04 CAM PW 04 102 99 Bridge (WWW - Sonatuts.blogspot - Com) PDF

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BRIDGE DESIGN
STANDARD
CAM PW.04.102.99
2003
This document has been produced for the Kingdom of Cambodia as a joint Australia – Cambodia
project sponsored by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID).
Valuable assistance and operational advice was provided by the staff of the Cambodian Ministry
of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) as follow:
I. Steering Committee (Appendix C)
1. Mr. Tan Hay Sien, Director of Infrastructure Department ............................................ Chairman
2. Dr. Yit Bunna, Director of Public Works Research Centre ........................Deputy Chairman
3. Mr. Tauch Chan Kosal, Director of Heavy Equipment Centre ............................................... Member
4. Mr. Lim Sidenine, Deputy Director of Bridge Construction Unit.................................... Member
5. Dr. Phung Katry, Director of Waterway Department ................................................... Member
6. Mr. Prum Sakun, Deputy Director of Cambodian Royal Railway................................. Member
7. Representative from Sihanouk Ville Port (Mr. Ma Sun Huot)................................................... Member
8. Representative from Public Works Laboratory (Mr. Keo Leap)................................................ Member
9. Representative from Phnom Penh Institute of Technology (Mr. Chhouk Chhay Horng).......... Member
10. Representative from Phnom Penh Public Works Department (Mr. Heng Nguon) ................... Member
11. Representative from Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology ....................................... Member
II. Assistance Preparation Staff from Public Works Research Centre:

1. Mr. Nou Vaddhanak
2. Mr. Kong Sophal
3. Mr. Chan Somardy
4. Mr. Tep Virith
Technical research and specialist input was provided by the Australian consulting firms of
McMillan Britton & Kell Pty Limited and Willing & Partners Pty Ltd.
Reproduction of extracts from this publication may be made subject to due acknowledgment of
the source.
Although this publication is believed to be correct at the time of printing, neither the MPWT nor
AusAID accept responsibility for any consequences arising from the use of the information
contained in it. People using the information should apply, and rely upon, their own skill and
judgement to the particular issue which they are considering.
SECOND PRINTING
FINANCED BY THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK LOAN NO. 1659 CAM (SF)
BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD
FOREWORD
The Cambodia Bridge Design Standard is intended to be used for the design of all
new road and railway bridges in the Kingdom of Cambodia. The Cambodian Bridge
Design Standard consists of the following complementary documents:
- CAM PW 04-101-99 Australian Bridge Design Code 1996 (the Base Document)
and associated Commentary;
- CAM PW 04-102-99 this document (the Amendments) which contains

amendments and additions to the Base document; and
- The Commentary on the Cambodian Bridge Design Standard which contains

amendments and additions to the Commentary on the Base Document.
These documents shall be considered together. In the case of a conflict between

the provisions of the Base Document and the provisions of the Amendments, the
Amendments shall override the Base Document.
From time to time the Base Document may be changed by the Australian
Authorities. Any such change shall be automatically incorporated into the
Cambodian Bridge Design Standard unless it conflicts with a provision of the
Amendments.
For the purpose of regulating and interpreting the provisions of this Standard, the
AUTHORITY shall be the Cambodian Ministry of Public Works and Transport.
BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99

AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART A LIST OF AMENDED CLAUSES IN THE BASE DOCUMENT.............. 3

PART B TEXT OF AMENDED CLAUSES IN THE BASE DOCUMENT ............ 6
Section 1 General ................................................................................................ 4
1.1 General Principles ................................................................................ 4
1.1.1 Applicability........................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 Bridge Carriageway Widths .................................................................. 4
1.3.2 Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways.................................. 4
1.3.4 Vertical Clearance at Structures........................................................... 5
1.10 Australian Standards ............................................................................ 5
Section 2 Design Loads ...................................................................................... 8
2.3 Traffic Loading ...................................................................................... 6
2.3.3 L44 Lane Loading ................................................................................. 6
2.3.4 Heavy Load Platform Loading .............................................................. 6
2.3.5 Number of Lanes for Design and Lateral Position of Loads................. 7
2.3.5.2 Heavy load platform loading ................................................................. 7
2.3.8 Fatigue Loading .................................................................................... 8
2.4.2 Dynamic Load Allowance -T44 Truck and L44 Lane loading............... 8
2.5.2 Braking forces....................................................................................... 8
2.5.4 Minimum Lateral Restraint Capacity - Ultimate Limit State.................. 9
2.8 Wind Loads........................................................................................... 9
2.8.1 General ................................................................................................. 9
2.8.2 Basic design wind speed ...................................................................... 9
2.8.2.1 Derivation of site design gust wind speed (Vz) ................................... 10
2.8.2.2 Terrain Category................................................................................. 10
2.8.2.3 Terrain and structure height multiplier (M (z,cat) ) ................................. 11
2.8.2.5 Topographic multiplier (Mt) ................................................................. 13
2.8.3 Transverse wind load ......................................................................... 13
2.8.3.1 Area of structure for calculation of transverse wind load, At .............. 14
2.8.3.2 Calculation of drag coefficients, Cd..................................................... 14
2.8.4 Longitudinal Wind Load ...................................................................... 15
2.8.5 Vertical Wind Load.............................................................................. 16
2.9 Thermal Effects................................................................................... 16
2.9.2 Variation in Average Bridge Temperature .......................................... 16
2.9.3 Differential Temperatures. .................................................................. 17
2.13 Earthquake Forces ............................................................................. 18
2.13.1 General ............................................................................................... 18
2.13.2 Earthquake Resistant Design ............................................................. 18
2.13.4 Equivalent Quasi-Static Earthquake Forces....................................... 18
2.19 Road Signs and Lighting Structures................................................... 19
2.19.3 Design Wind Speeds .......................................................................... 19
2.19.3.2 Ultimate Limit State............................................................................. 19
2.19.4 Design Wind Pressure........................................................................ 19
Section 3 Foundations ...................................................................................... 20
Section 4 Bearings And Deck Joints ............................................................... 20
1-33 BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99

Section 5 Concrete ............................................................................................ 23

5.1 Scope and General............................................................................. 21
5.1.1 Scope and Application........................................................................ 21
5.1.1.2 Application .......................................................................................... 21
5.1.5 Construction........................................................................................ 21
5.2 Design Requirements and Procedures .............................................. 21
5.2.4 Design for Serviceability ..................................................................... 21
5.2.4.3 Cracking.............................................................................................. 21
5.4 Design for Durability. .......................................................................... 21
5.4.3 Exposure Classification ...................................................................... 21
5.4.10 Requirements for Cover to Reinforcing Steel and Tendons............... 22
5.4.10.3 Cover for corrosion protection ............................................................ 22
5.6 Design Properties of Materials ........................................................... 23
5.6.1 Properties of Concrete........................................................................ 23
5.6.1.1 Strength .............................................................................................. 23
5.6.1.7 Shrinkage............................................................................................ 23
5.6.1.8 Creep .................................................................................................. 23
5.6.2 Properties of Reinforcement............................................................... 23
5.6.2.1 Strength .............................................................................................. 23
5.6.3 Properties of Tendons ........................................................................ 24
5.6.3.1 Strength .............................................................................................. 24
5.6.3.2 Modulus of elasticity ........................................................................... 24
5.6.3.4 Relaxation of tendons ......................................................................... 24
5.13 Stress Development and Splicing of Reinforcement and Tendons.... 24
5.13.1 Stress Development in Reinforcement............................................... 24
5.13.1.2 Development length for bar in tension................................................ 24
5.14 Joints, Embedded Items, Fixings and Connections ........................... 25
5.14.2 Embedded Items and Holes in Concrete............................................ 25
5.14.2.2 Limitations of materials ....................................................................... 25
5.16 Material Requirements ....................................................................... 25
5.16.1 Material Requirements for Concrete and Grout ................................. 25
5.16.1.1 Materials for concrete and grout......................................................... 25
5.16.1.2 Normal-class concrete........................................................................ 26
5.16.2 Material for Reinforcing Steel ............................................................. 27
5.16.2.1 Reinforcement .................................................................................... 27
5.16.3 Material Requirements for Prestressing
Ducts, Anchorages and Tendons ....................................................... 27
5.16.3.4 Tendons.............................................................................................. 27
Appendix 5A Reference Documents ................................................................................. 27
Section 6 Steel And Composite Construction ................................................ 31
6.2 Materials ............................................................................................. 29
6.2.1 Yield Stress and Tensile Stress used in Design. ............................... 29
6.2.4 Fasteners............................................................................................ 32
6.3.8 Design for Fire Resistance ................................................................. 32
Section 7 Rating................................................................................................. 33
Railway Supplement To Sections 1-5
1.1 General Principles .............................................................................. 33
1.1.1 Applicability......................................................................................... 33
BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99 2-33

PART A
LIST OF AMENDED CLAUSES IN THE
BASE DOCUMENT
Sections 1 to 7:
1.1.1................... (General Principles) Applicability
1.3.1................... (Geometric Requirements) Bridge Carriageway Widths
1.3.2................... Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways
1.3.4................... Vertical Clearance at Structures
1.10.................... Australian Standards
2.3.3................... (Traffic Loading) L44 Lane Loading
2.3.4................... (Traffic Loading) Heavy Platform Loading
2.3.5.2................ (Position of Loads) Heavy load Platform loadings
2.3.8................... Fatigue Loading
2.4.2................... (Dynamic Load Allowance) T44 Truck and L44 Lane Loading
2.5.2................... (Horizontal Forces) Braking Forces
2.5.4................... Minimum Lateral restraint Capacity – Ultimate Limit State
2.8...................... Wind Loads (incl. All sub-clauses)
2.9.2................... (Thermal effects) Variation in Average Bridge temperature
2.9.3................... (Thermal effects) Differential temperatures
2.13.1................. (Earthquake Effects) General
2.13.2................. Earthquake Resistant Design
2.13.4................. Equivalent Quasi-static Earthquake Forces
2.19.3................. (Road Signs and lighting Structures) Design Wind Speeds
2.19.4................. Design Wind Pressure
5.1.1.2................ (Scope and Application) Application
5.1.5................... (Scope and Application) Construction
5.2.4.3................ (Design for Serviceability) Cracking
5.4.3................... (Design for Durability) Exposure Classification
5.4.10.3 ............. (Design for Durability) Cover for Corrosion Protection
5.6.1.1................ (Properties of Concrete) Strength
5.6.1.7................ (Properties of Concrete) Shrinkage
5.6.1.8................ (Properties of Concrete) Creep
5.6.2.1................ (Properties of Reinforcement) Strength
5.6.3.1................ (Properties of Tendons) Strength
5.6.3.2................ (Properties of Tendons) Modulus of Elasticity
5.6.3.4................ (Properties of Tendons) Relaxation of Tendons
5.13.1.2 ............. (Stress Development in Reinforcement) Development Length for Bar in Tension
5.14.2.2 ............. (Embedded Items and Holes in Concrete) Limitations of Materials
5.16.1.1 ............. Materials for Concrete and Grout
5.16.1.2 ............. (Material Requirements for Concrete and Grout) Normal-class Concrete
5.16.2.1 ............. (Material Requirements for Reinforcing Steel) Reinforcement
5.16.3.4 ............. (Material Requirements for Prestressing Ducts, Anchorages and Tendons)
Tendons
5A ...................... Appendix 5A Reference Documents
6.2.1................... Yield Stress and Tensile Stress Used in Design
6.3.8................... Design for Fire Resistance
Railway Supplement to Sections 1 - 5

