0.001 -0.470 14.378
1998 7.945 12.485 25 1.52 -0.070 -0.532 13.681
1999 11.269 12.161 26 1.4615 -0.142 -0.595 12.980
2000 12.566 11.918 27 1.4074 -0.215 -0.658 12.271
2001 10.053 11.269 28 1.3571 -0.289 -0.723 11.549
2002 8.918 10.458 29 1.3103 -0.365 -0.789 10.809
2003 33.807 10.377 30 1.2667 -0.443 -0.857 10.044
2004 9.080 10.053 31 1.2258 -0.526 -0.929 9.243
2005 7.945 10.053 32 1.1875 -0.613 -1.004 8.393
2006 10.053 9.080 33 1.1515 -0.707 -1.086 7.475
2007 12.161 8.918 34 1.1176 -0.812 -1.177 6.458
2008 12.566 8.756 35 1.0857 -0.932 -1.282 5.287
2009 21.160 7.945 36 1.0556 -1.080 -1.411 3.844
2010 26.187 7.945 37 1.0270 -1.291 -1.595 1.784
Std 11.199 yn-bar 0.542
Mean 19.642 Sn 1.150
93
Return Period Yt kt Xt
2 0.366512921 -0.152 17.935
5 1.499939987 0.834 28.976
10 2.250367327 1.486 36.287
15 2.673752092 1.855 40.411
20 2.970195249 2.112 43.299
25 3.198534261 2.311 45.524
30 3.384294493 2.473 47.333
50 3.901938658 2.923 52.376
100 4.600149227 3.530 59.178
200 5.295812143 4.135 65.955
500 6.213607264 4.934 74.896
1000 6.907255071 5.537 81.654
94
LOG PEARSON METHOD
No. of Obseravtion 37
Discharge of
Year y=logX (y-ym)^2 (y-ym)^3
Yankhuwa Khola(m3/s)
1974 17.025 1.231 0.0000 0.0000
1975 29.186 1.465 0.0536 0.0124
1976 17.998 1.255 0.0005 0.0000
1977 12.485 1.096 0.0188 -0.0026
1978 25.052 1.399 0.0273 0.0045
1979 43.131 1.635 0.1609 0.0645
1980 26.997 1.431 0.0391 0.0077
1981 17.431 1.241 0.0001 0.0000
1982 39.645 1.598 0.1329 0.0484
1983 56.265 1.750 0.2668 0.1378
1984 13.053 1.116 0.0139 -0.0016
1985 17.998 1.255 0.0005 0.0000
1986 10.377 1.016 0.0473 -0.0103
1987 37.212 1.571 0.1136 0.0383
1988 17.269 1.237 0.0000 0.0000
1989 25.457 1.406 0.0296 0.0051
1990 21.079 1.324 0.0081 0.0007
1991 17.431 1.241 0.0001 0.0000
1992 17.025 1.231 0.0000 0.0000
95
1993 11.918 1.076 0.0248 -0.0039
1994 22.214 1.347 0.0128 0.0014
1995 10.458 1.019 0.0459 -0.0098
1996 27.565 1.440 0.0427 0.0088
1997 8.756 0.942 0.0849 -0.0247
1998 7.945 0.900 0.1113 -0.0371
1999 11.269 1.052 0.0330 -0.0060
2000 12.566 1.099 0.0181 -0.0024
2001 10.053 1.002 0.0535 -0.0124
2002 8.918 0.950 0.0803 -0.0228
2003 33.807 1.529 0.0872 0.0258
2004 9.080 0.958 0.0759 -0.0209
2005 7.945 0.900 0.1113 -0.0371
2006 10.053 1.002 0.0535 -0.0124
2007 12.161 1.085 0.0221 -0.0033
2008 12.566 1.099 0.0181 -0.0024
2009 21.160 1.326 0.0084 0.0008
2010 26.187 1.418 0.0340 0.0063
mean 1.234
SD 0.226
Cs 0.0000
96
Return
P W Z kt yt xt
Period (T)
2 0.500 1.177 0.000 -0.066 1.219 16.554
5 0.200 1.794 0.841 0.816 1.418 26.164
10 0.100 2.146 1.282 1.316 1.530 33.918
15 0.067 2.327 1.501 1.576 1.589 38.814
20 0.050 2.448 1.645 1.749 1.628 42.479
25 0.040 2.537 1.751 1.879 1.657 45.441
30 0.033 2.608 1.834 1.982 1.681 47.944
50 0.020 2.797 2.054 2.260 1.743 55.376
100 0.010 3.035 2.327 2.614 1.823 66.554
200 0.005 3.255 2.576 2.948 1.898 79.151
500 0.002 3.526 2.879 3.365 1.993 98.301
1000 0.001 3.717 3.091 3.666 2.060 114.939
97
LOG NORMAL
S.No Year Discharge of Yankhuwa Khola (m3/s) Y=logX
1 1974 17.025 1.231
2 1975 29.186 1.465
3 1976 17.998 1.255
4 1977 12.485 1.096
5 1978 25.052 1.399
6 1979 43.131 1.635
7 1980 26.997 1.431
8 1981 17.431 1.241
9 1982 39.645 1.598
10 1983 56.265 1.750
11 1984 13.053 1.116
12 1985 17.998 1.255
13 1986 10.377 1.016
14 1987 37.212 1.571
15 1988 17.269 1.237
16 1989 25.457 1.406
17 1990 21.079 1.324
18 1991 17.431 1.241
19 1992 17.025 1.231
20 1993 11.918 1.076
98
21 1994 22.214 1.347
22 1995 10.458 1.019
23 1996 27.565 1.440
24 1997 8.756 0.942
25 1998 7.945 0.900
26 1999 11.269 1.052
27 2000 12.566 1.099
28 2001 10.053 1.002
29 2002 8.918 0.950
30 2003 33.807 1.529
31 2004 9.080 0.958
32 2005 7.945 0.900
33 2006 10.053 1.002
34 2007 12.161 1.085
35 2008 12.566 1.099
36 2009 21.160 1.326
37 2010 26.187 1.418
Average of Y 1.234
Std 0.226
99
Return period P W Z Kt Yt Xt
2 0.5 1.177 0.000 0.000 1.234 17.126
5 0.2 1.794 0.841 0.841 1.423 26.511
10 0.1 2.146 1.282 1.282 1.523 33.321
15 0.0667 2.327 1.501 1.501 1.572 37.347
20 0.05 2.448 1.645 1.645 1.605 40.243
25 0.04 2.537 1.751 1.751 1.629 42.518
30 0.0333 2.608 1.834 1.834 1.647 44.396
50 0.02 2.797 2.054 2.054 1.697 49.765
100 0.01 3.035 2.327 2.327 1.758 57.333
200 0.005 3.255 2.576 2.576 1.815 65.262
500 0.002 3.526 2.879 2.879 1.883 76.354
1000 0.001 3.717 3.091 3.091 1.931 85.240
100
FLOOD DISCHARGE CALCULATED FROM DIFFERENT METHOD AT

