Lemma 0.

1: Consider the matrix pencil sE − A, E, A ∈ Case 2: k = 0

n×n
R and rank E = r. Consider M ∈ R(n−r)×n , full row rank This implies that:
such that M E = 0. Then the pencil has no zeros at infinity if an,n−1 = 0
and only if dim(M A ker E) = n − rank E.
As a result of which γ1 = 0, γ2 = , and the matrix pair (E +
Theorem 0.2: A regular matrix pencil (E, A) with E, A ∈
∆E ) will have a zero at infinity.
Rn×n and rank E 6 n−2 is arbitrarily close to a regular matrix
Case 3: k is not defined
pencil pair (E1 , A1 ) having a zero at infinity
This implies that
Proof: We first assume the matrix E has rank n − 2. Also
an,n = 0
let ai,j denote the i, j th element of the matrix A. Perturbing E
in the following manner: as a result of which γ2 = 0, γ1 =  and the matrix pair (E +
∆E , A) will have a zero at infinity.
 
σ1 0 . . . . . . . . . 0

 0 σ2 . . . . . . . . . 0 
 Now considering the case when the matrix E has rank less
 ..

.. .. .. .. 
 than n − 2. With the help of arbitrary small perturbations the
. . . . . . . . 
E + ∆E =  .
  rank of E can be increased to n − 2 and then the procedure
 .. . . . . . . σ

 n−2 0 0  used for rank n−2 case can be followed to get a zero at infinity
.
in the matrix pair (E 0 + ∆0E , A), E 0 is the perturbed E with

 .. . . . . . . . . . γ1 γ2 
rank n − 2 and ∆0E is the perturbation on E 0 .
 
0 ... ... ... ... 0
For Case 1 rank E + ∆E = n − 1, and let
Let NL and NR be two matrices whose columns span the left " #
and right null spaces of E + ∆E respectively. (sE11 − A11 ) A12 (s)
s(E + ∆E ) − A = .
h iT h iT A21 an,n
NL = 0 . . . 1 , NR = 0 . . . −γ2 γ1
If the matrix pair (E + ∆E , A) is non-regular it would imply
Acoording to Lemma 0.1, for the pair (E + ∆E , A) to have a that the schur complement of sE11 − A11 is identically zero,
zero at infinity i.e
NLT ANR = 0. an,n − A21 (sE11 − A11 )−1 A12 (s) ≡ 0