1.1.1................... (General Principles) Applicability

PART B
TEXT OF AMENDED CLAUSES IN THE
BASE DOCUMENT
SECTION 1
GENERAL
1.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1.1.1 APPLICABILITY
Add the following paragraph between paragraphs 2 and 3:
“The Cambodian Bridge Design Standard has been prepared for the design of road, rail and
pedestrian bridges and other bridge-related structures under the jurisdiction of the Cambodia
Ministry of Public Works and Transport, referred to in this document as the Authority, and also
for use by other Authorities and organisations.”
1.3.1 BRIDGE CARRIAGEWAY WIDTHS
Page 1.4, Para 2, line 4: replace “600 mm” by “500 mm.”
1.3.2 EDGE CLEARANCES FOR BRIDGES WITHOUT FOOTWAYS
Replace existing Table 1.3.2 with the following Table:
Table 1.3.2 Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways.
TYPE OF ROAD DESIGN EDGE CLEARANCE

STANDARD (EACH SIDE)
Low volume, 2 lane roads, R1, No clearance minimum,
Projected ADT < 150 vehicles/day U1 250 mm preferred
Medium volume, 2 lane roads, R2, R3 250 mm minimum,
Projected ADT 150 to 3000 vehicles/day U2, U3 500 mm preferred
High volume, 2 lane roads, R4, R5, R6 500 mm minimum,
Projected ADT >3000 vehicles/day U4, U5, U6 1000 mm preferred
Note:
Traffic volumes are the expected Annual Average Daily Traffic volumes 30 years ahead.
Design standards are defined in the Cambodian Road Design Standard Part 1 – Geometry.

1.3.4 VERTICAL CLEARANCE AT STRUCTURES
In the last paragraph, replace “AS 1742.2” with “the appropriate Authority”.
1.10 AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS
Delete “Australian” from the first paragraph.
Add the following paragraph:
“References to Australian Standards may generally be replaced by references to an equivalent

or similar standard from another country. Where specific provisions of Australian Standards
are required, these standards are either adopted in their original form as a Cambodian
Standard, or the relevant provisions are reproduced in the text of this Standard.”

SECTION 2
DESIGN LOADS
2.3 TRAFFIC LOADING
2.3.3 L44 LANE LOADING
Replace the Article as follows:
“The T44 Lane Loading shall consist of a uniformly distributed load as given in Figure 2.3.3
together with a tandem of two concentrated loads 90 kN each spaced at 1.20 m. The L44
Lane Loading shall be considered as uniformly distributed over the width of a 3 m Standard
Design Lane.
For continuous spans the L44 Lane Loading shall be continuous or discontinuous as may be
necessary to produce maximum effects, and the tandem of concentrated loads shall be placed
in such a position as to produce maximum effects. Only one tandem of concentrated loads
shall be used per lane except that one additional tandem of concentrated loads of equal force
shall be placed in each lane in one other span in the series in such a position as to produce
maximum negative moment. The L44 Lane Loading does not apply for spans less than 10 m.”
2.3.4 HEAVY LOAD PLATFORM LOADING
Replace the whole of Article 2.3.4 with the following:
“(a) The HLP 240 design loading shall be applied to bridges on the following road categories:
- Expressways
- Highways
- Provincial Roads
- Collector Roads
- Arterial Roads
These roads generally will comply with design standards R6/U6, R5/U5 and R4/U4 of the
Cambodian Road Design Standard Part 1 – Geometry.
(b) For a bridge on any other road category, the Authority shall determine if the bridge shall
be designed for the effects of Heavy Load Platform loadings.
(c) For bridges on special designated routes, as determined by the Authority, a heavy load
configuration, which shall be specified by the Authority, shall be applied.
(d) The Heavy Load Platform (HLP) loadings shall have the following configurations:
i. 12 rows of axles (HLP 240).
ii. The total load per axle shall be 200 kN. The axle load shall be equally distributed
among all wheels.
iii. Axles shall be spaced at 1.8 m centres.
iv. 8 tyres per axle row.

v. The overall width of axles shall be 3.6 m. The lateral spacing of dual wheels along
an axle shall be as shown in Figure 2.3.4.
vi. For continuous bridges, the loading may be separated into two groups of 6 axles
(HLP 240) with a central gap of between 6 m and 15 m, the gap being chosen to
give the most adverse effect.
vii. The tyre contact area for each individual wheel shall be assumed to be 500 mm x
200 mm.”
HLP 240
12 axles @ 200 kN spaced at 1.80 m = total 2400 kN
Overall length 19.80 m
ELEVATION VIEW
500 400 500 800 500 400 500
1400 mm 1400 mm
3600 m m
END VIEW OF AN HLP AXLE
Figure 2.3.4 Heavy Load Platform Loading
2.3.5 NUMBER OF LANES FOR DESIGN AND LATERAL POSITION OF LOADS
2.3.5.2 Heavy load platform loading
Replace the first paragraph with the following:
“The HLP 240 Heavy Load Platform loading shall be assumed to centrally occupy two
Standard Design Lanes.”

2.3.8 FATIGUE LOADING
Replace Table 2.3.8 with the following:
Table 2.3.8 Fatigue Stress Cycles for Traffic Loadings
Number of fatigue stress cycles for bridges on

Fatigue design traffic roads of category:
loading Category R6/U6:
Expressways, Highways, All other roads
Arterial Roads
W7 Wheel loading 2,000,000 500,000
T44 Truck loading 500,000 100,000
L44 Lane loading 100,000 100,000
2.4.2 DYNAMIC LOAD ALLOWANCE -T44 TRUCK AND L44 LANE LOADING
The Dynamic Load Allowance for T44 and L44 loadings shall be 0.35, unless alternative
values based on tests or on dynamic analysis are approved by the Authority.
2.5.2 BRAKING FORCES.
For the lengths of the structures between 10m and 60m, the braking force will be:
300 kN + (L-10) m x 6 kN/m
Replace existing Figure 2.5.2 with the Figure on the following page:
700
600
Braking force (kN)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Length of structure considered
(m)
Figure 2.5.2 Braking Forces

2.5.4 MINIMUM LATERAL RESTRAINT CAPACITY - ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
Replace paragraph three with the following:
Restraints shall have sufficient lateral clearance to allow thermal movements, especially on
wide and curved superstructures. The restraint system for each continuous section of
superstructure shall be capable of resisting an ultimate design horizontal force normal to the
bridge centreline of 200 kN or 5% of the superstructure dead load at that support, whichever is
greater.
For all bridges over roads, vehicular accesses, railways and navigable waters, the restraint
system shall be designed for an ultimate lateral load of 500 kN in accordance with the
following criteria:
1. Bridges over roads and vehicular accesses. Where the clearance between the maximum
legal load and the underside of the structure is less than 3.5 m, the 500 kN load shall be
applied to the superstructure within the width of the road formation.
2. Navigable waters. Where the clearance between the top of the design vessel, excluding
masts and aerials, to the underside of the bridge superstructure is less than 3.5 m, the load
shall be applied to the superstructure within the width of the navigable waters.
3. Railways. Where the clearance from the railways clearance zone to the underside of the
superstructure is less than 3.5 m, the load shall be applied to the superstructure within the
width of the railway clearance zone plus 10 m either side of the railway clearance zone.”
2.8 WIND LOADS

The whole of Article 2.8 shall be replaced with Clauses 2.8.1 to 2.8.5 as follows:
2.8.1 GENERAL
Designing for wind loading is to be based on a static analysis, which is essentially a quasi-
steady analysis approach using a design gust wind speed in conjunction with a mean loading
coefficient. The gust wind speed is the maximum wind speed, averaged over a period of 2 to
3 seconds which occurs in one hour. This approach is limited to conventional structures,
(nominally having a first-mode frequency of vibration of less than 1 Hz). For wind sensitive
structures such as suspension or long-span cable-stayed bridges, which may be subject to
significant wind excited dynamic response, special investigations into the dynamic behaviour
of the structure should be carried out.
The methodology for determining the wind loading here is based on the 92' AUSTROADS
Bridge Design Code and the Australian Standard for Wind Loading, AS 1170.2, to which
acknowledgments are made.
2.8.2 BASIC DESIGN WIND SPEED
The basic gust design wind speeds that shall be used are referenced to a standard exposure
of 10m height above open country terrain, for Serviceability and Ultimate Limit State design
conditions, defined by 20 and 2000 year Return Periods respectively. These are given for the
three Cambodian Regions in Table 2.8.2.

TABLE 2.8.2 Basic Gust Design Wind Speeds (m/sec)
Region Description Serviceability Ultimate Limit

Limit State State
Vs Vu
A Coastal Region within 50 km from
the coast 35 60
Coastal Region for 50 to 100 km
from the coast
35 50
B Coastal Region beyond 100 km from
the coast and Flat Land Region 35 45
C High Land 35 45
2.8.2.1 Derivation of site design gust wind speed (Vz)
The design gust wind speed (Vz) at the site and for height, z , shall be calculated from the
appropriate limit state basic wind speed given in Table 2.8.2 as follows:
Vz = V M(z,cat) Mt
Where
Vz = The site design gust wind speed at height z, in metres per second
V = The basic wind speed, (Vu) or (Vs) (see Table 2.8.2), in metres per
second
M(z,cat ) = A gust wind speed multiplier at height z for a terrain category with
upwind distance of at least 2500 m (see Table 2.8.2.3)
Mt = A topographic multiplier which shall be 1.0 if the approaching slopes
are less than 0.05.
Note: Mz,cat may change from the tabulated values if the structure site is within the transition
zone near the edge of a terrain boundary (see Clause 2.8.2.4)
Irrespective of the calculation in this Clause, the ultimate limit state site design gust wind
speed (Vz), shall not be less than 30 m/sec.
For serviceability limit state wind loads in conjunction with traffic loads on a structure, the
selection of a wind speed for a specified return interval is not appropriate and the design wind
speed shall be taken as 35 m/sec in all locations. The effect of wind on the traffic load need
not be considered.
2.8.2.2 Terrain Category
Terrain, over which the approach wind flows towards a structure, shall be assessed on the
basis of the following category descriptions:
(a) Category 1 Exposed open terrain with few or no obstructions and water surfaces
at serviceability wind speeds (Vs) only.
(b) Category 2 Open terrain, grassland with few well scattered obstructions having
heights generally from 1.5m to 10.0m and water surfaces for Vu.