DIFFERENT STATION WITH THEIR RETURN PERIOD
Return Period Gumbel Log Pearson Log Normal
2 17.935 16.554 17.126
5 28.976 26.164 26.511
10 36.287 33.918 33.321
15 40.411 38.814 37.347
20 43.299 42.479 40.243
25 45.524 45.441 42.518
30 47.333 47.944 44.396
50 52.376 55.376 49.765
100 59.178 66.554 57.333
200 65.955 79.151 65.262
500 74.896 98.301 76.354
1000 81.654 114.939 85.240
101
High Flood Analysis at Intake

140.000
120.000
Discharge (m3/s
100.000
80.000
gumbel
60.000
log person
40.000 log normal
20.000
0.000
2 5 10 15 20 25 30 50 100 200 500 1000
Return Period (yr)
102
LOW FLOOD ANALYSIS
GUMBEL
Discharge
of Decending Return
S.No Year Rank Yt Kt Xt(m3/s)
Yankhuwa order Period
(m3/s)
1 1974 0.271 56.265 1 38 3.624 2.712 0.542
2 1975 0.261 43.131 2 19 2.918 2.049 0.486
3 1976 0.276 39.645 3 12.6667 2.498 1.656 0.452
4 1977 0.358 37.212 4 9.5 2.196 1.373 0.429
5 1978 0.337 33.807 5 7.6 1.958 1.150 0.410
6 1979 0.348 29.186 6 6.3333 1.761 0.965 0.394
7 1980 0.292 27.565 7 5.4286 1.592 0.806 0.381
8 1981 0.276 26.997 8 4.75 1.442 0.666 0.369
9 1982 0.308 26.187 9 4.2222 1.308 0.540 0.358
10 1983 0.309 25.457 10 3.8 1.186 0.426 0.349
11 1984 0.324 25.052 11 3.4545 1.074 0.320 0.340
12 1985 0.344 22.214 12 3.1667 0.969 0.222 0.331
13 1986 0.247 21.160 13 2.9231 0.871 0.130 0.324
14 1987 0.272 21.079 14 2.7143 0.778 0.043 0.316
15 1988 0.334 17.998 15 2.5333 0.689 -0.040 0.309
16 1989 0.365 17.998 16 2.375 0.604 -0.120 0.303
17 1990 0.430 17.431 17 2.2353 0.522 -0.197 0.296
103
18 1991 0.292 17.431 18 2.1111 0.443 -0.271 0.290
19 1992 0.000 17.269 19 2 0.367 -0.343 0.284
20 1993 0.178 17.025 20 1.9 0.291 -0.413 0.278
21 1994 0.276 17.025 21 1.8095 0.218 -0.482 0.272
22 1995 0.349 13.053 22 1.7273 0.145 -0.551 0.266
23 1996 0.259 12.566 23 1.6522 0.073 -0.618 0.261
24 1997 0.438 12.566 24 1.5833 0.001 -0.685 0.255
25 1998 0.477 12.485 25 1.52 -0.070 -0.752 0.249
26 1999 0.412 12.161 26 1.4615 -0.142 -0.820 0.244
27 2000 0.276 11.918 27 1.4074 -0.215 -0.888 0.238
28 2001 0.369 11.269 28 1.3571 -0.289 -0.957 0.232
29 2002 0.315 10.458 29 1.3103 -0.365 -1.029 0.226
30 2003 0.276 10.377 30 1.2667 -0.443 -1.102 0.220
31 2004 0.302 10.053 31 1.2258 -0.526 -1.180 0.213
32 2005 0.328 10.053 32 1.1875 -0.613 -1.261 0.206
33 2006 0.422 9.080 33 1.1515 -0.707 -1.350 0.199
Std 0.084
Average 0.313
yn-bar 0.732
Sn 1.066
104
Return Period Yt kt Xt
2 0.366512921 -0.343 0.284
5 -0.475884995 -1.133 0.217
10 -0.834032445 -1.469 0.189
15 -0.996228893 -1.621 0.176
20 -1.0971887 -1.715 0.168
25 -1.169032176 -1.783 0.162
30 -1.224127541 -1.834 0.158
50 -1.364054633 -1.966 0.147
100 -1.527179626 -2.119 0.134
200 -1.667389292 -2.250 0.123
500 -1.826902666 -2.400 0.110
1000 -1.932644734 -2.499 0.102
105
LOG PEARSON III METHOD
Number of Observations: 37
Year Discharge of Yankhuwa (m3/s) y=logX (y-ym)^2 (y-ym)^3
1974 0.271 -0.567 0.0046 -0.0003
1975 0.261 -0.583 0.0070 -0.0006
1976 0.276 -0.560 0.0036 -0.0002
1977 0.358 -0.446 0.0029 0.0002
1978 0.337 -0.472 0.0008 0.0000