As, h i and hence,

NLT ANR = an,1 . . . an,n−1 an,n NR
det(sE11 − A11 )an,n = A21 adj(sE11 − A11 )A12 (s) (2)
Hence for the pair (E + ∆E , A) to have a zero at infinity:
h i L.H.S is a degree n − 1 polynomial with the coefficient of the
an,1 . . . an,n−1 an,n NR = 0 largest degree term equal to σ1 . . . σn−2 γ1 an,n . R.H.S is also a
degree n−1 polynomial with the coefficient of the largest degree
⇒ an,n γ1 − an,n−1 γ2 = 0 term equal to an,n−1 σ1 . . . σn−2 γ2 . As γ2 an,n−1 = γ1 an,n the
⇒ an,n γ1 = an,n−1 γ2 coefficients of the highest degree terms in both L.H.S and R.H.S
γ1 an,n−1 are equal. Considering det(sE11 − A11 ) to be fixed we can
⇒ = =k
γ2 an,n perturb A12 (s) and A21 by some small amount (except for the
term an,n−1 ) so as to have different coefficients for lower order
In order to show that (E +∆E , A) is arbitrarily close to (E, A), terms in L.H.S and R.H.S and thus ensuring that the schur
for any given  > 0, we’ll try to show that ∃∆E : k∆E k = . compliment of sE11 − A11 is not identically zero because of
Hence considering the follwing cases: which the pair (E + ∆E , A + ∆A ) is regular and has a zero at
Case 1: k 6= 0 infinity. For Case 2 an,n−1 = 0. Now let
As k∆E k2 = γ12 + γ22 , hence we need to find γ1 , γ2 such that:
" #
(sE22 − A22 ) A12
s(E + ∆E ) − A =
γ12 + γ22 = 2 (1) A21 S
" #
Substituting γ1 = kγ2 in (1) we get an−1,n−1 an−1,n + γ2 s
where S = and is unimodular.
0 an,n
k 2 γ22 + γ22 = 2 Hence the schur compliment of sE22 − A22 is always poly-
 nomial and hence the pair (E + ∆E , A) is regular and has
γ2 = √
1 + k2 a zero at infinity. For Case 3 an,n = 0. Hence arbitrarily
Similarly value of γ1 would come out to be: small perturbations can be done on the matrix A2,1 or A1,2
k or on both together such that the R.H.S of equation (2) is not
γ1 = √
1 + k2 identically zero and thus the schur complement of sE11 − A11
is not identically zero which would ensure that the pair (E + arbitrary small perturbation ∆A we can ensure that the matrix
∆E , A + ∆A ) is regular and has a zero at infinity. A + ∆A is full rank. This would ensure that equation (3) is
Theorem 0.3: A non regular matrix pencil (E, A) with no more satisfied and the matrix pair (E, A + ∆A ) is regular.
E, A ∈ Rn×n is arbitrarily close to a regular matrix pencil As rank E 6 n − 2, using theorem 0.2 we can find a samll
having a zero at infinity perturbation ∆E such that the matrix pair (E + ∆E , A + ∆A )
Proof: From (??) if the pair (E, A) is nonregular: has a zero at infinity and is regular.
Theorem 0.4: Consider a regular pencil (E, A) ∈ Rn×n and
" #
h i E
rank E A < n, or rank < n. (3)
p
A rank E = n − 1. Let D = k∆E k2 + k∆A k2 . Then for some
rank ∆A , ∆E 6 1:
We will consider the following cases
Case 1: rank E = n − 1
min D = min{σn−1 (E), an,n , X, Y, Z} (4)
For the equation (3) to be satisfied, the 2-norm of either the
last row or last column or for both last row and column of the with
matrix A is zero. Assuming the 2-norm of the last column of X=√
|an,n σ1 ...σn−1 |
(an,1 σ2 σ3 ...σn−1 )2 +...+(an,n−1 σ1 σ2 ...σn−2 )2
the matrix A is zero. This implies that |an,n σ1 ...σn−1 |
" # Y =√
(a1,n σ2 σ3 ...σn−1 )2 +...+(an−1,n
" σ#1 σ2 ...σn−2 )
2
E
rank < n. h i E
A Z = min{σmin ( E A ), σmin ( )
" # A
E such that the matrix pair (E + ∆E , A + ∆A ) has a zero at
As the matrix E has rank n − 1, hence the matrix also
A infinity
has rank equal to n − 1. Perturbations can be done on the last Proof:
column of the matrix A with the help of the matrix ∆A such that Case 1: Perturbation on the singular values of E, k∆A k = 0
the 2-norm of the last column equals k∆A k which some small As we have already proved in theorem 0.2 that the pair (E1 , A1 )
quantity and also ensuring that an,n is always
" zero.#With this where rank E1 6 n − 2 is arbitrarily close to a regular matrix
E pair having a zero at infinity, hence by perturbing the matrix
kind of perturbation the rank of the matrix becomes
A + ∆A E with perturbation ∆E ,k∆E k = σn−1 (E), we can bring the
equal to n and hence the matrix pair (E, A + ∆A ). With NL
rank of the perturbed matrix E + ∆E to n − 2. And as the
and NR defined as the matrices whose columns span the left
matrix pair (E + ∆E , A) is arbitrarily close to a regular matrix
and right nullspaces of the matrix E,
pair having a zero at infinity, the value of D in this case is
h iT h iT
NL = 0 . . . 1 , NR = 0 . . . 1 σn−1 (E).
Case 2:k∆E k = 0:
As,
As E has rank n − 1, let NL and NR be two matrices
NLT ANR = an,n = 0
whose columns span the left and right null spaces of E + ∆E
therefore, according to Lemma 0.1, the matrix pair (E, A+∆A ) respectively.
is regular and has a zero hat infinity.
i Similarly we can do h iT h iT
perturbation on A if rank E A < n. In this case the 2- NL = 0 ... 1 , NR = 0 ... 1
norm of the last row of the matrix A is zero. Thus
" # by doing a
E Now,
similar kind of perturbation as in case of rank < n to the
A
last row of the matrix A and ensuring an,n = 0, we can have NLT ANR = an,n .
a matrix pair (E, A + ∆A ) which is regular and "has#a zero at
h i E According to lemma 0.1, the matrix product NLT ANR should
infinity. If for both rank E A < n and rank < n the be equal to zero for the pair (E, A) to have a zero at infin-
A
both the 2-norm of both the last row and the last column of ity.Therefore perturbing the matrix A with ∆A = −an.n at the
the matrix A is zero. In this case small perturbation can done n, nth position and zero elsewhere the matrix pair (E, A+∆A )
simultaneously on the last row and column of the matrix A to will have a zero at infinity and k∆A k = an,n = D.
increase their 2-norm to some arbitrary small non-zero quantity Case 3:k∆A k = 0.
while ensuring an,n = 0, the matrix pair (E, A + ∆A ) will be As rank ∆E = 1 hence it can only a particular row or column
regular and has a zero at infinity. of the matrix E can be perturbed. We have to ensure that we
Case 2: rank E 6 n − 2 donot perturb the (n, n)th term of the matrix E which is zero
If the matrix pair (E, A) is non-regular then equation (3) because this would make the matrix E + ∆E a full rank matrix
is satisfied. This would imply that rank A 6 n − 1. By with which we can’t have any zeros at infinity. First consider
the perturbation on the last column of the matrix E: This example can be seen as a special case where perturbation
  is done on the last column of the matrix E and in equation 5
σ1 0 ... γ1
0 σ γ1 = β1 and rest all γ’s are equal to zero. Also the value β1 is
 2 ... γ2  
. . . .  always greater than or equal to X as X is the distance of the
E + ∆E ==  ..  .. .. .. 


