2015 IEEE IAS JOINT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER ‘SYSTEMS / PETROLEUM AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CONFERENCE (ICPSPCIC) Simulation of power management circuit in a standalone Solar Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell- Batt K. Ashok Reddy Kota Srinivas ery Hybrid Power System GS. Ayyappan cSIR- CSIO IR- CSO csir- S10 AcSIR, CSIR- SERC CSIR Madras Complex CSIR Madras Complex Chennai, India Chennai, India (Chennai, India Kashokreddy.csir@gmail.com Abstract— Here in we design and develop a standalone solar photovoltaic (PV}-fuelcell- battery hybrid powter system along, with a power management circuit to share the load among the sources. A solar panel is designed in Matlab/Simatink by using fone diode equivalent model and Perturb & Observe (P&O) algorithm technique to track the Maximum Power Point (IPP) of the panel. Similarly, Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel call stack, DC- DC converter; lead acid battery and a battery charger to protect it from over charging and deep discharging, are also designd. A control algorithm is, developed to share the load among the sources and it is embedded into the power management circuit. Finally, all these sub-systems are integrated and the hybrid system is, simulated for 24 b with 1S kW constant load in Matlab Simulink. The prototype of the power management circuit is, developed, integrated and tested over a 100 W solar PV - fuel cell - battery hybrid system in real time and corresponding results are recorded. Solar PV system supplying the load at an average of 6 8 hours in day time and remaining time load is supplied by fuel cell and battery bank. Index Terms- DC-DC converter, Maximum Power Point (MPP), Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM), P&O algorithm, Solar Photovoltaic (PV). 1 Rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources necessitated us to search for an altemative energy sources to narrow down, the demand- supply gap. The energy production from these conventional energy sources causes the global warming and environmental pollution, is the key teason to reduce our reliance on these fuels [1]. Therefore, the necessity to meet the present energy demand without affecting the environment led us to adopt the altemative energy sources, such as solar PV, wind, bio mass, tidal, fuel cell ete, Among, them, solar PV finds various applications such as residential homes (off grid’ grid tied), telecom towers, data communications and automobile applications ete, [2]. In last ten years, technology in extracting the power fiom solar has, expansive development as it is clean, freely available and has no moving parts. Additionally, they generate the power near the load centers and it avoids the need to run high voltage transmission lines for long distances (3, 4). In recent times, fuel cell technology also has experienced a rapid growth and it shows great potential to be a green energy source in near future because of its unique features (Low emission of pollutants, fuel flexibility, and modular structure)(2} IntRopucTion However, these renewable energy sources are not getting popular and are limited by its capital cost and intermittency Jn power production [6]. In case of solar PV, its output depends on the solar irradiation, operating temperature and fuel cell requires hydrogen rich fuel, For instance, the variation of solar ittadiance in day time in summer (February to July) and winter (August to January) for Chennai city is as shown in Fig. 1; —e irradiance in Sommer —Irradiance in winter 0 18 Timedtt) “6 Fig. 1. Variation of solar irradiance in Chennai Since solar irradiation varies from time to time, solar PV ‘output is not continuous and this intermittency can be avoid by integrating solar PV with other alternative energy sources like diesel generator, fuel cells, batteries ete. Integrating, diesel generator with solar PV is not an efficient and/or cost effective solution and it causes environmental pollution as well. Therefore, integrating fuel cell with solar PV is the effective solution to increase the reliability as well as the efficiency [5]. However, fuel cell systems are also limited by their slow dynamic response, In fuel cell systems, sudden increase in load leads to drop in stack output voltage, deterioration in power quality and sometimes may even cause system shutdown. Therefore, an electrical energy storage system is needed to avoid the oversizing of stack and to fill the gap between fuel cell and load while supplying the fluctuating loads [5, 7-8]. As there is a need of | battery bank in the hybrid system to store the excess energy available during light load conditions, the same battery bank with high power density can be integrated with fuel cell to supply the load during heavy/ fluctuating load conditions ‘with an effective controlling mechanism [2] The objective of this study is to explain the modelling of & standalone solar PV-fuel cell-battery hybrid power system. The hybrid system configuration, system modelling and the power management strategy are explained. Then, proposed2015 IEEE IAS JOINT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER ‘SYSTEMS / PETROLEUM AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CONFERENCE (ICPSPCIC) system is simulated in Matlab/ Simulink and similar type of hyorid system proto type is developed and tested in real I, SOLAR PV-FUEL CELL- BATTERY HYBRID. POWER SYSTEM Fuel cells can be integrated with solar PV system in two ways; (). AS an independent power source (i). Fuel cell with electrolyser tank to store the hydrogen produced by using the excess energy available (5, 9]. Hybrid with two or more power sourees directly connected to a DC bus is not an appropriate configuration. Since the characteristics of each source is different from others, and they have to maintain at a common potential, all these sources are connected to the DC bus through Static converters. The schematic of standalone solar PV-fuel cell- battery hybrid power system is as shown in Fig. 2; EH Power be spanagenc! pe Fig.2, Block diagram of Solar PV- fuel cell- battery hybrid power system Solar PV is used as primary source of energy and fuel cell as, back-up energy sources to