ME Laboratory 2

Report Number 4
ANENOMETER AND AIR VELOCITY MEASUREMENT

REPORTERS:
DOSONO, SHEEN RICA A.
SESE, PAULENE
SIOJO, MICAH SHAIRA G.

Anemometer
An anemometer is a device for measuring the force or speed of the wind.

“anemos”

History of anemometer

1. Leon Battista Alberti - 1450

Mechanical Anemometer

He invented a mechanical anemometer by placing a disc perpendicular to the wind direction. The angle
of inclination of the disc would indicate the wind velocity.

2. Robert hooke - 1664

Similar device and is sometimes, incorrectly credited with having invented an
anemometer.
3. CHRISTIAN WOLFF - 1708
German philosopher Christian Wolff, or Wolfius, also reinvented the mechanical
anemometer that could measure the force of wind.
4. Dr. John Thomas Romney Robinson - 1846

Hemispherical Cup Anemometer

A fairly simple design that provides a fairly accurate reading, it consists of a vertical
rotating spindle with four arms at the end. Four hemispherical cups are attached to the ends of
each horizontal arm. When the wind blows, the cups rotate and subsequently the spindle also
rotates. The rotations of the spindle give us the wind speed.

5. m.j. brevoort and u.t. joyner – 1935

 In 1935, researchers M. J. Brevoort and U. T. Joyner of the U.S. were able to further
improve the existing three cup wind anemometer design by reducing the error percentage.

6. Derek weston – 1991

In 1991, an anemometer that could measure wind velocity was invented by Australian
inventor Derek Weston. Until then, a cup anemometer was unable to determine the direction of
wind.
7. DR. ANDREAS PFLITSCH - 1994.
Sonic anemometer
It determined wind velocity by measuring the decrease or increase in sound waves
traveling between two transducers.

Digital Anemometer's Working Principle

Digital Anemometer
Spinning cups turn a paddle wheel inside a metal canister under a digital anemometer.
Each time the paddle wheel rotates, it breaks a light beam and generates a pulse of current.
An electronic circuit times the pulses and uses them to calculate the wind speed.

Different Types of Anemometers

1. Cup (rotational anemometer)

The cups are placed onto a vertical axis, and when the wind presses againstthem, this
causes the cups to rotate around. The faster the cups rotate, the faster the wind speed. Cup
anemometers usually have digital readouts.
 Advantages
• Low price
• Flexible design
• Simple installation
Disadvantages
• Without provisions for heating, they don’t work well in snow or freezing rain
• Its starting velocity is often pretty high

2. Hot wire
It uses an extremely thin wire, which is electrically heated up to a temperature
which is higher than the ambient. The wire then loses temperature and gets cooled as
the air flows past it.
Then the current required to maintain the preferred temperature is measured.
Finally, the velocity of the wind is then determined by the loss of heat.
Advantages
• Lasts longer than other anemometers
• Hot wire anemometers consist low starting threshold
• Provides error-free reading
Disadvantages
• Ineffective in areas where the temperature fluctuates quickly
• It can get damaged by the dirt

3. Windmill
The windmill anemometer measures both wind speed and direction. The
anemometer has a propeller located at the front of the device and a large tail section.
As the wind blows, it presses against the propeller, making it spin. The rotational speed
of the propeller indicates how fast the wind is moving at any time.
Advantages
• Capable of handling high wind speeds
• Lasts longer
• Made for the heavy-duty purpose
Disadvantages
• You will need to point the unit towards the direction of the wind
to get accurate readings
• The rotating parts of the unit may deteriorate over time
If the vanes of your anemometer are small, then it can
sometimes cause high starting speed

4. Ultrasonic

Ultrasonic anemometers send sonic pulses across a path to a sensor on the opposite
side. As the wind moves more quickly, the pulses are disrupted. A measurement of this
disruption provides accurate wind data. An ultrasonic anemometer has no moving parts
and can detect even small changes in the wind.
Advantages
• Not affected by icing
 • Weather resistant and suitable for extreme weathers
Disadvantages
• Very expensive
Birds may sit on the probes resulting in false wind gusts.

5. Pitot tube
 The pitot tube anemometers use a unique process for measuring the wind
velocity.
 First, it measures the pressure of the wind. Thenit converts the pressure of
the wind into the velocity of the wind.
 The anemometer comes with two different types of tubes:
i. static tube; and
ii. pitot tube.
 The incoming air pressure will be measured by the pitot tube, whereas the
static tube is responsible for measuring the static pressure in the flow of the
wind.
 Afterward, the wind velocity will be determined from these values by using
the Bernoulli’s equation.
Advantages
• Suitable for high wind speeds
• Provides a quick response
• As it includes no rotating parts, it doesn't deteriorate easily
Disadvantages
• Ill-suited for low wind velocity areas
• Inappropriate for fluctuating wind speeds

6. Laser Doppler

Laser Doppler anemometers utilize the Doppler Effect to determine the flow of air.
Commonly used for high-tech applications such as in jet engines, the laser Doppler can measure
even the slightest changes in airflow. This type of anemometer is also used in river hydrology.