(c) Category 3 Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of
domestic houses (3.0m to 5.0m high).
(d) Category 4 Terrain with numerous large, high (10.0m to 30.0m high) and closely
spaced obstructions such as large city centres and well-developed
industrial complexes.
Selection of terrain category shall be made with due regard to the permanence of the
obstructions which constitute the surface roughness, in particular vegetation in tropical
cyclonic regions shall not be relied upon to maintain a wooded terrain roughness.
2.8.2.3 Terrain and structure height multiplier (M (z,cat) )
The variation of terrain multipliers with height (z) shall be taken from Tables 2.8.2.3.(A) and
2.8.2.3 (B). Designers shall take account of probable future changes to terrain roughness in
assessment of terrain and structure height multipliers M (z,cat)
TABLE 2.8.2.3 (A) Terrain and Structure Height Multipliers for Gust Wind Speeds in
Fully Developed Terrains in Region A
Multiplier M (z,cat)
Height (z)
M Terrain Category 1&2 Terrain Category 3&4
≤3 0.90 0.80
5 0.95 0.80
10 1.00 0.89
15 1.07 0.95
20 1.13 1.05
30 1.20 1.15
40 1.25 1.25
50 1.29 1.29
75 1.35 1.35
≥ 100 1.40 1,40
TABLE 2.8.2.3 (B) Terrain and Structure Height Multipliers for Gust Wind Speeds in Fully
Developed Terrains in Regions B & C
Multiplier M (z,cat)
Height (z) Terrain Terrain Terrain Terrain
M Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
≤3 0.99 0.85 0.75 0.75

5 1.05 0.91 0.75 0.75
10 1.12 1.00 0.83 0.75
15 1.16 1.05 0.89 0.75

20 1.19 1.08 0.94 0.75
30 1.22 1.12 1.00 0.80

40 1.24 1.16 1.04 0.85

50 1.25 1.18 1.07 0.90
75 1.27 1.22 1.12 0.98
100 1.29 1.24 1.16 1.03

150 1.31 1.27 1.21 1.11
200 1.32 1.29 1.24 1.16
2.8.2.4 Changes in terrain category
Where, for the direction under consideration, the wind approaches across ground with
changes in terrain category within 2500 m of the structure, M(z,cat) shall be taken as the
weighted average terrain and structure height multiplier over the 2500m upwind of the
structure at height z above ground level.
For evaluation at height z, a change in terrain incorporates a lag distance (xi)
1.25
 z 
xi = zo,r  
 0.3 z 
o,r 
zo,r = larger of the two roughness lengths at a boundary between roughnesses

(given in Table 2.8.2.4)
z = height of the structure for which the design velocity is required.
Note: For height less than 10m the lag distance should be taken as 1.0.
TABLE 2.8.2.4 Roughness Lengths for Terrain Categories
Terrain category Roughness length (m)

Terrain category 1 0.002
Terrain category 4 2
The weighted average of Mz,cat is weighted by the length of each terrain upwind of the
structure allowing for the lag distance at each terrain category change for a distance of 2500
m, as shown in Figure 2.8.2.4.

2500 m
xt3 xt4 xt2

Wind direction
z z
Terrain cat 3 Terrain cat 4 Terrain cat 2
lag distance lag distance

xi tc3 / tc4 xi tc4 / tc2
M z , 2 xt 2 + M z , 4 xt 4 + M z ,3 xt 3
M z ,cat = for the case illustrated
2500
Figure 2.8.2.4 Changes in Terrain Category
2.8.2.5 Topographic multiplier (Mt)
For bridge sites approach slopes are usually less than 0.05, and for which Mt = 1.0. However,
if approach slopes are greater than 0.05 the Topographic Multiplier from Table 3.2.8 in
AS 1170.2-1989 shall be used.
2.8.3 TRANSVERSE WIND LOAD
The transverse wind load shall be taken as acting horizontally at the centroids of the
appropriate areas, and shall be calculated as follows:
(a) Serviceability design transverse wind load Wts*
Wts* = 0.0006 Vs2 At Cd (kN)
(b) Ultimate design transverse wind load Wtu*
Wtu* = 0.0006 Vu At Cd (kN)
where:
Vs = design wind speed for Serviceability Limit States (m/sec)
Vu = design wind speed for Ultimate Limit States (m/sec)
At = area of the structure for calculation of wind load (m2)
Cd = drag coefficient.

2.8.3.1 Area of structure for calculation of transverse wind load, At
The area of the structure or element under consideration shall be the solid area in normal
projected elevation subject to the following provisions:
(a) Superstructures with solid parapets
The area of the superstructure shall include the area of the solid windward parapet, but the
effect of the leeward parapet need not be considered.
(b) Superstructures with open parapets
The total load shall be the sum of the loads for the superstructure, the windward barrier and
the leeward barrier considered separately. Where there are more than two parapets or safety
fences, irrespective of the width of the superstructure, only those two elements having the
greatest unshielded effect shall be considered.
(c) Piers
Shielding shall not be considered.
2.8.3.2 Calculation of drag coefficients, Cd
(a) Drag coefficient for all superstructures with solid elevation
For superstructures with or without traffic load, Cd shall be derived from Figure 2.8.3.2 where
b = depth of bridge between outer faces of parapets
d = depth of superstructure (including solid parapet if applicable).
(b) Drag coefficient for truss girder superstructures
The wind force on truss girder superstructures shall be calculated by considering each
component individually, using the drag coefficients Cd from Appendix B in AS 1170.2.
(c) Drag coefficients for beams during erection
The drag coefficient for beams and girders during erection stages shall be calculated for
individual beams using Figure 2.8.3.2. Shielding shall not be considered for individual beams,
but may be allowed for when two or more beams are connected, provided the ratio of the clear
distance between beams to the depth does not exceed 7. Under such circumstances, the
drag coefficient for the combination may be taken as 1.5 times the value for an individual
beam.
(d) Drag coefficient for parapet railings, parapet barriers and substructures.
Drag coefficients shall be obtained from Appendix B in AS 1170.2.

Figure 2.8.3.2
Drag Coefficient Cd for Superstructures with Solid Elevation
NOTES:
1. The values given assume a vertical elevation and a horizontal wind

2. Where the windward face is inclined to the vertical, the drag coefficient Cd may be
reduced by 0.5% per degree of inclination from the vertical, subject to a maximum
reduction of 30%.
3. Where the windward face consists of a vertical and a sloping part or two sloping parts
inclined at different angles, the wind load shall be derived as follows:
a). The basic drag coefficient Cd is calculated using the total depth of the structure.
b). For each non-vertical face, the basic drag coefficient calculated above is reduced in
accordance with Note 2.
c). The total wind load is calculated by applying the appropriate drag coefficients to the
relevant areas.
4. Where a superstructure is superelevated, Cd shall be increased by 3% per degree of
inclination to the horizontal, but not by more than 25%.
5. Where a superstructure is subject to wind inclined at not more than 5 degrees to the
horizontal, Cd shall be increased by 15%. Where the angle of inclination exceeds 5
degrees, the drag coefficient shall be derived from tests.
6. Where a superstructure is superelevated and also subject to inclined wind, the drag
coefficient shall be the subject of special investigation.
2.8.4 LONGITUDINAL WIND LOAD
For piers, truss bridges and other superstructure forms which present a significant surface
area to wind loads parallel to the longitudinal centreline of the structure, a longitudinal wind
load shall be considered. The serviceability and ultimate design longitudinal wind loads shall
be calculated in a manner similar to those for transverse wind loads.

Longitudinal wind loads on the superstructure may also be significant during the construction
stage of some bridge types which are not affected by these loads at normal service levels.
2.8.5 VERTICAL WIND LOAD
An upward or downward vertical wind load, acting at the centroid of the appropriate area, shall
be calculated as follows:
(a) Serviceability design vertical wind load Wvs* (kN)
Wvs* = 0.00045 Vs2 Ap
(b) Ultimate design vertical wind load Wvu* (kN)
Wvu* = 0.00045 Vu2 Ap
where
Vx = design wind speed for Serviceability Limit States (m/sec)
Vu = design wind speed for Ultimate Limit States (m/sec)
Ap = bridge area in plan (m2).
The above relationships may be used provided the angle of inclination of the wind to the
structure is less than 5 degrees. For inclinations in excess of 5 degrees, the lift coefficient
shall be investigated by testing.
2.9 THERMAL EFFECTS

2.9.2 VARIATION IN AVERAGE BRIDGE TEMPERATURE
Second paragraph, delete the following sentence:
“eg frost pockets and sheltered low-lying areas where the minimum shade air temperature
may be substantially lower”
Replace the Table 2.9.2 (a) with the following:
Table 2.9.2 (a) Shade Air Temperatures

SHADE AIR TEMPERATURES ( 0 C)
CLIMATIC REGION (1) Maximum Minimum
(2)
Coastal 40 11
Flat Land and High Land (3) 42 8
Notes: 1) For the extent of climatic regions refer to Figure 2.9.2
2) For locations less than 20 km from the sea coast the maximum
temperature may be reduced by 2 0 C and the minimum temperature
increased by 3 0 C
3) For locations with altitude greater than 1000 m above the sea level the
maximum temperature shall be reduced by 10 0 C and the minimum
temperature shall be reduced by 5 0 C.

Add the following Figure 2.9.2:
Figure 2.9.2 Climatic Regions in Cambodia
2.9.3 DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURES.
In Figure 2.9.3, replace the “Regional Values for T” and associated information with the
following:
LOCATION OF THE BRIDGE T

1. All locations less than 500 m above sea level 13 0C
2. All locations more than 500 m above sea level 18 0C

2.13 EARTHQUAKE FORCES

2.13.1 GENERAL
Replace the whole of the Clause with the following:
“There are no records of seismographs inside Cambodia in the World Earthquake database.
Information gathered in neighbouring countries indicates there are no recorded epicentres in
Cambodia.
A uniform acceleration coefficient of a = 0.05 is considered to be appropriate throughout

Cambodia.”
2.13.2 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
Insert between the second and the third paragraph:
“As a minimum requirement for conditions prevailing in Cambodia, the ends of deck at
abutments and at piers of simply supported structures shall allow for a minimum 200 mm of
horizontal displacement additional to displacements calculated for other loadings, without
falling off the edge of the support.”
2.13.4 EQUIVALENT QUASI-STATIC EARTHQUAKE FORCES

(a) Seismicity factor, α
Delete Table 2.13.4.1 and replace the text with the following:
“The value of Seismicity Factor shall be determined by the application of the following
relationship to the acceleration coefficient, a:
For a # 0.08 α = 0.13”
(e) Site-structure resonance factor, S
Replace the text with the following:
The Site-Structure Resonance Factor shall be either taken as 1.5 or determined from
Table 2.13.4 (e):

Table 2.13.4.(e) Site-Structure Resonance Factors
SITE-STRUCTURE
SOIL PROFILE RESONANCE
FACTOR S
A profile of rock materials with rock strength low or better 0.67
A soil profile with either;
(a) Rock material with extreme low or very low strength
characterised by shear wave velocities greater than 760 m/sec,
or 1.0
(b) not more than 30 m of :medium dense to very dense coarse
sands and gravels;
firm, stiff or hard clays; or
controlled fill
A soil profile with more than 30 m of :
Medium dense to very dense coarse sand and gravels :
Firm, stiff or hard clays; or 1.25
Controlled fill
A soil profile with a total depth of 20 m or more and containing 6 to 12 m
of:
1.5
Very soft to soft clays;
Very loose or loose sands;
Silts; or
Uncontrolled fill
A soil profile with more than 12 m of;
Very soft to soft clays:
Very loose or loose sands; 2.0
Silts; or
Uncontrolled fill characterised by shear wave velocities less
than 150 m/sec
2.19 ROAD SIGNS AND LIGHTING STRUCTURES