1979 0.348 -0.459 0.0017 0.0001
1980 0.292 -0.535 0.0012 0.0000
1981 0.276 -0.560 0.0036 -0.0002
1982 0.308 -0.511 0.0001 0.0000
1983 0.309 -0.510 0.0001 0.0000
1984 0.324 -0.489 0.0001 0.0000
1985 0.344 -0.464 0.0013 0.0000
1986 0.247 -0.607 0.0115 -0.0012
1987 0.272 -0.565 0.0042 -0.0003
1988 0.334 -0.476 0.0006 0.0000
1989 0.365 -0.438 0.0038 0.0002
1990 0.430 -0.366 0.0179 0.0024
1991 0.292 -0.535 0.0012 0.0000
106
1993 0.178 -0.749 0.0619 -0.0154
1994 0.276 -0.560 0.0036 -0.0002
1995 0.349 -0.457 0.0019 0.0001
1996 0.259 -0.586 0.0074 -0.0006
1997 0.438 -0.359 0.0199 0.0028
1998 0.477 -0.322 0.0317 0.0056
1999 0.412 -0.385 0.0131 0.0015
2000 0.276 -0.560 0.0036 -0.0002
2001 0.369 -0.433 0.0044 0.0003
2002 0.315 -0.502 0.0000 0.0000
2003 0.276 -0.560 0.0036 -0.0002
2004 0.302 -0.521 0.0004 0.0000
2005 0.328 -0.485 0.0002 0.0000
2006 0.422 -0.375 0.0155 0.0019
N 37.000 SUM 0.2335 -0.0044
Mean -0.500
SD 0.087
Coeff of skewness -0.1975
107
Return
Period P P'= 1-P W=sqrt(ln(1/P'^2)) Z Kt Yt Xt
(T)
2 0.500 0.500 1.177 0.000 0.033 -0.497 0.318
5 0.200 0.800 0.668 -0.829 -0.817 -0.571 0.269
10 0.100 0.900 0.459 -1.241 -1.257 -0.609 0.246
15 0.067 0.933 0.371 -1.435 -1.468 -0.627 0.236
20 0.050 0.950 0.320 -1.556 -1.601 -0.639 0.230
25 0.040 0.960 0.286 -1.641 -1.695 -0.647 0.225
30 0.033 0.967 0.260 -1.706 -1.767 -0.653 0.222
50 0.020 0.980 0.201 -1.865 -1.945 -0.669 0.214
100 0.010 0.990 0.142 -2.037 -2.139 -0.685 0.206
200 0.005 0.995 0.100 -2.166 -2.287 -0.698 0.200
500 0.002 0.998 0.063 -2.288 -2.427 -0.710 0.195
1000 0.001 0.999 0.045 -2.352 -2.501 -0.717 0.192
108
S.N. Year Discharge of Yankhuwa (m3/s) Y=logX
1 1974 0.271 -0.567
2 1975 0.261 -0.583
3 1976 0.276 -0.560
4 1977 0.358 -0.446
5 1978 0.337 -0.472
6 1979 0.348 -0.459
7 1980 0.292 -0.535
8 1981 0.276 -0.560
9 1982 0.308 -0.511
10 1983 0.309 -0.510
11 1984 0.324 -0.489
12 1985 0.344 -0.464
13 1986 0.247 -0.607
14 1987 0.272 -0.565
15 1988 0.334 -0.476
16 1989 0.365 -0.438
17 1990 0.430 -0.366
18 1991 0.292 -0.535
20 1993 0.178 -0.749
21 1994 0.276 -0.560
22 1995 0.349 -0.457
109
23 1996 0.259 -0.586
24 1997 0.438 -0.359
25 1998 0.477 -0.322
26 1999 0.412 -0.385
27 2000 0.276 -0.560
28 2001 0.369 -0.433
29 2002 0.315 -0.502
30 2003 0.276 -0.560
31 2004 0.302 -0.521
32 2005 0.328 -0.485
33 2006 0.422 -0.375
Average of Y -0.500
SD of Y 0.087
110
LOG NORMAL
Return
P P'=1-P W=sqrt(1/(P’^2)) Z Kt Yt Xt
period
2 0.5 0.5 1.177 0.000 0.000 -0.500 0.316
5 0.2 0.8 0.668 -0.829 -0.829 -0.572 0.268
10 0.1 0.9 0.459 -1.241 -1.241 -0.608 0.247
15 0.0667 0.9333 0.371 -1.435 -1.435 -0.624 0.237
20 0.05 0.95 0.320 -1.556 -1.556 -0.635 0.232
25 0.04 0.96 0.286 -1.641 -1.641 -0.642 0.228
30 0.0333 0.9667 0.260 -1.706 -1.706 -0.648 0.225
50 0.02 0.98 0.201 -1.865 -1.865 -0.662 0.218
100 0.01 0.99 0.142 -2.037 -2.037 -0.677 0.211
200 0.005 0.995 0.100 -2.166 -2.166 -0.688 0.205
500 0.002 0.998 0.063 -2.288 -2.288 -0.698 0.200
1000 0.001 0.999 0.045 -2.352 -2.352 -0.704 0.198
111

