Professional Documents
Culture Documents
*
G.R. No. 96681. December 2,1991.
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* EN BANC.
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NARVASA, J.:
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joining in the days that followed.
Among those who took part in the “concerted mass
actions” were the eight (8) private respondents herein,
teachers at the Ramon Magsaysay High School, Manila,
who had4 agreed to support the non-political demands of the
MPSTA.
2. “For failure to heed the return-to-work order, the
CHR complainants (private respondents) were
administratively charged on the basis of the principal’s
report and given five (5) days to answer the charges. They
were also preventively suspended for ninety (90) days
‘pursuant to Section 41 of P.D. 807' and temporarily
replaced (unmarked CHR Exhibits, Annexes F, G, H). An
investigation committee was consequently 5
formed to hear
the charges in accordance with P.D. 807."
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3 (Joint) Resolution, G.R. Nos, 95445 and 95590, prom. Aug. 6, 1991,
pp. 3–4.
4 Rollo, p. 7.
5 Id., p. 7.
6 Also impleaded as respondents were other teachers, Adelaida dela
Cruz, Ma. Teresa Rizardo, Rita Atabelo and Digna Operiano (Rollo, p. 77).
7 Rollo, pp. 77–78.
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489
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491
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have.
The proposition is made clear by the constitutional
provisions specifying the powers of the Commission on
Human Rights. The Commission was created23 by the 1987
Constitution as an independent office. Upon its
constitution, it succeeded and superseded the Presidential
Committee on Human Rights 24existing at the time of the
effectivity of the 25Constitution, Its powers and functions
are the following:
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Order No. 318 of May 25, 1950, because that board, like the later
Presidential Complaints and Action Commission, was not invested with
judicial functions but only with power to investigate charges of graft and
corruption in office and to submit the record, together with findings and
recommendations, to the President.” Ruperto v. Torres, G.R. No. L-8785,
Feb. 25, 1957 (Unrep., 100 Phil 1098) (Rep. of the Phil. Digest, Vol. 1,
Certiorari, Sec. 22, p. 430).
Ballentine’s Law Dictionary, 3rd Ed., treating of “jurisdiction” in
relation to a criminal case, states it to be “the power of a court to inquire
into the fact, to apply the law, and to declare the punishment, in a regular
course of judicial proceeding x x.” In Black’s Law Dictionary, 5th Ed.,
“adjudge” is defined as: “To pass on judicially, to decide, settle or decree,
or to sentence or condemn. x x Implies a judicial determination of a fact,
and the entry of a judgment (italics supplied)."
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may be required by its findings.
But it cannot try and decide cases (or hear and
determine causes) as courts of justice, or even quasi-
judicial bodies do. To investigate is not to adjudicate or
adjudge. Whether in the popular or the technical sense,
these terms have well understood and quite distinct
meanings.
“Investigate” commonly understood, means to examine,
explore, inquire or delve or probe into, research on, study.
The dictionary definition of “investigate” is “to observe or
study closely: inquire into systematically: “to search or
inquire into: xx to subject
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to an official probe x x: to conduct
an official inquiry." The purpose of investigation, of
course, is to discover, to find out, to learn, obtain
information. Nowhere included or intimated is the notion of
settling, deciding or resolving a controversy involved in the
facts inquired into by application of the law to the facts
established by the inquiry.
The legal meaning of “investigate” is essentially the
same: "(t)o follow up step by step by patient inquiry or
observation, To trace or track; to search into; to examine
and inquire into with care and accuracy; to find out by
careful inquisition;
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examination; the taking of evidence; a
legal inquiry;" “to inquire; to make an investigation,”
“investigation” being in turn described as "(a)n
administrative function, the exercise of which ordinarily
does not require a hearing. 2 Am J2d Adm L Sec. 257; x x
an inquiry, judicial or otherwise, for the discovery and
collection of
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facts concerning a certain matter or matters."
“Adjudicate,” commonly or popularly understood, means
to adjudge, arbitrate, judge, decide, determine, resolve, rule
on, settle. The dictionary defines the term as “to settle
finally (the rights and duties of the parties to a court case)
on the merits of issues raised: 30xx to pass judgment on:
settle judicially: xx act as judge." And “adjudge” means “to
decide or rule upon as a judge or with judicial or quasi-
judicial powers: 31xx to award or grant judicially in a case of
controversy xx."
In the legal sense, “adjudicate” means: “To settle in the
exercise of judicial authority. To determine finally.
Synonymous with adjudge in its strictest sense;” and
“adjudge” means: “To pass on judicially, to decide, settle or
decree, or to sentence or condemn. xx Implies a judicial32
determination of a fact, and the entry of a judgment."
Hence it is that the Commission on Human Rights,
having merely the power “to investigate,” cannot and
should not “try and resolve on the merits” (adjudicate) the
matters involved in Striking Teachers HRC Case No. 90–
775, as it has announced it means to do; and it cannot do so
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497
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and resolve the case (i.e., Striking Teachers HRC Case No.
90–775) on the merits.”
SO ORDERED.
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CONCURRING OPINION
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——o0o——
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