2.19.3 DESIGN WIND SPEEDS
2.19.3.2 Ultimate Limit State
Replace the first line with the following:
“The basic design gust wind speed shall be:”
Replace “200 year return interval wind speed *” with “ 0.85 Vu* ”
Replace “* Determine from AS 1170.2” with “ The design wind speed, Vu, shall be determined
from Clause 2.8.2.1 which includes the application of height and topographical multipliers.”
2.19.4 DESIGN WIND PRESSURE

The design wind pressure q* (kPa), for Serviceability or Ultimate Limit States, may be
calculated using the following equivalent dynamic pressure approach:
Q * = 0.61 C d V 2 10 −3

where
V = the basic wind speed (VU) or (VS) (see Table 2.8.2), in metres per second.
Cd = drag coefficient, determined from AS1170.2 or Table 2.19.4, as appropriate.
Note: For tall slender structures, such as high masts, the equivalent dynamic pressure
approach may be unconservative. As an alternative the gust-energy or gust-factor
method of determining design wind loads may be employed.
SECTION 3
FOUNDATIONS
The AUSTROADS Code includes provisions for the determination of ultimate pile resistance
design of pile footings by a choice of methods, including static analysis, dynamic analysis or
static load testing, and provides the appropriate material factors for determination of the
design resistances.
In view of the broad range of acceptable methods, which also include the current practice in
Cambodia, it is not considered necessary to modify this Section.
The following Australian Standards referred to in the text have been replaced:
AS 2042 replaced by AS 2041

AS1342 replaced by AS 4058
SECTION 4
BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS
There are no amendments to Section 4 except that AS 1511, referred to in Clause 4.14.3, has
been replaced by AS 4100.
Refer to Section 4 Commentary for revised Articles C4.3 and C4.17

SECTION 5
CONCRETE
5.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
5.1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
5.1.1.2 Application
Add after (a):
“Compressive strength of concrete is defined in this Code on the basis of tests carried out on
standard test cylinders 150 mm diameter by 300 mm long. Where concrete strength is to be
determined on the basis of tests carried out on samples of other dimensions, this fact shall be
clearly stated on the drawings and in the specification.
Where standard 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm concrete cubes are used for testing, the
equivalent standard cylinder strength may be obtained from:
  f cube
'
 '
f = 0.76 + 0.2 log10 
c
'
 f cube
  15 
5.1.5 CONSTRUCTION
Add the following paragraph at the end of the Article:
“The tolerances for position and size of the structure and members are reproduced in Clause
C5.15. More stringent tolerances may be required for reasons of serviceability, fit of
components, or aesthetics of the structure. These will be specified in the Construction
Specifications issued by relevant Authorities.”
5.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES

5.2.4 DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY
5.2.4.3 Cracking
Refer to the Commentary for examples of additional requirements stipulated by some Road
Authorities in Australia to supplement the requirements related to cracking.
5.4 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY.

5.4.3 EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION
Replace the existing Table 5.4.3 with the new Table 5.4.3.

Table 5.4.3 Exposure Classifications

EXPOSURE
SURFACE AND EXPOSURE ENVIRONMENT
CLASSIFICATION
1 SURFACES OF MEMBERS IN CONTACT WITH THE GROUND
(Note 1)
(a) Members in non-aggressive soil (Note 2) B1
(b) Members protected by a damp-proof membrane A
(c)Members in aggressive soils (Note 3) U
2 SURFACES OF MEMBERS IN INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT
Fully enclosed within a structure except for a brief period of
weather exposure during construction. A
3 SURFACES OF MEMBERS IN ABOVE-GROUND EXTERIOR
ENVIRONMENTS IN AREAS THAT ARE:
(a) Inland & near-coastal (> 1 km from coastline). B1
(b) Coastal (Up to 1 km from coast-line but excluding tidal and
splash zones) (Note 4). B2
4 SURFACES OF MEMBERS IN WATER (Note 1)
(a) In fresh water B1
(b) In sea water or ground water containing salt:
(i)permanently submerged B2
(ii) In tidal or splash zone C
(c)In soft or running water U
5 SURFACES OF MEMBERS IN OTHER ENVIRONMENTS
Any exposure environment not described in Items 1 to 4 above U
Notes: 1) Members, such as piles without permanent steel casing, shall be classified as
members in water unless it is proved by geotechnical investigation that no part of the
member is below the permanent water table level.
2) If testing has been undertaken to ascertain that the soil in contact with concrete is
non-aggressive, then exposure classification A may be used, provided that the soil is
not subject to wetting and drying. Typically, members in the top 500 mm of soil
would not qualify for this reduction.
3) Permeable soils with pH < 4.0 or with ground level containing more than one gram
per litre of sulphate ions, would be considered aggressive.
4) For the purpose of this Table, the coastal zone includes locations within 1 km of the
shoreline of the large expanses of salt water, eg river deltas affected by tides.
Where there are strong prevailing winds or vigorous surf, the distance should be
increased beyond 1 km and higher levels of protection should be considered.
Proximity to small salt water bays, estuaries and rivers may be disregarded, except
for structures immediately over or adjacent to such bodies of water.
5.4.10 REQUIREMENTS FOR COVER TO REINFORCING STEEL AND TENDONS
5.4.10.3 Cover for corrosion protection
Add at the end of Clause 5.4.10.3 (b):
“In cases where the standard of formwork is likely to be lesser than specified by AS 3610 -
Formwork for Concrete, the values in Table 5.4.10.3 (A) shall be suitably increased.”

5.6 DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

5.6.1 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
5.6.1.1 Strength
Add at the end of this Clause:
“For the definition of the compressive strength of concrete refer to Clause 5.1.1.2.”
5.6.1.7 Shrinkage
For the applicability of the curves for the shrinkage coefficient k1 appropriate for the relative
humidities applicable in Cambodia refer to clause C5.6.1.7.
5.6.1.8 Creep
For the applicability of the curves for the creep factor coefficient k2 appropriate for the relative
humidities applicable in Cambodia refer to clause C5.6.1.8.
5.6.2 PROPERTIES OF REINFORCEMENT
5.6.2.1 Strength
Add the following paragraph after the existing first paragraph:
“Reinforcing bars, steel hard drawn wires and welded wire fabric to the ASTM Standards may
be also used follows:
Type Australian Standard ASTM Standard
Deformed bars AS 1302 A 615 Grade 60*

Steel wire AS 1303 A 185
Welded wire fabric AS 1304 A 82
* Bars to A 615 are not weldable.”
Add the following paragraph at the end of this Clause:
“The AUSTROADS Code provision for design of concrete are based on main reinforcement
deformed bars with yield strength of 400 MPa; refer to Table 5.6.2.1. Reinforcement of higher
yield strengths may be sometimes available. Currently the use of such reinforcing bars is not
fully covered by this Code, unless they are used on the basis of fsy = 400 MPa.

5.6.3 PROPERTIES OF TENDONS
5.6.3.1 Strength
Add at the end of (a) add the following:
“The nearest equivalent ASTM standards are:
ASTM 416-96 Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for
Prestressed Concrete
ASTM A722-97 Standard Specification for Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar for
Prestressing Concrete.
ASTM A882/A882M-96 Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Seven-Wire Prestressing
Steel Strand.
ASTM A886/A886M-96 Standard specification for Steel Strand, Indented, Seven-Wire
Stress- Relieved for Prestressed Concrete.
If the tendons are to be supplied to ASTM Standards, the parameters provided in Table 5.6.3.1
for tendons made and supplied to AS 1310 to AS 1313 shall be modified in accordance with
the appropriate parameters specified by the ASTM Standards.”
5.6.3.2 Modulus of elasticity
Add the following at the end of (a):
“If tendons are to be supplied to ASTM Standards, the modulus of elasticity of tendons shall be
taken as specified by the appropriate ASTM standards.”
5.6.3.4 Relaxation of tendons
(b) Basic relaxation
Add the following:
“(iii) If tendons are to be supplied to ASTM Standards, the basic relaxation of tendons
shall be as specified by the appropriate ASTM standards.”
5.13 STRESS DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT

AND TENDONS
5.13.1 STRESS DEVELOPMENT IN REINFORCEMENT
5.13.1.2 Development length for bar in tension.
(b) Deemed-to-comply development length
Add the following:
“(vi) fsy does not exceed 400 MPa.”

5.14 JOINTS, EMBEDDED ITEMS, FIXINGS AND CONNECTIONS

5.14.2 EMBEDDED ITEMS AND HOLES IN CONCRETE
5.14.2.2 Limitations of materials
In Article (a) replace “AS 3600” by “the Authority”.
5.16 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

5.16.1 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE AND GROUT
5.16.1.1 Materials for concrete and grout
(a) Portland Cement
Add the following at the end of the sub-clause:
“Cement complying with ASTM C150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement Type I would
also be acceptable.”
(b) Blended cements.
“ASTM C595M Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements (Metric) is the nearest
equivalent ASTM specification that covers blended cements. It contains more types than the
Australian Standard.”
(c) Fly ash.
Replace “AS 3583.1” with “AS 3582.1”.
“The ASTM C618 Standard Specification for coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural
Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete is the nearest equivalent.”
(d) Slag.
Replace “AS 3972” with “AS 3582.1”.
“The ASTM C989 Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag for Use in
Concrete and Mortars is the nearest ASTM equivalent.”

Add new sub-clause after (d) as follows:
“(e) Silica fume
Silica fume shall comply with AS 3582.3
The ASTM C 1240 Standard specification for Silica Fume for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
Hydraulic Cement, Concrete, Mortar and Grout is the nearest equivalent.”
Renumber existing sub-clause (e) as follows:
“(f) Aggregates”
and add the following to the end of the renumbered sub-clause:
“ASTM C33 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates is the nearest equivalent ASTM
standard.”
Renumber existing sub-clause (f) as follows:
“(g) Water”
Renumber existing sub-clause (g) as follows:
“(h) Chemical admixtures”
and add the following to the end of the renumbered sub-clause:
“ASTM C494 Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures in Concrete is the nearest
equivalent standard. Other relevant ASTM Standards are ASTM C260 Standard Specification
for Air-entraining Admixtures of Concrete and ASTM C1017 Standard Specification for
Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete.
Cellulose-type chemical water thickeners may be used in grout (See SAA MP 20 Part 3).”
Renumber existing sub-clause (h) as follows:
“(i) Other materials”
5.16.1.2 NORMAL-CLASS CONCRETE
Replace Article 5.16.1.2 (d)(i) with the following:
“Cement shall comply with AS 3972 alone or in combination with one or more cementitious
materials.”