Return Period Gumbel Log Pearson Log Normal
2 0.284 0.318 0.316
5 0.217 0.269 0.268
10 0.189 0.246 0.247
15 0.176 0.236 0.237
20 0.168 0.230 0.232
25 0.162 0.225 0.228
30 0.158 0.222 0.225
50 0.147 0.214 0.218
100 0.134 0.206 0.211
200 0.123 0.200 0.205
500 0.110 0.195 0.200
1000 0.102 0.192 0.198
112
Low Flood Analysis at Intake

0.900
0.800
0.700 gumbel
Discharge (m3/s)
0.600
0.500 log person
0.400
log normal
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
2 5 10 15 20 25 30 50 100 200 500 1000
Return Period ( yr)
113
CONSTRUCTION FLOOD ANALYSIS
GUMBEL
Instantaneous maximum
Discharge Descending Rank Time
Year Yt Kt Xt
Shabha Order (m) Period
Yankhuwa Khola
Khola
1974 210.00 17.025 56.265 1 38 3.624 2.681 49.671
1975 360.00 29.186 43.131 2 19 2.918 2.067 42.786
1976 222.00 17.998 39.645 3 12.6667 2.498 1.702 38.701
1977 154.00 12.485 37.212 4 9.5 2.196 1.439 35.759
1978 309.00 25.052 33.807 5 7.6 1.958 1.232 33.443
1979 532.00 43.131 29.186 6 6.3333 1.761 1.061 31.521
1980 333.00 26.997 27.565 7 5.4286 1.592 0.913 29.869
1981 215.00 17.431 26.997 8 4.75 1.442 0.783 28.414
1982 489.00 39.645 26.187 9 4.222 1.308 0.667 27.109
1983 694.00 56.265 25.457 10 3.8 1.186 0.561 25.920
1984 161.00 13.053 25.052 11 3.455 1.074 0.463 24.824
1985 222.00 17.998 22.214 12 3.1667 0.969 0.372 23.803
1986 128.00 10.377 21.160 13 2.923 0.871 0.286 22.845
1987 459.00 37.212 21.079 14 2.7143 0.778 0.205 21.939
1988 213.00 17.269 17.998 15 2.5333 0.689 0.128 21.076
1989 314.00 25.457 17.998 16 2.375 0.604 0.054 20.249
1990 260.00 21.079 17.431 17 2.235 0.522 -0.017 19.454
114
1991 215.00 17.431 17.431 18 2.111 0.443 -0.086 18.684
1992 210.00 17.025 17.269 19 2.000 0.367 -0.152 17.935
1993 147.00 11.918 17.025 20 1.9 0.291 -0.218 17.203
1994 274.00 22.214 17.025 21 1.8095 0.218 -0.282 16.485
1995 129.00 10.458 13.053 22 1.727 0.145 -0.345 15.777
1996 340.00 27.565 12.566 23 1.652 0.073 -0.408 15.076
1997 108.00 8.756 12.566 24 1.5833 0.001 -0.470 14.378
1998 98.00 7.945 12.485 25 1.52 -0.070 -0.532 13.681
1999 139.00 11.269 12.161 26 1.462 -0.142 -0.595 12.980
2000 155.00 12.566 11.918 27 1.407 -0.215 -0.658 12.271
2001 124.00 10.053 11.269 28 1.3571 -0.289 -0.723 11.549
2002 110.00 8.918 10.458 29 1.310 -0.365 -0.789 10.809
2003 417.00 33.807 10.377 30 1.2667 -0.443 -0.857 10.044
2004 112.00 9.080 10.053 31 1.2258 -0.526 -0.929 9.243
2005 98.00 7.945 10.053 32 1.1875 -0.613 -1.004 8.393
2006 124.00 10.053 9.080 33 1.152 -0.707 -1.086 7.475
2007 150.00 12.161 8.918 34 1.118 -0.812 -1.177 6.458
2008 155.00 12.566 8.756 35 1.0857 -0.932 -1.282 5.287
2009 261 21.160 7.945 36 1.056 -1.080 -1.411 3.844
2010 323 26.187 7.945 37 1.027 -1.291 -1.595 1.784
Mean 19.642 yn 0.542
Standard Deviation 11.199 sn 1.150
115
Return Period (T) Yt Kt Xt
2 0.367 -0.152 17.935
5 1.500 0.834 28.976
10 2.250 1.486 36.287
15 2.674 1.855 40.411
20 2.970 2.112 43.299
25 3.199 2.311 45.524
30 3.384 2.473 47.333
50 3.902 2.923 52.376
100 4.600 3.530 59.178
200 5.296 4.135 65.955
500 6.214 4.934 74.896
1000 6.907 5.537 81.653
116
LOG PEARSON III METHOD
Year Discharge of Yankhuwa khola Y=log(X) (Y-Ym)3
1974 17.025 1.231 0.000
1975 29.186 1.465 0.012
1976 17.998 1.255 0.000
1977 12.485 1.096 -0.003
1978 25.052 1.399 0.005
1979 43.131 1.635 0.065
1980 26.997 1.431 0.008
1981 17.431 1.241 0.000
1982 39.645 1.598 0.048
1983 56.265 1.750 0.138
1984 13.053 1.116 -0.002
1985 17.998 1.255 0.000
1986 10.377 1.016 -0.010
1987 37.212 1.571 0.038
1988 17.269 1.237 0.000
1989 25.457 1.406 0.005
1990 21.079 1.324 0.001
1991 17.431 1.241 0.000
1992 17.025 1.231 0.000
1993 11.918 1.076 -0.004
117
1994 22.214 1.347 0.001
1995 10.458 1.019 -0.010
1996 27.565 1.440 0.009
1997 8.756 0.942 -0.025
1998 7.945 0.900 -0.037
1999 11.269 1.052 -0.006
2000 12.566 1.099 -0.002
2001 10.053 1.002 -0.012
2002 8.918 0.950 -0.023
2003 33.807 1.529 0.026
2004 9.080 0.958 -0.021
2005 7.945 0.900 -0.037
2006 10.053 1.002 -0.012
2007 12.161 1.085 -0.003
2008 12.566 1.099 -0.002
2009 21.160 1.326 0.001
2010 26.187 1.418 0.006
118
Return Period (T) P W Z KT YT XT
2 0.500 1.177 0.000 -0.066 1.219 16.554
5 0.200 1.794 0.841 0.816 1.418 26.164
10 0.100 2.146 1.282 1.316 1.530 33.918
15 0.067 2.327 1.501 1.576 1.589 38.814
20 0.050 2.448 1.645 1.749 1.628 42.479
25 0.040 2.537 1.751 1.879 1.657 45.441
30 0.033 2.608 1.834 1.982 1.681 47.944
50 0.020 2.797 2.054 2.260 1.743 55.376
100 0.010 3.035 2.327 2.614 1.823 66.554
200 0.005 3.255 2.576 2.948 1.898 79.151
500 0.002 3.526 2.879 3.365 1.993 98.301
1000 0.001 3.717 3.091 3.666 2.060 114.939
119
LOG NORMAL
Year Discharge of Yankhuwa khola Y=log(X)
1974 17.025 1.231094913
1975 29.186 1.465178119
1976 17.998 1.255228593
1977 12.485 1.096396339
1978 25.052 1.398834098
1979 43.131 1.634787251
1980 26.997 1.431319852
1981 17.431 1.241314078
1982 39.645 1.598184478
1983 56.265 1.750235089
1984 13.053 1.115701495
1985 17.998 1.255228593
1986 10.377 1.016085588
1987 37.212 1.570688304
1988 17.269 1.237255222
1989 25.457 1.405805267
1990 21.079 1.323848967
1991 17.431 1.241314078
1992 17.025 1.231094913
1993 11.918 1.076192953
120
1994 22.214 1.346626181
1995 10.458 1.019465329
1996 27.565 1.440354536
1997 8.756 0.942299374
1998 7.945 0.900101694
1999 11.269 1.051890419
2000 12.566 1.099207317
2001 10.053 1.002297304
2002 8.918 0.950268304
2003 33.807 1.529011674
2004 9.080 0.958093641
2005 7.945 0.900101694
2006 10.053 1.002297304
2007 12.161 1.084966878
2008 12.566 1.099207317
2009 21.160 1.325516126
2010 26.187 1.418078141
Mean 1.23366
Std 0.22552
121
Return Period (T) P W Z KT YT XT
2 0.500 1.177 0.000 0.000 1.234 17.126
5 0.200 1.794 0.841 0.841 1.423 26.511
10 0.100 2.146 1.282 1.282 1.523 33.321
15 0.067 2.327 1.501 1.501 1.572 37.347
20 0.050 2.448 1.645 1.645 1.605 40.243
25 0.040 2.537 1.751 1.751 1.629 42.518
30 0.033 2.608 1.834 1.834 1.647 44.396
50 0.020 2.797 2.054 2.054 1.697 49.765
100 0.010 3.035 2.327 2.327 1.758 57.333
200 0.005 3.255 2.576 2.576 1.815 65.262
500 0.002 3.526 2.879 2.879 1.883 76.354
1000 0.001 3.717 3.091 3.091 1.931 85.240
122

Return Period Gumbels Log Pearson III Log Normal
2 17.935 16.554 17.126
5 28.976 26.164 26.511
10 36.287 33.918 33.321
15 40.411 38.814 37.347
20 43.299 42.479 40.243
25 45.524 45.441 42.518
30 47.333 47.944 44.396
50 52.376 55.376 49.765
100 59.178 66.554 57.333
200 65.955 79.151 65.262
500 74.896 98.301 76.354
1000 81.653 114.939 85.240
123
Construction flood at intake

