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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

© 2013, Science Huβ, http://www.scihub.org/AJSIR


ISSN: 2153-649X, doi:10.5251/ajsir.2013.4.3.257.260

On Nigerian agricultural survey: Production and consumption pattern


( 1994/95 - 2005/06 )
O.Y. Halid
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State,
Nigeria
ABSTRACT

Agriculture had been the main-stay of Nigerian economy before the ‘oil-boom’. Upon the discovery
of oil, lesser attention has been given to the agricultural sector. As a result, this paper considered
the production of certain important food crops which are highly cultivated by various states of the
federation over a period of 1994/95-2005/06. The data layout is identical to that of the RCBD so
that ANOVA technique was used to check variability in production and farm gate price for different
states and harvesting seasons. A post mortem analytic technique namely the DMRT was also used
to check for particular significance.
Keywords : Production, farm gate price, RCBD-Randomized Complete Block Design, ANOVA-
Analysis of Variance, DMRT-Duncan Multiple Range Test
INTRODUCTION time, the food sub-sector was stagnating and the
decline covered the whole agricultural sector. Thus,
Food is any substance, usually composed of
for much of the period from about 1970, agriculture
carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water, that can be
has been unable to spear-head the development of
eaten or drunk by an animal including humans, for
the Nigerian economy. Several developmental
nutrition or pleasure. Items considered food may be
programmes have been instituted to stimulate
sourced from plants and animals. Although many
agricultural development in Nigeria from the 1970s.
human cultures sought food items through hunting
These include the River Basin Development
and gathering. Today, most cultures use farming,
Authorities (RBDAS), Operation Feed the Nation
ranching and fishing with hunting, foraging and other
(OFN), the Green Revolution Programme and the
methods of a local nature included but playing a
three Agriculture Universities set up in the 1980s.
minor role. Farming, ranching and fishing play major
roles and have their roots in agriculture. Presently, agricultural production is dwindling in
respect to the ever growing population of the nation.
Nigeria is an agricultural country because its climate
Low agricultural productivity and output are due to
permits the cultivation of a variety of crops in a
factors such as limited access to input sources, the
pattern that emerged in earlier centuries in response
use of traditional technologies and ineffective
to local conditions. As in other West African
government and improvement policies. They are also
countries, rainfall is heaviest in the south, where the
due to age, educational background, non-availability
forests and savannah benefit from abundant
of land and capital for farming practices, inadequate
precipitation and relatively short dry seasons.
transportation and power networks, to mention a few.
Again, Nigeria is still essentially an agricultural Negligence on the part of government to improve the
country, inspite of the importance of petroleum in its agricultural sector is the greatest of all the problems.
economy. In 2006, for instance, agriculture’s
Also, agriculture statistics shows that the highest and
contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
lowest ranking ever of Nigeria’s food production in
was about 32.1 percent (Government of Nigeria,
the world are 71 and 156 in 1999 and 1986
2006) since about 70 percent of the approximate
respectively. Therefore, improvements are needed in
one-fifty million population was involved in
correcting the problems associated with food
agricultural production and agro-businesses.
production so that Nigeria can be ranked among the
Agriculture used to be the prime mover of the highest food producers in the world.
Nigerian economy especially up to 1970s before
petroleum became important. Agricultural experts
drove the economy forward. However, even at that
Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2013, 4(3): 257-260

MATERIALS AND METHODS the crops are not significantly different for each state
and farming seasons.
Data: A data of cassava and maize production
(metric tonnes) was obtained for producing states in where
farming seasons 1994/95-2005/06. Also data of farm
b  number of replicates ( Blocks )
gate prices of the two crops was also obtained. The
two crops are considered since they are cultivated in t  number of treatments
virtually all the states of the federation due to their
high economic importance and high resistance to SS BLOCK 
 i
2

 CF
harsh climatic conditions. The data (on production) t
layout constitute a Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD) where the states represent the SS ERROR 
 2

 CF
j

treatments and the harvesting seasons represent the b


blocks. SS ERROR  SSTOTAL  SS BLOCK  SSTREATMENT
The second data set on farm gate prices also SSTOTAL   Yij2  CF
constitutes an RCBD data where the states are the
treatments and the seasons are the blocks. As a The decision is such that we reject the null
result, the RCBD model is proposed as follows: hypothesis(accept alternative) if the calculated F-value is
greater than the tabulated F-value.
The RCBD Model: The linear statistical model for the A computer software package, SAS 9.2 will be used to
RCBD is analyse the data for variabilities. In case of rejection of the
null hypothesis, the Duncan Multiple Range Test will be
Yij    i   j   ij used to identify particular differences.

