Duhok poly technic university

Technical college of engineering

Petrochemical department
Subject: Mass transfer
Experiment number one: diffusion on sphere
naphthalene.
Group’s name: Mr.shwan
1) Derin Muhammed Hamdi.
2) Shavang xoshave.
3) Agar sediq.
4) Teoj ramze.
5) Farhad
6) Berhat
7) Sahand nawzad.

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 Diffusion on sphere naphthalene
Object of experiment:
The object of this experiment to know what happen to
naphthalene when diffusion happen, also to know the
type of diffusion or haw diffusion occur.
Introduction:
Diffusion is a process in physics some particles are
dissolved in a glass of water. At first the particles are all
near one corner of the glass. If the particles randomly
move around in water they eventually become
distributed randomly and uniformly from an area of high
concentration and organized (diffusion continues, but
with no end flux).

Figure number one: diffusion

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Also we can define that diffusion is the net movement of
molecular or atoms from a region of high concentration
to region of low concentration this is also referred to as
the movement of a substance down a concentration
gradient.
A gradient is the change in the value of a quantity (for
example like concentration, temperature, pressure) with
the change in another variable (usually distance).
The advantage and disadvantage of diffusion?
Advantage:
When you spray your room the fragrance will spread all
over the room because of diffusion.
Dis- advantage:
When a snake bites you all the poison will spread in your
body due to diffusion.

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Common example of diffusion:
 When you spray the perfume because it diffuses into
the air and makes it is way in your nose.
 Placing food coloring in a liquid will diffuse the color.
 Cigarette smoke diffuses into the air.
 Stirring some sugar into tea will help it diffuse
quicker.
 Leave a soda bottle open and the carbon dioxide
bubble will diffuse and leave it flat.
 When you cooking pasta, the water will diffuse into
noodles, making them bigger and moister.

Diffusion also occurs in human body:

Diffusion in human body for example oxygen diffuses
from the blood cells in the blood stream into
muscles. Also Digested particles of food diffuse in
the colon.

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Naphthalene:
Naphthalene is an organic compound with formula
(C10H8). It the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,
and is a white crystalline solid with a characterized odor
that is detectable at concentration as low as 0.8ppm by
mass, as an aromatic hydrocarbon , naphthalene
structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings. It is
best known as the main ingredient of traditional.

Figure number two: Naphthalene structure.

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Naphthalene is a white, volatile, solid polycycic
hydrocarbon with a strong mothball odor. Naphthalene is
obtained from either coal tar or petroleum distillation
and is primary used to manufacture phthalic anhydride,
but is also used in moth repellents. Exposure to
naphthalene is associated with hemolytic anemia,
damage to the liver and neurological systems, cataracts
and retinal hemorrhage. Naphthalene is associated with
an increased risk of developing laryngeal and colorectal
cancer. Naphthalene is found in black walnut.
For what we used naphthalene?
Naphthalene is used in the production of phthalic
anhydride it is also use in mothballs. Acute (short –term)
exposure of human to naphthalene by inhalation,
ingestion, and dermal contact is associated with
hemolytic anemia, damage to the liver, and neurological
damage.

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Figure number three: Naphthalene sphere.
Naphthalene behavior:
Naphthalene as well as any other solid may sublimate at
any temperature and pressure. Triple point parameter is
irrelevant. The pressure other components (that is air) is
irrelevant as well. What is relevant is the vapor pressure
of naphthalene itself in the surrounding air and that is
pretty close to 0. Unit it reaches the saturated vapors
pressure (or until your mothball is all gone, whatever
happens sooner), naphthalene will sublimate.

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*in this experiment we make the diffusion of sphere
naphthalene. And we have same law that we used it if
we have evaporation a ball of naphthalene or
evaporation of a drop of liquid.
NA1=

PBm=

Calculation:
A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2.0 mm is
suspended in a large volume of still air at 318 k and
1.101325*105 pa (1 atm). The diffusivity of the
naphthalene at 318 k is 6.92*10-6 m2/s.
R=8314 m3.pa/kg mol.k.
PA1=0.555 mm
PA2=0 mm

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PA1=o.555 mm
PA1=o.555/760=7.30*10-4 atm
PA1=7.30*10-4 *1.01325*105pa
PA1=73.99
PA1=74 pa.
PB1=1.0125 *105 pa
PB2= 1.01325*105 pa
PBM=PB1+PB2/2
PBM= (1.0125+1.01325)*105/2
PBM=1.0129* 105 pa
NA1= (6.92*10-6)*(1.01325*105)*(74-0) / (8314)*(318)*
(2*10-3)*(1.0129*105)
NA1=9.68*10-8 kg mol A/s.m2.

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Discussion:
We hype three type of diffusion which is (Force diffusion,
Thermal diffusion, Pressure diffusion).
Force diffusion occurs when an electrical field is imposed
on an electrolyte. And pressure diffusion occur when
there is the gradient is very large in pressure .thermal
diffusion occur when there is a gradient is very large in
temperature. And this type of diffusion that we do it is
diffusion of solid in to gas for example a ball of
naphthalene is diffuse in air. We suspend the ball of
naphthalene in a large volume of air because when we
suspend it we make it diffuse in air. The temperature also
effect the diffusion when we increase the temperature
the diffusion also increase, and also we can increase the
diffusion of ball naphthalene when you vibrate it or
moving it.

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Conclusion:
The benefit of this experiment is to know what diffusion
haw the diffusion occurs is and what the type of diffusion
is. But the diffusion in gas is more than other phase
(solid, liquid).

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