140
120
100
Discharge
80
log normal
60 Gumbels
log pearson III
40
20
0
2 5 10 15 20 25 30 50 100 200 500 1000
Return Period
124
1. Design of Intake
S.No. Description Quantity Unit Remarks
1 Design discharge (Qd) 1.100 m3/s From FDC
2 Design Discahrge for Intake (Qin) 1.320 m3/s 20%-30% of Qd
4 Velocity (v) 0.750 m/s Assumed
5 Area of Intake (A) 1.760 m^2 A=Qi/v
6 Length(L)/Height(H) 4.000 Assumed
7 Height of Intake 0.663 m
8 Height of Intake (H) 0.700 m Assumed
9 Length of Intake (L) 2.514 m L=A/H
10 Number of Intake 2.000 Assumed
11 Length of Each Intake 1.257 m
12 Length of each intake 1.300 m Adopt
13 Submergence depth (Sd) 0.300 m Assumed
14 Height of intake from bed level (Hb) 1.000 m Assumed
15 Normal Water level (Hn) 2.000 m Hin+Hb+Sd
16 Velocity through intake (v) 0.725 m/s <1m/s
17 RL of bed 531.436 m
18 RL of bottom of orifice=RL of bed +1m 532.436 m
19 RL of top of orifice =RL of bottom of orifice +H 533.136 m
20 Provide 0.6 m submergence at headrace
21 RL of NFL at headrace =RL of top of orifice+ 0.6m 533.736 m
22 Freeboard 0.5 m
125
BELL MOUTH PROFILE OF INTAKE
Intake Bell mouth Equation X^2+10.4*Y^2=D^2
width of intake 4.200
x y
0 -1.302
0.1 -1.302
0.2 -1.301
0.3 -1.299
0.4 -1.296
0.5 -1.293
0.6 -1.289
0.7 -1.284
0.8 -1.279
0.9 -1.272
1 -1.265
1.1 -1.257
1.2 -1.248
1.3 -1.238
1.4 -1.228
1.5 -1.216
1.6 -1.204
1.7 -1.191
1.8 -1.177
126
Intake Bell Mouth Profile

-1.160
2 1.5 1 0.5 0
-1.180
-1.200
-1.220
-1.240
-1.260
-1.280
-1.300
-1.320
DESIGN OF WEIR
Coefficient of Discharge: 0.65
1 RL of bed level 531.436 m From Cross-section
2 Height of weir 2.000 m From Intake design
3 RL of crest level of weir 533.436 m RL of bed level + H
4 Design High flood discharge (Q100) 59.178 m3/s
5 Discharge in weir 59.178 m3/s
6 River Width 14.700 m
7 Length available for weir portion 11.700 m
8 Length of spillway 11.700 m
9 Total head 1.644 m
127
10 Effective Head over crest (He) 1.951 m
11 Effective Length of Spillway (Le) 11.310 m
10 Approach velocity (Va) 1.324 m/s
11 Velocity head 0.089 m Va^2/(2*9.81)
12 Desigh head (Hd) 1.862 m He-Velocity head
13 Height of weir/Design Head 1.074 TRUE
14 Length of weir 11.7 m
15 Contraction Coefficient depends 0

upon pier shape (Kp)
16 Contraction Coefficient depends 0.1

upon shape of abutment (Ka)
17 Number of pier provided (N) 0
128
DESIGN OF FLOOD WALL
1 RL of bed level 531.436 m From Cross-

section
2 Height of weir (H)= normal water 1.900 m From Intake

level design
3 RL of crest level of weir 533.336 m RL of bed level +

H
4 Design High flood discharge 59.178 m3/s

(Q100)
5 Effective Head over crest 1.951453 m
6 Free Board 0.713 m adopt
7 water level at Q100 535.287 m
8 Crest level of flood wall 536.000 m
9 Total height of flood wall from bed 4.564 m

level
10 flood discharge at 200yrs return 65.955 m3/s

period
11 Effective Head over crest for Q200 2.101449 m
12 water level at Q200 535.437 m <crest level of

flood wall
Hence, Safe.
129
Length of upstream guide bund 22.05 m
length of downstream guide bund 3.675 m
Length of upstream guide bund 22.1 m
length of downstream guide bund 3.7 m
DESIGN OF DIVIDE WALL
1 Effective Head over crest 1.951453 m
2 Width of divide wall = 26.7% of 0.521038 m

head over crest
3 Adopt width 0.5 m
length of upstream divide wall 9.8
length of downstream divide wall to end of

impervious floor
130
DESIGN OF TRASHRACK
1 Trash Rack opening (a) 50.000 mm Assumed
2 Thickness of bar (t) 10.000 mm Assumed
3 Shape factor (k) 2.420 For rectangular Bar
4 Angle of inclination (θ) 70.000 Degree Assumed
5 Width of partition wall 0.600 m Assumed
6 Width of side wall 0.500 m Assumed
7 Total Width 4.200 m
8 Area of trash rack (A) 3.129 m^2
9 Percentage of opening 83.333 %
10 Effective area of trash rack (Aeff) 2.607 m^2 %×A
11 Approach velocity (va) 0.506 m/s Qi/Aeff
Head loss in trash rack (h) 0.003 m
Normal velocity through intake (Vn) 0.725 m/s
Entry loss (Hfi) 0.002 m
Gate loss (Hg) 0.005 m/s
Total Intake loss 0.008
Check for discharge 0.419 m^3/s
131
RISK CALCULATION OF WEIR
Q100 59.178 m3/s
Time (T) 100 years
Life of HP (n) 35 years normally life assumed to be 35 years
P(35)'=(1-1/T)^35 0.703
P(35)=1-P(35)' 0.297
29.66 % probability of excedence in 35 years
DESIGN OF UNDER SLUICE
1 High flood Discharge (Q100) 59.178 m3/s
2 Design flood passing through 11.836 m3/s 20% of Q100

undersluice (Qsluice)
3 Head over crest in HFL 1.951 m
4 Height of weir 2.000 m
5 Total head 3.951 m
6 Height of the sluice gate/opening 0.300 m Assumed

(h)
7 Value of C 1.700 m Broad crested weir
8 Effective head over undersluice 2.251 m Head over HFl+h

(He)
9 Length of the undersluice (L) 2.061 m Qsluice/(c×He^(3/2))
10 Length of the undersluice (L) 2.000 m Adopted
132
11 Number of undersluice 1.000 nos Adopted
12 Dicharge from each undersluice 11.836 m3/s Qsluice/No. of sluice