5.16.2 MATERIAL FOR REINFORCING STEEL
5.16.2.1 Reinforcement
At the end of the Article, add the following:
“Alternative ASTM Standards are listed in Article 5.6.2.1.”
5.16.3 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESTRESSING DUCTS, ANCHORAGES AND

TENDONS
5.16.3.4 Tendons.
At the end of the first paragraph add the following:
“The nearest equivalent ASTM standards are:
Steel Strand.
Stress-Relieved for Prestressed Concrete.”
APPENDIX 5A REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

Add the following references:
“AS 3582.1 Supplementary Cementitious Materials for use with Portland and
Blended Cement - Fly Ash
AS 3582.2 Supplementary Cementitious Materials for use with Portland and
Blended Cement - Ground Granulated Iron Blast Furnace Slag
AS 3582.3 Supplementary Cementitious Materials for use with Portland and
Blended Cement - Silica Fume
ASTM A615 Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet Steel Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A185 Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, for
Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A82 Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete
Reinforcement
Steel Strand.
Stress-Relieved for Prestressed Concrete.
ASTM C150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement Type I would also be
acceptable.

ASTM C595M Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements (Metric)

ASTM C618 Standard Specification for coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete
ASTM C989 Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
for Use in Concrete and Mortars
ASTM C1240 Standard specification for Silica Fume for Use as a Mineral
Admixture in Hydraulic Cement, Concrete, Mortar and Grout
ASTM C33 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C494 Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures in Concrete
ASTM C260 Standard Specification for Air-entraining Admixtures of Concrete
ASTM C1017 Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in
Producing Flowing Concrete.”
The following Australian Standards referred to in Section 5 have been withdrawn:
AS 1312
AS 1314

SECTION 6
STEEL AND COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
6.2 MATERIALS
6.2.1 YIELD STRESS AND TENSILE STRESS USED IN DESIGN.
Add the following new Article after 6.2.1.1:
“6.2.1.3 Equivalent ASTM Standards
The revised Table 6.2.1 includes nearest, but not exact, equivalent ASTM Standards and
Grades. An exact equivalent is not possible to specify as there is sometimes none available or
because part of the standard complies, but other part may not (eg the range of thicknesses).
In critical cases both standards (AS and ASTM) should be compared and the designer should
establish the full compatibility of the ASTM Standard for the intended use.
Table 6.2.1 Strength of Steels Complying with AS 1163, AS 1594, AS 3678 and AS 3679.
Steel Form Steel Grade Thickness Yield Tensile ASTM ASTM
Standard of material Stress Strength No. Grade
(t), (mm) (MPa) (MPa)
AS 1163 Hollow Sections C450 All 450 500
C450 L0 All 450 500
C350 All 350 430
C350L0
C250 All 250 320

C250L0
AS 1594 Plate & Strip XF500 All 480 570 A715 Gr 70
(see
Note)
Plate, Strip & Hd400 All 400 460 A572 Gr 60
Floorplate
Plate & Strip XF400 t ≤ 3.5 380 460 A715 Gr 60
t > 3.5 360 440 A715 Gr 60
Plate, Strip & Hd350 All 350 430 A572 Gr 50
Floorplate
Plate & Strip HW350 All 340 450 A606
Plate, Strip & Hd300/1 All 300 430 A414 Gr B
Floorplate
Hd300 All 300 400 A572 Gr 42
Plate & Strip XF300 All 300 440 A715 Gr 50
Plate, Strip & Hd250 All 250 350 A36
Floorplate
Hd200 All 200 300 A570 Gr 30

Table 6.2.1 (Continued)
Steel Form Steel Grade Thickness of Yield Tensile ASTM ASTM

Standard material (t), Stress Strength No. Grade
(mm) (MPa) (MPa)
AS 3678 Plate 400 t ≤ 12 400 480 A572 Gr 60

400L15
400 12<t ≤ 20 380 480 A572 Gr 60

400L15
400 20<t ≤ 50 360 480 A572 Gr 60

400L15
350 T ≤ 12 360 450 A572 Gr 50

350L15
Plate 350 12<t ≤ 20 350 450 A 572 Gr 50

350L15
350 20<t ≤ 80 340 450 A 572 Gr 50

350L15
350 80<t ≤150 330 450 A 572 Gr 50

350L15
WR350/1 T ≤ 50 340 450 A 871 Gr 60

WR350/L0
Plate & 300 T≤8 320 430 A529 Gr 42

Floorplate
300L15
Plate 300 8<t ≤ 12 310 430 A529 Gr 42

300L15
300 12<t ≤ 20 300 430 A529 Gr 42

300L15
300 20<t ≤ 150 280 430 A529 Gr 42

300L15
Plate & 250 t≤8 280 410 A 36

Floorplate
250L15
250 8<t ≤ 12 260 410 A 36

250L15
Plate 250 12<t ≤ 50 250 410 A 36

250L15
250L15 50<t ≤ 150 240 410 A 36
250 50<t ≤ 80 240 410 A 36
250 80<t ≤ 150 230 410 A36
Plate & 200 t ≤ 12 200 300 A 283 Gr C

Floorplate
AS 3679 Sections & Flat 350 T ≤ 12 360 480 A 572 Gr 50

Bars
350L0
350L15


(mm) (MPa) (MPa)
350 12 <t <40 340 480 A 572 Gr 50

350L0
350L15
350 t ≤ 40 330 480 A 572 Gr 50

350L0
350L15
WR350/1 T ≤ 12 340 480 A 871 Gr 60

WR350/1L0
WR350/2 T ≤ 50 340 480 A 871 Gr 60
WR350/2L0 T ≤ 30 340 480 A 871 Gr 60

WR350/2L15 300 430
300, 300L0 A529 Gr42

300L15
250 t ≤ 12 260 410 A 36

250L0
250L15
250 12 < t < 40 250 410 A 36

250L0
250L15

Table 6.2.1 (Continued)

(mm) (MPa) (MPa)
AS 3679 Sections & 250 t ≥ 40 230 410 A 36

Flat bars
250L0
(cont.)
250L15
AS 3679 Round, 350 t ≤ 50 340 480 A 572 Gr 50

Square &
350L0
Hexagonal
Bars 350L15
350 50<t<100 330 480 A 572 Gr 50

350LO
350L15
350 t ≥ 100 320 480 A 572 Gr 50
WR350/1 T ≤ 12 340 480 A 871 Gr 60

WR350/1LO
WR350/2 T ≤ 50 340 480 A 871 Gr 60
WR350/2LO T ≤ 30 340 480 A 871 Gr 60

WR350/2L15
250, 250 LO, T ≤ 50 250 410 A 36

250L15
250 50 < t < 100 250 410 A 36
250 100 ≤ t 230 410 A 36
AS 3689.2 Welded 400 8 < t ≤ 12 400 480 A 572 Gr 60

Section
400L15 12< t ≤ 20 380 480
20< t ≤ 50 360 480
WR150/1 8 < t ≤ 50 340 450 A 871 Gr 60

WR350/1LO
300 8 < t  20 300 430 A 529 Gr 42

300L15 20 < t  50 300 430
6.2.4 FASTENERS
The Australian Standard AS 1285 referred to in the text has been withdrawn.
6.3.8 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE

Replace the existing Article with the following:
“In instances where it is considered necessary for a bridge to be designed for fire resistance
(for example, railway underbridges near railway stations) the relevant policies of the Authority
shall be observed and specialist literature on the design for fire resistance shall be consulted.”

SECTION 7
RATING
There are no amendments to Section 7.
RAILWAY SUPPLEMENT TO SECTIONS 1-5

1.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1.1.1 APPLICABILITY
In the first line replace “Australia” with “Cambodia”.

RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
RksYgsaFarNkar nig dWkCBa¢Ún
bTdæan
sikSaKMerag
s<an
BRIDGE DESIGN
STANDARD
COMMENTARY
CAM PW.04.102.99
2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION C1 - GENERAL ............................................................................................ 3

C1.1 General Principles ................................................................................ 3
C1.1.1 Applicability........................................................................................... 3
C1.3 Geometric Requirements - Carriageway Widths and ............................
Vertical Clearances. ............................................................................. 3
C1.3.1 Bridge Carriageway Widths.................................................................. 3
C1.3.2 Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways ................................. 3
SECTION C2 - LOADS ................................................................................................. 3
C2.3 Traffic Loading...................................................................................... 3
C2.3.3 L44 Lane Loading................................................................................. 3
C2.3.4 Heavy Load Platform Loading. ............................................................. 4
C2.3.5 Number of Lanes for Design and Lateral Position of Loads. ............... 4
C2.3.5.2 Heavy load platform loading................................................................. 4
C2.3.8 Fatigue Loading.................................................................................... 4
C2.4 Dynamic Load Allowance. .................................................................... 4
C2.4.1 General................................................................................................. 4
C2.4.2 Dynamic Load Allowance - T44 Truck and L 44 Lane Loadings ......... 4
C2.5 Horizontal Forces Due to Traffic .......................................................... 5
C2.5.2 Braking forces ...................................................................................... 5
C2.5.4 Minimum Lateral Restraint Capacity - Ultimate Limit State.................. 5
C2.8 Wind Loads........................................................................................... 5
C2.8.2 Basic Wind Speeds .............................................................................. 5
C2.8.2.3 Terrain and structure height multipliers, and........................................ 6
C2.8.2.4 Changes in terrain category. ................................................................ 6
C2.9 Thermal Effects .................................................................................... 6
C2.9.2 Variation in Average Bridge Temperature............................................ 6
C2.9.3 Differential Temperature....................................................................... 7
C2.13 Earthquake Forces ............................................................................... 7
C2.13.1 General................................................................................................. 7
C2.13.2 Earthquake Resistant Design............................................................... 8
C2.13.4 Equivalent Quasi-Static Earthquake Forces. ....................................... 9
C2.19.3 Design Wind Speeds............................................................................ 9
C2.19.3.2 Ultimate limit state ................................................................................ 9
SECTION C3 - FOUNDATIONS ................................................................................. 10
SECTION C4 - BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS ...................................................... 11
C4.3 Loads and Movements. ...................................................................... 10
C4.14 Deck Joints ......................................................................................... 10
C4.14.7 Proprietary Deck joints ....................................................................... 10
SECTION C5 - CONCRETE ....................................................................................... 11
C5.1 Scope and General ............................................................................ 11
C5.1.1 Scope and Application........................................................................ 11
C5.1.1.2 Application .................................................................................. 11
1-25 BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD COMMENTARY, CAM PW 04-102-99

C5.1.5 Construction ....................................................................................... 11