Drawing of a laser anemometer. The laser is emitted (1) through the front lens (6) of the
anemometer and is backscattered off the air molecules (7). The backscattered radiation (dots)
re-enter the device and are reflected and directed into a detector (12).
FLUID VELOCITY MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
 NOT ALL FLUID PARTICLES TRAVEL AT THE SAME VELOCITY WITHIN A PIPE

In a flow metering device based on the Bernoulli's Equation the downstream pressure
after an obstruction will be lower than the upstream pressure before.

1. The orifice meter consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular hole drilled in it. The
orifice plate meter can be made of any material, although stainless steel is the most
common. There is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just
downstream.
dp

TYPES OF AN ORIFICE

CONCENTRIC SEGMENTAL
ECCENTRIC
Used For
Used for
Liquids, gases and Is similar to
colloidal and slurry
steams the concentric
flow

2. THE VENTURI METER it is a device used to measure the flow of liquid in a pipe or to increase
the velocity of the fluid in a pipe at a particular point.
3. Nozzle Flow meter are often used as measuring elements for air and gas flow in industrial
applications.
The Sonic Nozzle - Critical (Choked) Flow Nozzle
When a gas accelerates through a nozzle, the velocity increase and the pressure and the gas
density decrease. The maximum velocity is achieved at the throat, the minimum area, where it
breaks Mach 1 or sonic. At this point it's not possible to increase the flow by lowering the
downstream pressure. The flow is choked.

4. Variable Area Flowmeter or Rotameter Fluid flow causes the float to rise in the tube as the
upward pressure differential and buoyancy of the fluid overcome the effect of gravity.

5. Velocity Flowmeters in a velocity flowmeter the flow is calculated by measuring the speed in
one or more points in the flow, and integrating the flow speed over the flow area.

Laminar flow Turbulent flow

a. ULTRASONIC FLOW RATE

b. ULTRASONIC FLOW RATE
c. VORTEX FLOW METER

6. Pitot Tubes are one of the most used (and cheapest) ways to measure fluid flow, especially in air
applications like ventilation even used in airplanes for speed measuring.
The Pitot tube measures the fluid flow velocity by converting the kinetic energy of the flow into
potential energy.

7. Calorimetric Flowmeter The calorimetric principle for fluid flow measurement is based on two
temperature sensors in close contact with the fluid but thermal insulated from each other.

8. Positive Displacement Flow meter

  The positive displacement flow meter measures process fluid flow by precision-fitted rotors as
flow measuring elements. Known and fixed volumes are displaced between the rotors. The
rotation of the rotors are proportional to the volume of the fluid being displaced

Nutating Disk Meter - have movable disks mounted on a concentric sphere located in spherical
side-walled chambers. The pressure of the liquid passing through the measuring chamber causes the
disk to rock in a circulating path without rotating about its own axis. It is the only moving part in the
measuring chamber.

Rotary Piston Flowmeter - meters are of single and multiple-piston types.

9. Open Channel Flowmeters A common method of measuring flow through an open channel is to
measure the height of the liquid as it passes over an obstruction as a flume or weir in the
channel

Wind Pump
A wind pump is a type of windmill which is used for pumping water.

The main benefits are:

 the energy source is free
 there are no CO2 emissions from their use, or the pollution associated with
energy generation
 they are quite low-tech, and easy to install and maintain (if you can maintain
your own bicycle, you can maintain a small wind pump)
 they are quite durable, and require very little maintenance – usually only some
grease or oil once or twice a year (making them ideal for remote locations)
 water is set to become a scarce resource – by using a wind pump, you can
recycle grey water (or rainwater) to irrigate vegetables or trees in summer
REFERENCE:
https://youtu.be/UJ3-Zm1wbIQ
https://youtu.be/UNBWI6MV_lY
http://int.search.tb.ask.com/search/video.jhtml?n=7857feeb&p2=%5ECNL%5Exdm122%5E
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F5B10A4FCEC8&qs=&searchfor=Endress%2BHauser&si=&ss=sub&st=sb
https://youtu.be/WG-YCpAGgQQ
https://www.engineersedge.com/fluid_flow/flow_velocity_profiles.htm
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/flow-meters-
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