(Q)
13 Length of each undersluice 2.000 m L/Number of sluice
PROTECTION WORK AT UPSTREAM
Description Quantity Unit Remarks
Silt factor for 50 mm silt 12.44 m 1.76√𝑑
Normal Scour Depth (R) 1.76 m
Water Depth (y) 2 m HFL -Bed Level
Approx. length (D) 1.52 m 2R-y
Launching Apron 2.28 m 1.5*D
Adopt Launching Apron 2.5 m
Thickness 0.576 m 2.25(1.5*R-y)/L
Adopt Thickness of
Launching Apron 0.6 m
133
APPROACH CANAL
S.N. Description Symbol Quantity Unit Remarks
1 Design discharge Qd 1.1 m3/s
20% addition on
2 Design in approach canal Q 1.32 m3/s design discharge
3 Slope S 0.001667 1 in 600(adopted)
4 Length L 69.04 m
5 Manning's Coefficient n 0.017 (adopted)
6 For efficient rectangular section B 2*H m assumed
7 Depth of water from iteration 0.733 m
8 Depth of water in canal Ht(y) 0.733 m calculated
9 Free Board FB 0.3 m provided
10 Total depth Ht 1.033 m
11 Breadth B 1.465 m B=2H
12 Velocity of Approach canal VAC 0.87 m/s <2.5m/s(ok)
13 Adopted breath B 1.5 m
14 Adopted depth H 0.75 m
15 Total depth H 1.100
134
DESIGN OF GRAVEL TRAP
1 Design discharge (Qd) 1.100 m3/s From FDC
2 Design Discahrge for Intake 1.320 m3/s 20%-30% of Qd

(Qin)
3 Particle size 2.000 mm
4 Temperature 15.000 °C
5 Settling Velocity (ω) 0.257 m/s From Graph
6 Horizontal Velocity (v) 0.509 m/s
7 Area of Gravel Trap (A) 2.593 m^2 Qin/v
8 Depth of flow (D) 2.000 m assume
9 Breadth of Gravel Trap 1.296 m A/D
10 Breadth of Gravel Trap (B) 2.000 m
11 Time for particle to settle (Tset) 7.782 Secs Depth/settling

velocity
12 Free board 0.400 m Adopt
13 Length (L) 3.962 m Velocity × Tset
14 Considering Turbulence (L) 4.861 m (HV)/(ω-ω')
15 Length (L) 5.000 m Adopt
135
Outlet zone
1 Outlet angle 27 °
2 Canal width 1.5 m Transfer from Canal
3 Length of transition zone 0.491
Inlet zone
1 inlet angle 11
2 canal width 1.5
3 Length of transition zone 1.286139
Flushing Channel
1 Discharge of flushing channel 0.220 m3/s 20% of design

(Qf) discharge
2 Width of flushing (Wf) 0.500 m Assumed
3 Rugosity coefficient (n) 0.012 m Concrete cement

finish
4 Longitudinal slope 0.033 Assumed
From Manning's Equation
5 Depth of Flushing (Df) 0.143 m
6 Depth of Flusihing (Df) 0.200 m Adopted
136
Check for size of sediment to be Flushed
1 Area of flusing channel (Af) 0.100 m^2 Wf*Df
2 Wetted Perimeter (Pf) 0.900 m Wf+2*Df
3 Hydraulic Radius ® 0.111 m Af/Pf
4 Flushing Velocity (v) 2.199 Qf/Af
5 Diameter of Particle (D) 0.040741 m TRUE
DESIGN OF CANAL AFTER GRAVEL TRAP TO SETTLING BASIN
SN Description Symbol Quantity Unit Remarks
20% addition on
3 Length of canal L 61.54 m
1 in
4 Slope S 0.001667 600(adopted)
For efficient rectangular

6 section B 2*H m assumed
137
15 Total depth H 1.100 m
DESIGN OF SETTLING BASIN
Temperature 15 0C
Description Symbol Quantity Unit Remarks
diameter of Silt d 0.2 mm assume
Design Discharge Q 1.1 m3/s design discharge
number of settling basin nos 2 n
discharge in one settling basin qd 0.55
Fall velocity w 18.76 mm/s from table for 15oC
flow velocity vf 31.7262 mm/s
Constant a 0.44
Limiting velocity Vc 0.196773982 m/s a√d
Surface area As 38.1130064 k=1.3
Ratio L/B 8 assume
Breadth B 2.182687747 m
Length L 17.46150197 m
Breadth B 3.522694281 m check for B
Actual Breadth B 2.5 m adopted
138
Actual Length L 20 m
Actual Height H 1.118033989 m
for removal ratio

for 95% removal α 1.5 97%
Min Length L 29.13600828 m
Considering Turbulence
L 2.396789498 m
Adopted L, B and H
Length L 30 m adopted
Breadth B 2.5 m adopted
Height H 1.3 m adopted
Trap Efficiency 92% vetter formula
139
TRANSITION ZONE
S.N Description Value Unit Remarks
1 Inlet Transition
i) Width of Approach canal(b1) 1.5 m
ii) Inlet angle(θ1) 15 degree Assume
iii) Length of transition zone(L1) 1.866025 m (B-b1)/tan(θ1/2)
adopted length 1.9
2 Outlet Transition
i) Width of headrace canal(b2) 1.5 m
ii) Outlet angle(θ2) 30 degree Assume
iii) Length of outlet transition(L2) 3.732051 m (B-b2)/tan(θ2/2)
iv) providing 3.8 m
v) Total length of settling basin 35.7 m L1+L+L2
140
STORAGE VOLUME DESIGN
1 Sediment Concentration© 5 kg/m3 assumed
2 Density of Sediment 2600 kg/m3 assumed
3 Time of detention(T) 6 hours V/Q
4 Sediment load 118800 kg/m3 Q*T*C
5 Packing factor 0.5 for rectangular section
6 Volume of sediment(V) 91.38462 m3 load/density/P.F
7 slope of hopper(θ) 45 degree assumed
8 Providing bottom rectangular section of 0.5m*0.5m
9 Height of hopper(x) 0.75 m ((B-1)/2)*tanθ
10 Providing x 0.8 m
11 Volume of hopper type basin(V') 482.4 m3 >V (OK)
12 Free board(FB) 0.5 m provide
13 Total height of settling basin 3.1 m 0.5+x+H+FB
141
FLUSHING DESIGN
20% of design
1 Discharge of flushing channel (Qf) 0.220 m3/s discharge
2 Width of flushing (Wf) 0.500 m Assumed
Concrete cement
3 Rugosity coefficient (n) 0.012 m finish
4 Longitudinal slope 0.033 Assumed
From Manning's Equation
5 Depth of Flushing (Df) 0.143 m
6 Depth of Flusihing (Df) 0.200 m Adopted
142
DESIGN OF HEADRACE CANAL FROM SETTLING BASIN TO FORBAY
20% addition on
3 Length of canal L 896.46 m
1 in
4 Slope S 0.001667 600(adopted)
For efficient rectangular