C5.2 Design Requirements and Procedures .............................................. 12
C5.2.4 Design for Serviceability..................................................................... 12
C5.2.4.3 Cracking .................................................................................. 12
C5.2 Design for Durability ........................................................................... 13
C5.4.3 Exposure Classification. ..................................................................... 13
C5.4.10 Requirements for Cover to Reinforcing Steel and Tendons. ............. 13
C5.4.10.3 Cover for Corrosion Protection........................................................... 13
C5.6 Design Properties and Materials ........................................................ 14
C5.6.1 Properties of Concrete ....................................................................... 14
C5.6.1.7 Shrinkage .................................................................................. 14
C5.7.1.8 Creep .................................................................................. 14
C5.6.2 Properties of Reinforcement............................................................... 14
C5.6.2.1 Strength .................................................................................. 14
C5.6.3 Properties of Tendons. ....................................................................... 15
C5.8.6 Crack Control of Beams ..................................................................... 15
C5.13 Stress Development and Splicing of Reinforcement and Tendons. .. 16
C5.13.1 Stress Development in Reinforcement............................................... 16
C5.13.1.2 Development length of bar in tension................................................. 16
C5.16 Material Requirements ....................................................................... 17
C5.16.1 Material Requirements for Concrete and Grout. ................................ 17
C5.16.2 Material for Reinforcing Steel ............................................................. 17
C5.16.3 Material Requirements for Prestressing Ducts, Anchorages and
Tendons.............................................................................................. 17
C5.16.3.2 Anchorages. .................................................................................. 17
C5.16.3.4 Tendons .................................................................................. 17
SECTION C6 - STEEL AND COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION .................................. 18
C6.2 Materials ............................................................................................. 17
C6.2.1 Yield Stress and Tensile Stress used in Design ................................ 17
C6.2.1.3 Equivalent ASTM Standards .............................................................. 17
SECTION C7- RATING.............................................................................................. 19
C7.7 SUPPORTING INFORMATION. ........................................................ 18
C7.7.1 Publications ........................................................................................ 18
C7.7.2 Other Information ............................................................................... 18
RAILWAY SUPPLEMENT TO SECTIONS C1-5
SECTION C2 - DESIGN LOADS ................................................................................ 20
C2.3 Traffic Loading.................................................................................... 19
C2.3.12 300-A-12 Railway Traffic Loading ...................................................... 19
APPENDIX A
NAASRA BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATION 1976 - SECTION 3 -
LOAD DISTRIBUTION ...................................................................................................... 21
APPENDIX B ......................................................................................................................... 22
APPENDIX C ......................................................................................................................... 24
BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD COMMENTARY, CAM PW 04-102-99 2-25

SECTION C1
GENERAL - COMMENTARY
C1.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
C1.1.1 APPLICABILITY
The range of bridges for which the ‘92 AUSTROADS Code is applicable has been
extended to include railway bridges; Clause 1.1.1 of the Railway Supplement refers.
The provisions of Clause 1.1.1. have been extended for the use by the Ministry of Public
Works and Transport and also for use by any other Authority or organisation.
C1.3 GEOMETRIC REQUIREMENTS - CARRIAGEWAY WIDTHS

AND VERTICAL CLEARANCES.
C1.3.1 BRIDGE CARRIAGEWAY WIDTHS
The minimum set back distance of the kerb on bridge has been adjusted to suit the other
adopted horizontal clearances.
C1.3.2 EDGE CLEARANCES FOR BRIDGES WITHOUT FOOTWAYS
The edge clearances on bridges without footways have been coordinated with values
included in the Road Design Manual.
SECTION C2
LOADS - COMMENTARY
C2.3 TRAFFIC LOADING
C2.3.3 L44 LANE LOADING
Replace the second paragraph with the following:
“L 44 has been slightly modified at the request of Cambodian Authorities.
The tandem of concentrated loads is not intended to represent heavy axles, but it is
merely an analytical device used to simulate the bending and shearing effects caused
by actual vehicle loading”.

C2.3.4 HEAVY LOAD PLATFORM LOADING.

Replace the second paragraph with the following:
“The application of HLP 240 is mandatory for all bridges on Expressways, Highways,
Provincial Roads, Secondary Roads and Arterial roads. For bridges on other roads it is
not mandatory. However, the Authority should consider:“
C2.3.5 NUMBER OF LANES FOR DESIGN AND LATERAL POSITION OF LOADS.
C2.3.5.2 Heavy load platform loading.
This Clause has been only amended to include the HLP 240. The Authority may specify
other special HLP loading on specially designated roads.
C2.3.8 FATIGUE LOADING
No additional commentary is provided.
C2.4 DYNAMIC LOAD ALLOWANCE.

C2.4.1 GENERAL
Replace the last two sentences (commencing with ‘Because…) with the following:
“The constant dynamic load allowance for T44 and L44 loadings for all span lengths is
based on the AASHTO approach and its magnitude is broadly that corresponding to
dynamic responses of short and medium span bridges. Longer span bridges normally
have low first flexural frequencies and therefore lower dynamic load allowances may be
applicable. However, with increasing length of span the ratio of live load to dead load is
decreasing and therefore the ratio of the dynamic load allowance to the total load is
also decreasing. In addition, the CBDS also provides for alternative determination of the
dynamic load allowance.”
C2.4.2 DYNAMIC LOAD ALLOWANCE - T44 TRUCK AND L 44 LANE LOADINGS
The dynamic load allowance expressed as a constant percentage of the live load has been
adopted for simplicity, instead of the method included in the 1992 AUSTROADS Bridge
Design Code, which requires to use an approximate value for the design and re-check the
adopted value when all the information for calculation of first flexural frequency is available.
To achieve optimum economy for major structures and/or long spans, the Authority may
approve different values of dynamic load allowances based on tests or dynamic analysis.\

C2.5 HORIZONTAL FORCES DUE TO TRAFFIC

C2.5.2 BRAKING FORCES
The braking forces between 400 kN and 800 kN specified by the AUSTROADS Bridge
Design Code have been reduced to between 300 kN for short bridges and 600 kN for
bridges 60 m and longer. Road trains with overall weight exceeding 100 t and travelling at
high speed are not considered to be applicable in foreseeable future for Cambodian roads.
Magnitudes of the braking forces adopted for the Cambodian Bridge Design Code,
although lower than the AUSTROADS values, are similar to the braking forces (at Ultimate
Limit State) specified by the British Code and are somewhat higher, particularly for longer
bridges, than the braking forces specified at ULS by AASHTO and Ontario Codes for up to
3 lanes travelling in the same direction.
C2.5.4 MINIMUM LATERAL RESTRAINT CAPACITY - ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
Additional Commentary on the revision of the paragraph 3:
“The Australian Bridge Design Code Clause 2.5.4 specifies some minimum lateral
restraint loadings where no other loading is specified. The minimum of 500 kN is well in
excess of many of the normal loadings which would apply. In particular, in the case of
small bridges over creeks, the likely log impact loadings in the order of 100 kN are
overwhelmed by this 500kN ultimate load. Where there is no vehicular access under the
bridge, there is no good reasons for such a large load as 500 kN. The bridge needs to
be restrained to cater for unanticipated loadings such as earthquake loadings in a nil
earthquake zone, and impact from repair equipment or other accidental minor impacts.
There is no need to have a load as high as 500 kN for this purpose.
However, a minimum 500 kN load should be retained for all cases where the deck may
be struck by road, rail or river traffic. A 3.5 metre clearance above the normal vehicle or
vessel height provides sufficient assurance to minimise the risk of impact to a bridge
from an anticipated high load.
The revision of the Clause 2.5.4 is based on the amendment document CBE 98/11
issued by the Chief Bridge Engineer of the Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW
authorised for use from 30 July, 1998.”
C2.8 WIND LOADS

C2.8.2 BASIC WIND SPEEDS
Replace the part of the last paragraph commencing with “The current...” with the following:
“The appropriate Serviceability Limit State basic gust design wind speeds have been
determined from the data provided by the Department of Meteorology in Pochentong,
Phnom Penh, the undated French report ‘Apercu General sur le Climat du Cambodge’
and other sources. In Cambodian conditions the Serviceability Limit State design wind
speed is uniform at 35 m/sec and the Ultimate Limit State wind speeds vary between
45 m/sec inland and 60 m/sec in the coastal region close to the coast. Table 2.8.2
replaces references to the AS 1170.2.

Structural importance and shielding factors have been omitted. Use of these factors in
the AUSTROADS Bridge Design Code is reflecting the origin of these provisions in the
AS 1170.2 which is a wind loading code for all types of structures. For bridges the
relevance of these factors is not significant.”
C2.8.2.3 Terrain and structure height multipliers, and
C2.8.2.4 Changes in terrain category.
The values in these clauses have been updated in accordance with the draft of the new
edition of the AS 1170.2.
C2.9 THERMAL EFFECTS

C2.9.2 VARIATION IN AVERAGE BRIDGE TEMPERATURE
For Cambodia, the Minimum, Maximum and Average Shade Air Temperatures have been
derived from the information contained in the undated French Report ‘Apercu General sur
le Climat du Cambodge’ as follows:
Av. Average
Average Derived
Annual annual Absolute Absolute Climati
annual from a
Station max. min. min. (ºC) max. (ºC) c
temp. period of
temp. temp. Region
(ºC)
(ºC) (ºC)
Stung Treng 31.6 22.6 27.1 9.5 41.4 28 years H
Siem Riap 32.0 22.7 27.4 9.5 40.3 28 years F
Battambang 32.5 23.0 27.7 10.4 41.0 20 years F
Krakor 32.2 23.1 27.7 14.6 39.5 5 years F
Kompong
Cham 32.0 23.4 27.7 12.4 39.3 26 years F
(Chhnang)
Pochentong 32.2 23.7 27.8 13.3 40.5 42 years F

(Phnom
Penh)
Svay Rieng 32.5 23.4 27.9 12.2 38.7 24 years F
Kampot 31.2 23.6 27.4 14.7 37.2 18 years C
Sihanoukville 30.3 25.2 27.8 20.5 34.4 4 years C

The altitudes of all stations but Stung Treng is <20 m. The elevation of Stung Treng is
54 m.
C denotes Coastal Climatic Region

F denotes Flat Land Climatic Region
H denotes High Land Climatic Region
Climatic Regions as determined by the Cambodia Department of Meteorology are shown

on the Figure 2.9.2. Additional information has been provided by the Department of
Meteorology is as follows:
Station Av. Annual Average Average of Absolute Absolute Derived

max. temp. Annual mean minimum maximum from a
(ºC) min. temp. monthly (ºC) (ºC) period of
(ºC) temperatures
(ºC)
Pochentong
(Phnom NA NA 27.2 18.5 36.5 18 years
Penh)
This information indicates remarkable uniformity of average annual temperatures across

the country. The most appropriate temperature for the determination of nominal
dimensions dependant on temperatures (ie for setting of deck openings at deck expansion
joints, etc.) would appear to be 27 ºC.
The stations are located in all three climatic zones (Coastal, Flat Lands, High Lands),
however, there is only one station located in the High Land Climatic region. The elevation
of this station is only 54 m and it is therefore not representative for the mountainous north
eastern region of Cambodia. No climatic information appears to be available for this region
and the recommended temperature reductions related to high elevations are based on
information from other tropical regions.
C2.9.3 DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE
Values of T have been revised to reflect the climatic conditions prevailing in Cambodia,
namely, higher uniformity of temperatures than in Australia.
In the absence of information on temperature ranges in higher elevations in Cambodia, the

value of T has been determined from information from other tropical regions.
C2.13 EARTHQUAKE FORCES

C2.13.1 GENERAL
Replace the text with the following:

“Earthquake severity at different locations is now defined by an acceleration coefficient,
a, the value of which for Cambodia has been determined by the Seismological Centre
of the Australian Geological Survey Organisation in Canberra, on the basis of the
World Earthquake Database. This indicates that there is not a single epicentre in
Cambodia. Figure C2.13.1, a copy of the map of regional seismicity covering Cambodia
and a large area around Cambodia, shows the regional tectonics.
The ISC World Seismograph station list shows that there are no seismographs in
Cambodia. The records also show that there have been no magnitude 6+ earthquakes

since 1960 and no magnitude 5+ earthquakes since 1980. The nearest large
earthquake was more than 300 km from the Cambodian border and the plate
boundaries at least 650 km away.”
C2.13.2 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
Delete second paragraph and replace with the following:

“In a general situation, design for earthquake resistance must comprise an assessment
of the seismicity of the site, an estimation of the induced seismic load and an evaluation
of the structural system characteristics and the dynamic structural response. The
subject is discussed in Newmark and Rosenbleuth (1971). Evaluation of the dynamic
response due to seismic loading of a specified acceleration spectrum can be performed
with the aid of a number of readily available computer programs.”