 plane from the origin and β1 gives us the the intercept on the
 0 . . . σn−1 γn−1 
γ1 axis. Similarly if we perturb any column of E other than the
0 ... ... 0 last column, then that becomes a special case of perturbing the
Let NL and NR be the matrices whose columns spam the left last row of the matrix E and the norm of that perturbation will
and right nullspace of E + ∆E respectively. always be greater than or equal to Y . It can be observed that
h iT h iTany rank 1 perturbation done inside the leading (n−1)×(n−1)
NL = 0 . . . 1 , NR = γ1 σ2 . . . σn−1 . . . σ1 σ2 . . . σn−1
minor of the matrix E does not the nullspace of the perturbed
According to lemma 0.1 for the matrix pair (E + ∆E , A) to matrix E + ∆E . For example:
have a zero at infinity, 
σ 1 β1 ... 0

0 σ . . . 0
NLT ANR = 0 
.
2 
. .. .. .. 
E + ∆E =  . . . .

⇒ an,1 σ2 . . . σn−1 +. . .+an,n−1 σ1 . . . σn−2 = an,n σ1 . . . σn−1  
 0 . . . σn−1 0
(5)
0 ... ... 0
For this case: q
D = γ12 + . . . + γn−1 2 . Left and right nullspaces of both matrices E and E + ∆E is
spanned by the same vector and hence we require perturbations
If we consider equation (5) to be a equation of a plane with on the last row of E + ∆E or perturbations on the matrix A
variables γ1 , . . . , γn−1 , the minimum value of D with respect to introduce a zero at infinity in the matrix pair (E + ∆E , A)
to this (5) is the distance of the plane from the origin i.e or (E + ∆E , A + ∆A ) accordingly. As these cases have been
discussed, so we can ignore these kind of perturbations.
|an,n σ1 . . . σn−1 | Case 4: kEk = 6 0, kAk = 6 0 From [?] a sufficient condition for
X=p
(an,1 σ2 σ3 . . . σn−1 )2 + . . . + (an,n−1 σ1 σ2 . . . σn−2 )2 a matrix pair (E, A) to be singular is:
Similarly we can perturb the last row of E and get the value
" #
h i E
Y. rank E A < n, or rank <n
A
Other rows/columns of the matrix E can also be perturbed. " #
For example if we perturb the first row of E in the following Hence by reducing the the rank of either E A or E with
h i

manner: A
  the help of perturbations ∆A and ∆E we can make the pair
σ 1 β2 . . . β1
0 σ (E + ∆E , A + ∆A ) singular, and by Theorem 0.3 this pair is
2 ... 0

.
 arbitrarily close to a matrix pair which is zero and has a zero
.. .. .. 
E + ∆E ==   .. . . .

at infinity. Hence the minimum perturbation required h to have
i
 
 0 . . . σn−1 0  introduce a zero at infinity is the minimum of k ∆E ∆A =
0 ... ... 0
" # " #
h i ∆E E
σmin ( E A ) or k = σmin ( ). The perturbation
Let NL and NR be the matrices whose columns spam the left ∆A A
h i h i
and right nullspace of E + ∆E respectively. matrix ∆E ∆A is equal to σmin ( E A )un v2n T
where un
iT iT h i
T
h h
NR = −β1 0 . . . σ1 , NL = 0 . . . 1 and v 2n are the vectors corresponding to σ min ( E A in the
SVD expansion. As these vectors are normalized hence it can
According to lemma 0.1 for the matrix pair (E + ∆E , A) to be seen that
have a zero at infinity: h i
k ∆E ∆A k2 = k∆E k2 + k∆A k2
NLT ANR = an,1 β1 − σ1 an,n = 0 " #
an,n ∆E
⇒ β1 = σ1 .Similarly we can find the perturbation matrix and derive
an,1 ∆A
the same for it. Also for both cases it can be seen that k∆E k
It can be seen that only one varialble β1 is neccessary for the
and k∆A k are rank 1h perturbations. Due to the structure of the
pair (E + ∆E , A) to have a zero at infinity, so we assume all i
perturbation matrix ∆E ∆A rank 1 perturbations on both
oth β’s to be equal to zero. Hence,
E and A have been covered.
k∆E k = β1 = D