6 section B 2*H m assumed
15 Total depth H 1.100 m
143
FOREBAY
S.N Description Quantity Unit Remark
1 Discharge(Q) 1.32 m3/s
2 Mean Velocity 0.2 m/s assume
3 length of penstock 840 m
4 Detention Time(t) 2 min Assume
5 Volume Req (V) 158.4 m3 Q*t
6 Diameter of penstock 0.8 m
7 cross sectional area of pipe 0.5026548 m2
8 Velocity of pipe 2.6260566 m/s
9 Hsub 0.5272304 m 1.5V2/2g
10 Hsub 1.2801049 m Empirical
11 Minimum submergence 1.3 m Assume
12 Depth of settling zone 0.5 m Assume
13 Free board 1 Assume
14 Total depth of forebay 3.6 m
15 Width of forebay 1.8333333 m
16 Area 44 m2
17 Length of forebay 24 m
18 Breadth of forebay 4 m Adopt
19 Depth of forebay 3.6 m
20 Plan area of forebay 96 m2
21 Maximum downsurge 1.76 m
22 Mean Velocity 0.1 m/s ok
144
DESIGN OF TRANSITION
1 Width of canal 1.5 m
2 Providing inlet angle 15.0 degree
3 length of inlet zone 4.67 m
SPILLWAY DESIGN
1 Discharge of spillway (Qt) 1.32 m3/s
2 Head over crest 0.5 m
2 length of spillway 1.7778685 m Adopt c=2.1, H= 0.5
3 Length of spillway 1.8 m Adopt
PENSTOCK
COST OF PENSTOCK
Design Discharge 1.100 m3/s
Net Head 103.651 m
Length 781.460 m
Unit Weight 7850.000 kg/m3
Steel Rate 140.000 NRs/kg
Cost for installation 42.000 NRs/kg
Interest 12.000 %
Period 25.000 Years
Annual cost, 𝐴=𝑃∗[((1+𝑖)^𝑁∗𝑖))/((1+𝑖)^𝑁−𝑖))]
145
Diameter
Length Thickness Volume Weight Cost Annual Cost Total Cost
SN (Internal)
m m mm m3 Kg NRs NRs NRs
259.850 8.0 3.318 26043.296 4739879.903 572829.072
1 0.500 242.140 10.0 3.880 30454.834 5542779.877 669862.005 2174088.502
279.470 12.0 5.394 42345.370 7706857.330 931397.425
259.850 8.0 3.644 28606.613 5206403.516 629209.887
2 0.550 242.140 10.0 4.260 33440.603 6086189.669 735534.751 2387098.842
279.470 12.0 5.921 46480.660 8459480.116 1022354.205
259.850 8.0 3.971 31169.929 5672927.128 685590.701
3 0.600 242.140 10.000 4.640 36426.371 6629599.461 801207.496 2600109.181
279.470 12.000 6.448 50615.950 9212102.903 1113310.984
4 0.650 259.850 8.000 4.297 33733.246 6139450.741 741971.515 2813119.521
146
242.140 10.000 5.021 39412.139 7173009.253 866880.242
279.470 12.000 6.975 54751.240 9964725.689 1204267.764
259.850 8.000 4.624 36296.562 6605974.353 798352.329
5 0.700 242.140 10.000 5.401 42397.907 7716419.044 932552.987 3026129.860
279.470 12.000 7.501 58886.530 10717348.475 1295224.544
259.850 8.000 4.950 38859.879 7072497.966 854733.143
6 0.750 242.140 10.000 5.781 45383.675 8259828.836 998225.733 3239140.200
279.470 12.000 8.028 63021.820 11469971.261 1386181.324
259.850 8.000 5.277 41423.195 7539021.578 911113.958
7 0.800 242.140 10.000 6.162 48369.443 8803238.628 1063898.479 3452150.540
279.470 12.000 8.555 67157.110 12222594.047 1477138.103
259.850 8.000 5.603 43986.512 8005545.191 967494.772

8 0.850 3665160.879
242.140 10.000 6.542 51355.211 9346648.420 1129571.224
147
279.470 12.000 9.082 71292.400 12975216.833 1568094.883
259.850 8.000 5.930 46549.829 8472068.803 1023875.586
9 0.900 242.140 10.000 6.922 54340.979 9890058.212 1195243.970 3878171.219
279.470 12.000 9.609 75427.690 13727839.619 1659051.663
259.850 8.000 6.256 49113.145 8938592.416 1080256.400
10 0.950 242.140 10.000 7.303 57326.747 10433468.004 1260916.715 4091181.558
279.470 12.000 10.135 79562.980 14480462.406 1750008.443
259.850 8.000 6.583 51676.462 9405116.028 1136637.215
11 1.000 242.140 10.000 7.683 60312.515 10976877.796 1326589.461 4304191.898
279.470 12.000 10.662 83698.270 15233085.192 1840965.222
259.850 8.000 7.236 56803.095 10338163.253 1249398.843
12 1.100 242.140 10.000 8.444 66284.052 12063697.379 1457934.952 4730212.577
279.470 12.000 11.716 91968.850 16738330.764 2022878.782
148
259.850 8.000 7.889 61929.728 11271210.478 1362160.471
13 1.200 242.140 10.000 9.205 72255.588 13150516.963 1589280.443 5156233.256
279.470 12.000 12.769 100239.430 18243576.336 2204792.341
259.850 8.000 8.542 67056.361 12204257.703 1474922.100
14 1.300 242.140 10.000 9.965 78227.124 14237336.547 1720625.934 5582253.935
279.470 12.000 13.823 108510.010 19748821.909 2386705.901
259.850 8.000 9.195 72182.994 13137304.928 1587683.728
15 1.400 242.140 10.000 10.726 84198.660 15324156.131 1851971.426 6008274.614
279.470 12.000 14.877 116780.591 21254067.481 2568619.461
259.850 8.000 9.848 77309.627 14070352.153 1700445.357
16 1.500 242.140 10.000 11.487 90170.196 16410975.714 1983316.917 6434295.293
279.470 12.000 15.930 125051.171 22759313.053 2750533.020
149
REVENUE LOSS FOR VARIOUS DIAMETER
Description Quantity Unit
Daimeter of Penstock 0.800 m
Length 781.460 m
Friction Factor(f) 0.0104
Area 0.503 m2
ɳturbine 90%
ɳgenerator 95%
Overall Efficiency 86%
Energy Cost (Wet Peroid) 4.800 NRs
Energy Cost (Dry Peroid) 8.400 NRs
150
Flow for Net