Figure C2.13.1 Map of Regional Seismicity
C2.13.4 EQUIVALENT QUASI-STATIC EARTHQUAKE FORCES

Delete fourth paragraph and replace with the following:
“The seismicity Factor, α , has been related to the acceleration coefficient, a.”
Delete sixth paragraph and replace with the following:
“The Horizontal force Factor category has been extended from that in the 1976
NAASRA Bridge Design Specification, recognising the part that frame action and
redundancy can play in modifying seismic behaviour. It is considered that a minimum
value of 0.8 for bridges should apply. The three dimensional redundancy available7 in
buildings is not generally achievable in bridges.’
Delete eighth paragraph and replace with the following;
“The Site-Structure Resonance Factors are taken from the AS 1170.4 - 1993. In recent
times there has been ample evidence, in areas of high seismicity around the world,
illustrating the poor performance of simply supported bridges, bridges with intermediate
hinges and bearings and those which were inadequately connected to the
substructures. The requirements regarding restraining devices are therefore considered
particularly important.’
Add the following:
“Bridges with a natural period of more than 1.5 seconds and built on deep soils require
a special study because of long period effects from large plate boundary earthquakes.”
C2.19.3 DESIGN WIND SPEEDS
C2.19.3.2 Ultimate limit state
Add between second and third paragraphs:

“The 200 year return interval wind speed has been defined as 85 % of the 2000 year
return interval Basic Gust Design Speed determined for the three climatic regions in
Cambodia. These are defined in Table 2.8.2.
The definition of the design speed has been revised and it now includes height and
topographical multipliers.”

SECTION C3
FOUNDATIONS - COMMENTARY
There is no additional commentary for Section 3.
SECTION C4
BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS -
COMMENTARY
C4.3 LOADS AND MOVEMENTS.
There are no amendments to the provisions of this Clause. However, lower differences
between minimum and maximum temperatures applicable in Cambodia will have a flow
on effect resulting in smaller deck joints that would be required in Australia for a similar
bridge.
C4.14 DECK JOINTS

C4.14.7 PROPRIETARY DECK JOINTS
Some proprietary deck joints provide anchorages that do not satisfy fully the Clause
4.14.3 requirements. In view of the service problems encountered with deck joints
insufficiently anchored, it is strongly recommended that such deck joints be not
accepted for inclusion in bridge works unless the anchorages are modified to provide
the specified cross-sectional area of steel anchors.

SECTION C5
CONCRETE - COMMENTARY
C5.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
C5.1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
C5.1.1.2 Application.
For the range of cylinder tested concrete compressive strengths between 25 and 50 MPa,
the formula given in Clause 5.1.1.2 results in conversion factors f’c/f’cube between 0.82 and
0.88
C5.1.5 CONSTRUCTION
(a) Tolerances for position and Size of Structures and Members (reproduced from
AS 3600 and edited to suit bridge structures)
• Absolute position. The deviation from the specified position shall not exceed the
following:
- In plan, for a point on the surface of a column or wall at any floor level – 40 mm
horizontally.
- In elevation, for a point on the top surface of a floor or the soffit of a beam or slab
adjacent or a column or wall - 40 mm vertically.
• Floor to floor plumb. In any column or wall the deviation from plumb, measured floor
to floor, shall not exceed 1/200 times the dimension between the floors or 10 mm,
whichever is the greater.
• Deviation from specified dimensions. The deviation from any specified height, plan, or
cross-sectional dimension, shall not exceed 1/200 times, the specified dimension or
5 mm, whichever is the greater.
• Deviation from surface alignment. The deviation of any point on a surface of a
member from a straight line joining any two points on the surface, shall not exceed
1/250 times the length of the line or 10 mm, whichever is the greater.
(b) Tolerance on position of reinforcement and tendons .
The deviation from the specified position of reinforcement and tendons shall not
exceed the following:
• For positions controlled by cover –
- in beams, slabs, columns and walls -5, +10 mm
- in slabs-on-ground -10, +20 mm
- In footings cast in the ground -20, +40 mm
where a positive value indicates the amount the cover may increase and a negative
value indicates the amount the cover may decrease.
• For positions not controlled by cover, namely –
- the location of tendons on a profile 5 mm;
- the position of the ends of reinforcement 50 mm;
- the spacing of bars in walls and of fitments in beams and columns:
10 % of the specified spacing or 15 mm, whichever is greater.

C5.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES

C5.2.4 DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY
C5.2.4.3 Cracking
Add between the first and the second paragraph:
“Flexural cracking is deemed to be controlled by provisions of Clauses 5.8.6, 5.94 and

5.2.4.3. Indirect approach through distribution of reinforcement and limitation of
concrete tensile stresses has also been adopted by AASHTO and Ontario Codes. The
best crack control is obtained when the steel reinforcement is well distributed over the
zone of maximum concrete tension; several smaller bars at closer spacing (refer to
minimum reinforcement spacing provisions) are more effective in controlling cracking
than widely spaced large bars of equivalent area.
Typical examples of additional requirements related to limitation of cracks, imposed by
some of the Australian State Road Authorities include:
Serviceability allowable stresses specified by the Main Roads Department, Western
Australia, for bridges on a major urban road:
- Max. tensile stress in reinforcement; 180 MPa with T44/L44,
220 MPa with HLP
- Max. incremental stress in prestress: 160 MPa with T44/L44

200 MPa with HLP
The Queensland Department of Main Roads imposes similar additional limits on
serviceability steel stresses:
- Max. tensile stress in reinforcement for exposure classifications A and B1:
200 MPa with T44/L44
240 MPa with HLP
- Max. tensile stress in reinforcement for exposure classifications B2 and C:
170 MPa with T44/L44
200 MPa with HLP
For control of shrinkage and flexural cracking, Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW
specifies:
- for wide walls and piers restrained by rigid pile caps, the vertical spacing of horizontal
shrinkage reinforcement should not exceed 100-150 mm.
- to control cracking due to temperature differential and shrinkage of concrete in

reinforced concrete bridge decks of composite steel girder/reinforced concrete deck, the
following minimum longitudinal reinforcement is to be placed in the sagging moment
region:
Simply supported spans: 1000 mm2/m in each face

Continuous spans: 1500 mm2/m in each face

- Although not formally specified, the serviceability reinforcement stresses of members

sensitive to cracking (main reinforcement in bridge decks, main reinforcement in wall
type retaining walls) are normally kept below 200 MPa.
Refer also to C5.8.6 for the method of estimation of crack widths.”
C5.4 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY

C5.4.3 EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION
The general information contained in Clause 5.4.3 is universally applicable and therefore
valid for Cambodian conditions. However, a new Table 5.4.3 has been developed to suit
climatic conditions applicable in Cambodia.
The revision of the Table 5.4.3 is based on climatic data received from the Department of
Meteorology in Pochentong and contained in the undated Report “Aperçu General sue le
Climat du Cambodia”, (239 pages), made available by the Director of the Public works
Research Centre, Ministry of Public Works and Transport. The relatively uniform and high
average annual humidities applicable for the whole area of the Kingdom of Cambodia, not
less than 75 %, require minimum exposure classification of B1. As this classification is also
sufficient for industrial areas the distinction between industrial and non-industrial areas has
been removed from Item 3 of the Table 5.4.3.
Information has been received from the Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project attached to the
Department of Agronomy that no significant salt content has been detected in top soils.
Item 1 (d) has been therefore removed from the Table 5.4.3. It is understood, however, that
in a limited number of locations there may be high salt content in the ground water. The
appropriate exposure classification in such cases should be assessed for each location
under Category U.
C5.4.10 REQUIREMENTS FOR COVER TO REINFORCING STEEL AND TENDONS
C5.4.10.3 Cover for Corrosion Protection
(b) Standard formwork and compaction.

On minor works, it may not be practical to achieve the standard of formwork specified by
the AS 3610- Formwork for concrete. In such cases the nominal covers specified in Table
5.4.3 (A) shall be increased to offset the loss of durability that may result from the formwork
of lesser standard. The effect of the formwork of lesser standard will need to be assesses
by the designer, however, the appropriate nominal covers are likely to be values between
those specified in Table 5.4.10.3 (A) and those determined from Clause 5.4.10.3 (c)(ii).

C5.6 DESIGN PROPERTIES AND MATERIALS

C5.6.1 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
C5.6.1.7 Shrinkage and
C5.7.1.8 Creep
The available data on average daily relative humidities provided in the undated French
Report “Aperçu General sur le Climat du Cambodia” are as follows:
Station: Average Annual Relative Humidity
Stung Treng 78.5 %

Siem Reap 80.9 %
Battambang 78.3 %
Krakor 80.4 %
Kompong-Cham 77.3 %
Phnom Penh 77.4 %
Svay Rieng 80.3 %
Kampot 80.3 %
Sihanoukville 79.4 %
The Report does not include the number of years of records these averages were
calculated from, however, the Report records absolute minima and these cover years 1929
- 1960. It is therefore likely that the annual averages were also derived from a similar
period.
All stations record for the period covered by the Report relative annual humidities in excess
of 75 %. The periods covered by the Report are relatively short, but it can be assumed
that in Cambodia no long term annual averages of relative humidities will fall below 70 %.
The curves provided in Figures 5.6.1.7 and 5.6.1.8 for shrinkage coefficient k1 and creep
coefficient k2 for tropical and near coastal environment (RH approximately 70 %) are
therefore suitable for the whole Cambodia.
C5.6.2 PROPERTIES OF REINFORCEMENT
C5.6.2.1 Strength
Inclusion of reinforcement in excess of 400 MPa yield strength will require modification of
some of the code design rules, particularly in the area of serviceability - crack control. It is
expected that the main benefit of increased yield strength will be in compression members.
The rules governing crack control have been formulated for reinforcement with yield
strength of 400 MPa and they may result in unacceptable cracks if higher yield strength
reinforcement is used.
Revision of the AUSTROADS Code which will include modifications for reinforcement with
yield strength up to 500 MPa is now in progress.