supply the rest of the load which solar PV cannot be able to meet. A battery bank is also used to slore the excess energy available in during, Tight load conditions and to supply the power during peak load conditions. The power management circuit senses the power availability, load requirement and it share the load among, the sources according to the algorithm implemented. The modelling of each system is as follows: A. Solar PY system design Solar cell is the basic component of the Solar PV system which converts the sun light to DC electricity. The physics of the solar cell is similar to p-n junction diode. It ‘ean be modelled with one diode equivalent circuit as shown, in Fig, 3.10, 11 9, Sf fh No ¥ : Fig.3. Solar cell equivalent circuit the opt caret ofthe ler lia shown Ea (Ds (.aWiR,) ) (V+IR,) \ AT J Ry I=1,-1, Where; 1. is Solar cell current (A) 1, is light generated current (A) Jp is diode saturation eureent (A) 4. is the charge of electron = 1.6x10"" (C) V isthe solar cell output voltage (V) K is Boltzmann constant (/K) Tis the coll temperature (K) Ry Rey are solar cell series and shunt resistan (Ohm) Solar cells are connected in series and parallel combination to achieve the required power rating and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system is designed to extract the maximum power available from the panel. MPPT is an electronic DC-DC converter which optimizes the match between solar panel and battery bank or grid. It matches the impedance of solar panel with battery by changing the duty ratio of the DC-DC converter [12-14]. IkW solar PV system with specifications mentioned in Appendix. A Table. A.1 is designed in Matlab’ Simulink and simalated fora realtime solar isolation pattern B. PEM Fuel cell system design Fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device which converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen to electricity and water. These fuel cells are getting popular in energy sector because of its advantages like pollution free, noise free, absence of moving parts, high efficiency ete, Among different types of fuel cells available [15], Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell is a very good alternative energy source for standalone applications because it has relatively low startup time, low temperature operation and compactness. The operation of the PEM fuel cell is explained by Fig.4 At the anode, hydrogen gets ionised and releases the electrons by creating protons (HI* ion) which are then transferred to the cathode via a proton exchange membrane, The electrons produced are passed through an external circuit and are combined with oxygen at the cathode to form water.2015 IEEE IAS JOINT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS / PETROLEUM AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CONFERENCE (ICPSPCIC) (a Fig. 4. Operation of a PEM fuel cell the equations governing the operon oa PEM Ful Cell At the anode; 2H, > 4H" +467 @ At the cathode; O, +4H' 4e" > 2H,0 @ PEM fuel cell stack model available in Matlab/Simulink is, considered with the specifications mentioned in Appendix.A. Table.A.2. As the output current magnitude of the fuel cell stack is high, DC-DC boost converter is, designed to increase the stack voltage up to bus voltage level C. Lead acid Battery system design Battery bank is integrated with the solar PV and fuel cell system to overcome the intermittency and lead acid batteries are the most viable solution among the available batteries because of their robustness and lower cost per kWh. A lead acid battery model available in Matlab/ ‘Simulink is considered and a battery charger is designed to charge! discharge at C/10 rate, It also includes a protection circuit to operate the battery with in its voltage limits. The specifications of the lead acid battery system are as mentioned in Appendix. A, Table A.3. The basic components of the battery charger are: 1. Buck-Boost Converter: It serves the purpose of changing the level of output voltage of the battery during charging and discharging conditions 2. PID Controller: A feedback controller which senses the battery parameters like voltage, current outputs and controls the switching timings of the MOSFET in DC-DC converter 3. Relays: To connecvdiseonneet the battery from load/source during deep discharging/overcharging conditions respectively. D. Power management circuit A hybrid controller is designed for controlling all the power sources according to the load requitement. This hybrid controller will sense the voltage and current of each, source, load and then it will switch ON that particular source according to the priority. The switching mechanism is as mentioned below: 4) If'load demand ~ Solar PY output, then Solar PV will power the load. b) Ifload demand < Solar PV output, then the exeess power will be used to charge the batteries, ©) If load demand > Solar PV output, then the excess power can be drawn from fuel cell and then from battery. @) During low insolation days and night times, the load is supplied by the fuel cell and battery. Ml, SIMULATION RESULTS Atter the design, each source is tested before integrating t0 the hybrid system in Matlab/ Simulink. For testing the solar PV system, a real time solar insolation pattern in a day is, replicated as shown in Fig. 5; Fig.5. Solar insolation pattem Solar PV system is simulated for the solar insolation pattern shown in Fig. 5 and the output current, voltage and power are as shown in Fig. 6: 30 ae caren E ol Eun} iso a) Zo et Fen wer 6 7s 2 em Timea Fig. Solar PY system output current, voltage, Power Output of the solar panel depends on the amount of sunlight falling on the top of the solar panel and hence the current, voltage and power output patterns are same as insolation, The output of the solar panel is zero during night time and varies according to the irradiation in day time. From 06:00, am to 10:00 am, Solar PV system output is moderate in ‘magnitude and then inereases slowly. Similarly, from 10:00 1am to 02:00 pm, it delivers its maximum output and then decreases from 02:00 pm, PEM fucl cell with 100V boost converter is used as back- up source to supply the load during night time in the absence of solar PV output, It is tested with | kW load and