Headloss Total Energy Loss KW Revenue Loss in NRS
Energy Discharge Power
Month days River flow Velocity Head
Generation (Q"=Q'- Minor=10% Loss Loss Wet Dry Wet
(Q') Major Dry Period
10%Q') 0f Major Period Period Period
m3/s m3/s m3/s m/s m m m KW KW-h Kw-h KW Kw
Jan 31 0.620 0.620 0.558 1.111 0.639 0.064 0.703 3.291 2448.843 20570.283
Feb 28 0.465 0.465 0.419 0.833 0.359 0.036 0.395 1.389 933.128 7838.273
Mar 31 0.336 0.336 0.302 0.602 0.187 0.019 0.206 0.523 389.186 3269.163
Apr 30 0.259 0.259 0.233 0.463 0.111 0.011 0.122 0.238 171.430 1440.012
May 31 0.672 0.672 0.605 1.203 0.750 0.075 0.825 4.185 3113.489 26153.305
Jun 30 1.551 1.100 1.100 2.188 2.480 0.248 2.728 25.166 18119.648 86974.309
Jul 31 3.748 1.100 1.100 2.188 2.480 0.248 2.728 25.166 18723.636 89873.453
Aug 31 6.463 1.100 1.100 2.188 2.480 0.248 2.728 25.166 18723.636 89873.453
Sep 30 4.265 1.100 1.100 2.188 2.480 0.248 2.728 25.166 18119.648 86974.309
Oct 31 2.068 1.100 1.100 2.188 2.480 0.248 2.728 25.166 18723.636 157278.543
Nov 30 1.060 1.060 0.954 1.898 1.865 0.186 2.051 16.410 11815.127 99247.065
Dec 31 0.801 0.801 0.721 1.435 1.066 0.107 1.173 7.093 5277.307 44329.376
151
Total Wet Season Energy Loss (NRs) 353695.524
Total Dry Season Energy Loss (NRs) 360126.020
Total Revenue Loss (NRs) 713821.544
PENSTOCK OPTIMIZATION
Revenue Loss Annual

S.No Diameter(m) Total Cost
Cost Material Cost
1 0.500 8636493.914 2174088.502 10810582.417
2 0.550 4736948.518 2387098.842 7124047.360
3 0.600 2979114.668 2600109.181 5579223.849
4 0.650 2132220.669 2813119.521 4945340.190
5 0.700 1472003.125 3026129.860 4498132.986
6 0.750 1023584.464 3239140.200 4262724.664
7 0.800 713821.544 3452150.540 4165972.083
8 0.850 511956.418 3665160.879 4177117.298
9 0.900 380884.851 3878171.219 4259056.070
10 0.950 297605.567 4091181.558 4388787.125
11 1.000 213663.261 4304191.898 4517855.159
12 1.100 129875.063 4730212.577 4860087.639
13 1.200 82251.042 5156233.256 5238484.298
14 1.300 53305.517 5582253.935 5635559.452
15 1.400 34709.165 6008274.614 6042983.779
16 1.500 23397.909 6434295.293 6457693.202
Minimum Total Cost 4165972.083
152
PENSTOCK OPTIMIZATION
12000000.000
10000000.000
8000000.000
Revenue Loss Cost
6000000.000
Annual Material Cost
4000000.000
Total Cost
2000000.000
0.000
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600
Diameter (m)
DESIGN OF POWERHOUSE
RL of Power House = 427.785 m
S.No. Particular Value Unit Remark
diameter of turbine 2.00 m
1 c/c distance between two turbines= 12.500 m 5D+2.5
Adopt 13.000 m
2 Total length of Machine Hall 26.000 m 2*c/c distance
3 Length of Conttrol Room and Office Room 5.000 m
4 Total length 31.000 m
5 Width of hall= 12.500 m 5D+2.5
6 Height of super structure(h1)= 9.000 m 4.5*(D)
7 Height of intermediate structure(h2)= 7.000 m 3.5*(D)
Total height= 16.000 m
Hence the Dimension of Unit bay adopted is 31m*12.5*16m
153
BIFURCATION
Description Value Unit
Diameter of Penstock (Dp) 0.8 m
Design Discharge (Qd) 1.1 m3/s
Velocity in Penstock (Vp) 2.18838 m/s
Velocity before and after bifurcation remains same
No. of Branches (N) 2 nos
Discharge in each branch (Q) 0.55 m3/s
Diameter after bifurcation (d) 0.565685 m
Adopted diameter after bifurcation(dadopted) 0.6 m
154
TAIL RACE CANAL
1 Design in approach Q 1.10 m3/s 20% addition on design

canal discharge
2 Slope S 0.001667 1 in 600(adopted)
4 For efficient rectangular B 2*H m assumed

section
5 Depth of water from 0.684 m

iteration
10 Velocity of Tailrace VAC 0.82 m/s <2.5m/s(ok)

canal
13 Total depth H 1.000
155

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TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PROJECT SUPERVISOR: PROJECT MEMBERS:

Hydropower engineering includes great diversified nature of work from

Muktinath Shiwakoti (071BCE21)

4.1 General .......................................................................................................... 19

5.13.3 Height of power house ........................................................................... 74

ACSR Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced

amsl above mean sea level

AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

BCDP Building Code Development Project

B/C Ratio Benefit Cost Ratio

BoQ Bill of Quantities

cm/s Centimeter per Second

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

D/L Distribution Line

DOED Department of Electricity Development

DDC District Development Committee

DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

DRG No. Drawing Number

EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return

FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return

GoN Government of Nepal

GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic

GWh Giga Watt Hour

HFL High Flood Level

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

INPS Integrated National Power System

IPP Independent Power Producer

IRR Internal Rate of Return

Kmph Kilometer per hour

KN/m2 Kilo Newton per Square Meter

kVA Kilovolt Ampere

kWh Kilowatt Hour

lps Liter per second

mg/l Milligram per liter

m/s Meter per Second

MoWR Ministry of Water Resources

MVA Mega Volt Ampere

cumec Cubic Meter per Second

NEA Nepal Electricity Authority

NPV Net Present Value

NRs Nepalese Rupees

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PCC Plain Cement Concrete

PPA Power Purchase Agreement

RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete

rpm Revolution per Minute

RMR Rock Mass Rating

SFS Sulfur Hexa Fluoride

TDS Tax Deduction at Source

ToR Terms of Reference

UCS Uniaxial Compressive Strength

VAT Value Added Tax

VDC Village Development Committee

WECS Water and Energy Commission Secretariat

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION TO HYDROPOWER

1.1 Study Background

Hydropower is the source of renewable energy formed by the movement of

Hydropower projects of diverse capacities occupy a prominent position in the

1.2 Objective of the Study

The following are the main objectives of the study:

 To study and analyze the hydrological situation of the site.