Yij  individual observation for the jth treatment in the ith block
  general mean
 j  effect of the jth treatment
 ij  exp eriment error
Hypotheses: The null hypothesis are such that the
successive production rate and farm gate prices of
Analysis of Variance Table
Sources of Variation Degree of Freedom Sum of Squares Mean Squares Fratio
Blocks b 1 SS BLOCK SS BLOCK MS BLOCK
MS 
b 1
BLK
MS ERROR
Treatments t 1 SS TRETMENT SS MSTRT
MS TRT  TRT
t 1 MS ERROR
Error (b  1)(t  1) SS ERROR SS ERROR
MS ERROR 
(b  1)(t  1)
Total bt  1 SS TOTAL
RESULTS
The results of are presented in the following ANOVA tables.
ANOVA TABLE I ON FARM GATE PRICE OF CASSAVA
Source D.f SS MS Fcal Pr >F Decision

Block(states) 30 579.37 19.31 25.83 <0.001 Reject


Treatment (Years) 11 6410.42 582.77 779.55 <0.001 Reject
Error 330 246.67 0.75
Total 371 7236.49

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Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2013, 4(3): 257-260

ANOVA TABLE II ON FARM GATE PRICE OF MAIZE


Source D.f SS MS Fcal Pr >F Decision

Block(states) 36 285.89 7.94 11.48 <0.001 Reject


Treatment (Years) 11 6876.90 625.17 903.63 <0.001 Reject
Error 396 273.97 0.69
Total 443

ANOVA TABLE III ON FARM GATE PRICE OF MAIZE


Source D.f SS MS Fcal Pr >F Decision

Block(states) 36 9600521614 309694246 874.31 <0.001 Reject


Treatment (Years) 11 12189488 1108135 3.13 <0.005 Reject
Error 341 120787494
Total 383 9733498597

ANOVA TABLE IV ON FARM GATE PRICE OF MAIZE


Source D.f SS MS Fcal Pr >F Decision

Block(states) 36 11642117.16 323392.14 74.58 <0.001 Reject


Treatment (Years) 11 69414.46 6310.41 1.46 <0.1460 Accept
Error 396 1717191.00 4336.34
Total 443 13428722.62
Note that all the tests are carried out at 5percent level of significance.
The DMRT also show particular significant
differences in cassava production of Abia, Akwa-
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Ibom, Anambra, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo,
ANOVA table I show a significant differences Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nassarawa, Niger, Osun, Oyo,
between the farm gate prices of cassava for both and Ondo states as well as seasons 1994/95,
states and years (seasons). 1995/96, 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, 1999/2000,
2000/01, 2002/03, 2003/04, and 2004/05.
ANOVA table II equally show significant differences
between the farm gate prices of maize for both states For the farm gate prices of cassava, there are
and years (seasons). particular significant differences in Abia, Adamawa,
Akwa-Ibom, Benue, Bauchi, Cross River, Delta, Ekiti,
ANOVA table III show significant differences between
Enugu, Imo, Kaduna, Kwara, Lagos, Niger,
the production of cassava for states and years while
Nassarawa, Osun, Ondo, Oyo,Gombe, Kogi, Sokoto,
ANOVA table IV show significant differences between Plateau, Taraba, and FCT (Abuja) as well as seasons
production of cassava for states but no significant 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1997/98, and 2000/01.
difference between the years(seasons). CONCLUSION
Duncan Multiple Range test, a post-motem analytic
Inconsistencies in maize and cassava production
method shows that there exist particular significant
were observed across the states and farming
differences in maize production of Adamawa, Abia,
seasons in Nigeria. Inconsistencies were also
Akwa-Ibom, Bauchi, Benue, Cross River, Delta, Ekiti,
observed in the farm gate prices of both crops.
Enugu, Edo, Gombe, Jigawa, Katsina, Kogi, Kano, These imply that there exist variations in both the
Kwara, Nassarawa, Ogun, Osun, Ondo, Rivers and farm gate prices and production rate of cassava and
Zamfara. There also exist particular significant
maize in all the 37 states and across farming
difference in the farm gate prices of maize in Abia,
seasons (1994/95-2005/06). This consequently
Adamawa, Akwa-Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa,
reduces the contributory influence of agriculture on
Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti,
the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of Nigeria, since
Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Katsina, Kano, Ogun, both crops are among the most cultivated food crops
Osun, Ondo, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, with very high economic value.
Yobe, Zamfara and FCT (Abuja) while there are
particular differences in the farm gate prices of maize
across seasons 1994/95, 1995/96, 1998/99,
1999/2000, 2000/01, 2002/03, and 2003/04.

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Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2013, 4(3): 257-260

RECOMMENDATION centralized agricultural markets for bulk


purchase of agricultural products.
1. Adequate social infrastructures should be
made readily available to the rural dwellers
whose major occupation is farming so as to REFERENCES
encourage the storage and processing of 1. Adebisi Adeniran and Iyiola Eyitayo (2004):
yields. Design and Analysis of Experiments; Theory and
2. More government reserved lands should be Practices, p37-51, Powad Publication, Ibadan,
leased to interested individuals for farming Nigeria.
practices only. 2. Akindele S. O. (1996): Basic Experimental
3. Government should provide loans, subsidies Designs in Agricultural Research; p43-51 Paper
and incentives to all small scale farmers so backs, Akure, Nigeria.
as to increase inputs and consequently their 3. Cochran W. G. and Cox G. M. (1957):
Experimental Designs(Second edition); Wiley,
outputs.
New York.
4. Individuals, non-governmental organizations, 4. National Bureau of statistics (2008): Consumption
as well as corporate bodies could be Pattern in Nigeria (1994-2006).
encouraged to invest in commercial 5. Wojtek J. Krzanowski (1998): An Introduction to
agriculture by the establishment of large statistical modeling; pp 55-68, Oxford University
Press Inc. New York.

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