C5.6.3 PROPERTIES OF TENDONS
The properties of tendons given in Clause 5.6.3 are for Australian made products.
However, the experience with overseas bridges designed to the AUSTROADS Bridge
Design Code indicates that the properties of most prestressing strands supplied by large
international suppliers are similar to those specified by the appropriate Australian
Standards.
Nearest equivalent ASTM Standards to the Australian Standards have been listed where
available.
C5.8.6 CRACK CONTROL OF BEAMS

Limitation of cracking in reinforced concrete members is controlled by deemed to comply
provisions in Clauses 5.8.6 and 5.9.4. However, with reference to C5.8.6, the following
method, based on publications by Broms and Lutz and Gergely and Lutz, may be used for
the estimation of crack widths.
Wmax = maximum flexural crack width (mm)
F = steel stress (MPa)
dc, d, h, and s (refer to Figure C5.2.4.3), in (mm)
2
 s 
Wmax = f × 0.0000155 × β × d c 1 +  
 4 dc 
h-kd
Where β =
d (1 - k )
for beams 1.20
for slabs  1.35
kd
NA
d h
dc
s
Figure C5.2.4.3
Among the major bridge design codes, only the British Standard BS5400 specifies
maximum design crack widths. These are reproduced in Table 5.8.6 for information
purposes only.
There is no direct comparison between BS5400 environments and the exposure

environments specified in Table 5.4.3. However, the definition of “moderate” may be

assumed to be approximate classification A to B1 “severe” to be B1 to B2 “very severe” to

be B2 to C and “extreme” to be C or U.
C5.13 STRESS DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICING OF

REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS
C5.13.1 STRESS DEVELOPMENT IN REINFORCEMENT
C5.13.1.2 Development length of bar in tension.
For the reasons for the limitation of the fsy refer to Article 5.6.2.1 and C 5.6.2.1.
Table 5.8.6 Design crack widths (Reproduced from BS5400)
Environment Examples Design crack width
Extreme
Concrete surfaces exposed to: 0.10mm
Abrasive action by sea water Marine structures
Or
Water with a pH < 4.5 Parts of structure in contact with
moorland water
Very severe
Concrete surfaces directly affected 0.15mm
by:
De-icing salts Walls and structure supports
adjacent to the carriageway
Parapet edge beams
Or
Sea water spray Concrete adjacent to the sea
Severe
Concrete surfaces exposed to: Wall and structure supports 0.25mm
Driving rain remote from the carriageway
Or
Alternate wetting and drying Bridge deck soffits
Buried parts of structures
Moderate
Concrete surfaces above ground 0.25mm
level and fully sheltered against all
of the following:
Rain, Surface protected by bridge
De-icing salts, deck water-proofing or by
Sea water spray permanent formwork
Concrete surfaces permanently Interior surface of pedestrian

saturated by water with a pH > 4.5 subways, voided
superstructures or cellular
abutment
Concrete permanently under
water

C5.16 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

C5.16.1 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE AND GROUT
available.
C5.16.2 MATERIAL FOR REINFORCING STEEL
available.
C5.16.3 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESTRESSING DUCTS, ANCHORAGES AND

TENDONS
C5.16.3.2 Anchorages.
In the absence of a ASTM Standard for anchorages, refer to the PTI Publication
“Acceptance Standards for Post-Tensioning Systems.
C5.16.3.4 Tendons
available.
SECTION C6
STEEL AND COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION -
COMMENTARY
C6.2 MATERIALS
C6.2.1 YIELD STRESS AND TENSILE STRESS USED IN DESIGN
C6.2.1.3 Equivalent ASTM Standards
There are many differences between Australian and ASTM standards in general, eg
tolerances, test procedures, chemical composition limits, etc. The grade equivalents in
Table 6.2.1 were made largely on strength requirements of the specified grades and the
general type of steel specified (eg corrosion resistant steel).
The LO and L15 grades have no specific equivalent in the ASTM specifications. The
Charpy impact testing for ASTM grades is called up as a “Supplementary” requirement on
the specification. In this case the Supplementary requirement is “S5". There is a range of
supplementary requirements available (eg ultrasonics, carbon equivalents, etc); for
complete list refer to ASTM A6.

SECTION C7
RATING - COMMENTARY
C7.7 SUPPORTING INFORMATION
C7.7.1 PUBLICATIONS
Add Clause:
“The following publications contain useful information on evaluation of existing bridges:
- National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report No. 292 “Strength Evaluation of
Existing Reinforced Concrete Bridges” by R A Imbsen, W D Liu, R A Schamber and R V
Nutt, Engineering Computer corporation, Sacramento, California. Issued by the
Transportation Research Board, of the National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA,
June, 1987.
- National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report No. 306 “Correlation of Bridge
Load Capacity Estimates with Test Data”, by E G Burdette and D W Goodpasture, The
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Issued by the Transportation
Research Board, of the National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA, June, 1988.
- “Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete Bridges”, edited by T C Liu. American Concrete

Institute, Detroit, publication SP-88. “
C7.7.2 OTHER INFORMATION
A copy of the following information has been provided to the Director, Public Works
Research Centre of the Cambodia Ministry of Public Works and Transport:
- Bridge Load Rating and Fatigue Life Assessment Manual” prepared by McMillan Britton
and Kell Pty Ltd. for the Railway Services Authority, October, 1996.
The Manual is aimed primarily at rating of railway bridges, however, it also contains
materials relevant for rating of road bridges.
- A volume of “Selected Information on Evaluation and Widening of Existing Bridges”,

containing the following:
• Part 7 , Existing Bridges, of the American Railway Engineering Association Manual for
Railway Engineering, 1984.
• AASHTO Guide Specification for Strength Evaluation of Existing Steel and Concrete
Bridges, 1989.
• UK Department of Transport Highways Safety and Traffic Departmental Standard 44/90.
• ACI Structural Journal July-August 1992 article “Guide for Widening Highway Bridges”.
• Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW, Australia, Technical services Directorate Direction No.
92/23, July 1992, “Guidelines for the Assessment of Existing Bridges for Widening”.

RAILWAY SUPPLEMENT TO SECTIONS C1-5-

COMMENTARY
SECTION C2
DESIGN LOADS
C2.3 TRAFFIC LOADING
C2.3.12 300-A-12 RAILWAY TRAFFIC LOADING
There is no design code or loading for railway bridges pre-dating this Code. The railway
traffic design loading described in the “Draft Report on the Results of Survey of Bridges of
the Cambodian Railway” prepared by Mr Thavee Thongpan of Thai Railways, dated
January, 1993. This loading is described as the Standard Design Axle Load of 20t (New
Twenty Tons Axle Loading). All the information, reports and calculations are in allowable
stress format and the comparison with the Australian Bridge Design Code traffic loading
300-A-12 loading has also been carried out only on the unfactored loads basis. The
impact allowances specified in the Thai Railways Report are related to the ratio of dead
load and live load and they will therefore differ for each bridge. The values of the New
Twenty Tons Axle Loading given in the Table C2.3.12 below are approximate only.
The Table indicates that the 300-A-12 produces bending moments slightly higher than the
Standard Design Axle Load of 20t loading for a range of simply supported spans between
10 and 100m. The adoption of the 300-A-12 will therefore produce results which are
broadly comparable with the previous railway traffic loading.

Table C2.3.12 Bending Moments due to 300-A-12 and the New Twenty Ton Axle Loading
Simply Bending Moments (kNm)

Supported
Span Length 300-A-12 Loading New Twenty Ton Axle Loading
(m)
Without Impact With Impact Without Impact With Impact *
10 2169 3165 1569 2250
20 5345 6604 4631 6160
30 11770 13410 9418 12130
40 20766 22483 16395 20640
50 31538 32937 25468 31490
60 45968 46715 36073 43950
70 61562 61562 47768 57480
80 79520 79520 59528 70850
90 97481 97481 71292 84050
100 115453 115453 83057 97100
* Approximate values only.

APPENDIX A
NAASRA BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATION 1976 -

SECTION 3 - LOAD DISTRIBUTION
The Section 3 of the 1976 NAASRA Bridge Design Specification contains approximate load
distribution factors. These may be used for preliminary designs, however, consideration
should be given to the fact that the approximate distribution factors do not include HLP
loading and that minor changes have been made to the L44 loading.

APPENDIX B
Prakas No. 377, Dated 11th October, 2001

Prakas No. 377, Dated 11th October, 2001 (Cont.)

APPENDIX C
Decision No. 328, Dated 13th November, 1998

Decision No. 328, Dated 13th November, 1998 (Cont.)
END OF DOCUMENT


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II. Assistance Preparation Staff from Public Works Research Centre:

- CAM PW 04-102-99 this document (the Amendments) which contains

- The Commentary on the Cambodian Bridge Design Standard which contains

These documents shall be considered together. In the case of a conflict between

BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99

PART A LIST OF AMENDED CLAUSES IN THE BASE DOCUMENT.............. 3

1-33 BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99

Section 5 Concrete ............................................................................................ 23

BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99 2-33

Railway Supplement to Sections 1 - 5

3-33 BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99

Add the following paragraph between paragraphs 2 and 3:

1.3.1 BRIDGE CARRIAGEWAY WIDTHS

Page 1.4, Para 2, line 4: replace “600 mm” by “500 mm.”

1.3.2 EDGE CLEARANCES FOR BRIDGES WITHOUT FOOTWAYS

Replace existing Table 1.3.2 with the following Table:

Table 1.3.2 Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways.

TYPE OF ROAD DESIGN EDGE CLEARANCE

BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99 4-33

1.3.4 VERTICAL CLEARANCE AT STRUCTURES

1.10 AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS

Delete “Australian” from the first paragraph.

Add the following paragraph:

“References to Australian Standards may generally be replaced by references to an equivalent

5-33 BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99

Replace the Article as follows:

2.3.4 HEAVY LOAD PLATFORM LOADING

Replace the whole of Article 2.3.4 with the following:

i. 12 rows of axles (HLP 240).

iii. Axles shall be spaced at 1.8 m centres.

iv. 8 tyres per axle row.

BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99 6-33

12 axles @ 200 kN spaced at 1.80 m = total 2400 kN

Overall length 19.80 m

500 400 500 800 500 400 500

END VIEW OF AN HLP AXLE

Figure 2.3.4 Heavy Load Platform Loading

2.3.5 NUMBER OF LANES FOR DESIGN AND LATERAL POSITION OF LOADS

2.3.5.2 Heavy load platform loading

Replace the first paragraph with the following:

7-33 BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99

2.3.8 FATIGUE LOADING

Replace Table 2.3.8 with the following:

Table 2.3.8 Fatigue Stress Cycles for Traffic Loadings

Number of fatigue stress cycles for bridges on

2.5.2 BRAKING FORCES.

300 kN + (L-10) m x 6 kN/m

Figure 2.5.2 Braking Forces

BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99 8-33

2.5.4 MINIMUM LATERAL RESTRAINT CAPACITY - ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

Replace paragraph three with the following:

2.8 WIND LOADS

2.8.2 BASIC DESIGN WIND SPEED

9-33 BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99

TABLE 2.8.2 Basic Gust Design Wind Speeds (m/sec)

Region Description Serviceability Ultimate Limit

2.8.2.1 Derivation of site design gust wind speed (Vz)

2.8.2.2 Terrain Category

BRIDGE DESIGN STANDARD, CAM PW 04-102-99 10-33

2.8.2.3 Terrain and structure height multiplier (M (z,cat) )